Yee Wei Law 1 Australian Standard: AS 60038-2000 “Standard voltages”: Transmission EHV: 275kV, 330kV, 500 kV HV: 220kV MV: 66kV Distribution LV: 11kV, 22kV 2  Why and what is the Smart Grid?  Three Smart Grid components ◦ Transmission: Wide-area Monitoring System ◦ Distribution: Distribution Automation ◦ Consumption: Demand Response  Research Areas  Conclusion 3  Smart grid = envisioned next-gen power grid that is: Accommodating Intelligent (senses overload, rerouting) (renewable energy) Efficient (meets demand without more cost) Motivating Qualityfocused (minimum disturbances, interruptions) (demand response) “Green” (minimal environmental impact) Resilient (to attacks, disasters) 4   Ageing hardware + population growth = equipment at limits Market deregulation (‘80s-‘90s) Cost of outages in USA in 2002: $79B  Climate change  ◦ Distributed generation using renewable energy sources Global cooperation (International Smart Grid Action Network including Australia) 5     8-10% energy lost in transmission and distribution networks Energy Management System (EMS): control generation, aggregation, power dispatch EMS computes optimal power flow However, SCADA-based EMS gives incomplete view of system steady state (resolution: several seconds) 6    Aka synchrophasors, because time-synchronized using GPS Measures voltage and current phasors Typically 30 time-stamped samples per sec Phadke and Thorp’s prototype circa 1988 Macrodyne’s 1690  MiCOM P847 ABB’s RES521 Control of electromechanical oscillation, voltage, frequency etc. 7 PMU PMU ... PMU PMU WAN Layer 2: Data management PDC Application Data Buffer Real-Time Monitoring Real-Time Control Layer 1: Data acquisition Layer 3: Data services Real-Time Protection Layer 4: Applications 8 Control center      Substation Distribution network Remotely and efficiently identify and resolve system problems Enables load shifting, alleviates overload conditions Reconfigures the system after disturbances or interruptions Facilitates coordination with customer services such as timeof-use pricing, load management and DERs Maintain equipment health 9   EPRI proposed advanced DA – complete automation of controllable equipment (actuators and sensors) Sample actuators: ◦ Auto-recloser: circuit breaker that re-closes after interrupting short-circuit current ◦ Voltage regulator: usually at the supply end, but also near customers with heavy load ◦ Switched capacitor bank: switched in when load is heavy, switched out when otherwise Recloser Voltage regulator Switched capacitor bank 10  Static sensors: RF leakage current sensor RF temperature sensor  Metal insulated semiconducting (MIS) sensor for detecting hydrogen Non-static sensors: Aerial photography (SP AusNet): ◦ Developed by Tokyobased HiBot ◦ Able to navigate around obstacle ◦ Laser-based sensors ◦ HD camera ◦ Cost & energy is a constraint 11  EPRI identified two critical technologies: ◦ Open communication architecture ◦ Redeveloped power system for component interoperability  Urban networks: fiber optics Rural networks: wireless 12 Jemena, United Energy, Citipower and Powercor Interoperability Capacity Latency Interference rejection CDMA2000 GE-MDS 900MHz Open standard Proprietary 76.8 kbps (80-ms frame) 153.6 kbps (40-ms frame) 307.2 kbps (20-ms frame) Hundreds of milliseconds 19.2 kbps (80 km) 115 kbps (48 km) 1 Mbps (32 km) DSSS, 2 GHz frequency band allows frequency band re-use Transmission Nation-wide service range coverage Configuration Point-to-multipoint SP AusNet and Energy Australia Silver Spring Networks Proprietary Wi-Fi/IEEE 802.11 100 kbps 54 Mbps (802.11a) 11 Mbps (802.11b) 54 Mbps (802.11g) 72 Mbps (802.11n) Open standard Tens of milliseconds Tens of Milliseconds milliseconds FHSS, 902-928 MHz FHSS, 902-928 802.11a: ODFM, 5 GHz MHz 802.11b: DSSS, 2.4 GHz 802.11g: OFDM/DSSS, 2.4 GHz 802.11n: OFDM, 2.4/5 GHz *2.4 GHz band is crowded; 5 GHz less so 80 km Unknown 802.11a: 120 m 802.11b/g: 140 m 802.11n: 250 m Point-to-point, Point-to-point Point-to-point, pointpoint-to-multipoint to-multipoint WiMAX/IEEE 802.16 Open standard 9 Mbps Milliseconds OFDM, 3.65-3.70 GHz 20 km Point-tomultipoint * Note: ZigBee is not in here 13   Edge over ZigBee: RF better penetration of steel structures, energy-efficient, better security Notable vendor: Dust Networks 6LowPAN (RFC4919, RFC4944 etc.)  IPv6 for low-power wireless personal area networks  Edge over ZigBee: interoperability with existing IP-based devices  Routing protocol still being standardized by the ROLL working group (Routing Over Low power and Lossy networks) 14    Keep demand curve as flat as possible (especially during summers and winters) Ideally, everyone uses high-efficiency appliances Motivate consumers to shift their usage to off-peak hours 15  Price-based programs ◦ Dynamic peak pricing / critical peak pricing: customers notified in advance of critical peak times (at most several days per year) DPP = Dynamic Peak Pricing Source: Energy Market Consulting associates, “A Report to the Ministerial Council on Energy”, 2009 16  Price-based programs ◦ Time-of-use pricing: different tariffs for different hours of the day Available from some vendors at limited locations, for example: 17  Incentive-based programs ◦ Direct load control (e.g. Australian water heaters) ◦ Interruptible/curtailable service: reduce load during contingencies ◦ Demand bidding, emergency demand response, capacity market, ancillary services market etc.   Reference: US Department of Energy, “Benefits of Demand Response in Electricity Markets and Recommendations for Achieving them,” report to the United States Congress, February 2006. Enabling technology: smart meter and Advanced Metering Infrastructure 18 Neighborhood Area Network Smart meter Home Area Network AMI 19  In VIC, official rollout will run from 2009 to 2013  Smart meters ◦ ◦ ◦ ◦ To To To To send meter data every 30 minutes enable remote connection/disconnection detect outage support demand response  Provide information via in-home display  Provide input to smart appliances via Home Area Network (ZigBee for Australia)  Fast charging Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (PHEV) introduce harmful harmonics – smart meters will help [Masoum et al., 2010] 20 Transmission  PMU placement problem  Low-cost transmission line monitoring Distribution  Distribution network reconfiguration ◦ Multi-objective optimization problem: minimize real losses, regulate voltage profile, load-balancing   Resilient wireless sensor network for substation monitoring and distribution automation Coordination of load management and demand response Overall  Security 21     Advances in sensor and comm. tech driving Smart Grid Grid modernization stimulates multi-disciplinary research In progress: ◦ $100m Smart Grid, Smart City demo project in Newscastle ◦ Intelligent Grid: CSIRO and five universities Collaboration opportunities sought 22      EPRI, “Sensor Technologies for a Smart Transmission System,” white paper, Dec 2009. V. Gungor and F. Lambert, “A survey on communication networks for electric system automation,” Computer Networks, vol. 50, no. 7, pp. 877 – 897, 2006. Y. Liu et al., “False data injection attacks against state estimation in electric power grids,” Proc. 16th ACM Computer and Communications Security, 2009. M. Masoum, P. Moses, and S. Deilami, “Load management in smart grids considering harmonic distortion and transformer derating,” in Innovative Smart Grid Technologies (ISGT), 2010, pp. 1 –7. B.K. Panigrahi et al., “Computational Intelligence in Power Engineering”, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg, 2010. 23     Generation ◦ Distributed generation ◦ Microgrid Transmission ◦ Wide-area monitoring system (WAMS) Distribution ◦ Distribution automation (DA) Advanced Metering Consumption Infrastructure ◦ Demand response (AMI) 24