* P3 * Wingate (1982): * “Any influence that disturbs the natural equilibrium of the body” * McGrath (1970): “A substantial imbalance between demand (physical/psychological) and response capability, under conditions where failure to meet the demand has important consequences” * Allen (2013): “A physical/ Psychological response to a stimulus that evokes fear of failiure” You need to find 3 separate definitions… * Negative aspect of stress’… Seen as the ‘ What does your description say?? Is it more emotional or physiological? Eustress/ Stress Good stress Distress/ Bad stress Gives us energy and direction - Keeps us fulfilled and happy Causes discomfort and can lead to illness/depression Stress is typically described as negative and is associated with a negative affect on an individual and their performance. But stress can also serve as a mental and physical energy to motivate us to do something and do it well * (pre game???) Demands e.g an important race. Woods (1998) Athletes Perception Of the demands Increased Arousal May lead to Outcome Positive (challenging) Increase in motivation and energy Enhanced performance Negative (threatening) Increase in anxiety and negative thoughts Impaired performance * Trait Anxiety: - A person experiences anxiety as part of their personality. Feelings of nervousness come in a variety of situations… * State Anxiety: - Anxiety felt in response to a specific situation encountered. People with high trait anxiety will usually experience higher levels of state anxiety How will this affect an athletes performance? * Divided into 4 categories: * Internal- All varied to the individual The things that we think about: past memories/experiences (how would injury affect motivation?) self worth etc… ExternalOur surroundings/environment, competition, weather etc… Sporting environmentSimilar to external factors: the level of competition, bearing on the outcome, weather, pitch. Occupational factorsOur working conditions and the job a person does. Within a team it could be team mates/coaches etc… How would Type A and type B personalities find situations stressful or not? Cause of stress Individual view of whether the situation is threatening Stress response: physical and psychological changes Positive/ negative changes in performance * * Fight or Flight Response: Sympathetic Nervous System Parasympathetic Nervous System Increased Adrenaline Decreased Adrenaline Increased HR Slowed HR Increased Breathing rate Slower breathing rate Increased Metabolism Slower metabolism Increased Heat production Lower body temp Muscle tension Muscle relaxation Dry mouth Dry skin Dilated pupils Smaller pupils - A stress response that varies depending on the ‘perceived’ threat. Physiological changes that prepare us to turn and fight the danger or run away as fast as possible. Sympathetic: - Provide body with as much energy as possible to confront or run away from threat. - Releases stress hormones, cortisol and adrenaline… Hairs on skin stand up Digestion system slows Diversion of blood to working muscles and away from organs Digestion system speeds Parasympathetic: - Provides relaxation response and conserve energy after threat has passed. Stress/ Anxiety has a 3 fold effect upon the body- causing SOMATIC BEHAVIOURAL COGNITIVE (mental), (physical) and responses. * Cognitive Symptoms Somatic Symptoms Behaviour Symptoms -Reduced concentration - Less interested - Unable to make decisions - Sleep disturbances - Making mistakes - Unable to relax - Quick losses of temper - Loss of sense of humour - Loss of selfesteem - Loss of enthusiasm - Talking/Eating/ - Racing heart Walking fast rate -Interrupting - Faster conversations breathing - Fidgeting - Lethargy - Headaches - Moodiness - Butterflies - Clumsiness - Tight chest - Accidents - Muscular - Nervousness - Poor presentation aches - Increased sweating - Skin irritations *Cognitive and somatic anxiety levels may vary before, during and after competition High Cognitive anxiety Level of anxiety Somatic anxiety Low Before competition During competition Time After competition * Fear of failure: - Negative affect on performance? Place too much pressure on losing and forget about the process of trying to win? Loss of self confidence and concentration: Confidence correlates to positive performance, what happens when this is lacking? Nervous system: - Increase within the sympathetic nervous system (fight or flight response). Negative mental state: Linked to confidence, what is it and how does it contribute to performance? Fear of failure: Decreased expectations of success: How does this affect performance… will performer try as hard to be successful if already in doubt of potential success? Loss of self confidence and concentration: Confidence correlates to positive performance, what happens when this is lacking? Process of performance is forgotten and performer becomes more fascinated on directing behaviour to avoid losing, rather than successful performance to win… ANXIETY * *Assessment