Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
BIOINGENIERÍA:
PASADO, PRESENTE Y FUTURO
Víctor M. Castaño
Comisión de Especialidad de Ingeniería Biomédica
Academia de Ingeniería
Departamento de Biología Médica
Academia de Medicina
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
¿Qué es Ingeniería Biomédica?
Aplicación de las ciencias y técnicas de
la ingeniería a la Medicina
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Una Cuestión Semántica
BIOINGENIERÍA: la definición mas amplia abarca
todas las posibles interacciones entre las Ciencias
Naturales y la Ingeniería.
ING. BIOMÉDICA: Centrada en el ser humano y en
el cuidado de su salud.
ING. CLÍNICA: Centrada en el paciente (excluye el
desarrollo de tecnologías).
ING. HOSPITALARIA: Centrada en la
infraestructura soporte.
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La Bioingeniería es
interdisciplina
Ciencias
Naturales
Ciencias Exactas
BIOLOGÍA
FÍSICA
MATEMÁTICA
MEDICINA
BIOINGENÍERÍA
INGENIERÍAS
QUÍMICA
Ing. Electrónica
ODONTOLOGÍA
Ing. Mecánica
AGRONOMÍA
Ing. Civil
VETERINARIA
Ing. Química
Ing. Agronomía
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
biomagnetismo y técnicas cerebrales
creación de imágenes y óptica biomédicas
biomateriales
biomecánica y biotransporte
producto sanitario
instrumentación médica
ingeniería molecular y celular
biología de sistemas
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Historia de la Ingeniería Biomédica
• Thermometer
– 1603, Galileo
– 1625, body temperature measurement
• Optical lens
– 1666, Newton
– 1850-, ophthalmoscope, Helmholtz
• Stethoscope
– 1819, hollow tube
– 1851, binaural stethoscope
• Hypodermic syringe
– 1853, Wood
• X-ray
– 1895, Roentgen
– 1896, in diagnosis and therapy
• Radioactivity
– 1896, Curie
– 1903, in therapy
• Electrocardiograph
– 1887, Waller, capillary meter
– 1903, Einthoven,
– galvanometer 1928, vacuum
tube
• Electroencephalograph
– 1924, Berger
• pH electrode
– 1906, Cremer
• Electrical surgical unit,
1928
7
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…
• Cyclotron, artificial
radionuclides
– 1936, Lawrence
• Assisting ventilator
– 1928, "iron lung"
– 1945, positive pressure
• Ultrasonic imaging
– pulse-echo, 1947
– Doppler, 1950s
• Computed tomography
– 1969, Cormack, Hounsfield
• Electrical heart defibrillator
– 1956, Zoll
– 1980, implanted
• Implanted electrical heart
pacemaker
– 1960, Greatbatch
• Heart valves, 1975
• Magnetic Resonance Imaging • Cardiac catheter, 1975
(MRI)
• Artificial kidney (dialysis),
– NRM, Bloch, Purcell, 1946
1960
– MRI, 1982
• Artificial heart, 1984
8
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
nanoMedicine
A new branch of Medicine aimed to apply
nanotechnology concepts and techniques
to medical procedures
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
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Nanoengineering in
Nature:
Nature builds devices from nanoscale components
Biopolymers…..
…assemble into
complexes….
…from which
complex machines
are built.
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Advanced nanobioengineering:
from feathers and bone to
nanotech
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Core concept of nanobioengineering:
SYNERGETICS
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Core concept of nanobioengineering:
SYNERGETICS
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Core concept of nanobioengineering:
SYNERGETICS
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bone: 100% synergetics
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Little marvels of
nanobioengineering:
feathers
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TEM of chicken feather
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Biological
Nanostructures
Molecular Foundry Facilities
C. Bertozzi, Facility Director
http://foundry.lbl.gov/
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Biological Nanostructures
The integration of biological components into devices and
materials is a major frontier in nanotechnology
• Molecular motors
• Structural assemblies
• Cell-based biosensors
• Biocompatible and biodegradable materials
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A Modern Vision of nanobioengineerig
Biology
Chemistry
Physics
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•
•
•
•
1972 - Letokhov y Ashkin:
manipulation of atoms, molecules
and particles through
microbeams.
1988 – Askin reports the first use
of optical tweezers.
1989 - Askin reports the use of
infrarred light to trap living
organisms
1989 –Ashkin and Block: first
quantitative measurement of
forces using optical yweezers
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•
•
•
1990 – Combination of microbeam
and optical tweezers
1997 - Nobel Prize (Physics) to
Chu, Phillips, Cohen-Tannoudji for
cooling of atoms and molecules
by light.
Today –full micro and
nanomanipulation with light
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• A laser can be regarded as a light cannon which
emmits photons in straight trajectories
• The total effect (force) of photons is known as
radiation pressure
• For dielectrics, it has two components: scattering
and gradient forces
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θ = transmission angle
r =reflection angle
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Smart membranes
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Thus, the corresponding differential equation for the x-region is:
Similar considerations can be drawn for the y-region. As a result, a
pair of coupled non-linear ordinary differential equations describe
the way the change in pore size with time:
The solutions to these equations are:
where  is the phase difference. The relations between the ki’s
and the parameters a, ,  are given by:
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The steady state and the eigenvalues are:
and
respectively. The imaginary character of the eigenvalues indicate,
as observed in the experiment, that the solutions oscillate around
the steady state. The application of this simple model to other
physical, chemical and biological oscillatory systems is under way.
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Poluted water
20 ppm Cr VI
Cr VI Removing %
Untreated Keratin biofiber
Keratin
biofiber
12
10
8
6
4
2
0
01
Treated water
1.5
25
2.5
15
3
3.5
20
4
4.5
time of analysis (min)
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Active sulfur sites to
retain metals
100
80
60
40
20
Keratin biobifer treated with
Sulfuric acid (pH 6)
0
10
52
153
4
20
5
25
Time of analysis (min)
Keratin biobifer treated with
Sulfuric acid (pH 3)
Cr VI Removing %
Cr VI Removing %
120
120
100
80
60
40
20
0
10
52
15
3
20
4
25
5
Time of analysis (min)
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Water with 20 ppm of Cr VI
Water after treatment with
modified keratin biofiber
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Removing Cr VI with
nylon – keratin
membranes
Nylon membranes without keratin
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Nylon membranes
with keratin
Micro and nano spheres
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Optics, medicine and
nanotechnology
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Nanogold
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Nanoparticles in
Medicine
Fluorescent labels
Drug Delivery
Patogens detection
Protein Detection
DNA-related research
Tissue Engineering
Cancer treatment
Sorting and purification of biomolecules
NMR image enhancement
Magnetic nanoparticles
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Functionallization
with fluorescein
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OBJECTIVES
Biocompatibility
Functionalization
Peptides
•Protein
•DNA
•Carbohydrates (glyconanoparticles)
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Typical approach
Synthesis magnetic
nanoparticles
Modification various
routes and conditions
Caracterization
Biocompatibilization
specific brain
structures
Biocompatible
magnetic
nanoparticles
BioMEMS
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Biocompatibilization
Hollow hybrid magnetic nanoparticles 
200nm
Nanoparticles PVA-stabilized
Natural Polymer
(Chitosan)
+
Anionic monomer
(acrylic acid)
Crosslinking
Hybrid nanospheres
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Magnetic properties
• Super paramagneticroom temperature
• Ferrimagnetic  78K
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Efecto Magnético
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
Nanoencapsulation of acetyl salicylic acid within
enteric polymer nanoparticles 1
© 2007 Advanced Study Center Co. Ltd.
Rev.Adv.Mater.Sci. 14(2007) 14-34
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
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Centro de Física Aplicada y
Tecnología Avanzada, UNAM Juriquilla
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Micro Electro
Mechanical Systems
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MEMS
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Capacitor
Electrodes
Coil
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