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Vol 4 Issue 12 Jan 2015
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Volume-4 | Issue-12 | Jan-2015
Available online at www.isrj.org
INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FAMILY
LIFE : A SOCIOLOGICAL INQUIRY
1
Rajakumar Sangappa Sali and Shanta. B. Astige
2
1
Research Scholar Dept. of Sociology,Gulbarga University, Gulbarga.Karnataka .
Research Guide & H.O.D. Associate Professor in Sociology Govt. First Grade College Kamalapur.
2
Abstract:-This paper is an attempt to understand the Internal migration and family life : a
sociological inquiry People migrate from one place to another for the development of their
overall living standard and to enhance their social position. Migration is considered to be one of
the important strategies for the progress and development of rural poor. internal migration
assumes special importance in any state in the process of development. By its very nature
internal migration, that is the movement of people across smaller units within the state, is related
to a process of change occurring within the social system The study reveals that, people were
pushed in the city because of their poor socio-economic conditions, mainly poverty condition.
Besides, many pull factors also attract them to migrate in this city. It is found from the study that,
internal migration is positively contributed to the development of poor people. There social and
economic condition as household income, saving,land possession, expenditure, non-productive
assets, housing status, water & sanitation facilities, treatment aptitudes, social participation etc.
Internal migration redistributes population and workforce from rural to urban areas.. Migration
is an important feature of human civilization. It reflects, human endeavor to survive in the most
testing conditions both natural and man-made
Keywords: Internal Migration,Trends, and Patterns,Attitudes,awareness, Human
Development, Gender,
INTRODUCTION
Internal migration refers to human migration within one geopolitical entity, usually a nation. Reasons for
internal migration tend to be different from those for cross-border migration; whereas the latter often occurs
primarily for political or economic reasons, reasons for internal migration prominently include travel for education
and for economical, but not for political, reasons. A general trend of movement from rural to urban areas has also
produced a form of internal migration, leading to rapid urbanisation in many countries.Migration is one of the most
important phenomena affecting the economy and social composition of cities; their geographical organization and
politic. Migration is a broad term which incorporates all kinds of the movement of people from one place to another
(Haider 2010, p. 309). Migration is a permanent or semi-permanent change of the place of origin to the place of
destination. It incorporates allkinds of permanent or temporary movement of the mentioned that, better job
opportunity, better educational and health care faculties and other social amenities are responsible for better living
conditions which attract the migrants towards the city life. Migration is a natural process and practice of
humankind.
It is an important factor in the advancement of progressive livelihood and overall development of the
society (Raj, 1998, p. 215). People migrate from one area to other for their self need and to protect their existence
since the ancient period.
It is such a process, in which leaving permanent area people shift another place for long time (Chakravarty
& Chakravarty 2012 p.14; Singh et al. 2001 cited in Singh, et al., 2007, p. 57). Movement of people from one
location to another is a common phenomenon in both developed and developing nations (Oyeniyi, 2013). The idea
that one making up his choice and move to a location that promises better opportunities has long been an important
Rajakumar Sangappa Sali1 and Shanta.B.Astige2,“INTERNAL MIGRATION AND FAMILY LIFE : A SOCIOLOGICAL
INQUIRY” Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 12 | Jan 2015 | Online & Print
1
. Internal Migration And Family Life : A Sociological Inquiry
part of human race. As such, population movement is usually deliberate. That makes the presence (or absence) of the
movers in a place a matter of choice, not chance. The voluntary movement of people however, selects districts types
of individuals from their origins (Morrison, Bryan and Swanson, 2004). Internal migration plays an important role in
the workings of the labor market, acting as an equilibriating mechanism between rural and urban sectors especially
in developing economies. Moreover, the welfare improving effects of migration as a result of a transfer of labor from
low productive to high productive areas has also been previously demonstrated in the literature(Ghatak, 1991).
OBJECTIVES OF THE PAPER:
* To study the Socio-economic status of internal migrants workers.
* To find out the Impact of Migration on internal Migrants.
METHODOLOGY:
This research paper focus on Internal migration and family life : a sociological inquiry This research paper
is based on secondary source. data are drawn classified from the Publications of books, monthly journals, article,
magazines, produced by the State Government, comprising literature review, and population census.
Migration: Rural-urban migration is one of the causes attributed to the formation and expansion of slums. Since
1950, world population has increased at a far greater rate than the total amount of arable land, even as agriculture
contributes a much smaller percentage of the total economy. For example, in India, agriculture accounted for 52% of
its GDP in 1954 and only 19% in 2004;[46] in Brazil, the 2005 GDP contribution of agriculture is one-fifth of its
contribution in 1951.[47] Agriculture, meanwhile, has also become higher yielding, less disease prone, less
physically harsh and more efficient with tractors and other equipment. The proportion of people working in
agriculture has declined by 30% over the last 50 years, while global population has increased by 250%. Many people
move to urban areas primarily because cities promise more jobs, better schools for poor's children, and diverse
income opportunities than subsistence farming in rural areas.[48] However, some rural migrants may not find jobs
immediately because of their lack of skills and the increasingly competitive job markets, which leads to their
financial shortage.[49] Many cities, on the other hand, do not provide enough low-cost housing for a large number of
rural-urban migrant workers. Some rural-urban migrant workers cannot afford housing in cities and eventually settle
down in only affordable slums.[50] Further, rural migrants, mainly lured by higher incomes, continue to flood into
cities. They thus expand the existing urban slums.According to Ali and Toran, social networks might also explain
rural-urban migration and people's ultimate settlement in slums. In addition to migration for jobs, a portion of people
migrate to cities because of their connection with relatives or families. Once their family support in urban areas is in
slums, those rural migrants intend to live with them in slums.
Trends and Patterns of Internal Migration in India :migrants are mostly young, unmarried, and have higher final
education levels than non-migrants. Of the three cohorts considered (born in 1976, 1972, and 1968), the youngest
presents the highest level of mobility.The decennial population Census and the quinquennial rounds of the National
Sample Surveys (NSS) provide macro-data on internal migration, in India. Both these sources report data on
population mobility and not worker mobility and the trends on the latter have to be disentangled carefully
from population characteristics. It also needs to be noted that both due to the conceptual framework adopted in
these surveys, and due to empirical difficulties, the Census and the NSS mainly identify long duration
migration, chiefly covering permanent or long duration circular migrants. These surveys fail to adequately
capture seasonal migration, the magnitude of which is both large and growing (Srivastava and Sasikumar
2005, Srivastava 2005a) and also probably underestimate circular migration. Data available up to 1999-00 has
been analysed in detail earlier in several studies (Srivastava 1998, Srivastava and Bhattacharya 2003, Srivastava and
Sasikumar 2005). This paper will dwell here more on the recent trends in population and worker mobility as
revealed by the 2001 Census and the 2007-08 NSS. According to the Census, about 309.5 million persons or 30.1
percent of the Indian population could be described as internal migrants in 2001 using the change in Usual Place of
Residence (UPR) definition. The National Sample Survey estimates that in 2007-08, 326 m people or 28.6 % of
people were migrants by the UPR definition However, the bulk of the migrants in India are women who migrate
out of their villages due to exogamous marriages. According to the 64 th Round of the NSS, of the total of
326.1 m migrants by change in UPR status, 67.6 m were male migrants and 258.4 m (79.3 %) were female migrants
(census adjusted figures). Of these female migrants, 82.8 % migrated due to marriage.
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION OF LAMBANI COMMUNITY: India is a union of welfare states. It
becomes the duty of government to uplift thee needy, downtrodden and exploited sections of the community.
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. Internal Migration And Family Life : A Sociological Inquiry
Banjaras are aboriginals of this land. Hence should they be uplifted, protected and removed from the present distress.
As per the 1991 census7, Karnataka state has a population of 4,49,77,201. Out of which, 73,79,279 are scheduled
caste (16.38%). And 8,23,505 people are Lambanis/Banjaras representing at 11.17% of SC/ST. But it is roughly
estimated that we may be more than 25 lakhs in the state. Because our community is nomadic, working and young
people move in search of jobs from place to place. Only age-old parents are available in tandas at the time census.
Hence there is no proper assessment either by 2001 census or from the Justice Sadashiva committee report. In almost
all districts of Karnataka, Lambanis have settled down in tandas isolated from towns and villages. It is ethnic
nomadic sect which has rich and cultural heritage, eternal traditions, unbreakable emotional attachments amongst
the community people, but lacking economic empowerment. However, due to migrations from place to place,
region to region, they have lost their origin. As riddle goes, as “Rolling stones gathers no mass” They could not create
wealth; they could not hold land and properties and so on. Anyhow, some governments have recognized their
contribution in per-independence and post-independence of India, and offered constitutional relieves in the form of
reservation in certain states. However, it is yet to reach the needy people.
Living Condition of Migrant Workers: The workers, whether in agricultural or non-agricultural activity, live
in unsatisfactory conditions. There is no provision of safe drinking water facility, the sanitary condition are
unhygienic and most live in open spaces or makeshifts shelters (NCRL 1991, GVT 2002, Rani and Shylendra 2001).
In spite of the Contract Labour Act which stipulates that the contractor or employer should provide suitable
accommodation to the labourers, they still continue to live in sub-human conditions. Apart from the seasonal
workers, workers who migrate to the cities for job live in parks and pavements, and the slum dwellers, who
are mostly migrants, stay in deplorable conditions, with inadequate supply of water and bad drainage
facilities. Food expenses are higher for migrant workers, as they can not avail of the PDS since they are
not provided with temporary ration card as they are not legally registered. Working conditions of seasonally migrant
labourers are seriously inadequate. Wages, working hours, safety standards do not conform to any minimum norm
and where advances have been given, there is no notion of a standard wage. Existing labour laws, including those
specifically meant for them, are observed generally in their breach. Working conditions of seasonally migrant
labourers are seriously inadequate. Wages, working hours, safety standards do not conform to any minimum norm
and where advances have been given, there is no notion of a standard wage. Existing labour laws, including those
specifically meant for them, are observed generally in their breach.
Changes in Attitudes and awareness :The non-economic impact of outmigration on local areas is more
difficult to assess. As mentioned earlier, migration has double sided impacts on women’s work and autonomy. It
also has impact on local power relations and politics as migrants who acquire wealth and consequent social
status are keen to reflect this through participation in local politics. Deshingkar and Start (2003) mention how
outmigration enables individuals and households to overcome restrictive caste barriers and increase livelihood
options, Exposure to a different environment and the resulting emotional stress, affect the attitudes,habits
and awareness levels of migrant workers, depending on the duration of migration and the destination. Such
changes are more dramatic in the case of urban migrants, in whom migration develops a greater awareness
regarding the conditions of work, reduces personalized dependence, and inculcates a change in their attitude
towards personalized labour relations (Srivastava 1999). Such modified life styles and changes in personal
awareness may affect other family members in a variety of ways, some of them being positive. For instance, the
increased awareness which migrants gain, especially in urban areas, can help them realize the importance of their
children’s education.
Internal Migration for Human Development:Internal migration can expand people’s freedoms and capabilities
and make substantial contributions to human development in terms of improved incomes, education and health.
Although migration can potentially benefit migrants and their families, there are also heavy costs and risks that
compromise the potentially positive outcomes of migration.Human Development is about putting people at the
centre of development. It is about people realising their potential, increasing their choices and enjoying the freedom
to lead lives they value. Since 1990, annual Human Development Reports (HDRs) have explored a range of critical
challengers from poverty, gender inequality, human rights, and cultural liberty, to globalisation, water scarcity and
climate change. Migration, both behind and beyond borders, has become an increasingly prominent theme in
domestic and international debates. The 2009 Human Development Report (HDR) proposes to address this theme,
exploring the movement of people in expanding human capabilities and entitlements, as well as where risks are
posed to human development. Research for the 2009 Human Development Report will look at various thematic
issues as well as at a number of country studies. The paper on Internal Migration and Human Development in India
will review the impact of internal migration on human development, and will identify policy recommendations and
successful practices in the context of India. Internal migrants play a major role in sustaining and building India’s
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 12 | Jan 2015
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. Internal Migration And Family Life : A Sociological Inquiry
economy, but their contribution remains unrecognized because of lack of data. Short-term migrants, including
seasonal/ circular migrants, are inadequately captured in macro datasets such as the Census and National Sample
Survey Organisation.
Internal Migration and Social Protection: As social protection policies and programmes are focused on only
settled populations, internal migrants lose access to social security benefits linked to permanent residence. There
remains no concerted strategy to ensure portability of entitlements for migrants. Planning for migrant families who
are not settled, but are on the move, warrants a fundamental rethinking of development approaches and models in
order to protect and promote migrants’ access to social services and enable migrants to become socially and
politically active citizens.
Internal Migration and the Right to the City: Internal migration is an integral part of development, contributing to
the dynamics of urban growth and economic and cultural vibrancy of cities. The right to the city, which encompasses
rights and access to food, housing, education, health, work, and local democracy, should also apply to migrants.
Internal Migration and Gender: The current discourse on migration has failed to adequately address genderspecific migration experiences, even though women constitute an overwhelming majority of migrants. A gender
perspective on migration is imperative, since women have significantly different migration motivations, patterns,
options and obstacles from men.
Internal Migration and Children : Children are the most unrecognized and vulnerable groups among internal
migrants. They migrate independently or as dependents when their families migrate and often lose access to basic
entitlements, miss out on schooling and are subject to health and security risks. Child migrants forgo critical inputs
necessary for their physical, psychological and intellectual development during their formative years. This has an
irreversible impact on their emotional and cognitive development.
Types of Internal Migration in India: Labor migration flows include permanent, semi-permanent, and seasonal or
circular migrants. Much of the available data polls migrants in the permanent and semi-permanent categories, and
considerably less large-scale statistical data are available on the numbers and characteristics of circular migrants.
Semi-permanent migrants are those who are likely to have precarious jobs in their destination areas, or lack
the resources to make a permanent move. While they may reside in their destination cities for years or decades, they
likely have homes and families in their sending district.
Seasonal or circular migrants, by contrast, are likely to move from place to place in search of employment,
or to continue returning to the same place year after year. Such circular flows encompass migrants who may stay at
their destination for six months or more at a time and hence need social services at their destination. Scholars have
long characterized this migration as a type in which the permanent residence of a person remains the same, but the
location of his or her economic activity changes. Rameez Abbas and Divya Varma (2014)
Major Internal Migration in india : The North Indian states of Uttar Pradesh and Bihar have the highest
percentages of rural populations, with 18.6 percent and 11.1 percent of people living in villages, respectively, as of
the 2011 Census. These states are also the largest migrant-sending states. Substantial flows of labor migrants
relocate from Uttar Pradesh to Maharashtra, Delhi, West Bengal, Haryana, Gujarat, and other states across northern
and central India. Migrants from Bihar relocate to the same destinations, with the highest numbers to Delhi and West
Bengal. Other major migrant-sending states are Rajasthan, Madhya Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Chhattisgarh,
Jharkhand, and Orissa. Predictably, all of the major sending states are characterized by very low social and economic
development indices and the major urban destinations (enumerated below) are the growing economic magnets in an
increasingly liberalized Indian economy.The cities of Mumbai, Delhi, and Kolkata are the largest destinations for
internal migrants in India. Many of the migrants to these cities are intrastate migrants, relocating from rural areas of
Maharashtra and West Bengal. All three cities also absorb large numbers of people from other states across India.
R.B. Bhagat and S. Mohanty, (2009)
Problems of internal migration: While India’s internal migration flows are substantial, they are difficult to
enumerate. Migration data from the 2011 Census have been collected, but not yet released. The 2001 Census and the
2007-08 National Sample Survey (NSS) both provide broad information on internal migration, but miss important
aspects of India’s internal migration patterns. The 2001 Census lists 307 million internal migrants, but defines as a
migrant anyone who lives in a place that is different than their place of birth or place of last residence. This definition
casts too wide a net because it includes many people who move over very short distances, within the same district.
On the other hand, it likely misses a significant number of seasonal migrants, who have as much of a chance of being
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 12 | Jan 2015
4
. Internal Migration And Family Life : A Sociological Inquiry
counted in their place of birth or last residence as they do at their new destination. The Census does differentiate
internal migration within districts, between districts in the same state, and across states. In 2001, interdistrict
migrants accounted for 76.8 million migrants, and there were 42.3 million interstate migrants. Therefore, about 191
million people—or 19 percent of the total Indian population—were migrants from other districts or other states.
These numbers reflect the numbers of permanent and semi-permanent migrants, but the Census does not provide
information on circular, seasonal, or temporary flows. The National Sample Survey, conducted by the Ministry of
Statistics and Program Information, asks people their “usual place of residence,” counting migrants as those who
have stayed for six months or longer in a place that is different from their prior “usual place of residence.” As with the
Census, temporary, seasonal, and circular migrants are difficult to estimate through the NSS data, and the survey’s
estimates of seasonal migration are far below those of other analysts. The NSS counted 15 million short-term
migrants, but other estimates have placed the number at about 100 million.
Economic Effects of Internal Migration: A recent study of the economic effects of inter-nal migration indicates
that a measurable differ-ence exists between migrant and nonmigrant fami-lies in the level and pattern of
consumption expenditures and in the savings functions of the two groups.The project used 1950 data from a Bureau
of Labor Statistics-Wharton School study1 of consumer expenditures and savings to formulate tentative hypotheses
about the relation between migration and the consumption and sav- ings functions of urban families. The study then
tested the hypotheses using unpublished data from the 1960-61 Survey of Consumer Expenditures of the Bureau of
Labor Statistics and modified them accordingly. Data from the 1960-61 survey were also used to formulate estimates
of mobility and migration rates for urban families and one-person consumer units who were in existence at least
1year before the interview.
Socio-Cultural Effects of Internal Migration: In migration generally, cultural and social issues are a significant.
Usually, when people leave a community, the social fabric of the community inevitably change at the place of
destination overtime. Migration induces changes positively or negatively to any given migration stream. In this,
family structure or social networks may be affected. This however, suggests substantial modification of traditional
patterns of the migrants in terms of languages, feeding habit, mode of dressing and all the likes. Thus, neither are
parents nor children immune to social consequences of migration regardless of the distance between the origin and
destination. With family or clan members residing in more than one locality, it is possible for families to relocate
children as the need arises. In fact, it is most common that children are sent to town where they live with relatives
while attending schools. Most often than not, such mobility alters child’s perception of its place in the world thereby
resulting to socio-cultural dislocations relatively to their languages, food consumptions, mode of dressing and all the
likes. In the same manner, where families have members living in both urban and rural areas, their social networks
expand to include persons in both areas. This bridging facilitates cultural diffusion from city to countryside. The
resulting diversity may enhance a family’s flexibility in coping with the ups and downs of life (Findley, 1982), but
the originality of the socio-cultural heritage of their origin may be positively or negatively affected.
SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION:
Internal Migration is considered to be one of the strategies of development. These factors pushed poor
people in migration to city to earn more money to fulfill basic needs of their family. Poverty is one of the important
causes of migration. In aspect of poverty, poor people cannot fulfill their subsistence need properly. Hence, people
move to a new area for searching better job opportunity so that they would be able to fulfill their subsistence need. It
is found from the value of Head count ratio and poverty gap that, the poverty situation has been improved after
migration. Consequently, from the above discussion it can be concluded that, internal migration contribute highly to
the development of the socio-economic status of poor people. internal migration in India is still in its infancy in
several respects. Macro data sources do not fully capture different types of migration. Moreover, the nature and
pattern of migration is also in a flux. Thus, there is a large gap in our understanding of the overall magnitude and
pattern of migration. The large number of micro studies that exist only partially met this gap. Moreover, there a
few studies that address the many-faceted impact of migration (economic, social, cultural and political) both
in the areas of origin and destination, as well as in the economy as a whole (best studied in a general
equilibrium framework). Given the emerging demographic and economic scenario, internal migration is
likely to increase. But as we have argued above, policy makers have hardly begun to address this issue,
although its development consequences can easily be visualized. Moreover, no increase in income relative to nonmigrants is found for this group. For work migrants, although their income increases compared with non-migrants,
this increase does not seem to explain the differential improvement in life satisfaction because of a lack of
improvement in their economic satisfaction (compared to non-migrants).Rather, it is the higher relative status
Indian Streams Research Journal | Volume 4 | Issue 12 | Jan 2015
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. Internal Migration And Family Life : A Sociological Inquiry
arising from occupational advancement that seems to contribute to the higher life satisfaction for work migrants.
REFERENCES
1.Deshingkar, P. and Start, D. (2003) ‘Seasonal Migration for Livelihoods in India: Coping, Accumulation
and Exclusion Working Paper 220, London: Overseas Development Institute.
2.Srivastava, Ravi S. (1999), ‘Rural Labour in Uttar Pradesh: Emerging Features of Subsistence,
Contradiction and Resistance’, Journal of Peasant Studies, Vol. 26, Nos. 2 and 3, January and April .
3.Thomas D., Witoelar F., Frankenberg E., Sikoki B., Strauss J., Sumantri C. and Suriastini W.(2012). cutting the
costs of attrition: Results from the Indonesia Family Life Survey. Journal of Development Economics 98(1): 108123.
4.Rameez Abbas and Divya Varma (2014) Feature internal Labor Migration in India Raises Integration Challenges
for Migrants Migration Information Source March 3, 2014
5.R.B. Bhagat and S. Mohanty, "Emerging Pattern of Urbanization and the Contribution of Migration in Urban
Growth in India,” Asian Population Studies, vol. 5 no. 1 (2009): 5-20.
6.Karan, A(2003): ‘Changing Patterns of Migration from Rural Bihar’, in G. Iyer (eds) Migrant Labour and Human
Rights in India, New Delhi: Kanishka Publishers, pp 102–39.
7.Bhagat, R.B (2010): ‘Internal migration in India: are the underprivileged class migrating more?’ Asia-Pacific
Population Journal , Vol 25, No1, pp 27-45.
8.Rani, U. and Shylendra, H.S. (2001). Seasonal migration and rural-urban interface in semi-arid tropics of Gujarat:
Study of a tribal village. Journal of Rural Development, 20, pp. 187–217.
9.National Commission on Rural Labour (NCRL) (1991), Vol. Part II, Reports of the study Group on Migrant
Labour, Government of India, Ministry of Labour, New Delhi.
10.Dr. N.Raju Naik (2006), “Political Awareness among the Lambanis : A study” published by Atmajyothi
Prakashan, S.K.Layout Bangalore – 56, pp 81.
Rajakumar Sangappa Sali
Research Scholar Dept. of Sociology,Gulbarga University, Gulbarga.Karnataka .
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