1. No category

Resource mapping of solar
energy
An overview of available data in Norway
Report: KVT/OB/2013/R046
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Content
1
Introduction...................................................................................................... 4
2
Properties of solar radiation ................................................................................. 5
2.1
2.2
3
THE SOLAR RADIATION SPECTRUM
DEFINITIONS OF QUANTITIES
5
5
Observations of solar radiation .............................................................................. 7
3.1
SURFACE OBSERVATIONS
7
3.1.1 Global radiation......................................................................................7
3.1.2 Diffuse radiation .....................................................................................8
3.1.3 Direct radiation ......................................................................................9
3.1.4 Radiation measurements for solar energy ......................................................9
3.1.5 Sunshine duration....................................................................................9
SATELLITE
10
3.2
4
Existing resource mapping projects .......................................................................12
4.1
PHOTOVOLTAIC GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (PVGIS)
12
SATEL-LIGHT
14
4.2
SODA - SOLAR RADIATION DATA
15
4.3
4.3.1 HelioClim3 .......................................................................................... 15
4.3.2 HelioClim1 .......................................................................................... 16
4.3.3 NASA-SSE ............................................................................................ 16
METEONORM
16
4.4
SOLEMI
16
4.5
ENMETSOL
16
4.6
3TIER
16
4.7
IRSOLAV
17
4.8
STRÅNG
17
4.9
5
Description of stations included in the database .......................................................19
5.1
NETWORKS MEASURING SOLAR RADIATION IN NORWAY AND SWEDEN
19
5.1.1 Bioforsk, Norway................................................................................... 19
5.1.2 Meteorological Institute, Norway............................................................... 20
5.1.3 Energinettet, Norway ............................................................................. 20
5.1.4 Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway ........................................ 21
5.1.5 SMHI’s radiation network in Sweden ........................................................... 21
RADIATION MEASUREMENTS STATIONS
23
5.2
5.2.1 Fagklim, UMB, Ås .................................................................................. 23
5.2.2 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen. ................................................. 24
5.2.3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU) .................................. 24
5.2.4 Institute for Physics, University of Oslo ....................................................... 26
5.2.5 Agder Photovoltaic Lab, University of Agder ................................................. 26
5.2.1 Norut, Narvik ........................................................................................ 26
5.2.2 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)................................ 27
5.2.3 Akershus Energi, Lillestrøm...................................................................... 27
5.2.4 Brødrene Dahl, Larvik ............................................................................. 28
5.2.5 Jotun, Sandefjord ................................................................................. 28
5.2.6 Teknova, Kristiansand............................................................................. 28
5.2.7 Glava Energy Center, Arvika..................................................................... 28
CLOUD OBSERVATIONS
29
5.3
5.3.1 Norwegian Meteorological Institute, METAR ................................................. 29
SOLAR ENERGY PRODUCTION DATA
29
5.4
5.4.1 Akershus Energi, Lillestrøm...................................................................... 29
2/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5.4.2
5.4.3
Hedmark University College, Evenstad ........................................................ 29
Production data from Swedish solar plants ................................................... 30
6
Summary and suggestions for future work...............................................................31
7
References ......................................................................................................34
Appendix A List of stations ..............................................................................................35
A.1 BIOFORSK STATIONS
A.2 METEOROLOGICAL INSTITUTE
A.3 OTHER STATIONS
35
46
53
3/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
1 Introduction
Accurate estimates of solar radiation are essential in order to give good estimates of the
potential power production form a solar power plant. The solar radiation is dependent in
particular on the cloud and particle climate and angle of incident varying with geographic
position and time of day and time of year. This can give large differences in daily average solar
radiation received over short distances. Over the latest years we have seen a large growth in
the utilization of solar energy for power production in European countries (Both photovoltaic
production of electricity and solar collectors for solar heat).
We also see a large growth in solar energy plants installed in Sweden and Denmark, however
several of the tools used to estimate the power output from such installations in Norway shows
that the solar resource in Norway is quite low. This may be one of the reasons why
development of solar power installations has not experienced a similar growth in Norway as in
our neighboring countries.
Some of the commonly used tools to estimate energy production from solar energy plants are
based on a limited number of data for estimating the solar resource in Norway. In the PVGIS
tool (described in Chapter 4.1) only one station of solar radiation is included for Norway.
Meteonorm (a licenced software from Meteotest described in Chapter 4.4) has only got 3
stations in Norway out of a database of 1200 stations worldwide. In addition to the ground
stations satellite measurements of solar radiation at the ground is available. The satellite data
is found to be quite accurate in Europe. The quality of the satellite data is however reduced at
higher latitudes because of a low viewing angle.
In this project we will perform a screening to find and describe the solar radiation data in
Norway. We aim to build up a database of such data, which will be essential for future solar
resource estimates, model validation purposes, the use as reference stations and improvement
of the mapping of solar resources in Norway.
4/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
2 Properties of solar radiation
2.1 The solar radiation spectrum
The energy spectrum of the solar radiation is shown in Figure 2-1. The spectrum shows how the
solar energy is distributed on different wavelengths, with a maximum in the visible part (~400700 nm). The yellow part of the graph is an indication of the wavelengths that are absorbed
through the atmosphere. The red area represents the energy spectrum of solar radiation
received at sea level. The absorption bands of the atmospheric gasses, O2, O3, H2O and CO2 are
marked. In addition to absorption by gasses, particles and aerosols also contribute to the
absorption in the atmosphere.
Figure 2-1 the solar radiation spectrum. The energy of the solar radiation for different wavelengths
at top of atmosphere (yellow) and at sea level (red) is shown. Also shown is the blackbody spectrum
for 5250 °C, which represents the theoretical spectrum of emitted radiation from the sun. Image
created by Robert A. Rohde / Global Warming Art.
2.2 Definitions of quantities
Solar irradiance is defined as the power of solar radiation incident on a surface and is given as
the power per unit area (watts per square meters , Wm-2).
The integral of solar irradiance over a time period is solar irradiation or insolation and is
measured in Jm-2 (3600 Jm-2 = 3600 Whm-2).
The albedo is defined as the reflection coefficient and it represents the amount of incoming
radiation that is reflected from the ground. The albedo is typically given as a value between 0
5/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
and 1 (or percentage) where 0 represents a black body which reflects no radiation, while 1
represents a reflection of all incoming solar radiation.
The global irradiance on a horizontal surface on Earth consists of the direct irradiance Edir and
diffuse irradiance Edif. On a tilted plane, there is another irradiance component: Eref, which is
the component that is reflected from the ground:
E = Edir + Edif + Eref
The direct radiation is the radiation received directly from the sun, this is the main part of the
radiation on a clear day. The direct radiation is directed from the sun’s location on the sky. The
diffuse radiation is the part of the solar radiation that has been scattered in the atmosphere
before it reaches the surface. The scattering is caused by the atmospheric gas components,
particles (aerosols) or clouds. The scattering of the solar radiation is typically larger at low
solar angles compared to high solar angles. During cloudy days the diffuse radiation may
constitute the largest part of the global radiation. The diffuse radiation is often considered to
be non-directional.
Measured on a horizontal plane the reflected component will be negligible, but for a tilted
plane this component also must be considered. The reflected component will depend on the
sun’s angle, the angle of the plane, the angle of the reflecting surface and the ground albedo.
6/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
3 Observations of solar radiation
3.1 Surface observations
The typical method to measure solar radiation is by using a thermopile detector. The detector
has a black coating that absorbs the incoming radiation. This leads to a temperature rise in the
detector that depends on the intensity of the radiative flux (irradiance) received by the
detector.
For solar energy purposes the solar panels are tilted at an angle to optimize the power
production from the installation. In order to estimate the solar resource this tilting must be
considered. It is therefore important to separate the solar energy into the direct and diffuse
components. The direct radiation will be increased by tilting of the panel compared to
horizontal surface, while the non-directional diffuse radiation received by the panel will not be
modified by the tilting.
3.1.1 Global radiation
Global irradiance is measured with a pyranometer. An example of a pyranometer is shown in
Figure 3-1. The instrument consists of the thermopile detector which is located at the center of
the two glass domes. The pyranometer needs to be mounted horizontally to measure global
irradiance. The spectral response of a thermopile pyranometer is typically independent of
wavelength and measures in the range ~300-3000 nm.
Figure 3-1 Kipp & Zonen CMP11 pyranometer (ref Kipp & Zonen, http://www.kippzonen.com/)
Maintenance of the pyranometer: The instrument must be cleaned regularly to ensure the
translucence of the glass dome. The leveling of the instruments must be checked regularly.
Kipp and Zonen advise the user to recalibrate the instruments every two years
(http://www.kippzonen.com/ProductGroup/70/Service-Calibration).
7/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Other challenges with the instrument are frost or dew forming on the dome. The instruments
can be equipped with extra ventilation that ensures that the air is kept above the dew-point.
Snow can be another challenge in the winter months. Regular cleaning and inspection of the
instruments reduces these problems. But a thorough inspection and filtering of the data is
advised as part of the analysis of such data.
According to ISO9060 the pyranometers are classified according to their performance giving a
list of specifications that must be fulfilled. The ISO9060 compliant pyranometers are grouped in
3 classes, Second Class, First Class and Secondary Standard. Pyranometers of the Secondary
Standard classification follows the highest performance criteria for a pyranometer. For solar
energy purposes it is recommended to use anemometers classified at least as First Class.
3.1.2 Diffuse radiation
Measurements of diffuse radiation are more challenging than global radiation measurements.
The diffuse radiation is also measured by the pyranometer. But the direct radiation must be
blocked out. This is typically done by using a sun-tracker. The sun tracker is a mechanical
devise which is set up to follow the sun’s movement across the sky during the day and during
the year. The sun tracker contains a disk that is set up to block the direct solar radiation. An
example of a sun tracker is shown in Figure 3-2.
Figure 3-2 Kipp & Zonen SOLYS 2 sun tracker (ref Kipp & Zonen, http://www.kippzonen.com)
8/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
3.1.3 Direct radiation
Direct radiation is measured by a pyrheliometer. The instrument contains a thermopile sensor,
but the sensor has a 5° field of view with a flat window. The pyrheliometer needs to be
installed on a high accuracy sun-tracker in order to always be directed towards the sun. Typical
accuracy of the sun-tracker should be less than 0.5°. An example of a pyrheliometer is shown in
Figure 3-3. In Figure 3-2 the instrument can be seen mounted on a sun tracker.
Figure 3-3 Kipp & Zonen CPH 1 Pyrheliometer (ref Kipp & Zonen, http://www.kippzonen.com)
3.1.4 Radiation measurements for solar energy
Measurements of the solar resource for a solar energy purposes is often performed by mounting
a pyranometer on a tilted surface. By tilting the pyranometer it does not measure global
radiation, but rather the potential energy that is available for the solar panels. With such
instrumentation set up one will not separate between direct and diffuse radiation, but rather
potential energy valid for the given tilting angle. With such a setup reflection from the ground
and albedo effects can be an additional challenge since the ground surface becomes a larger
part of the instruments viewing angle.
3.1.5
Sunshine duration
Sunshine duration sensors can be used to provide the number of sunshine hours per day. Several
of the meteorological stations are equipped with sunshine duration sensors. The output from
the sensor separates sunny from non-sunny weather. The accuracy of such a sensor is around
10 %. An example of a sunshine duration sensor is shown in Figure 3-4. The value from this
sensor is often reported as minutes of sunshine during the last 1 hour. The data from this sensor
might be useful in combination with data on global radiation to model the direct and diffuse
components.
9/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 3-4 Kipp & Zonen CSD 3 sunshine duration sensor (Kipp & Zonen, http://www.kippzonen.com)
3.2 Satellite
Global radiation can also be derived from satellite measurements. The Heliosat method (Cano
et al, 1986) uses the visible images of the geostationary satellites to derive the surface global
radiation. The Heliosat method assumes that the albedo of a cloudy atmosphere is higher than
from the land surface and ocean. Based on the albedo measured by the satellite a cloud index
for the given location is calculated. The cloud index is used to estimate the global radiation in
time steps of 15-30 minutes.
The global radiation calculations are done using data from the Meteosat satellites. Two
generations of this satellite have been operative. The first generation was operative until 2005
with a resolution of the satellite images of up to 2.5 x 2.5 km, the second generation Meteosat
has been in operation since 2005 and has a spatial resolution up to 1 km x 1km. The resolution
is highest at the equator just below the satellite location. The resolution is reduced by
increasing distance from this point since the viewing angle becomes lower. The geostationary
satellites are thus not the best suited to monitor areas at high latitudes, because of a low
viewing angle. The uncertainty of such data does therefore increase northward. At low sun
elevation it becomes difficult to distinguish between cloudy and cloud free conditions. The
first generation Meteosat had a sampling rate of twice per hour, while the second generation
has a sampling rate of four times per hour.
Ineichen (2011) has made an intercomparison between several of the different Meteosat
satellite products available for 23 ground stations in Europe between 22-60°N for data covering
2006. It was shown that the global irradiance was retrieved with a negligible bias and with a
standard deviation around 16 % for the best algorithm. For the beam irradiance the bias is
several percent with a standard deviation of around 35%.
The work of Hagen (2011) has shown that the satellite data gives a quite good estimate of the
global radiation measured at several locations in Norway and Sweden. The methodology has
some difficulties in distinguishing between clouds and snow cover. This contributes to an
underestimation of the global radiation by the satellite. Some differences arise from the fact
that the satellite does not take into consideration the horizon as viewed at the measurement
site, which leads to some overestimation of the radiation by the satellite. It was shown in
10/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Hagen (2011) that the satellite data on average had a positive bias compared to radiation
measurements.
It is not known to what extent polar orbiting satellites have been used to create similar
products. The problem using polar orbiting satellites is that they pass over an area only 2 times
per day, and that the area covered by the satellite at each passing may also vary. The
geostationary satellites deliver a snapshot of the same area every 15-30 minutes, and will thus
give a reliable description of the variation in solar radiation over the day. The polar orbiting
satellites are however better suited to map areas at high latitudes with a higher resolution than
is available from geostationary satellites. Studies to estimate solar radiation at the ground form
polar orbiting satellites have been carried out by e.g. Godøy (2012) and Liu & Liu (2012).
11/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
4 Existing resource mapping projects
4.1 Photovoltaic Geographical Information System (PVGIS)
PVGIS is a project of the Institute for Energy and Transport of the Joint Research Centre (JRC)
under of the European Commission. The project provides assessments of the solar energy
resources in Europe with the aim to contribute to the implementation of solar energy. From the
PVGIS web site1 solar resource maps can be downloaded as yearly global irradiance values on
horizontal and optimally inclined surfaces [kWh m-2]. The maps are presented for each country
for a horizontal plane and for the optimal inclination (Figure 4-1).
The web page also consists of an interactive resource map (a screen dump is shown in Figure
4-2) which allows the user to extract information about the monthly and daily radiation
parameters for a chosen location. An interactive estimation of the PV energy production can
also be done for the chosen location using the interactive web tool.
The steps that have been used to calculate the resource maps are the following:
1. Calculation of the clear sky global irradiance. Linke turbidity (Remund et al., 2003)
represents the atmospheric absorption and scattering under clear skies conditions. The
solar radiation at the top of the atmosphere has been integrated down to the surface
representing clear sky conditions using the Linke turbidity from SoDa2. Elevation data
from a digital elevation model is used to represent local shadowing effects for low solar
angles and as a correction of the Linke turbidity values at high elevations.
2. Calculation and interpolation of the clear sky index to estimate the real sky
irradiance. The clear sky index represents the reduction of the total radiation on the
ground by clouds. The clear sky index is calculated based on the ratio between the
measured global irradiance and the computed clear sky global irradiance from met
stations in Europe (ESRA database). The clear sky indices from the met stations are
spatially interpolated to a map of 1km x 1km for each month. Most of the European
countries are covered by a dense network of stations. From a total of 566 stations in
Europe only one is located in Norway (Bergen). Sweden has 11 stations which are also
used in the interpolation of clear sky indexes in Norway. See Figure 4-3 for a map of the
stations used.
3. Calculations for surfaces inclined at different angles. Calculation of the energy density
at different angles requires that the global radiation is divided into direct and diffuse
components following empirical relations (cf. Scharmer and Greif, 2000, Kasten and
Czeplak 1980, Hrvoľ 1991).
The maps have been validated by comparing the interpolated maps with the measurement of
radiation at the different stations (Figure 4-3). A cross-validation of the maps was performed by
leaving out some of the stations in the calculation of the maps, and then to use these left-out
stations for validation. The cross-validation was performed for a large number of combinations
of stations to finally reach a level an uncertainty level in the maps presented. The average
yearly bias (MBE) for all stations were found to be 1 Wh/m2 (0.03%), but with higher biases for
1
http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/index.htm
2
http://www.soda-is.com/eng/index.html
12/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
the monthly values. The root-mean square error (RMSE) from the cross validation was found to
be within the interval 97-299 Wh/m2/day (4.7-11.2 %).
The PVGIS website (http://re.jrc.ec.europa.eu/pvgis/index.htm) contains a detailed
description of the models and interpolation routines that are used to create the maps. The
project is currently active and the site and models are regularly updated.
Figure 4-1 Global irradiation and solar electricity potential for horizontally (left) and optimally
inclined (right) PV modules. From PVGIS, JRC, European Community.
13/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 4-2 Interactive map interface to output monthly and daily radiation values from the PVGIS
database and tool for estimation of energy from a PV system. Screen dump from the PVGIS web site.
Figure 4-3 Map of the ESRA ground stations used for calculation of the clear sky indices and for
validation of the final calculations. From PVGIS web pages.
4.2 Satel-light
The Satel-Light project gives access to solar radiation data based on data from the Meteosat
satellites for all over Europe up to approximately 66 °N. The project was funded by the
14/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
European Union from 1996 until 1998, and one of the goals of the project was to provide a
database with satellite images. The database consists of data covering the period 01.01.199631.12.2000 with half hourly resolution. The work of Hagen (2011) shows that the satellite data
gives a quite good estimate of the global radiation measured at several locations in Norway and
Sweden.
The project is no longer funded but the web site and database is in operation and is available at
http://www.satel-light.com/core.htm. From the web site it is possible to acquire time series of
satellite data for any given position.
The resolution of the satellite data in the database is approximately 5 x 16 km at 60 degrees
latitude.
4.3 SoDa - Solar Radiation Data
The SoDa web services gives access to solar radiation data as timeseries or maps for free and
for purchase from their web site (http://www.soda-is.com/eng/index.html). Available data is
from HelioClim1, HelioClim3, and NASA-SSE.
4.3.1 HelioClim3
The data from the HelioClim3 project for solar irradiance is given as global, direct and diffuse
components on a horizontal plane, on an inclined plane or on a plane normal to the sun rays.
The temporal resolution is 15 minutes. Also hourly, daily, weekly and monthly values are given.
Data for the period 01.02.2004-31.12.2005 is available without cost from the SoDa web page.
Data after 31.12.2005 can be purchased through the SoDa web page. The HelioClim3 data have
a spatial resolution up to 3 km x 3km and a spatial coverage as shown in Figure 4-4.
Figure 4-4 Extent and
is.com/eng/index.html)
spatial
resolution
of
15/55
HelioClim3
(from
SoDa,
http://www.soda-
KVT/OB/2013/R046
The data is given as csv-files compatible with PVsyst.
4.3.2 HelioClim1
The data from HelioClim1 is given as daily, weekly and monthly values of global radiation on a
horizontal plane for the period 1985 to 2005. The data has a horizontal resolution of
approximately 20 km x 20 km. The data is freely available from the SoDa web page. The data
coverage is the same as for HelioClim3
4.3.3 NASA-SSE
Data is provided as time series of global radiation on a horizontal plane with grid cells of 1
degree x 1 degree from 1983 to 2005. Data is available worldwide. The data is available as daily
values from the SoDa web page.
4.4 Meteonorm
Meteonorm, provided by Meteotest, uses a synthetication method that combines satellite
images and ground observations and deliver resource maps in addition to hourly and sub-hourly
time series of solar radiation and other meteorological parameters with a spatial resolution
down to 1km x 1km. The meteonorm database contains data from more than 8300
meteorological stations, where approximately 1200 of these stations contains measurements of
solar irradiance. In Norway the database contains the solar irradiance data from Bergen, Bodø
and Tromsø. In addition a number of meteorological stations without solar irradiance
measurements are available. Data from Meteonorm can be purchased from their web site:
www.meteonorm.com.
4.5 Solemi
Solemi can deliver hourly timeseries based on satellite data worldwide up to 66 degrees
latitude. Solemi is provided by DLR (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt - German
Aerospace Center). The temporal coverage for the time series is 1991-2005 for Europe. The
data has a geographical resolution up to 2.5 x 2.5 km2. Data after 2005 has a geographical
resolution up to 1 x 1 km2. The parameters given from Solemi are global horizontal irradiance
and direct normal irradiance. A free sample of data is given from the year 2005, and can be
acquired from the web page: http://project.mesor.net/web/guest/solemi-free.
4.6 EnMetSol
From the University of Oldeburg satellite derived irradiance data are available as timeseries
and maps trough the EnMetSol methodology. They use the Heliosat method by calculating the
cloud indexes from the Meteosat satellite images. The final product is global horizontal, diffuse
horizontal and direct normal irradiance given as time series using the satellite resolution. Data
is available for purchase.
4.7 3Tier
3Tier provide a dataset on solar radiation based on Meteosat. They use the Heliosat method,
but also include daily snow cover datasets to distinguish clouds and snow cover. The data is
calibrated for each satellite based on ground observations. Data is available for purchase.
16/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
4.8 IrSolAv
IrSolAv is based on Meteosat using the Heilosat method. The cloud index is derived using the
methodology developed by Dagestad and Olseth (2007) with some modifications. The clear sky
conditions are identified with an algorithm by Polo et al (2009). A resource map based on
IrSolAv is presented in an interactive web page on http://solarexplorer.info/. More information
is available from http://irsolav.com/index.php?lang=en. Data is available for purchase.
4.9 STRÅNG
STRÅNG is a model for solar radiation developed by SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and
Hydrological Institute) based on meso scale simulations. This model produces instantaneous
fields with 11 x 11 km horizontal resolution and 1 hour temporal resolution of global radiation,
direct solar radiation, photosynthetically active radiation, UV radiation, and sunshine duration,
covering the entire Scandinavia.
Measurements of global radiation and direct solar radiation from the radiation network of SMHI
have been used for tuning and validation of the model. The error when comparing hourly model
data with point observations is approximately 30 % for the global and the UV irradiance, while
it is about 60% for the direct irradiance and the sunshine duration, as it is stated in the STRÅNG
system database.
STRÅNG data is publicly available for download through the STRÅNG system database
(http://strang.smhi.se/extraction/index.php). The data can be returned as hourly, daily,
monthly or yearly time series covering the period 1999 and onward. Data prior to 01.06.2006
have a horizontal resolution of 22 x 22 km2, instead of 11 x 11 km2.
Based on data from STRÅNG combined with information of the positioning and roof angle of
every building in Stockholm, a solar energy potential map of Stockholm has been made (Figure
4-5). The map shows the incoming solar radiation on each roof of each building in the city. The
map is available from http://www.energiradgivningen.se/stockholm-solinventering.
17/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 4-5 A screen dump of “Stockholms solkarta”, http://www.energiradgivningen.se/stockholmsolinventering.
18/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5 Description of stations included in the
database
5.1 Networks measuring solar radiation in Norway and Sweden
5.1.1 Bioforsk, Norway
A total of 47 stations in the Bioforsk network measures solar radiation today. 46 of these
stations have long timeseries of global radiation (more than 10 years). Several of the stations
have data back to the 1980’s. Several of the stations also measure sunshine duration. The data
from Bioforsk is available from their database at http://lmt.bioforsk.no. A list of the stations,
including measurement equipment, location and duration of measurements can be found in
Appendix A.
Today most of these stations are equipped with Kipp and Zonen pyranometers (CM11, ISO9060
Secondary Standard), while some stations uses Kipp and Zonen CM3 (ISO9060 Second Class) or
CNR1 (ISO9060 Second Class). The sensors at these stations are not ventilated which can give
condensation in the instruments during some meteorological conditions giving erroneous
measurements.
Routines for the operation of the stations are described by Instrumenttjenesten (ITAS) in a
Technical memorandum. The pyranometer is cleaned weekly during the summer season, while
monthly during the winter season.
Figure 5-1 Typical setup of a Bioforsk station (From ITAS Teknisk Notat, LMT værstasjon Type 2)
19/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5.1.2 Meteorological Institute, Norway
Meteorologisk Institutt has a large number of stations in their eklima database. A total of 70 of
these stations are equipped with either pyranometers or sunshine duration sensors. The 70
stations from Meteorologisk Institutt include also the 47 Bioforsk stations. An overview of the
location, station type and length of data from the Meteorological Institute is shown in Figure
5-2.
From eklima the data is available as hourly values for the latest years, for earlier periods data
is typically available every 3 hours. Several of the stations in the database from Meteorologisk
Institutt also includes visibility measurements and cloud observations.
Meteorologisk Institutt is also responsible for collecting METAR data which is the meteorological
data used for aviation. The data is typically collected at airports, but also at other stations.
Since the data is intended for aviation cloud observations are an essential part of the METAR.
Solar radiation is however not included in the METAR. A total of 68 METAR stations are found in
the database from Meteorologisk Institutt.
Figure 5-2 The locations of the stations operated by Meteorological Institute which have global
radiation or sunshine duration. The circles denote stations where global irradiance is measured; the
squares denote the stations where sunshine durability is measured. The triangles denote the stations
where both sunshine duration and global irradiance are measured. The colors denote the length of
data at each station.
5.1.3 Energinettet, Norway
This is a network of weather stations located mainly at different schools in Norway. The
weather stations are operated by teachers and students. The data from a total of 32 stations
20/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
are
collected
in
a
database,
and
is
available
for
download
from
http://miljolare.no/data/ut/land/natur/ln15/?vis=download.
The
data
also
includes
measurements of solar radiation. The instruments used are however instruments of lower
quality (non ISO9060 compliant) with a different spectral response than the thermopile
pyranometers, and with a cutoff at around 1100 nm.
5.1.4 Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority, Norway
Norwegian Radiation Protection Authority (Statens Strålevern) operates 10 stations in Norway
where they perform measurements of UV radiation in several spectral bands. Currently they
have no pyranometer measurements at their stations, but they are planning to install
pyranometers at 3 of the stations in the near future. Data and information from the stations are
available from http://www.nrpa.no/uvnett/. The contact at Statens Strålevern is Bjørn
Johnsen.
5.1.5 SMHI’s radiation network in Sweden
Figure 5-3 shows the location of the SMHI (Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute)
stations measuring solar radiation in Sweden. Stations marked with yellow circles measure only
sunshine duration; yellow triangles mark stations measuring sunshine duration and global
radiation; yellow squares mark stations that also measure longwave radiation; the stations that
also measure direct and diffuse radiation, as well as the aerosol optical depth are marked with
orange circles. Stations in bold compose the main network, while the stations in grey compose
the supplement network.
Global radiation and sunshine duration data are available back to 1983. Data from earlier years
may also be available but are most probably affected by artificial variations caused by changes
in the measuring systems that occurred during the earlier years. Data from SMHI’s radiation
network may be purchased from SMHI. However, SMHI plans to make these data freely available
through the webpage http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/Oppna-data in the near future.
21/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 5-3 Location of the SMHI’s stations measuring radiation. Stations marked with yellow circles
measure only sunshine duration; while yellow triangles mark stations measuring sunshine duration and
global radiation; yellow squares mark stations that also measure longwave radiation; the stations that
also measure direct and diffuse radiation, as well as the aerosol optical depth are marked with orange
circles. Stations in bold compose the main network, while the stations in grey compose the supplement
network. From SMHI.
22/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5.2 Radiation measurements stations
The large networks of measurement stations in Norway or Sweden were listed in Chapter 5.1.
There are however other stations as well. Some are advanced measurement stations operated
by research institutes, while other stations are privately owned stations where data can be
made available on request.
5.2.1 Fagklim, UMB, Ås
A field station for agroclimatic studies is located at Sørås at UMB (Universitetet for Miljø- og
Biovitenskap). The station includes advanced measurements of solar radiation in addition to
other meteorological parameters. Global irradiance is measured at this station since 1950,
while diffuse irradiance is measured since 1966. Albedo measurements have also been
performed since 1966. Radiation in 5 different spectral bands has been measured since 1977.
The instruments currently used are the Eppley Precision pyranometers for global, reflected,
diffuse and for 3 of the spectral bands (695-2800nm, 630-2800nm and 495-2800nm. The band
400-700nm (photosynthetical active radiation) is measured by a Li-Cor Quantum Sensor. UV
radiation in the band 295-385 nm is carried out with an Eppley Ultra-Violet Pyranometer. The
instruments at this station are ventilated. The instrumentation of the station is shown in Figure
5-4.
Figure 5-4 Solar radiation instrumentation at the Fagklim site at Ås (Source: UMB)
Data are available as hourly average values since 1987. Earlier data is available only as daily
values. Data with 10 minute frequency can also be received from this station. More information
can be found at: http://www.umb.no/fagklim/artikkel/beskrivelse-og-bilder. Data requests
can be made to Signe Kroken (64 96 54 48, signe.kroken[at]umb.no).
23/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
The use of the data in publications should be referenced to “Thue-Hansen V. and Grimenes A.A.
Meteorologiske data for Ås, Universitetet for Miljø og Biovitenskap 1987 til 2012”.
5.2.2 Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen.
At the Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen (GFI) measurements of global and diffuse
radiation have been carried out at the roof top of the GFI building since 1965. In 1982 the
station was also equipped with a pyrheliometer to measure the direct radiation. Sunshine
duration has been measured since 1952. The data from GFI are available in hourly frequency.
The raw data from the measurements have been stored for the latest years, and is available
with a 20 second resolution. The instruments are calibrated on an annual basis, cleaning of the
instruments are carried out frequently. The instruments are Kipp & Zonen instruments which
are ventilated. The instrumentation is shown in Figure 5-5. The contact person at GFI is Jan
Asle Olseth (Jan.Olseth[at]gfi.uib.no).
Figure 5-5 Instrumentation for solar radiation at the GFI roof top. The left figure shows the
pyrheliometers measuring direct solar irradiance. The right figure shows the instruments for diffuse
and global irradiance. (Source: Jan Asle Olseth).
5.2.3 Norwegian University of Science and Technology (NTNU)
Measurements of solar radiation have been carried out at NTNU from 1985. The measurement
station was located at Institute for Physics at Lade until 2001. In 2001 the station was moved to
Realfagsbygget at Gløshaugen.
Measurements are carried out with a horizontally mounted pyranometer for global irradiance
and a pyrheliometer for measurement of the direct component of solar irradiance. The
instruments used are Eppley instruments. The station is in addition equipped with a Cimel CE318 spectral band sensor measuring irradiance at wavelengths 340 nm, 380 nm, 440 nm,
500 nm, 670 nm, 870 nm, 936 nm, 1020 nm and 1640 nm; and spectral sensors measuring both
direct and global radiation in the range 300 nm to 550 nm.
Before the station was moved they experienced some problems with cabling for the
pyrheliometer. The routines for cleaning of the instruments were not optimal before 2001,
during some periods the instruments may have been covered by snow. The cleaning routines
have been improved over the latest years, and cleaning is carried out every 2-3 days or at least
24/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
once per week. The station was equipped with a new sun tracker with higher precision in 2007.
After this, the data from the pyrheliometer is considered to be of high quality.
The last calibration of the pyranometer and pyrheliometer was carried out in September 2002.
Later calibration of the pyranometer and pyrheliometer has not been considered since the data
is only used as a support for their spectral instruments. Calibration of the data is however
possible as part of post processing of the data since spectral measurements also are available
from the station.
We have received data dating back to 1991 from these stations. The data are raw data with 1
minute time resolution. The data from Lade is given in W/m-2, while the data from
Realfagbygget is given in volts. The data must be calibrated and quality controlled before use.
The contact persons at NTNU are Amund Gjerde Gjendem (amund.gjendem[at]ntnu.no) and
Oddbjørn Grandum (oddbjorn.grandum[at]ntnu.no).
25/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5.2.4 Institute for Physics, University of Oslo
Measurements with pyranometers have been carried out for different master and PhD projects
at various locations in Oslo. The measurements have been carried out for shorter time periods
(maximum of 2 years) at the different locations. In some of the projects the measurements are
carried out with a pyranometer placed horizontally, in other projects they have used a inclined
surface. The locations have generally not been optimal for solar irradiance measurements. The
instruments have been quite disturbed from surrounding vegetation and buildings, and are as
such not representative for solar radiation in Oslo.
For more information about the data, and to acquire the data requests can be made to
Michaela G. Meir (m.g.meir[at]fys.uio.no).
5.2.5 Agder Photovoltaic Lab, University of Agder
Since December 2010 measurements of solar irradiance have been carried out on a tilted
surface (39° from horizontal) facing almost South (7° East from South). Recently a horizontal
sensor was also installed.
They use two inclined sensors: a 2nd-class thermopile pyranometer Kipp & Zonen CMP 3 with a
response time of ~18 seconds, and an amplified, temperature-compensated silicon PV cell
SolData SPC80 with an instantaneous response. Until autumn 2012, the measurements were
logged every minute (as long as the irradiance was at least 30 W/m2). Since then, measurements
are logged not exactly every minute, but wait instead for stable irradiance. This is because the
primary interest was to record good-quality current-voltage curves of the tested PV modules.
Therefore, this data set is not just irradiance time series – it contains I-V curve parameters of 10
PV modules. The site has had some problems with the fast sensor due to corrosion in the spring
and summer of 2012, but the pyranometer data are reported to be ok. The measurement system
uptime has been almost 100% in the years 2011 and 2012, but lack data from some days or
parts of days in late 2013 due to computer hardware and software issues.
The instruments have not been re-calibrated at the manufacturer, but in house calibration based
on the self-referenced irradiance in several new PV modules has been carried out.
The data from this station
(georgi.yordanov[at]uia.no)
will
be
available
by
contacting
Georgi
H.
Yordanov
5.2.1 Norut, Narvik
Measurements of solar irradiance in Narvik are available from the Northern Research Institute
(Norut). The station has installed PV modules from different suppliers. The PV modules are set
up with a dual axis tracking system as shown in Figure 5-6. The tracking system is also equipped
with a local solar irradiance sensor. The data is available with a 1 minute time resolution from
June 2010. The pyranometers used are LI-COR Terrestrial Radiation Sensors, LI-200SA with a
silicon photovoltaic detector. The spectral response of the LI-200 does not include the entire
solar spectrum.
The contact person at Norut is Øystein Kleven (oystein.kleven[at]tek.norut.no)
26/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 5-6 Overview of Norut’s PV system. (Source: NORUT)
5.2.2 Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE)
NVE have carried out measurements of solar irradiance from automatic weather stations at
Storbreen (from 2001), Midtdalsbreen (2000-2014), Langfjordsjøkelen (2007-2010) and
Hardangerjøkulen (2000-2013). The stations are operated by the Institute for Marine and
Atmospheric research at the University of Utrecht. The stations carried out measurements of
incoming and reflected solar radiation and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation. The
instruments used are net radiometers from Kipp and Zonen, CNR1 (ISO9060 Second Class). The
stations are inspected once per year.
The analyses from these measurement campaigns are yet not finalized. Data may be made
available upon request to Michiel van den Broeke or Rianne Giersen at the University of
Utrecht.
5.2.3 Akershus Energi, Lillestrøm
In relation to the Akershus Energipark at Lillestrøm, global irradiance data is available from two
horizontally mounted pyranometers. Data is available since February 2013 every 5 seconds.
Production data from the solar heat collectors are also available and can be presented e.g. as
daily values in kWh. They have not yet implemented any routines for cleaning of the
pyranometers.
Data is available from Akershus Energi by contacting Torbjørn Kvammen (tk[at]aeas.no)
27/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
5.2.4 Brødrene Dahl, Larvik
Brødrene Dahl has carried out measurments of global radiation at Ringdalsskogen in Larvik.
Data is stored every 15 minutes. Data is available from May 2011. Cleaning routines and
instruments used are unknown.
Contact at Brødrene Dahl is Kåre Johansen (kare.johansen[at]dahl.no)
5.2.5 Jotun, Sandefjord
Global radiation has been carried out in Sandefjord by Jotun since 1999. The instruments have
been delivered by Houm AS. Calibration and cleaning is performed once per year by IndaCo.
The system is set up to log data every 10 minutes. In addition to solar radiation, temperature,
precipitation, relative humidity wind speed and wind direction is also measured.
The data can be made available upon request to Kjell Erik Flaten (kjell.erik.flaten[at]jotun.no)
or Morten Eliassen (morten.eliassen[at]jotun.no) at Jotun.
5.2.6 Teknova, Kristiansand
Teknova carries out mesurements of global end diffuse radiation on a horizontal plane in
addition to pyranometer measurement on a tilted (20 degrees) plane. The site is located at the
roof of Akershus Energi at Kjøita, Kristiansand. The instruments are Kipp & Zonen CMP11 and
are ventilated with a CVF3. They use a Kipp & Zonen Solys2 sun tracker. The measurements
started in May 2012, and are registered with a 1 minute interval. Temperature, wind speed and
wind direction are also measured. The instruments are cleaned once per month.
The data will not be distributed freely. For more information Anne Gerd Imenes at Teknova can
be contacted (AnneGerd.Imenes[at]teknova.no).
5.2.7 Glava Energy Center, Arvika
Measurements of direct and diffuse radiation are available for Glava Energy Center, in addition
to measurements of global irradiance on a horizontal plane, albedo measurements and
measurements with pyranometers with 3 different inclination angles. The weather station at
Glava Energy Center is also equipped with measurements of air pressure, temperture, relative
humidity, precipitation, wind speed and wind direction. The instrumentation of the station is
shown in Figure 5-7. Data is available with a 6 second frequency.
Contact at Glava Energy Center is Magnus Nilsson (magnus.nilsson[at]aanc.se).
28/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Figure 5-7 Solar radiation measurement station at Glava Energy Center. The sun tracker with
pyranometer and pyheliometer is seen in the middle of the picture. The pyranometers installed with
different inclination angles can be seen on the right. (Photo: Øyvind Byrkjedal)
5.3 Cloud observations
5.3.1 Norwegian Meteorological Institute, METAR
Meteorologisk Institutt is responsible for collecting METAR data which is the meteorological
data used for aviation. The data is typically collected at airports, but also at other stations.
Since the data is intended for aviation cloud observations are an essential part of the METAR.
Solar radiation is however not included in the METAR. A total of 68 METAR stations are found in
the database from Norwegian Meteorological Institute.
5.4 Solar energy production data
5.4.1 Akershus Energi, Lillestrøm
The solar plant at Lillestrøm consists of 12.800 m2 of heat collectors, which is able to deliver 78 MW of solar energy. The plant was opened in 2013. Production data from the solar heat
collectors available and can be presented e.g. as daily values in kWh or as temperature data.
Data is available from Akershus Energi by contacting Torbjørn Kvammen (tk[at]aeas.no).
5.4.2 Hedmark University College, Evenstad
The roof of one of the buildings at Hedmark University College at Evenstad has been equipped
with PV panels in 2013. A total of 455 m2 of PV cells was installed, expecting to produce
64 MWh of electricity annually. The production data from this solar plant will most likely
29/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
become freely available according to Thor Chrisitan Tuv at FUSen (thor-christian[at]fusen.no)
who has been the project leader for this installation an behalf of Statsbygg.
5.4.3 Production data from Swedish solar plants
Production data from 41 solar plants located in Sweden are publicly available through the
website www.soldata.se. These plants were commissioned between 1984 and up to present.
Details regarding the location, maximal power and energy production of each plant are
presented. Energy production data from 2010 on may be downloaded as daily, monthly or
annual values through this database.
30/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
6 Summary and suggestions for future work
This report has given an overview of the available data for resource mapping of solar radiation
that presently exists in Norway. The report discusses the existing resource mapping products
and the available measurements of solar radiation. Solar irradiance data have been collected
and a database with all available data has been established at Kjeller Vindteknikk. Data from a
total of 68 stations measuring global irradiance has been collected in addition to several
stations measuring sunshine duration. 51 of the stations measuring global solar irradiance have
more than 10 years of data. Most of these measurements are performed with Secondary
Standard pyranometers, which are the highest quality pyranometer class defined by ISO9060.
The tools to estimate the solar resources are either based on surface observations, satellite
data, meteorological models or a combination of the different sources. The data based on the
geostationary Meteosat satellite have limited coverage in Norway because of a low viewing
angle. The data is quite coarse and data is not available north of 66°N. Comparison of different
satellite products (Ineichen, 2011) showed that the best satellite product had low biases and
low standard deviation compared to ground observations at 23 stations in Europe. None of the
stations used for the comparison was in Norway. Hagen (2011) compared data from Meteosat
with 10 ground stations in Norway and Sweden and found that the data from Meteosat
compared well for several of the stations, but that for some stations differences arise from the
fact that the satellite does not take into consideration the horizon as viewed at the
measurement site. The satellite data thus overestimate the irradiance for some of the sites.
Two of the tools to estimate the solar resources are based on ground observations. PVGIS is
solely based on ground observations (north of 58°N) of solar irradiance. South of 58°N also
satellite data is used. PVGIS is based on data from only 1 station in Norway (Bergen). The data
from this station is interpolated with other ground stations in Sweden and the rest of Europe to
a map of the solar resources in Norway. The methodology to interpolate the clear sky index
between the different stations takes topography into account, but cannot differentiate the
regions of different weather regimes such as the difference between western Norway compared
to eastern Norway caused by the mountain range that separates the two regions. Crossvalidation of the PVGIS product shows small biases, however the validation is performed only
for 1 station in Norway.
Meteonorm is a product mixing ground observations and satellite data and has a database of
1200 stations that measures global irradiance worldwide. Only 3 of these stations are located in
Norway (Bergen, Bodø and Tromsø). Meteonorm uses the ground observations to adjust the
satellite data, and uses an interpolation technique to represent global irradiance at stations
without global irradiance measurements.
For both of these products (PVGIS and Meteonorm) the interpolation of ground based solar
irradiance stations in Norway gives large uncertainties due to the low number of measurement
stations that has been used. However from our screening of solar radiation data in Norway, we
find a total of 68 stations that measure global irradiance in Norway. 22 of these stations have
more than 10 years of data. We suggest using these data for validation purposes, improving the
existing tools or developing new tools better suited to estimate the solar resources in Norway in
the next stages of this work.
31/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
The first step that should be carried out should be to use these data to validate the solar
resource calculations that are carried out in the different software available (such as PVGIS,
Meteonorm and others). Questions that need to be answered are: How well do these models
represent the solar radiation that is observed in Norway? Are the models biased? How large are
the uncertainties in the existing models?
The validations should be performed by comparing the modeled values from the tools with the
observed irradiance at the different sites. As part of this work it is important to carry out
quality control of the observed data at each station. There will be periods with poor data that
needs to be removed. The different stations should also be intercompared to check the
homogeneity of the data series. Any effects from shadowing must also be considered for each
station. Based on the validation for several of the ground stations in Norway one can reach
conclusions regarding the biases and uncertainty levels in each of the models.
Secondly, one should consider if it is necessary to develop models better suited for Norway. If
the validation of the existing model shows that the uncertainties are unsatisfactorily high or
that the models are biased, one needs to proceed to improve the existing models or develop
better tools to calculate the solar energy resources. Several methodologies should be
investigated. A possibility is to use the available ground stations by following the methodology
of PVGIS. A similar tool as PVGIS could be developed for Norway, but with a far better selection
of data as a basis (using 68 stations instead of 1).This work could be performed in cooperation
with PVGIS in order to achieve an overall improvement of the existing model.
A combination of satellite and ground based observations could also constitute an improvement
compared to utilizing only the PVGIS method. The use of data from polar orbiting satellites
should then be investigated. The polar orbiters deliver a high spatial resolution, while the
geostationary satellites can contribute as a reference to describe the diurnal variation with 1530 minute resolution.
The STRÅNG database from SMHI is developed based on mesoscale simulations. It has rather
low spatial resolution, and an uncertainty that is quite high. However, combined with ground
observations, this can also be used as a long term reference for stations with short time
duration. Similar mesoscale model products such as STRÅNG can also be developed for Norway
using higher resolution data that already exists today (Kjeller Vindteknikk has developed a
mesoscale data base for Norway with 4km x 4km resolution). Cloud observations and
observations of sunshine duration can also be useful to validate such models, and should be
carried out as a supplement when using models as long term references.
Thirdly, when one has agreed on a solar resource map with acceptable low uncertainty, one can
develop mapping products directed toward the users. One example of such a mapping study is
the mapping that has been performed for the roof tops in Stockholm (Figure 4-5).
For solar energy purposes it is also important to describe the solar radiation at an incident
angle relevant for the solar panels that will be installed. The models to carry out such
calculations have not been investigated here. The distribution of the solar radiation as diffuse
and direct components should be investigated. How well do the existing models describe these
two components? Any errors in the energy calculations that arise from errors or biases in the
separation of global energy in diffuse and direct parts will be amplified at higher latitudes
compared to lower latitudes. A validation of the existing models can be performed at the
stations where diffuse or direct irradiance measurements are collected. This can also be
validated at the stations were tilted pyranometer measurements exists. Stations where
32/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
combinations of global irradiance and sunshine duration measurements exist can give valuable
information about this.
The energy spectrum of diffuse and direct radiation should also be investigated. The PV panels
have a different spectral response compared to the pyranometers as illustrated in Figure 6-1.
The radiation spectrum of diffuse and direct radiation is also expected to differ. To what
extent this is considered in power production models is not investigated in this report. It is also
recommended to study this in the future.
Figure 6-1 Spectral response of a solar cell compared to the solar energy spectrum at the ground
(right). The spectral response of a thermopile-type pyranometer shown on the right. Left figure from
Duffie and Beckmann (1991), right figure from Kipp & Zonen Instruction manual for the CM3
pyranometer.
33/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
7 References
Cano, D., Monget, J. M., Albuisson, M., Guillard, H., Regas, N. & Wald, L. (1986), A method for
the determination of the global solar radiation from meteorological satellite data, Solar
Energy 37(1), 31-39.
Dagestad K.F. and Olseth J.A. (2007) A modified algorithm for calculating the cloud index.
SOLAR ENERGY, 81, 280-289
Duffie J. A. and Beckmann W. A. (1991) Solar Engineering of Thermal Processes.
Godøy Ø (2012), Estimation of surface solar irradiance using polar orbiting satellites, Midnight
Sun Seminar 2012
Hagen L (2011), Measured, modelled and satellite derived solar radiation in Scandinavia.
Master’s thesis in meteorology, Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Hrvoľ, J., 1991, Eine neue beziehung für die Berechnung der monatlichen durchschnittsummen
der diffusen Strahlung. Acta Meteorologica Univeristas Comenianae, XIX: 3-14.
Liu Y. and Liu R. (2012) Evaluation of the Spatial and Temporal Uncertainties Distribution of
Daily-Integrated Shortwave Downward Radiation Estimated from Polar-Orbiting Satellite
Observation, Journal of Atmospheric and Oceanic Technology, 29, 1481–1491.
ISO9060 (1990) Solar energy – Specifications and classification of instruments for measuring
hemispherical solar and direct solar radiation
Ineichen P (2011). Five satellite products deriving beam and global irradiance validation on data
from 23 ground stations, University of Geneva, February 2011.
Kasten, F., Czeplak, G., (1980) Solar and terrestrial radiation dependent on the amount and
type of cloud. Solar Energy, 24: 177-189.
Polo J., Zarazalejo LF., Salvador P., Ramirez L. (2009) Angstrom turbidity and ozone column
estimation from spectral solar irradiance in a semi-desertic environment in Spain, Solar
Energy Vol 83, 257-263
Remund J., Wald L., Lefèvre M., Ranchin T., Page J., 2003. Worldwide Linke turbidity
information. Proceedings of ISES Solar World Congress, 16-19 June 2003, Göteborg, Sweden
Scharmer K. and Greif J, (2000) The European solar radiation atlas. Vol. 1 Fundamentals and
maps
34/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Appendix A List of stations
A.1 Bioforsk Stations
Documentation from Bioforsk collected by Halvard Hole, 24.10.2013:
Data
Det leveres data fra 47 stasjoner
De første værstasjonene våre ble satt i drift i 1987
Data er oppgitt som timeverdier
Data fra før 2005 er ukontrollerte data
Det mangler data for kortere eller lengre perioder
Tabellen nedenfor viser hvilke filnavn som gjelder for de ulike stasjonene.
weatherstation_id
5
10
11
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
name
start
antall linjer
Ås
30.08.1991 00:00
188543
Alvdal
28.10.1992 00:00
183384
Apelsvoll
28.02.1987 00:00
233042
Bø
18.09.1991 00:00
190589
Etne
02.06.1995 00:00
156232
Frosta
31.12.1989 00:00
199066
Fureneset
23.03.1987 00:00
211941
Fåvang
27.10.1992 00:00
180061
Gausdal
30.10.1992 00:00
181041
Gjerpen
16.06.1994 00:00
166245
Gran
31.12.1991 00:00
187971
Gvarv
05.04.2004 00:00
144167
Hjelmeland 11.01.1991 00:00
194984
Hokksund
28.10.1991 00:00
182662
Holt
31.05.1987 00:00
231341
Hønefoss
31.12.1991 00:00
188010
Ilseng
02.01.1991 00:00
195297
Kise
01.01.1987 00:00
232301
Kvam
02.06.1995 00:00
153541
Landvik
23.03.1987 00:00
225909
Lier
31.12.1991 00:00
189058
Linge
02.06.1995 00:00
157459
Lyngdal
04.09.1995 00:00
155666
Løken
19.03.1987 00:00
225481
Mære
02.01.1991 00:00
196070
Njøs
22.03.1991 00:00
194159
Pasvik
29.08.1992 00:00
185356
Rakkestad
09.01.1991 00:00
194092
Ramnes
02.01.1991 00:00
196640
35/55
csv filnavn
Aas.csv
Alvdal.csv
Apelsvoll.csv
Boe.csv
Etne.csv
Frosta.csv
Fureneset.csv
Faavang.csv
Gausdal.csv
Gjerpen.csv
Gran.csv
Gvarv.csv
Hjelmeland.csv
Hokksund.csv
Holt.csv
Honefoss.csv
Ilseng.csv
Kise,csv
Kvam.csv
Landvik.csv
Lier.csv
Linge.csv
Lyngdal.csv
Loeken.csv
Maere.csv
Njoes.csv
Pasvik.csv
Rakkestad.csv
Ramnes.csv
KVT/OB/2013/R046
weatherstation_id
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
56
57
118
name
start
antall linjer
Rissa
30.09.1992 00:00
181668
Roverud
02.01.1991 00:00
196285
Rygge
01.06.2013 00:00
155421
Sande
31.12.1989 00:00
201071
Skjetlein
02.01.1991 00:00
196575
Skogmo
23.01.1991 00:00
194446
Sortland
25.03.1992 00:00
174512
Surnadal
29.09.1992 00:00
181780
Særheim
19.03.1987 00:00
220732
Tingvoll
09.01.1995 00:00
161590
Tjølling
02.02.1990 00:00
200328
Tjøtta
11.05.1987 00:00
207685
Tomb
02.01.1991 00:00
196214
Årnes
28.12.1998 00:00
128817
Ullensvang 09.01.1995 00:00
152008
Vågønes
01.12.1989 00:00
185192
Kvithamar
12.05.1987 00:00
227167
Øsaker
15.10.2004 00:00
78964
36/55
csv filnavn
Rissa.csv
Roverud.csv
Rygge.csv
Sande.csv
Skjetlein.csv
Skogmo.csv
Sortland.csv
Surnadal.csv
Saerheim.csv
Tingvoll.csv
Tjolling.csv
Tjotta.csv
Tomb.csv
Aarnes.csv
Ullensvang.cvs
Vaagones.csv
Kvithamar.csv
Oesaker.csv
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Elementer
Kode
Beskrivelse
Måleenhet
Kommentar
TM
Luftemperatur
ºC
gjennomsnitt pr time
UM
Relativ luftfuktighet
%
gjennomsnitt pr time
QO
Globalstråling
W/m-2
gjennomsnitt pr time
ST
Solskinnstid
Min/time
Gjennomsnittt QO > 120W i en
time gir 1 solskinnstime.
Elementet blir bare lagret som
døgnverdi i vår database
ST1
Solskinnstid
t
QO over 120W i en time,
beregnet ved uttak av data
W/m-2
gjennomsnitt pr time (elementet
måles bare på værstasjonen Ås)
REFSH Reflektert kortbølget stråling
Værstasjoner
Ås
Fylke:Akershus
Kommune:Ås
Høyde over havet:94
Breddegrad:59.660468
Lengdegrad:10.781989
Startdato for måleserie:30.08.1991
Alvdal
Fylke:Hedmark
Kommune:Alvdal
Høyde over havet:478
Breddegrad:62.10944
Lengdegrad:10.62687
Startdato for måleserie:28.10.1992
Apelsvoll
Fylke:Oppland
Kommune:Østre Toten
Høyde over havet:255
Breddegrad:60.70024
Lengdegrad:10.86952
37/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Startdato for måleserie: 19.03.1987
Bø
Fylke:Telemark
Kommune:Bø
Høyde over havet:105
Breddegrad:59.4175
Lengdegrad:9.02859
Startdato for måleserie: 18.09.1991
Etne
Fylke:Hordaland
Kommune:Etne
Høyde over havet:8
Breddegrad:59.6625
Lengdegrad:5.95383
Startdato for måleserie: 02.06.1995
Frosta
Fylke:Nord-Trøndelag
Kommune:Frosta
Høyde over havet:18
Breddegrad:63.56502
Lengdegrad:10.69298
Startdato for måleserie: 31.12.1989
Fureneset
Fylke:Sogn- og Fjordane
Kommune:Fjaler
Høyde over havet:12
Breddegrad:61.29272
Lengdegrad:5.04428
Startdato for måleserie: 23.03.1987 00:00
Fåvang
Fylke:Oppland
Kommune:Ringebu
Høyde over havet:184
Breddegrad:61.45822
Lengdegrad:10.1872
Startdato for måleserie: 27.10.1992 00:00
Gausdal
Fylke:Oppland
Kommune:Gausdal
Høyde over havet:375
Breddegrad:61.22468
Lengdegrad:10.25878
Startdato for måleserie: 30.10.1992 00:00
38/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Gjerpen
Fylke:Telemark
Kommune:Skien
Høyde over havet:41
Breddegrad:59.22684
Lengdegrad:9.57805
Startdato for måleserie: 16.06.1994 00:00
Gran
Fylke:Oppland
Kommune:Gran
Høyde over havet:245
Breddegrad:60.35575
Lengdegrad:10.55906
Startdato for måleserie: 31.12.1991
Gvarv
Fylke:Telemark
Kommune:Sauherad
Høyde over havet:46
Breddegrad:59.38223
Lengdegrad:9.21189
Startdato for måleserie: 05.04.2004
Hjelmeland
Fylke:Rogaland
Kommune:Hjelmeland
Høyde over havet:43
Breddegrad:59.22995
Lengdegrad:6.14992
Startdato for måleserie: 11.01.1991
Hokksund
Fylke:Buskerud
Kommune:Øvre Eiker
Høyde over havet:15
Breddegrad:59.76152
Lengdegrad:9.89166
Startdato for måleserie: 28.10.1991
Holt
Fylke:Troms
Kommune:Tromsø
Høyde over havet:12
Breddegrad:69.65381
Lengdegrad:18.90946
Startdato for måleserie: 15.02.1995
39/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Hønefoss
Fylke:Buskerud
Kommune:Ringerike
Høyde over havet:126
Breddegrad:60.14032
Lengdegrad:10.2661
Startdato for måleserie: 31.12.1991
Ilseng
Fylke:Hedmark
Kommune:Stange
Høyde over havet:182
Breddegrad:60.80264
Lengdegrad:11.20298
Startdato for måleserie: 02.01.1991
Kise
Fylke:Hedmark
Kommune:Ringsaker
Høyde over havet:129
Breddegrad:60.77324
Lengdegrad:10.80569
Startdato for måleserie: 01.01.1987
Kvam
Fylke:Hordaland
Kommune:Kvam
Høyde over havet:13
Breddegrad:60.33637
Lengdegrad:6.21821
Startdato for måleserie: 02.06.1995
Landvik
Fylke:Aust-Agder
Kommune:Grimstad
Høyde over havet:5
Breddegrad:58.340071
Lengdegrad:8.522554
Startdato for måleserie: 23.03.1987
Lier
Fylke:Buskerud
Kommune:Lier
Høyde over havet:39
Breddegrad:59.79005
Lengdegrad:10.2604
Startdato for måleserie: 31.12.1991
40/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Linge
Fylke:Møre og Romsdal
Kommune:Norddal
Høyde over havet:34
Breddegrad:62.28815
Lengdegrad:7.21713
Startdato for måleserie: 02.06.1995
Lyngdal
Fylke:Vest-Agder
Kommune:Lyngdal
Høyde over havet:6
Breddegrad:58.12589
Lengdegrad:7.05036
Startdato for måleserie: 04.09.1995
Løken
Fylke:Oppland
Kommune:Øystre Slidre
Høyde over havet:527
Breddegrad:61.12183
Lengdegrad:9.06302
Startdato for måleserie: 19.03.1987
Mære
Fylke:Nord-Trøndelag
Kommune:Steinkjer
Høyde over havet:59
Breddegrad:63.94244
Lengdegrad:11.42527
Startdato for måleserie: 02.01.1991
Njøs
Fylke:Sogn- og Fjordane
Kommune:Leikanger
Høyde over havet:45
Breddegrad:61.179943
Lengdegrad:6.862209
Startdato for måleserie: 22.03.1991
Pasvik
Fylke:Finnmark
Kommune:Sør-Varanger
Høyde over havet:27
Breddegrad:69.45513
Lengdegrad:30.04085
Startdato for måleserie:29.08.1992
41/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Rakkestad
Fylke:Østfold
Kommune:Rakkestad
Høyde over havet:102
Breddegrad:59.38824
Lengdegrad:11.39042
Startdato for måleserie: 09.01.1991
Ramnes
Fylke:Vestfold
Kommune:Re
Høyde over havet:39
Breddegrad:59.38081
Lengdegrad:10.23923
Startdato for måleserie: 02.01.1991
Rissa
Fylke:Sør-Trøndelag
Kommune:Rissa
Høyde over havet:23
Breddegrad:63.58592
Lengdegrad:9.97051
Startdato for måleserie: 30.09.1992
Roverud
Fylke:Hedmark
Kommune:Kongsvinger
Høyde over havet:150
Breddegrad:60.25378
Lengdegrad:12.09144
Startdato for måleserie: 02.01.1991
Rygge
Fylke:Østfold
Kommune:Rygge
Høyde over havet:35
Breddegrad:59.39805
Lengdegrad:10.75427
Startdato for måleserie: 01.06.2013
Sande
Fylke:Vestfold
Kommune:Sande
Høyde over havet:35
Breddegrad:59.6162
Lengdegrad:10.22339
Startdato for måleserie: 31.12.1989
42/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Skjetlein
Fylke:Sør-Trøndelag
Kommune:Trondheim
Høyde over havet:44
Breddegrad:63.34038
Lengdegrad:10.29737
Startdato for måleserie:02.01.1991
Skogmo
Fylke:Nord-Trøndelag
Kommune:Overhalla
Høyde over havet:32
Breddegrad:64.51035
Lengdegrad:12.01885
Startdato for måleserie:23.01.1991
Sortland
Fylke:Nordland
Kommune:Sortland
Høyde over havet:14
Breddegrad:68.64825
Lengdegrad:15.28288
Startdato for måleserie: 25.03.1992
Surnadal
Fylke:Møre og Romsdal
Kommune:Surnadal
Høyde over havet:5
Breddegrad:62.98474
Lengdegrad:8.68956
Startdato for måleserie: 29.09.1992
Særheim
Fylke:Rogaland
Kommune:Klepp
Høyde over havet:90
Breddegrad:58.76053
Lengdegrad:5.65078
Startdato for måleserie: 19.03.1987
Tingvoll
Fylke:Møre og Romsdal
Kommune:Tingvoll
Høyde over havet:23
Breddegrad:62.91341
Lengdegrad:8.18623
Startdato for måleserie: 09.01.1995
43/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Tjølling
Fylke:Vestfold
Kommune:Larvik
Høyde over havet:19
Breddegrad:59.04641
Lengdegrad:10.12513
Startdato for måleserie:01.01.2005
Tjøtta
Fylke:Nordland
Kommune:Alstahaug
Høyde over havet:10
Breddegrad:65.82951
Lengdegrad:12.42553
Startdato for måleserie: 11.05.1987
Tomb
Fylke:Østfold
Kommune:Råde
Høyde over havet:12
Breddegrad:59.31893
Lengdegrad:10.81449
Startdato for måleserie: 02.01.1991
Årnes
Fylke:Akershus
Kommune:Nes
Høyde over havet:162
Breddegrad:60.1268
Lengdegrad:11.39342
Startdato for måleserie: 28.12.1998
Ullensvang
Fylke:Hordaland
Kommune:Ullensvang
Høyde over havet:13
Breddegrad:60.31853
Lengdegrad:6.65381
Startdato for måleserie: 09.01.1995
Vågønes
Fylke:Nordland
Kommune:Bodø
Høyde over havet:26
Breddegrad:67.28465
Lengdegrad:14.45155
Startdato for måleserie: 01.12.1989
44/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Kvithamar
Fylke:Nord-Trøndelag
Kommune:Stjørdal
Høyde over havet:28
Breddegrad:63.48795
Lengdegrad:10.87994
Startdato for måleserie:01.01.1988
Øsaker
Fylke:Østfold
Kommune:Sarpsborg
Høyde over havet:45
Breddegrad:59.31936
Lengdegrad:11.04221
Startdato for måleserie: 15.10.2004
45/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
A.2 Meteorological Institute
A list of stations with either global radiation or sunshine duration from the Meteorological
institute is shown in Table A-1 together with the station coordinates. A list of elements and the
period of data for each station is given in Table A-2.
Table A-1 List of stations with global radiation or sunshine duration measurements from the
Metorological Institute.
Station No
3290
3370
4920
5660
8710
8880
11500
12180
12550
13030
13150
17050
17380
17850
18700
19940
20280
20540
23500
26820
26990
27315
27780
30330
32061
32240
35860
38140
39040
41825
44300
45770
46200
47498
49490
50110
Station name
RAKKESTAD
ØSAKER
ÅRNES
ROVERUD
SØRNESSET
ALVDAL
ØSTRE TOTEN - APELSVOLL
ILSENG
KISE PA HEDMARK
GAUSDAL - FOLLEBU
FÅVANG
RÅDE - TOMB
RYGGE - HUGGENES
ÅS
OSLO - BLINDERN
LIER
HØNEFOSS - HVERVEN
GRAN
LØKEN I VOLBU
HOKKSUND
SANDE - GALLEBERG
RAMNES - KILE VESTRE
TJØLLING
GJERPEN - ÅRHUS
GVARV - NES BIOFORSK
BØ
LYNGØR FYR
LANDVIK
KJEVIK
LYNGDAL
SÆRHEIM
HJELMELAND
SULDAL - MO
ETNE - ENERHAUG
ULLENSVANG FORSØKSGARD
KVAM - AKSNESET
Longitude
11.3875
11.0422
11.3933
12.0913
10.1535
10.6268
10.8695
11.2028
10.8055
10.2588
10.1857
10.8145
10.7543
10.782
10.72
10.2607
10.2662
10.5592
9.063
9.8922
10.215
10.2397
10.125
9.5772
9.2118
9.0287
9.1503
8.5225
8.0767
7.0503
5.6505
6.1498
6.417
5.9522
6.6538
6.2182
46/55
Latitude
59.3863
59.3193
60.1268
60.2537
61.887
62.1093
60.7002
60.8028
60.7733
61.2247
61.455
59.3188
59.398
59.6605
59.9423
59.7902
60.1403
60.3558
61.122
59.7613
59.6193
59.3808
59.0467
59.2268
59.3822
59.4175
58.6335
58.34
58.2
58.1258
58.7605
59.23
59.4617
59.6575
60.3185
60.3363
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Station No
50540
53530
55370
55430
55770
56420
58020
59610
60650
64510
64760
67140
68860
69100
69150
69655
70680
71320
72710
76530
80610
82290
82260
86520
89010
90450
90400
91500
92120
93570
97250
97251
99460
99710
Station name
BERGEN - FLORIDA
MIDTSTOVA
GAUPNE
BJØRKEHAUG I JOSTEDAL
NJØS
FURENESET
GJENGEDAL - DALHEIM
FISKÅBYGD
LINGE
TINGVOLL
SURNADAL - SYLTE
SKJETLEIN
TRONDHEIM - VOLL
VÆRNES
KVITHAMAR
FROSTA
MÆRE III
RISSA III
OVERHALLA - SKOGMO
TJØTTA
MYKEN
BODØ VI
BODØ - VÅGØNES
SORTLAND - KLEIVA
KISTEFJELL
TROMSØ
TROMSØ - HOLT
NORDNESFJELLET
BLÅENGA
MAZE - RUOGONJARGA
KARASJOK
KARASJOK - MARKANNJARGA
PASVIK - SVANVIK
BJØRNØYA
Longitude
5.3327
7.276
7.2888
7.2762
6.8622
5.0443
6
5.5817
7.2172
8.1862
8.6897
10.2973
10.4539
10.9352
10.8795
10.694
11.4255
9.9705
12.0197
12.4313
12.486
14.3588
14.4515
15.2828
18.1288
18.9368
18.9057
20.4253
-34.2103
23.6946
25.4817
25.5023
30.041
19.005
47/55
Latitude
60.383
60.657
61.4063
61.6595
61.1798
61.2928
61.6667
62.103
62.2882
62.9133
62.9847
63.3403
63.4106
63.4592
63.4882
63.5657
63.9425
63.5858
64.5103
65.826
66.7628
67.2672
67.2853
68.6483
69.2897
69.6537
69.6523
69.5739
-77.512
69.4559
69.4683
69.4635
69.4552
74.5167
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Table A-2 Element list of each station
Station Name
3290 Rakkestad
Global stråling
Sol siste time
Parameter
From date
QO
OT_1
26.01.2012
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
3370 Øsaker
Global stråling
QO
04.02.2013
4920 Årnes
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
03.07.2012
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
5660 Roverud
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
03.07.2012
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
8710 Sørnesset
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.01.1957 30.09.1998
8880 Alvdal
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
11500 Østre Toten
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
19.03.1987
19.03.1987
12180 Ilseng
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
12550 Kise på Hedmark
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
01.01.1982
01.01.1982
13030 Gausdal - Follebu
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
13150 Fåvang
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
26.01.2011
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
17050 Råde - Tomb
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
05.02.2013
04.07.2013
17380 Rygge - Huggnes
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
04.07.2013
04.07.2013
48/55
To date
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Station Name
17850 Ås
Global stråling
Stråling, albedo
Stråling diffus
Fotosyntetisk aktiv stråling
Strålingsbalanse
Parameter
From date
To date
QO
QA
QD
QF
QOB
01.01.1990
01.01.1990
01.01.1990
01.01.1990
01.01.1990
31.12.2008
31.12.2008
31.12.2008
31.12.2008
31.12.2008
18700 Oslo - Blindern
Global stråling
Bølgelengdeområde
Sol siste time
Sol siste 24 timer
QO
QOA
OT_1
OT_24
09.10.1996 30.04.2006
05.12.2012
03.02.2004
07.07.1952 31.05.2005
19940 Lier
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
20280 Hønefoss - Hverven
Global stråling
QO
13.02.2013
20540 Gran
Global stråling
QO
13.02.2013
23500 Løken i Volbu
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
01.06.1987
01.06.1987
26820 Hokksund
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
26990 Sande - Galleberg
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
22.12.2011
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
27315 Ramnes - Kile Vestre
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
27780 Tjølling
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
30330 Gjerpen - Århus
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
32061 Gvarv - Nes
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
32240 Bø
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
35860 Lyngør Fyr
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
15.07.1973 31.03.2004
49/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Station Name
38140 Landvik
Global stråling
Sol siste time
Parameter
From date
QO
OT_1
23.03.1987
23.03.1987
39040 Kjevik
Global stråling
Sol siste time
Sol siste 24 timer
QO
OT_1
OT_24
01.08.1995 29.02.2004
13.02.2004 31.07.2013
01.01.1954 31.10.2003
41825 Lyngdal
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
06.02.2013
08.10.2013
44300 Særheim
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
19.03.1987
19.03.1987
45770 Hjelmeland
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
46200 Suldal - Mo
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.11.1974 31.10.1992
47498 Etne - Enerhaug
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
49490 Ullensvang Forsøksgård
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
22.12.2011
30.06.2009
50110 Kvam - Aksneset
Global stråling
QO
01.04.2013
50540 Bergen Florida
Sol siste time
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_1
OT_24
16.04.2007 30.04.2007
01.01.1957 30.09.2005
53530 Midtstova
Bølgelengdeområde
QOA
25.02.2013
55370 Gaupne
Global stråling
QO
09.05.1984 31.01.1996
55430 Bjørkehaug i Jostedal
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.12.1963 31.10.2004
55770 Njøs
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
06.02.2013
25.07.2013
50/55
To date
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Station Name
56420 Fureneset
Global stråling
Sol siste time
Parameter
From date
QO
OT_1
23.03.1987
23.03.1987
58020 Gjengedal - Dalheim
Global stråling
QO
07.11.1989 30.06.1996
59610 Fiskåbygd
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.07.1969 31.01.2007
60650 Linge
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
64510 Tingvoll
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
06.02.2013
25.07.2013
64760 Surnadal - Sylte
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
67140 Skjetlein
Global stråling
Bioforsk
QO
08.02.2013
QO
01.09.1996 31.05.2011
QOX
01.09.1996 31.05.2011
69100 Værnes
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.01.1982 30.11.2003
69150 Kvithamar
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
12.05.1987
12.05.1987
69655 Frosta
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
23.12.2011
10.03.2010
70680 Mære III
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
06.02.2013
23.08.2013
71320 Rissa III
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
13.02.2013
23.08.2013
72710 Overhalla - Skogmo
Global stråling
QO
05.02.2013
68860 Trondheim - Voll
Global stråling
Global stråling - største
minuttverdi
51/55
To date
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Station Name
76530 Tjøtta
Global stråling
Sol siste time
Parameter
From date
QO
OT_1
01.07.1987
01.07.1987
80610 Myken
Sol siste time
OT_1
12.06.2013
82260 Bodø - Vågønes
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
04.06.1987
04.06.1987
82290 Bodø VI
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.01.1961 31.10.2005
86520 Sortland - Kleiva
Global stråling
QO
06.02.2013
89010 Kistefjell
Sol siste time
OT_1
25.07.2013
90400 Tromsø - Holt
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
01.06.1987
01.06.1987
90450 Tromsø
Sol siste time
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_1
OT_24
10.08.2004
01.01.1961 31.03.2008
91500 Nordnesfjellet
Bølgelengdeområde
QOA
31.12.2011
93570 Maze - Ruogonjarga
Global stråling
QO
05.08.1982 31.01.1992
97250 Karasjok
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.01.1961 30.06.2004
97251 Karasjok - Markannjarga
Sol siste time
OT_1
07.07.2004
99460 Pasvik - Svanvik
Global stråling
Sol siste time
QO
OT_1
16.10.2010
14.10.2010 31.10.2012
99710 Bjørnøya
Sol siste 24 timer
OT_24
01.01.1959 31.10.2006
52/55
To date
KVT/OB/2013/R046
A.3 Other stations
Ås – Fagklim
Owner: UMB
Contact: Signe Kroken (signe.kroken[at]umb.no)
Longitude: 10.782
Latitude: 59.6605
Period of measurements: From 1987, ongoing, older data is also available daily
Description: Horizontally mounted pyranometer for global radiation, also measurements of
diffuse radiation. Hourly frequency, Higher frequency available by contact to UMB, Other
variables: Albedo, PAR and spectral bands available by contact to UMB
Avaialbility: Available in database
Bergen - GFI
Owner: Geophysical Institute, University of Bergen
Contact: Jan Asle Olseth (Jan.Olseth[at]gfi.uib.no)
Longitude: 5.3327
Latitude: 60.383
Period of measurements: Global and diffuse measurements since 1965, Direct radiation since
1982, sunshine duration since 1952. The measurements are ongoing.
Description: Hourly frequency, Higher frequency (20 seconds) available for the latest years.
Avaialbility: Will become available in database shortly
Lade – NTNU
Owner: NTNU
Contact: Amund Gjerde Gjendem (amund.gjendem[at]ntnu.no) and Oddbjørn Grandum
(oddbjorn.grandum[at]ntnu.no)
Longitude: 10.45
Latitude: 63.43
Period of measurements: Global and direct measurements in the period 1991-2001.
Description: There have been some problems with the sun-tracker. The data is raw data that
has not been quality controlled. Data is stored as minute values.
Avaialbility: Avaialble in the database
Gløshaugen – NTNU
Owner: NTNU
Contact: Amund Gjerde Gjendem (amund.gjendem[at]ntnu.no) and Oddbjørn Grandum
(oddbjorn.grandum[at]ntnu.no)
Longitude: 10.407
Latitude: 63.416
Period of measurements: Global and direct measurements from 2001. The measurements are
ongoing
Description: The data is raw data (volt) that has not been quality controlled. Data is stored as
minute values.
Avaialbility: Avaialble in the database
Narvik – Norut
Owner: Norut
Contact: Øystein Kleven (oystein.kleven[at]tek.norut.no)
Longitude: 17.4347
Latitude: 68.4362
53/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Period of measurements: Measurements started in June 2010. The measurements are ongoing
Description: Solar irradiance from a horizontally mounted pyranometer in addition to a
pyranometer set up on a dual axis tracking system. The data is available with a 1 minute time
resolution.
Avaialbility: Avaialble in the database
Grimstad - UiA
Owner: Agder Photovoltaic Lab, University of Agder
Contact: Georgi H. Yordanov (georgi.yordanov[at]uia.no)
Longitude: 8.5781
Latitude: 58.3336
Period of measurements: Measurements started in December 2010. The measurements are
ongoing
Description: 2 inclined sensors: a pyranometer and a PV cell. Logged every minute. Inclination
of sensors: 39° from horizontal, 7° East from South.
Avaialbility: Avaialble upon contact to Agder Photovoltaic Lab
Hardangerjøkulen, Midtdalsbreen - NVE
Owner: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Contact: Michiel van den Broeke or Rianne Giersen at the University of Utrecht.
Longitude: 7.4677
Latitude: 60.567
Period of measurements: 2000-2013
Description: The stations carried out measurements of incoming and reflected solar radiation
and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation.
Avaialbility: Data may be made available upon request
Hardangerjøkulen, Platå - NVE
Owner: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Contact: Michiel van den Broeke or Rianne Giersen at the University of Utrecht.
Longitude: 7.45
Latitude: 60.55
Period of measurements: 2005-2006
Description: The stations carried out measurements of incoming and reflected solar radiation
and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation.
Avaialbility: Data may be made available upon request
Storbreen - NVE
Owner: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Contact: Michiel van den Broeke or Rianne Giersen at the University of Utrecht.
Longitude: 8.13
Latitude: 61.6
Period of measurements: Started in 2001. The measurements are ongoing
Description: The stations carried out measurements of incoming and reflected solar radiation
and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation.
Avaialbility: Data may be made available upon request
Langfjordsjøkelen - NVE
Owner: Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate
Contact: Michiel van den Broeke or Rianne Giersen at the University of Utrecht.
Longitude: 21.75
54/55
KVT/OB/2013/R046
Latitude: 70.13
Period of measurements: 2007-2010
Description: The stations carried out measurements of incoming and reflected solar radiation
and incoming and outgoing longwave radiation.
Avaialbility: Data may be made available upon request
Lillestrøm
Owner: Akershus Energi
Contact: Torbjørn Kvammen (tk[at]aeas.no)
Longitude: 11.07444
Latitude: 59.9725
Period of measurements: February 2013, ongoing
Description: 2 horizontally mounted pyranometers, 5 second frequency
Avaialbility: Available by contact to Akershus Energi
Kristiansand
Owner: Agder Energi, Teknova
Contact: Anne Gerd Imenes (AnneGerd.Imenes[at]teknova.no)
Longitude: 8.001
Latitude: 58.153
Period of measurements: Measurements started in May 2012
Description: Global end diffuse radiation on a horizontal plane in addition to pyranometer
measurement on a tilted (20 degrees) plane
Avaialbility: The data will not be distributed freely, but may be made available upon request
Ringdalsskogen, Larvik
Owner: Brødrene Dahl
Contact: Kåre Johansen (kare.johansen[at]dahl.no)
Longitude: 10.094
Latitude: 59.121
Period of measurements: Data is available from May 2011
Description: Global irradiance on a horizontal plane
Avaialbility: Available from database
Sandefjord
Owner: Jotun
Contact:
Kjell
Erik
Flaten
(kjell.erik.flaten[at]jotun.no)
(morten.eliassen[at]jotun.no)
Longitude: 10.245
Latitude: 59.106
Period of measurements: Since 1999
Description: Global irradiance on a horizontal plane
Avaialbility: Available on request to Jotun
55/55
or
Morten
Eliassen