1. business and industrial
2. energy
3. oil

ANTIMICROBIAL ACTIVITY OF SOME BIOFUEL PRODUCING
PLANTS
Nishu Jain , Richa Bhatnager*
Research scholar,
Centre for Medical Biotechnology,
Mahrishi Dayanand University, Rohtak
Email id: [email protected]
ABSTRACT:
In modern era, basic requirements are energy and prevention of diseases. There are
some plant present in the nature which proves themselves as a better energy alternative.
Besides this these plants provide protection against microbial diseases. So there is a
great need to understand the various role of these plant and various extract prepared
from these plant in order to achieve better protection from the microbes. These plant are
so valuable because if it proves that these plant can cure a various infection then they
can serve as better alternative of antibiotics and protect us from the side effect of this
drugs. Present review represent a collection of a few biofuel producing plant and their
antimicrobial properties.
KEYWORDS: antimicrobial, biofuels, global warming, fossil fuel.
INTRODUCTION
Biodiesel is an alternate to naturally occurring diesel fuel that is produced by reaction of
alcohols and vegetable oil or animal fat. Because it’s primary raw material is a
vegetable oil or animal fat, so it generally considered to be renewable. Biodiesel is
ecofriendly due to its very low contribution in global warming. Because for its
synthesis, fatty acids are used and fatty acids are made up of carbon basically come
from environment (air), so causing less global warming than fossils fuels. The main
alternative diesel fuels is made from natural, renewable sources such as vegetable oil
and fats [1-2] .The common sources of Biodiesel are listed in the Fig. 1.
Algae ,
bacteria,
Fungi
Animal
fats
Biodiesel
Sewage
Vegetable oil(eg.
soyabean,sunflower,etc.)
Non-edible oil (eg.
Jojoba oil,Almond
oil,Karanja oil,etc)
Fig. 1 Sources of Biodiesel
Plants are one of the most important sources of medicine and many of the plants parts
and plants derived compounds are used as a source of biodiesel [3].There
There are several
non-edible oil seed species such as T
Thevetia (Thevetia peruviana), Karanja
aranja (Pongomia
pinnate), Jatropha (Jatropha
atropha curca
curca), Neem (Azadirachta indica)) etc, that could be
utilized as a feedstock
ock oil in biodiesel production) [4].
 Jatropha curcas
Jatropha curcas, commonly kknown as physic nut, purging nut or pig nut or jablota
(Himachali) is a non-edible
edible m
multipurpose
ultipurpose shrub or a small tree belonging to the family of
Eubhorbiaceae. It was basically a native of Mexico and then by Portuguese traders
ders spread to
Asia and Africa as a hedge pla
plant. The genus name Jatropha derives from the Greek word jatros
having meaning doctor andd trophe means food, which by name indicates its medicinal
uses, and the plant is traditionally used for medicinal practices[5-7]. It grows in a subtropical regions of the world and is an uncultivated non-food wild species[8]. It reaches up
to height of 3-4m and its leaves are 3-5 lobed, cordiform, and stipules deciduous.
Inflorescence is complex, monoecious with protandry and the first branching is racemose
while subsequent branches are cymes.
Its seeds contain 30 - 40% oil that can be easily isolated for processing (transesterification)
andundergo laboratory refinement to produce biodiesel[9-11] . Many reports indicated that
its seeds are toxic to humans and most animals and birds when injested, so commonly
known as “Black vomit nut”, “Purge nut”, “Physic nut”, “Pinoncillo”, “American purging
nut”, “Barbados purging nut”,“poison nut tree” the “graveyard tree”,etc[11-12].
On the other side, it also has been reported to have medicinal uses for human and
veterinary purposes[12]. Its sap and crushed leaves has been known to have anti-parasitic
activity[13]. Its branch extract have been shown to possess cytopathic effect with a vey low
cytotoxicity as seen in HIV patients[14]. Latex of Jatropha curcas has also been reported to
have strong antimicrobial activities[15].
Jatropha curcas can be used for numerous purposes including biodiesel production[16].
However being a source of fuel after removal of its toxin such as phorbols esters (in
seeds) and curcin, it can be used as nutritional and economic protein supplements in
animal feed[17,18]. Various parts of the plant are of medicinal value, like its bark,
flowers, wood, leaves, etc. Its latex possesses broad spectrum antimicrobial activity
against Bacillus subtilis, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Stapylococcus
aureus, Streptocococcus pyogenes, Candida albicans and Trichophyton sp., using agar
and broth dilution methods[15] . White latex of plant is used to cure oral thrush. This
latex basically contain 3 main alkanoids named Jatrophine, Jatropham and curcain, also
shown to have anti- cancerous properties. It is also effective against skin diseases, piles
and sores.
Ethanolic extracts of its leaves possess antifungal activity against the three major
dermatophytes
–
Trichophyton,Microsporum,
Epidermophyton
together
with
Malassezia furfur indicates its inhibitory effect on fungal isolates and also possess
antimicrobial activity against all bacterial species except Bacillus subtilis[8].
When various extract and latex of this plant were analysed phytochemically, it is found
that latex contain saponins, tannin, steroids, cardiac glycoside, anthraquinone terpenoid
and alkaloids responcible for antimicrobial activity[19].
Certainly these metabolites are associated for its antimicrobial potency which may be
utilised for the prevention of microbial infections [20].
Its leaves extract contain contain apigenin, vitexin and isovitexin which along with
other factors make them to be used to combat malaria, rheumatic and muscular pains.
Its root extract possess anti venom activity and can be effectively used as an antidote
against snake venom. Besides this root extract can be used to treat gums bleeding[21].

Pongamia pinatta
Pongamia pinnataalso known as Derris indica is a mangrove plant that belongs to the
family Fabaceae and is known as Karanja in hindi, and Indian Beech in English[22].
Pongamia pinnata (L.) is widely distributed near the wet places in India[23]. It is a
monotypic genus found to grow mostly along the coasts and riverbanks. The tree is
known for its multipurpose benefits and as a potential source of biodiesel[24] .
From its seeds a non edible oil has been extracted i.e.Pongame oil, reported as a major
source of oil for biofuel production [25]. It is bitter in taste , reddish brown in color ,
highly viscous and nonedible oil. It is commonly used for tanning leather, making low
grade soap. It is effectively used against scabies, herpes, and rheumatism[26]. Both the
oil and oil presscake residues are toxic but toxicity can be removed with the help of
genetic variations. The use of plant oils in biodisel industry is preferred more because it
not only provide a renewable source but also leaving animal oils spare and get rid of
any ethical issue as in case of animal fat[27]. This plant have a number of uses such as
fodder for animal, serve as green manure, timber production etc. It has been identified
to have insecticidal and nematicidal activity and also have agriculture and
environmental management applications also [28]. Its leaves extract have selective antidiarrhoeal action with efficacy against cholera and antifilarial activity which prevent
movement of filarial parasite[29-30].
In a study different concentration of its seed extract (oil) was tested against Aspergillus
niger, A. fumigatus, Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Chemical
analysis
of
oil
was
performed
by
gas
chromatography
(GC)
and
gas
chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC-MS) which showed the presence of fatty acid
and it was suggested to use the fatty oil of this plant for developing plant derived
antimicrobial drugs. Its flower extract prevent the growth of six potential pathogenic
bacteria of genus Escherichia, Bacillus,and family enterobacteriaceae suggesting its
bacteriostatic properties[31].
Bark isolates of P. Pinnata was found to have antioxidant potential due to presence of
cycloart-23-ene-3β , 25-diol (called B2). This B2 contain antimicrobial, antifungal
specially towards yeast and dose dependent antioxidant property[32].
Different secondary metabolites was found in different plant part extract by HPLC
analysis. Its methanolic bark extract contain of protocatechuic, ellagic, ferulic, gallic,
gentisic, 4-hydroxybenzoic and 4-hydroxycinnamic acids whereas its leaves extract
contain sorbic, ferulic, gallic, salicylic and p-coumaric acids while its seed extract
contains vanillic, gallic and tannic acids in seeds as the main phenolic acids[33].
A new rotenoid, Pongarotene and a known flavonol, karanjin were isolated from the
seeds of P. pinnata also have antifungal, antibacterial and [34] .

Azadirachta indica
Azadirachta indica commonly known as Neem, is a fast growing evergreen tree found
commonly in India, Africa and America . Neem is a native of India and is a tree of
religious values for the people in the region. The plant is considered sacred and is used
by the Hindus in several ceremonies and rituals. Its every part i.e. leaves, bark of stem,
etc. has been used as traditional medicine for household remedy to treat skin infections
and other diseases[35] . It belongs to the family Meliaceae and is commonly called
Indian Lilic or Margosa. This tree is a topic of global context because it answers a
number of major concerns facing mankind. It has been approved by the US
Environmental Protection Agency for use on food crops and is considered harmless to
humans, animals, birds, beneficial insects and earthworms[36] . Its seed contains about
25%-45% oil which is a non-edible oil, used in biodiesel production[4]. Its oil contains
three bitter bioactive compounds named nimbin, nimbinin and nimbidin. These
compounds are responsible for its medicinal value, and also be used in preparation of
cosmetics. Its extract also acts as an effective mosquito repellent[37]. While it is known
to have antiallergenic,antidermatic, anifeedent, anti-inflammatory, antipyorrhoeic,
antifungal, antiscabic, insecticidal, and many other biological activities; it also
possesses maximum useful non-wood products than any other tree species. Due to all
these activities and enormous applications, neem is considered as a green treasure.
Azadirachta indica (Neem) oil is another vegetable oil from inedible crop that has
been converted to useable items. All parts of the tree (seeds, leaves, flower and
bark) are used for different medicinal preparations. Neem oil is useful for skin
care such as acne treatment and keeping skin elasticity[9].
Phytochemical analysis of leaves showed the presence of steroids, triterpinoids,
reducing sugars, alkaloids, phenolic compounds, flavonoids and tannins which
were responsible for its activity against P. aeroginosa, S. auereus, E. coli and S.
typhii [38] . Its leaf extract is effective against against Methicillin-sensitive and
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus [39]. Its oil have broad spectrum
antimicrobial activity which is depend upon both the protein and carbohydrate
contents. It is well known that its oil content possess higher level of protein and
carbohydrate results in better antimicrobial activities[40].
From its oil a compound named NIM-76 was isolated and tested for its
antimicrobial activity. This compound contains significantly higher antimicrobial
potential as whole neem oil. It can inhibit the growth of pathogens which are not
in inhibited by the neem oil itself. Theses strains were Escherichia coli and
Kleibsiella enterica. Besides its antibacterial potential, this NIM-76 was found to
be effective against fungus and viruses such as Polio virus. Hence it was
concluded that NIM-76 has a potent broad spectrum anti-microbial activity [41] .

Ricinus communis
It is a fast growing perennial shrub family Euphorbiaceae. It is also known as
Palma Christi or a wonder tree [42]. It is found to be widely spread in the tropics
and temperate regions of the world thoroughly [43]. Its seed extract is known as
castor oil.
Because of its high content of fatty acid i.e ricinoleic acid , it have a valuable role
in lubricants, paints, coats, cosmetic industries[44]. Residues of castor oil
production has a limited role as animal food and fertilizers because of the
presence of highly toxic protein and a alkaloid ricinine. Ricin is a water-soluble
protein which is not extracted into the castor oil, making industrial grade castor
oil safe for use and can be used as a reactant in biodiseal production[45]. The
castor biodiesel is widely used in area of extremely low temperature and during
winter because of its very low cloud and pour points properties. Castor oil is
mostly preferred for biodiesel production because of energy point of view. It does
not need heat and subsequent energy needed when other vegetable oils are
transformed into biodiesel. Plant contain a number of industrial and therapeutic
approaches, antioxidant and immunomodulatory effects. All these effects are
basically due to presence of various flavonoids, saponins, glycosides, alkaloids
and steroids[46].
Castor oil is a valuable source of medicinal oil and a number of benefits for
humans. Castor oil has industrial as well as therapeutic applications[47] . The
main toxic found in its seed extract is ricin and an alkaloid ricinine[48].
Its extract possess different type of antimicrobial activity. Its leaves extract
possess antibacterial activity against ENterobacters and skin pathogens.Acetone
and hexane extract possess significantly higher antimicrobial property [49] .
Extract possess comparatively better antibacterial activity as erythromycin,
ampiclox and rifampin group for Gram positive organisms and, septrin and
ceporex group for Gram negative organisms respectively [50].
Free radicals causes oxidative stress which inturn give rise to a number of
metabolic and microbial associated diseases. From a study it become evident that
its extract possess radical scavenging capacity[51]. Besides this, its extract
contain secondary metabolites like alkaloids, saponins, flavonoids and tannins
confirmed by phytochemical analysis.
A novel oleanen type triterpenoid, has been isolated from butanolic extract of
seeds of R. Communis that was reported to show both antimicrobial and
antifungal activity[52]. In a study, the potential of Acacia nilotica and Ricinus
communis as antimicrobial agents in relation with various important biomolecules and to check their correlation was explored. Water and methanol
extract of different parts of A. Nilotica and R. Communis showed good inhibition
against Gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus enterica), and
Gram negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli, Klebsiella
enterica) and some fungi (Aspergillus niger, Penicillium expansum and
Aspergillus enteric) [52].

Balanites aegyptiaca
Desert date (Balanites aegyptiaca), a member of family Zygophyllaceae, is a
semi-evergreen, usually spiny, extremely variable shrub or small tree that grows
up to 12 m high. Balanites aegyptiaca is perhaps one of the most wide-spread
woody plants of the African continent. In India, Balanites are widely grown in
Rajasthan and neighboring states. The branches are usually spread irregularly or
pendulous, and sometimes form round crown and the bowl is usually straight with
a 60 cm diameter, often fluted. The tree produces yellow date-like fruit. The trees
bear heavy yields of fruits annually on a mature tree in good condition and the oil
content of B. aegyptiaca seed kernels approaches 50% [53].
The fruit, which contains many valuable nutrients, is used in a variety of ways, it
is most commonly used for preparing beverages, cooked foods, and medicines. It
has a multiplicity of uses including biodiesel formation, and almost every part of
the plant is useful including, leaves, thorns, back of root and fruit. The oil of the
plant can be easily converted into biodiesel, but the viscosity of Balanite
aegyptiaca oil seeds must be reduced for biodiesel application since the
kinematics viscosity of biodiesel were very low compared to vegetable oils[5455].It has been reported that Balanites aegyptiaca grows on dry lands and is most
tenble bio resource for industrial biodiesel production. The antifeedant,
molluscidal, antidiabetic, antihelmintic, and contraceptive activities in various B.
aegyptiaca extracts have been observed[56] .
Its gall and leaves possess antibacterial and anti-inflammatory potentials.
Dichloromethane fraction (DCMF) of galls and ethyl acetate fraction (EAF) of
leaves possess best antimicrobial potential than anyother solvent [57]. DCMF
extract of galls are effective against Ampicillin resistant Salmonella enterica.
Galls
and leaves fractions also possess lipoxygenase inhibitory activity as
compare to quercetin. But this activity did not show any correlation to phenolic
compounds isolated from the galls and leaves samples. Root extract possess
potent anti-Candida activity [58]. Comparative study of organic extracts of
Balanites aegyptiaca and Moringa oleifera leaves indicates potent antimicrobial
activity of Balanites aegyptiaca
than Moringa. And more interestingly,
antimicrobial activity increased significantly when the extract of both of these
plants were used in combination [59] .
Conclusion
In today’s world, the demand for energy have increase exceptionally due to day by
day increase in consumption rate. From the various studies it is clear that soon all
these natural resources are going to be exhausted, hence there is a great need to
device other resource who can combat these natural non renewable resources like
petroleum, coal and natural gas. Therefore there is a great urge of alternate of these
fossil fuels. But the alternate resource must be ecofriendly, cheap and technically
easy to produce. The best alternate is biodiesel produced by esterification reaction
between vegetable oil and alcohols. It can also be used as low carbon altenation to
heating oil. There are many sources of producing biodiesel other than vegetable oil
and animal fat and those are algae, bacteria, fungi, sewage, etc. There are many plant
species that contribute in the production of biodiesel such as J. curcas, A. Indica, R.
Communis, etc. Some of the biodiesel producing plants also exhibit antimicrobial
properties, thus proving benefits to the mankind. As this biofuel comes from the plant
derivative so producing negligible environmental hazards. But some plants producing
biofuels are tremendously hazardous because of causing friendly fire.Many of these
species contains toxic compounds which are harmful to human or animals. In this
case, toxicity must be removed or decresed to a level that it doesnot harm any other
species, thus making it edible and more valuable. J. curcas, A. Indica, R. Communis,
B. aegyptiaca and P. pinnata are all good biodiesel producing plants and they also
have antimicrobial activity against many bacterial and fungal species.
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