1. technology and computing
2. hardware
3. computer networking
4. router

Next Next Next Generation
Networks
Jornadas Técnicas Rediris
Alcalá de Henares – Noviembre 2008
Javier Antich
[email protected]
Iberia SP SE Manager
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Goals
Understand which are todays challenges and context that
determine the requirements for the next generation networks
Describe the new technologies that will help addressing the
challenges introduced.
Highlight the growing relevance of Energy efficiency and
IP&Optical transport convergence as techniques to reduce OPEX
Present how Juniper is sensible with these challenges and
how we can help addressing them.
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Today´s Generation
Challenges
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The general climate…
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Trend #1: The Grand Exodus
•
•
Data/Apps are getting consolidated into a few Data centers
People are getting scattered all over the world
Data Center
Work Force Globalization
Branches &
Campuses
Network
Data Center Consolidation
RESULT AT DATA CENTER:
Demand for
• Massive performance/scale
• Carrier-class reliability
• Green designs
• Virtualization of everything
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
RESULT AT BRANCH/CAMPUS:
Demand for:
• “All-in-one” integrated appliance
• Remote deployment and
management on a large scale
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Trend #2: The Blurring Work / Home
•
•
People are taking work home
People are bringing home-expectations to work
Branches &
Campuses
Data Center
RESULT AT BRANCHES & CAMPUSES:
Demand for:
• Securing corporate laptops even inside the
“trusted” perimeter
Network
• Dual-mode WLAN or Enterprise Femto-cells
RESULT AT END POINTS:
Demand for:
• A bewildering array of “unapproved” endpoint devices
• Un-tethered mobility
• Data Leakage Prevention
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End Points
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Trend #3: The Blurring of Company / Cloud
•
Companies are putting their applications in the cloud (“SaaS”)
Data Center
Branches &
Campuses
Network
Content Service Provider
RESULT AT CONTENT SP:
Demand for
• DPI for XML/SOAP
• Heightened QoS and acceleration
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Did you know this?
 Assumptions
• Single application = single connection
 Underlying Functionality
• Multiple connections are established to
retried map segments
• Segments are then pieced together to
form a whole map
 Infrastructure Requirements
• Must support multiple connections at
once
Lack of NAT sessions • Network delays result in grey map areas
until graphics are loaded
WebPages
 Reality
• iTunes creates > 200 connections
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# of Sessions
No Operation
5～10
Yahoo Top page/Google Map
10~20
iTune
200~250
iGoogle
80~100
Youtube
50~80
Amazon
~80
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IPv4: The End of the Road Comes into View
 Only 15% of IPv4 space remains available
 Depletion projected late 2010
Source:
Source:
www.potaroo.net/tools/ipv4/
www.tndh.net/~tony/ietf/ipv4-pool-combined-view.pdf
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Three Trends in Networking
1. TDM is past its prime


Built primarily for voice, and adapted reasonably successfully for leased
lines, fine-grained TDM (PDH/SDH) is increasingly irrelevant for Next
Generation Networks
TDM is also very expensive on a cost/Gbps basis
2. Packet transport is on the rise


There is recognition that transport must focus on packets, not bits
There are multiple approaches, and a lot of confusion out there
3. Interest in the Packets+Photons Phenomenon is growing


There is also recognition that the worlds of packets and of optical
transport must come together
Again, there are several approaches, and no clear way forward
What Should Be Done?
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Energy Savings
 “The cost of power consumption by data centers
doubled between 2000 and 2006, to $4.5 billion,
and could double again by 2011” according to
the U.S. government. BussinessWeek March2008
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Breakdown of Network Downtime
Maintenance Events
Innovation
System Errors
1
Operations
2
3
Human Error
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 Joost
 Zattoo
 And many more…
IP Video/Voice
IP Data
IP Data Traffic CAGR of 40%
IP Video/Voice CAGR of 85%
2004
2005
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2006
2007
2008
2009
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Challenges for the Next Generation Networks
CONVERGENCE
OPERATIONAL COSTS
RELIABILITY
SCALABILITY
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Challenges for the Next Generation Networks
CONVERGENCE
OPERATIONAL COSTS
RELIABILITY
SCALABILITY
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Scalability on the Data Plane (Multichassis)
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Scalability and stability in large scale networks
Absolut: Multi-chassis 25 Tbps System
T1600
T1600
#1
#16
1600 Gbps
Switch Fabric
Chassis
1600 Gbps
#2
#3
#4
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#15
25.6 Tbps
Non-blocking
#9
#14
#13
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Control Plane Scale and Virtualization
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Scalability and Stability in Large Networks
Control plane can become a bottleneck
Shared Control Plane
SVC
1
SVC
2
SVC
3
SVC
n
 Each service has diverse requirements
(TE, QOS, security, growth rates)
Control Plane
 Requires multiple control planes
Forwarding Plane
Router
Stability
• Popular notion that convergence has
happened is false. It only happened at the
forwarding plane – not the control plane
Processing
Requirements
 Since today’s equipment only supports one
control plane, Service Providers are forced
to roll out multiple subnets, or risk
compromising scale, stability and/or
security
Scale
 As more new services are introduced this
leads to escalating CapEx and OpEx
SVC
1
SVC
2
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SVC
3
SVC
n
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Scalability and Stability in Large Networks
Control plane multiplicity
 Control plane multiplicity changes
that dynamic and fulfils the true
promise of convergence
• Shared infrastructure
• Services are decoupled from network
Independent Control Plane
SVC 1
SVC 2
SVC 3
SVC n
CP1
CP2
CP3
CPn
Juniper Control System
• New services can be introduced
without building a new subnet
Forwarding Plane
• Each services can be managed and
controlled individually
Router
• Service introduction is swift and with
reduced risk
Scale
Stability
 Each service now runs on its own
“Virtual Service Network”
Processing
Requirements
 Lower CapEx, lower OpEx, Lower
risk
SVC 1
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SVC 2
SVC 3
SVC n
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Virtualization Continuum
Shared hardware platform;
Separate routing instances
Shared hardware chassis;
Dedicated routing resources
P
Logical
Router
P
Logical
Router
P
Logical
Router
Horizontal Consolidation
PE
Logical
Router
 Isolates routing protocols & interfaces
 Enables hardware reuse – shared
uplinks, efficient inter-LR forwarding
 Deployed for service separation,
additional security, managed service,
substitute for physical route
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RE Pair
RE Pair
Protected System Domain
PSD2
Logical Routing
PSD1
Next Steps …
Vertical
Consolidation
Delivered
Safari
 Dedicates and isolates forwarding and
control plane resources
 Run independent versions of JUNOS
 Share uplinks across virtual nodes
 No customer facing slots
 Flexibility and scalability of investment
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Scalability and Stability in Large Networks
JCS 1200: A Radically New Architecture
2008
Juniper takes control plane
architecture to the next level
by physically decoupling the
forwarding and control
platforms
T1600
TX Matrix
M40
2004
1996
Juniper pioneers the
separation of control
and forwarding plane
First multi-chassis
routing system
2007
100 Gbps/slot
Core IP/MPLS
forwarding
density
LR_1
Service A
LR_2
Service B
2003
Multiple control
instances
running on one router
LR_3
Tier 2/3 ISPs
RI_1: ISP A
RI_2: ISP B
Logical
Routers
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Example: Virtualized Routing System for Collapsed
POP
INTERNET
NETWORK
CORE
NETWORK
CORE
PRIVATE
PEERING
Core
Routers
Internet
Router
Consolidated
Router
Peering
Router
Aggregation
Router
PRIVATE
PEERING
INTERNET
Aggregation
Router
20-30%
CapEx
Reduction
Safari
PSD 1: Core
PSD 2: Aggregation
PSD 3: Private Peering
PSD 4: Route Reflection
Edge
Routers
IP/MPLS CUSTOMERS
IP/MPLS CUSTOMERS
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40/100 GE
IEEE 802.3ba
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100 GE
 Juniper is an active participant in the 100 GE
standardization effort.
 We are the only routing vendor to currently support
100 Gbps/slot of minimum packet sized Ethernet
traffic and are working on support of 100 GE
interfaces
 Providing 100 GE in a timely fashion, commensurate
with ratification of the technical details of the 100 GE
standard, is a significant part of this effort within our
product development team
 Target delivery: 2010
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Challenges for the Next Generation Networks
CONVERGENCE
OPERATIONAL COSTS
RELIABILITY
SCALABILITY
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Breakdown of Network Downtime
Maintenance Events
Innovation
System Errors
1
Operations
2
3
Human Error
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Nonstop Operation
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Nonstop Operation
Nonstop Routing
 Self-contained solution
• No requirement for peers to support
 No disruption of protocol adjacencies
• Switchover is transparent to neighbors
 Stateful replication of adjacency
information on standby RE
• Routing updates, hello messages,
adjacency state, etc.
 Dual active protocol sessions
Primary
Routing Engine
Active Standby
Routing Engine
• Standby RE is fully active and can
immediately take over sessions
 Switchover is not dependent on
stable topology
• Topology changes can occur during switchover
Continuous Systems
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Daemon n
Daemon 3
Daemon 2
Daemon 1
 What is our definition of
ISSU?
Routing Engine
In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU)
Kernel
Packet Forwarding
JUNOS 9.0
Physical Interfaces
High-level
Architecture View
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Is this ISSU?
Daemon n
Daemon 3
Daemon 2
 NO: this is not true ISSU!!
Daemon 1
 Upgrade of an individual
module
Routing Engine
JUNOS 9.2
Kernel
Packet Forwarding
JUNOS 9.0
Physical Interfaces
High-level
Architecture View
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Daemon n
Daemon 3
Daemon 2
Daemon 1
 Upgrade of control plane
software only
 NO –this is not true ISSU!
Routing Engine
Is this ISSU?
Kernel
JUNOS 9.2
Packet Forwarding
JUNOS 9.0
Physical Interfaces
High-level
Architecture View
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Daemon nn
Daemon
Daemon 33
Daemon
Daemon 22
Daemon
Daemon 11
Daemon
 Upgrade within same
major release
 Example: 9.0R1 to 9.0R2
 Yes, this is possible with
ISSU, but this is not
always enough!
Engine
Routing Engine
Routing
Is this ISSU?
Kernel
Packet Forwarding
JUNOS 9.0R2
9.0R1
Physical Interfaces
High-level
Architecture View
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 …with minimal disruption
to traffic
 Can even go from one
major release to another!
JUNOS
JUNOS9.2
9.0
Daemon n
Daemon 3
Kernel
Packet Forwarding
Physical Interfaces
Very comprehensive definition of ISSU!
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Daemon 2
• Routing Engine
• Packet Forwarding Engine
• Physical Interfaces
Daemon 1
 Our definition of ISSU:
 Upgrade the entire code
on the router…
Routing Engine
In-Service Software Upgrade (ISSU)
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High-level
Architecture View
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Automated Operations Vision
Advancing towards systems that proactively adapt to change
and discover and mitigate problems
• Error-resilient configuration, now with scripts to prevent procedural
errors and to simplify common configurations
• Confirmed adherence to business rules and policies
• Auto-discovery and adaptation to network changes
• Autonomic response to network conditions
• Systematic implementation of diagnostics and repair to speed trouble
response and resolution
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JUNOScript Automation
JUNOScript Automation
Commit Script
• Enforce Configuration Rules
• Automatic Configuration Generation
Op Scripts
• Build Custom Operational Commands
• Build Powerful Troubleshooting Tools
Event Scripts
• Automate Diagnostics
• Automate Change Detection
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JUNOScript Automation Examples
 Commit Script:
[edit]
admin@re0-ganimedes# commit
[edit protocols ospf area 0.0.0.0 interface fe-0/2/3.0]
'interface fe-0/2/3.0;'
warning: ATENCION: LDP no esta habilitado para este interface
commit complete
[edit]
 Operational Script:
admin@re0-ganimedes> op vecinos
- OSPF: Hay 2 vecinos OSPF activos
- ISIS: No hay vecinos ISIS activos
- BGP: Hay 3 vecinos BGP activos
- LDP: Hay 2 vecinos LDP activos
- RSVP: No hay vecinos RSVP activos
admin@re0-ganimedes>
 Event Policy:
[edit]
admin@re1-leda# run file list detail
/var/home/admin/:
total 48
…
-rw------- 1 admin field
-rw------- 1 admin field
209 Feb 23 12:22 re1-leda_Event-LINK-UP-Script.txt_20080223_122233
1391 Feb 23 12:22 re1-leda_Event-LINK-UP.txt_20080223_122231
[edit]
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Challenges for the Next Generation Networks
CONVERGENCE
OPERATIONAL COSTS
RELIABILITY
SCALABILITY
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JUNOS™ Software –
A Single-source Operating System
One OS
Routers
One Release
8.5
9.0
9.1
4Q07
1Q08
2Q08
One Architecture
Module
X
Switches
API
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Energy-Efficient Networking
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Why Care About Energy?
1. Electricity costs rose 88% in US since 2003 (US EIA data)
Intl Energy Outlook ’07 predicts doubling energy generation by
2030, mostly via increasing the use of fossils
Energy has become a non-trivial OPEX item
2. Worldwide legislation changes and public support for
energy efficiency and climate control
EMEA: reduce CO2 by 20% by 2020
UK: reduce CO2 by 20% by 2010
Japan: reduce CO2 to 6% under 1990 level by 2010
3. Carriers and businesses are setting new targets
reduced energy consumption
reduced heat dissipation
reduced space requirements (volume footprint)
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What Does This Mean for Data Networking?
 Telecom facilities require power and cooling
• Direct contributors to CO2 emission
• The cost of energy and space will rise
 Data networking is still a growth industry
• Global connectivity relies massively on routing
and switching and this dependency increases
• Significant increases in traffic are expected
• This should NOT result in higher OPEX
► Vendors need to respond to the challenge
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ECR Initiative
Energy Consumption Rating
www.ecrinitiative.org
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Energy-Efficient Routing Platforms – Basics
 Energy efficiency must be built into design
• Once the platform is designed and built, it is too
late to speak of energy improvements
 Consumed energy dissipates as heat
• Heat is the major limit for building faster routers
Building energy-efficient routers goes well along
building the fastest routers
 Energy savings must be verifiable
• Absolute energy consumption makes little sense
• Energy should be normalized to capacity
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Energy-efficient router – Definition
Energy-efficient router is the one that needs the least amount of
energy (in joules) to transfer network data (in bits)
Energy Consumption of Router (ECR)
Σ C(i)
T
C is the power rating of a router’s component
i Є I, I is the set of configured components
T is the router’s effective capacity (full-duplex)
ECR =
ECR is normalized to Watts/10 Gbps
Also we can use Energy Efficiency (EER),
EER is expressed in Gigabits/KW
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EER = 1 / ECR
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What can be done to improve energy metrics?

Today
•
Custom-designed silicon dies: No wasted blocks or gates
•
•
•
•
•

Compare to commercial RISC CPU arrays (number of gates, clock)
Compare to off-the-shelf NPUs (effective speed per feature set)
Find fastest and simplest solution possible to do the job
Use DRAM instead of power-hungry TCAM
Shut elements when not in use (lookup cores, SerDes and memory)
Tomorrow
•
•
•
Better integration, faster silicon and lower voltage
Use of MCM (multi-chip modules) to unite several chips
Possible use of CLI to monitor the real-time energy consumption
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Energy Efficiency: Positive Impact

Energy efficiency is synergetic with higher speed
•
•
•
•

Efficient designs need fewer gates, allowing dense packaging
Less energy means less heat dissipation, easier to scale up
Promotes newer silicon fabrication technologies
Promotes novel software and hardware structures
Accelerated technology introduction
•
•
•
Promotes intensive scaling over extensive scaling (larger systems)
Shortens effective silicon lifecycle in production networks
Newer and better technologies deployed more frequently
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Reference Data: Silicon in Progress
Juniper
M40
M160
T640
T1600
3.0
10
40
100
System Capacity
40Gbps
160G
640G
1600G
Technology
180nm
180nm
130nm
90nm
1.5
3.15
6.34
8.21
50.5
Gbps/KW
97.5
Gbps/KW
> 100
Gbps/KW
2002
2007
2010+
Slot Capacity, Gpbs
Consumption, KW
EER (Gbps/KW)
FRS
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
13 Gbps/KW 25 Gbps/KW
1998
2000
Proprietary and Confidential
Next-gen
65nm and <
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Juniper Experience: Technology Into Energy
1) Small power overhead for packet operations
- Fully custom in-house packet processors
- Unique ASIC expertise, very high gate utilization
2) Highest Integration Levels – fabrication and packaging
- Full 10 Gbps datapath on a single IP3 chip (includes lookup
engine, memory controller and fabric interface)
- Up to four forwarding engines on one blade (MX960)
- Industry’s only 100G/slot core router in commercial use (T1600)
3) Patented and Energy-Optimized Design
- Stateless packet services without TCAM
- Best-of-breed power converters
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Synergy Between Vendors and Customers
Efficient network design is extremely important
 Data networking is very mature now
 Many protocols and technologies were developed
• some are obsolete
But every time a network buildout is considered, it
comes with a hefty list of features on RFP
 Someone has to pay for all those features
• Carved in silicon, unused gates and wasted power
 Time to stop and think –
• Which features are really needed and where?
 Precise match of form and function is the best
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Conclusions
Environmental impact and energy efficiency are verifiable
• Choose right platforms to satisfy energy requirements
• Use normalized ECR/EER metrics for comparison
• Design networks to minimize the energy and rack space usage
We need to define and pursue aggressive energy goals
•
•
•
•
Reduced energy consumption
Reduced heat dissipation
Reduced space requirements (compact footprint)
This should be a joint effort between vendors, carriers and enterprises
Energy efficiency stimulates the industry
• New designs will increase EER and decrease environmental footprint
• Fast networking and energy efficiency are not conflicting goals
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‹#›
Challenges for the Next Generation Networks
CONVERGENCE
OPERATIONAL COSTS
RELIABILITY
SCALABILITY
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Convergence from many different
perspectives
 Services Convergence.
 Technology convergence.
• Optical and IP
 Topology / planes convergence.
• POP consolidation.
• Reduction of network layers.
 Networks convergence
• Fixed and mobile.
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IP & Optical Convergence
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Transport Intelligence
Substituting key SONET/SDH functions with G.709 and GMPLS
 Easy operations (OAM&P)
• G.709 overheads mimic SONET/SDH functions
• GMPLS allows optical layer visibility into hard to detect failures
• Integrated optics  low-cost optical monitoring and provisioning
 Fast protection
• Integrated DWDM interfaces of a router enable fast triggers
• Router-based fast reroute (FRR) may be more economical and as fast
and reliable as SONET/SDH ring-based protection
Sub-wavelength grooming
• Not needed—router trunks can fill 10G/40G wavelengths
• Manage bandwidth at the wavelength level using ROADMs
Replacing SONET/SDH functions by MPLS + G.709 + DWDM allows
for a simpler, more scalable architecture
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Transport Intelligence
Optical integration
Next steps
Available today
Fixed and Tunable Optics
OTN Interfaces
GMPLS interoperability
40 Gbps IPoDWDM
10GE Tunable Optics
WAN PHY
Single Transport-Service Control Plane
Container Interfaces
GMPLS
Ethernet OAM
 Simplifies core topologies
 Offers flexibility in provisioning and
response to topology changes
 Enables on-demand services
 Connecting Metro E over SONET
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
G.709
1:1 or 1:n
protection
OSS
GMPLS
 Elegant, multilayer failover scenarios
 End-to-end performance monitoring
 Coordinates end-to-end restoration across
optic and routing layers
 Reduces bandwidth and interface
requirements for redundancy
Proprietary and Confidential
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‹#›
Transport intelligence
CapEx and OpEx performance
After
Before
Benefits
Lower CapEx
 66% optics reduction
Lower OpEx
 Fewer shelves
(space, cooling, power,
management),
 Fewer interconnects
Enhanced resiliency
Router
Transponder Mux/ROADM
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Router
Mux/ROADM
Proprietary and Confidential
 Fewer devices
 Fewer active components
 Fewer interconnects
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‹#›
Transport Intelligence
Management Options
OSS
Mgmt.
Plane
 Single intelligent IP
control plane for
delivering service
flexibility and lower OpEx
Router
Management
Transmission
Management
 Segmented or integrated
management model for
faster provisioning,
reduced OpEx
E.g., SNMP
Control
Control Plane
Juniper
GMPLS
CLI
NETCONF
JUNOScript
WDM
GMPLS
End to end service view
provided by transmission
MGMT or other common
OSS
OTN
Data Plane
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Integrated Control Plane
based provisioning
Proprietary and Confidential
 Integrated transponders
lower CapEx/OpEx,
increase reliability
 ROADMs eliminate OEO
and minimize truck rolls
for reliability, service
flexibility, and lower
OpEx
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‹#›
Topology / planes convergence
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
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‹#›
Example: Virtualized Routing System for Collapsed
POP
INTERNET
NETWORK
CORE
NETWORK
CORE
PRIVATE
PEERING
Core
Routers
Internet
Router
Consolidated
Router
Peering
Router
Aggregation
Router
PRIVATE
PEERING
INTERNET
Aggregation
Router
20-30%
CapEx
Reduction
Safari
PSD 1: Core
PSD 2: Aggregation
PSD 3: Private Peering
PSD 4: Route Reflection
Edge
Routers
IP/MPLS CUSTOMERS
IP/MPLS CUSTOMERS
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
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‹#›
Services convergence
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
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‹#›
New services, new ideas
 The network must be open to the integration of
new services, new capabilities.
 Equipment vendors should no longer be the only
source for the innovation.
 Example:
• Juniper PSPD.
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
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‹#›
Juniper Vision:
An Ecosystem of Choice
 For Customers
• An ecosystem of choice
• Build competitive
differentiators internally
• Bring new technologies to
customers
 For Partners
• Reducing barriers to
partnership
• Integrate new technologies
more quickly
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Idea
Developer
User
Existing Supply Models
Juniper
Juniper
Customer
Customer
Juniper
Customer
Customer
Customer
Customer
Customer
Independent
Vendor
Customer
Independent
Vendor
Independent
Vendor
Customer
?
?
Customer
New Supply Models
Proprietary and Confidential
www.juniper.net
‹#›
Summary
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
www.juniper.net
‹#›
DNA of the Next Generation Networks
IP & Optical
convergence GMPLS
NSR,
ISSU
IPv6
100GbE
Multichasis
systems
Open Networks for
innovation.
Energy Efficiency
Operational Automation
Flexible control plane
virtualization
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
www.juniper.net
‹#›
Javier Antich Romaguera
Systems Engineer Manager
Iberia SP
[email protected]
Copyright © 2008 Juniper Networks, Inc.
Proprietary and Confidential
www.juniper.net
‹#›