EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25 years The role of metrology and testing to characterize materials and products Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 1 Origin of Conformity Assessment The New Approach for the European Economic Community 1985 • • • • • Flexible regulatory framework providing access to the Common Market with freedom for movement of goods, persons, services, and capital, while protecting essential public needs, e.g. safety, health, environment. Essential requirements defined in EU-Directives: from machinery to toys. The EU-Directives have to be transposed into National Laws of the EU countries to became legally binding forces in the individual EU countries the EU in 2015 comprises 28 countries with 24 official languages. Harmonised EN Standards define the technical details European Standards are valid in the whole EU, conflicting National Standards have to be withdrawn: “one standard, one test, accepted everywhere”. CE marking declares that the product is safe and in conformity with the relevant EU Directives. Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 2 1 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark Conformity Assessment as requirement for market and trade Society Economy Regulators Demands for facilitating trade Demands for assessing products and services Market Technology Suppliers Products Services Customers Consumers Conformity Assessment determines whether materials, products, processes, systems or people meet specified requirements Accreditation assures the competence of the conformity assessment bodies Metrology and Testing form the scientific and technological base to characterize materials and products Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 3 EUROLAB Foundation • Set up in Brussels April 1990 in connection with the formation of the European Union (EU), since 1998 Legal Entity under Belgian Law. • Composed of National Associations of Measurement, Testing and Analytical Laboratories all over Europe and International Affiliates. • Grouping over 2,000 Conformity Assessment Bodies representing over 100,000 technical experts and laboratory practitioners. • EUROLABs Guideline: Laboratory and Conformity Assessment Services supporting European Technology and Trade. Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark The EU: 28 States, Population 500 Million 4 2 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark EUROLAB Objectives • Creating awareness among public and political authorities, industry and other partners of the work of the measurement, calibration, testing, inspection and certification sector. • Representation by formulating and voicing the opinion of European laboratories regarding political and technical issues. • Coordination by interfacing with partner organisations having activities of interest to the laboratory community. • Action by providing adequate means for exchange of information and experience. • Promotion of cost-effective measurement, testing, calibration and analytical services. EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin 5 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos 6 BHT Berlin multiple services multiple services EUROLAB Members and Activities EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 6 3 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark EUROLAB Members and Activities Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos 7 BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 7 Metrology, Measurement and Testing as base to characterize technical objects OBJECT: Material or Engineered Product Measurement determines quantity values of a measurand Characteristics Measurands Testing determines characteristics of an object Materials Properties Inherent characteristics are intrinsic characteristics, resulting from the processing and synthesis of matter. Examples: chemical composition, density. Procedural characteristics are extrinsic characteristics, resulting from the response of a material specimen to an input stimulus. They cannot be specified without reference to the test procedure followed. Example: mechanical strength Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 8 4 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark Examples of Materials Properties: 10000 Density and Strength of different material types Engineering Alloys Tensile Strength (MPa) 1000 Composites 100 Polymers Pure Metals 10 Density (g/cm3) 1 Building Materials 10 1 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin Reference: Metrology and Testing in Science and Technology Measure 4/4 (2009) 1 EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 100 9 Influence of Scale Effects on Materials Properties Example: Scale dependence of the Melting Point of Gold 1064.18 °C: Melting Point of Gold. Fix Point of the International Temperature Scale ITS-90 Gold Partilcle Radius [nm] Example: Scale dependence of Mechanical Strength and Stiffness of Carbon Nanotubes • Compression Strength: 2 times than that of macroscopic Kevlar • Tensile Strength: 10 times than that of macroscopic Steel Ø 10 Nm • Stiffness: 2000 times than that of macroscopic Diamond Reference: Metrology and Testing in Science and Technology. Measure 4/4 (2009) 1 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 10 5 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark Methodology of Measurement Measurement begins with the definition of the measurand, the quantity intended to be measured. OBJECT SI units Measurand Measurement standard Quantity length mass time electric current temperature luminous intensity amount of substance Measurement procedure Measurement principle Measurement method Measuring system Calibration Symbol m kg s A K cd mol The measured quantity value must be related to a reference through a documented unbroken traceability chain, ending at the Primary Standard, based on the International System of Units, SI (Le Système International d’Unités). The SI-quantities are related to Natural Constants and are thus “dematerialised references”. Measurement result: quantity value + unit ± uncertainty Expression of uncertainty in measurement GUM Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin Base Unit metre kilogram second ampere kelvin candela mole EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 11 Methodology of Testing Testing begins with the definition of the characteristics of an object to be determined by applying a test load to the object with refrence to a test procedure. OBJECT CRMs are issued by an authoritative body providing one or more specified property values with associated uncertainties and traceabilities, using a valid procedure. Characteristics Certified Reference Material (CRM) Testing procedure Reference procedure Test principle Test method Test system Testing result: specified characteristic of an object by qualitative and quantitative attributes, and adequately estimated uncertainties Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin Procedure documented in a standard, including the specification of test loads and testing instrumentation. Test results are expressed in different ways: – some test results can be expressed in a metrological sense as quantity values; – some test results are Boolean, such as the ability to be recycled or not; – some test results, such as corrosion resistance, may be expressed as a ranking (poor, adequate, good for example), – some can only be captured in text and images. EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 12 6 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark The combination of Measurement and Testing to characterise Technical Objects Testing determines characteristics of an object Measurement determines quantity values of measurands OBJECT SI units Calibration Certified Reference Material Characteristics Measurement standard Measurand Measurement procedure Testing procedure Measurement principle Measurement method Measuring system Test principle Test method Test system Reference procedure Result of the combination of Metrology and Testing: measured quantity values of a specified object characteristic, and adequately determined uncertainties Reference: Springer Handbook of Metrology and Testing (2011), Figure 1.1 EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin 13 The combination of Metrology and Testing Example: Determination of Elasticity and Strength Loading modes Shear Bending Torsion Elasticity line, the slope depends on the nature of the specimen, e. g. metalic, ceramic Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin Measurand Diameter d Measurand Force F Elastic Modulus E = / = F/A Response to Loading Stress, Strain OBJECT static loading Measurand Elongation ∆l Stress-Strain Curve Strength Fmax /A0 dynamic loading Fmax Fatigue Fracture Curve Fracture Steel Specimen, cross section A0= π d2 Slip bands F l0 ∆l F Strain = ∆l/ l0 EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 1 GPa Stress Compr. Load Procedure Stress = F/A0 Tension Conventional fatigue limit Strength Fmax / Asteels o Cycles to fracture 105 103 107 14 7 H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark Materials Properties Characterisation: Metrology & Testing & Confidence Ring Confidence Ring Traceability: the parameters involved in materials characterisation must be related to references. Specimen specifics (e. g. scale, microstructure) Stimulus (Input load) Material response = Property Response Procedural aspects (incl. dependence on time) Examples of Materiall properties Property Stimulus Response Mechanical Stress Strain Strength Electrical Voltage Current Resistivity Thermal Heat Temperature Conductivity Optical Light Light Transparency Input Output Reference: Metrologia, 47 (2010) S1-S17 Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 15 Conclusion EUROLAB Guideline: Laboratory and conformity assessment services supporting European tecnology and trade Metrology & Testing Confidence Ring Conformity assessment of materials, products, processes, systems or people by measurement, calibration, testing, inspection, certification Market, Trade Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 16 8 EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015 ● Odense, Denmark H. Czichos, Germany: The Role of Metrology and Testing to characterize materials and products Acknowledgment At this 25th Anniversary of EUROLAB I am very grateful to all collegues with whom I discussed over the years the topics presented in this talk. Some figures of the presentation were adopted from the Handbook of Metrology and Testing, which was worked out in an international cooperation wth contributions from Europe, Japan and the USA. Prof. Dr. Horst Czichos BHT Berlin EUROLAB 25th Anniversary Seminar April 9, 2015, Odense Danmark 17 9
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