Synthesis, Spectroscopic, X-ray diffraction, Thermal Characterization and Biological Potential Study of Fe(II) and Co(II) Complexes of Pioglitazone: A New Oral Antidiabetic Drug Om Prakash*a and Bal Krishana a Department of Chemistry, Saifia Science College, Barkatullah University, Bhopal-462001 (India) E- mail: [email protected] Abstract Metal complexes of pioglitazone hydrochloride (PLZ) drug are synthesized and characterized using analytical data, molar conductance, IR, 1 H NMR, electronic, mass spectrometry, XRD and thermal studies. From the analytical data, the complexes are proposed to have general formulae [(C19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2 Fe(OH2 )2 ]SO4 2- and [(C19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2Co(OH2 )2 ]2Cl-. The conductometric titration using monovariation method reveals that complexes are L2 M type. The molar conductance data indicates that all the metal chelates are ionic. IR spectra show that PLZ is coordinated to the metal ions in which ligand molecules lie horizontally joining the central Fe(II) and Co(II) atoms. The electronic spectra and magnetic moment reveal that these chelates have octahedral geometry. Mass spectra are also used to confirm the proposed formulae and the possible fragments resulted from fragmentation of PLZ and its Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes. XRD data also used to calculate the various parameters like particle size, porosity, volume of unit cell and density. The thermal decomposition of complexes is studied using thermogravimetric (TGA) technique. The kinetic parameters such as Energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy change (ΔG) of the complexes are evaluated by using the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods. The ligand (PLZ) and its Fe(II) complex have been tested on wistar albino rats to assess their hypoglycemic activity. Keywords : Transition metals, Antidiabetic drug, Spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, TGA and hypoglycemic activity. 1. Introduction The disease are as old as human race and since then in the early part of civilization man has been trying to get relief from the various ailments by way of using various available material like plant part such as fruits, seeds, leaves and roots as well as the various available metal salts. Diabetes is a chronic disorder of carbohydrate, fat and protein metabolism characterized by increased fasting and post prandial blood sugar levels. Researchers throughout the United States and the world are working to better understand, prevent and treat this disease. Diabetes is an important human illness afflicting many from various walks of life in different countries. The prevalence and incidence of diabetes is increasing in most populations, being more prominent in de veloping countries as follows, in USA more than 16 million, in Republic of China more than 14 million, in Africa more than 20 million. India leads the world largest number diabetic subjects and is being termed the “diabetes capital of the world” with 40.9 million people currently suffering from diabetes and expected to rise 69.9 million by 2025 [1]. WHO has predicted that the major burden will occur in developing countries. Diabetes mellitus is a complex metabolic disorder resulting from either insulin deficiency or insulin dysfunction. Currently, the most commonly prescribed medications for diabetes are metformin, second generation sulfonylureas like Gliclazide, Glimeperide, Glibenclamide, Glipizide and thiazolidinediones which include pioglitazone and rosiglitazone. Pioglitazone hydrochloride is an oral antidiabetic agent that has been shown to affect abnormal glucose and lipid metabolism associated with insulin resistance by enhancing insulin action on peripheral tissues in animals [2]. It is a white or almost white crystalline, odourless powder, practically tasteless, insoluble in water and alcohols, but soluble in 0.1N NaOH; it is freely soluble in dimethylformamide (DMF). Structure of pio glitazone hydrochloride is given in Fig. 1. It exhibits slow gastrointestinal absorption rate and inter individual variation of its bioavailability [3]. A survey of literature reveals that metal complexes of many drugs have been found to be more effective than the drug alone [4] therefore, much attention is given to the use of thiazolidinedione hydrochloride due to their high complexing nature with essential metals [5]. Recently, metals in medicine have been recognized internationally as an important area for research. Transition metal complexes are cationic, neutral or anionic species in which a transition metal is coordinated by ligands [6]. Researches have shown significant progress in utilization of transition metal complexes as drugs to treat numerous human diseases. Transition metals exhibit different oxidation states and can interact with a number of negatively charged molecules. This activity of transition metals has started the development of metal based drugs with promising pharmacological application and may offer unique therapeutic opportunities [7]. The advances in inorganic chemistry provide better opportunities to use metal complexes as therapeutic agents [8]. The uses of transition metal complexes as therapeutic compounds have become more and more prominent. These complexes offer a great diversity in their action [9]. Metal ions are required for many critical functions in humans. Scarcity of some metal ions can lead to disease. The role of iron in the human body is closely associated with haemo globin and the transport of oxygen from the lungs to the tissue cell. Iron is an essential nutrient to cells for the functioning of many biochemical processes, including electron transfer reactions, gene regulation, binding and transport of oxygen and regulation of cell growth and differentiation. This homeostasis involves the regulation of iron entry into the body [10]. Also cobalt is an essential element for all animals, as the active centre of co-enzyme called cobalmines. These include vitamin B12 which is vital to the formation of red blood cells essential for mammals. Gupta et. al. [11] have reported a cobalt complex with quinoline, chinchoine etc. and it is observed to be a powerful antimalarial up to some extent. For their biological importance Iqbal et. al. [12] have synthesized and studied iron and cobalt complexes with many oral antidiabetic agent [13-14]. Synthesis, spectral characterization, magnetic moment, mass, X-Ray diffraction, and Kinetic studies of Cr(III) complex with metformin have been reported by Krishan et. al. [15]. In this work we have prepared the chelates of Fe(II) and Co(II) with pioglitazone drug. The solid chelates are characterized using different physico-chemical methods like elemental analyses (C, H, N, S and metal content), IR, 1 H NMR, electronic spectra, magnetic moment, mass spectrometry, X-ray diffraction and thermal analyses (TGA). 2. Experime ntal 2.1 Ligand- Metal ratio (a). To find out the ligand metal ratio, initially conductometric titration using monovariation method are carried out at 27±1 ºC and 0.005 M solution of pioglitazone hydrochloride is prepared in DMF. Similarly, solution of ferrous sulphate (FeSO 4 ) and cobalt chloride (CoCl2 ) are prepared in the ethanol of 0.01M concentration. 20 ml of ligand is diluted to 200 ml with the same solvent. The ligand is titrated conductometrically against metal salt solution taken in burette using fraction of 1ml. Conductance was recorded after each addition with proper stirring. Results were plotted in the form of graph between corrected conductance and volume of metal salt added. From the equivalence point in the graph, ratio between ligand and metal are noted to be 2:1 (L2 M). (b). Formation of these complexes in 2:1 (L2 : M) ratio are also confirmed by Job’s method [16] of continuous variation as modified by Turner and Anderson [17] Fig. 2(a)-(b) and Fig. 3(a)-(b) (Table 1 to Table 4) using conductance as index property, from these values the stability constant (log k) and free energy change (F), were also calculated by using formula [18-21]; . 2.2 Material and Method All chemicals are used of analytical grade (A. R.). They include pure pioglitazone hydrochloride with molecular formula (C 19 H20N 2O3 S.HCl), received from Morepen Laboratories, Distt. Solan (H. P.) India. The metal salt of FeSO 4 and CoCl2 obtained from Hi media Laboratory, Mumbai, India. Ethanol and DMF were used as a solvent. 2.3 Synthesis of Complexes A weighed quantity of “Pioglitazone” (2 mole) is dissolved separately in minimum quantity of DMF. The iron and cobalt solution are prepared by dissolving separately in the ethanol. Ligand solution is added slowly with stirring into the solution of metallic salt at room temperature; maintain the pH between 6.0 to 6.5 by adding dilute NaOH solution. On refluxing the mixture for 3-4 h and on cooling, the precipitates of metal complexes are obtained, which are filtered off, washed well with DMF and ethanol finally dried in vacuum and weighed. 2.4 Instrumentation Molar conductances of complexes are measured by using Systronics Digital Conductivity meter. Melting point was determined by Perkin Elmer Model melting point apparatus and is uncorrected. The elemental analysis of the isolated complexes is carried out by using Coleman Analyzer Model at the Departmental Micro Analytical Laboratory, CDRI, Lucknow, India. IR spectra of ligand and complexes are recorded with Perkin Elmer Model 577 Spectrophotometer in the range of 4000-450 cm-1 as KBr pellets CDRI, Lucknow, India. The electronic spectra of the ligand and complexes are recorded with Perkin Elmer UV Winlab in the range of 200-800 nm Punjab University, Chandigarh, India. The magnetic susceptibility measurement is carried out on a vibration sample magnetometer (VSM) at the Indian Institute of Technology, Roorkee (India). 1 H NMR spectra of the ligand and isolated complexes are recorded on a Bruker DRX-300 Spectrophotometer and DMSO- d6 is used as solvent CDRI, Lucknow, India. The ESI-MS Mass Spectra for pioglitazone- iron and cobalt complexes are performed on Waters UPLC-TQD Mass Spectrometer. The given samples are subjected as such in front of DART source. Dry Helium was used with 4LPM flow rate for ionization at 350 o C. The orifice1set at 28 V and spectra are collected and print outs as averaged spectra of 6-8 scan at CDRI, Lucknow, India which provides information about the complexes by examining the fragmentation pattern and total mass of the complexes. X–ray diffraction studies are carried out by X–ray Diffractometer model with 45kV rotating anode and Cukα (1W=1.54060A°) radiation at Punjab University, Chandigarh, India. The samples are scanned in the range 10.000 to 79. 9784 (2θ) powder data were indexes using computer software (FPSUIT V2.0). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) are carried out in dynamic nitrogen atmosphere (20 ml.min-1 ) with a heating rate of 10°Cmin-1 using shimatzu TGA-50H Thermal Analyzer at IIT Bombay, India. 3. Results and discussion The formation of metal complexes with organic compounds has long been recognized. The synthesized complexes are coloured and stable, being soluble in DMSO and insoluble in water, ethanol etc. Analytical data and conductometric studies suggest 2:1 (L2 : M) ratio. Structures for the complexes are shown in Fig. 4 (a, b). 3.1 Composition of metal complexes The isolated solid complexes of Fe and Co metal ions with the PLZ ligand is subjected to elemental analyses (C, H, N, S and metal content) and molar conductance. The results of physical and analytical data are given in Table 5 3.2 Infra-red Spectral Studies The IR spectra of ligand and isolated complexes are recorded within the range 4000-400 cm-1 . In order to determine the coordination sites that may be involved in chelation, we compared the IR spectra of the PLZ with their complexes as shown in Fig. 5(a, b, c). The tautomeric equilibrium depends on the degree of conjugation, nature and position o f the substituent, polarity of the solvent etc. This phenomenon has drawn considerable attention by several investigators and characteristic spectral bands have been assigned to the individual tautomers. The stretching vibration band in ligand at 3341 cm-1 can be ascribed to N-H group but in the complexes this group is found at 3321 cm-1 and 3311 cm-1 respectively. The C=N stretching frequency of the ligand (PLZ) appears at 1675cm-1 while in iron and cobalt complexes this frequency is shifted at 1634 cm-1 and 1640 cm-1 . The shift of C=N group by changing frequency in these complexes indicate that they are involved in the complexation. The IR band at 3691 cm-1 and 3634 cm-1 ν(H2 O) of coordinated water is an indication of binding of the water molecules to the metal ions. New bands are found in the spectra of complexes in the region 507 cm-1 and 510 cm-1 which are assigned to M-O stretching vibrations. The proposed structure for the isolated complexes is also supported by IR absorptions [22-25]. 3.3 Electronic spectral and magnetic moment studies Three bands in the regions of 11315 ± 20, 21420 ± 20 and 27710 ± 20 cm-1 are observed in the electronic spectra of Fe(II) complex. These bands have been assigned to 6 A1 g→ 4 T1 g, 6 A1 g→ 4 T2 g and 6 A1 g→ 4 Eg transitions respectively and suggested an octahedral geometry for the complex [26]. The magnetic moment of Fe(II) complex is 5.92 B.M. which agree well with the octahedral geometry of the iron complex [27]. In Co(II) complex two bands are observed at 11245 and 26490 cm-1 which are attributed to transitions 4 T1 g→ 4 A2 g and 4 T2 g→ 4 T1 g respectively while another band at 29115 cm-1 region is seen which could be attributed to charge transfer transition. These bands are consistent with the octahedral geometry of the complex [28]. The magnetic moment of Co(II) complex is 4.72 B.M. agree with the octahedral geometry of the cobalt complex [29]. 3.4 1 H NMR Studies This technique gives information about the number and types of atoms in molecule and also gave useful information regarding the environment of protons present in the complex. Fig. 6(a, b, c) shows the NMR spectra for PLZ and its complexes. Assignment of “Pioglitazone”-iron complex, molecular formula [(C 19 H19N 2O3 S)+2 Fe(OH2 )2 ]SO 42- (M. Wt.= 973.64), δ8.70 (s,1H,2-pyridine), δ8.39-8.40 (d,1H, 2-pyridine), δ7.947.96(d,1H, 2-pyridine), δ7.12-7.16(d,2H, 2-CH2 -Benzene), δ6.87-6.88(d, 2H, 2-CH2 -Benzene) δ4.84-4.87(m,1H methine-CH), δ4.34-4.41(t, 2H methylene-CH2 ), δ3.46-3.93(t, 2H methyleneCH2 ), δ3.01-3.39(d, 2H methylene-CH2 ), δ2.50-2.80(s, Residual solvent DMSO-d6 ), δ1.25(t,3H methyl-CH3 ) respectively. Assignment of “Pioglitazone”- cobalt complex, molecular formula [(C 19 H19N 2O3 S)+2 Co(OH2 )2 ]2Cl- (M.Wt.= 951.73), δ8.71 (s,1H, 2-pyridine), δ8.37-8.41 (d,1H, 2-pyridine), δ7.957.97(d1H, 2-pyridine), δ7.10-7.15(d,2H, 2-CH2-Benzene), δ6.85-6.86(d, 2H, 2-CH2-Benzene) δ4.84-4.87(m,1H methine-CH), δ4.36-4.41(t, 2H methylene-CH2 ), δ3.42-3.91(t, 2H methyleneCH2 ), δ3.00-3.37(d, 2H methylene-CH2 ), δ2.48-2.78(s, Residual solvent DMSO-d6 ), δ1.231.25(t,3H methyl-CH3 ) respectively. The structure for the complexes is also supported by various authors [30-33]. 3.5 Mass Spectral studies Mass spectra represent the intensities of signals at various m/z values. It is highly characteristic of the compound that no two compounds can have similar mass spectra. It provides information regarding the molecular structure of organic and inorganic co mpounds. Mass spectrum of PLZ and its Fe and Co complexes are presented in Fig.7(a, b, c). Assignment of iron complex, molecular formula i.e. [(C 19 H19N2O3 S)+2 Fe(OH2 )2 ]SO42--, (Mol.Wt.= 973.64), m/z 977.24 due to [(C 19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2 Fe(OH2 )2 ]SO 42- or (ML2 ∙)+. Molecular ion peak (m+.); m/z 355.05 due to [C19 H20 N2 O3 S)]+ . base peak ion 100% relative abundance, m/z 224.01 due to [C 10 H9 NO3S]+. m/z 137.51 due to [C9 H12 N]+., m/z 120.14 due to [C 8 H10 N]+. radical ion respectively. Assignment of cobalt complex, molecular formula i.e. [(C 19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2 Co(OH2 )2 ]2Cl-, M. Wt.= 951.73), m/z 950.35 due to [(C 19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2 Co(OH2 )2 ]2Cl- or (ML2 ∙)+. Molecular ion peak (m+.); m/z 357.15 due to [C 19 H20 N2 O3 S)]+ . base peak ion 100% relative abundance, m/z 221.64 due to [C 10 H7 NO3S]+. m/z 133.52 due to [C 9 H12 N]+., m/z 121.18 due to [C 8 H10 N]+. radical ion respectively. 3.6 X-Ray diffraction studies The crystallographic data (scattering angles, d-spacing, and relative intensities) for PLZ with Fe and Co are listed in Table 6 and Table 7 by using computer software (FPSUIT 2.0V). The X-ray diffraction pattern for Fe and Co complexes is shown in Fig. 8(a, b). It can be seen from the figures that the main characteristic scattering peaks for PLZ-Fe are at 11°, 19° and 34° while for PLZ- Co these peaks are found to be at 0.5°, 19° and 22° positions. From the crystallographic data, unit cell parameters are obtained for Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes which attributed to monoclinic crystal system. The particle size of pioglitazone- iron and cobalt complexes are 20.61 and 16.84 microns respectively, which is calculated from X-ray line broadening using the Scherrer formula; t cos where t is the thickness of the sample, κ is a coefficient and is equal to 0.89 here, β is the half- maximum line width, and λ is the wavelength of X-rays. The porosity is 0.374% and 0.022% calculated by formula; and volume of the unit cell is 14074.31 and 14180.15 A° which is calculated by Volume (Å) = abc where a, b and c are lattice parameters. Density = is found 0.0623 g/cm3 and 0.0432 g/cm3 respectively. Space group for Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes are Pmmm and α = 90°, β = 90°, γ = 89.91°. 3.7 Thermal analyses (TGA) studies Thermal analyses technique (TGA) is useful in both quantitative and qualitative analyses. Samples can be identified and characterized by investigating their thermal behavior. TGA measures weight changes. TGA curve study for the Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes is carried out within the temperature range of 50-600°C Fig. 9(a, b). The dehydration step in Fe(II) complex is found in the temperature range 150-170°C (Calcd Wt. loss: 3.69%, found, 3.72%) is accompanied by the loss of water molecule. In case of Co(II) complex the dehydration takes place in the temperature range 150-200°C(Calcd Wt. loss: 3.78%, found, 3.74) is also due to loss of water molecule. The percent mass loss within the temperature range 200-510°C is 18.71 and 30.13 might be due to organic moiety in both the complexes. The organic part together with the anions (Cl and SO 4 ) in the moiety of complexes may decompose in more than two steps with the possibility of the formation of more than one intermediate which get decomposed to stable metal oxides or chlorides over the temperature 500°C. 3.8 Kinetics studies The Freeman-Carroll [34] and Sharp-Wentworth [35] methods have been employed for the calculation of kinetic parameters of the newly synthesized complexes with help of dynamic TG curve. Freeman-Carroll method In this method, activation energy and order of degradation are related to following equation as; = Where, (1) = rate of change of weight with time and Wr = Wc-W, Wc = Wt. loss at completion of reaction, W = Total wt. loss up to time‘t’, Ea = Energy of activation, n = Order of reaction. The plot of the term Vs is a straight line with a slope of (- Ea/2.303R) Fig. 10(a, b). Energy of activation (Ea) is determined from the slope and order of reaction (n) obtained with the help of intercept. Sharp-Wentworth method In this method Ea can be evaluated by the following expression; = Where, Rate (2) = Rate of change of fraction of weight with change in temperature, β = Linear heating . Fig.11(a, b) show a plot of the left-hand side of Eq. (2) against 1/T gives a slope from which Ea was calculated. The entropy of activation (ΔS), enthalpy of activation (ΔH) and the free energy change of activation (ΔG) were calculated using the following equations; ΔS= ΔH= Ea - RT ΔG= ΔH - TΔS The calculated values of kinetic parameters such as energy of activation (Ea), enthalpy (ΔH), entropy (ΔS) and free energy change (ΔG) are given in Table 8. According to the kinetic data, Fe(II) and Co(II) complexes have negative values of entropy, which indicate that complexes have more ordered systems [36]. The values of ΔG is found to be positive for these complexes which reveals that the free energy of the final residue is higher than that of the initial compound, and all the decomposition steps are non-spontaneous processes. The positive value of ΔH means that the decomposition processes are endothermic. 3.9 Hypoglycemic Study We have tested the biological activity of PLZ drug and its Fe(II) complex by analyzing the hypoglycemic activity on wistar albino rats by using Alloxan Induced Model. The anti-diabetic activity is carried out on wistar albino rats of 4 months, of both sexes, weighing between 130 to 180 gm. They are provided from Sapience Bio-analytical Research Lab, Bhopal, (M. P.) India. The animals are acclimatized to the standard laboratory conditions in cross ventilated animal house at temperature 25±2°C relative humidity 44 –56% and light and dark cycles of 12:12 hours, fed with standard pallet diet and water ad libitum during experiment. The experiment is approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee and as per CPCSEA guidelines (approval no. 1413/PO/a/11/CPCSEA). The diabetes is induced by a single intraperitoenal injection of a freshly prepared solution of Alloxan monohydrate (120 mg/kg b.w.) [37, 38]. Blood samples are collected after 5 days. Rats with moderate diabetes having hyperglycemia (with blood glucose above 300 mg/dl) are taken for the experiment. Experimental Design In the experiment, a total of 18 rats are used. The rats are divided into 3 groups, comprising of 6 animals in each group as follows; Group A: Rats served as diabetic control. Group B: Rats received Pioglitazone (PLZ) (10mg/kg, p.o.). Group C: Rats received Pioglitazone- iron (PLZ- Fe) complex (10mg/kg, p.o.). Blood samples are collected through tail vein and blood glucose levels were estimated using an electronic glucometer (Gluco chek) and results are given in Table 9. An inspection of Table 5 shows that PLZ drug caused a marked decrease in blood sugar level to the extent while thier Fe(II) complex reduces the blood sugar level than the parent drug pioglitazone. These facts clearly indicate a better hypoglycemic activity of complex as compared to its parent drug which is in agreement with the earlier findings of Iqbal and Co-workers [39, 40]. Conclusion In the present paper, we have synthesized the complexes of pioglitazone drug with Fe(II) and Co(II) metals. The structure of the complexes is confirmed by the spectroscopic techniques, XRD and thermal analysis. Analytical data agrees with the molecular formulae of the complexes. Molar conductance value supports the ionic nature of the complexes. IR and Mass spectra reveal the presence of co-ordinated water molecules and symmetry of the complexes appears to be octahedral. The tentative structures assigned to the complexes on the basis of analytical data were further supported by modern spectroscopic methods like IR, 1 H NMR and Mass spectral studies. In mass spectra of iron and cobalt complexes the base peak of the ligand appear on m/z 355.05 and 357.15 while short peak for Fe and Co complexes appear on m/z 974.24 and m/z 950.35 which is quite supportive. A detailed study of X-ray also supports the complex formation and various parameters such as particle size, porosity, volume of unit cell and density of synthesized complexes are evaluated. Kinetic parameters (Ea , ΔH, ΔS and ΔG) are also evaluated by applying the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp –Wentworth methods. We have also carried out hypoglycemic activity of drug with its Fe(II) complex on wistar albino rats and found that complex reduced the blood sugar level more than the parent drug. Acknowledge ment The authors are thankful to the UGC New Delhi for financial assistance. 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Sarita, “Glucose lowering effect of aqueous extract of Enicostemma Littorale Blume in diabetes: a possible mechanism of action,” Journal of Ethnopharmacol, vol. 81, pp. 317-20, 2002. 39. M. Tawkir, “Synthesis, characterization and hypoglycemic activity of Cr (III) complex of sulphonylureas, as oral antidiabetics,” Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, vol. 6, pp. 51-62, 2013. 40. S. Jose, I. Zaafarany, “Synthesis, physico-chemical, spectral and hypoglycemic activity of samarium complex of glimiperide, an oral antidiabetic drug,” Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal, vol. 6, pp. 89-98, 2013. Figure captions: Fig. 1 Structure of Pioglitazone hydrochloride ((±) ‐5‐{p‐[2‐(5‐ethyl‐2‐pyridyl)ethoxy] benzyl}‐2, 4 ‐thiazolidinedione hydrochloride). Fig. 2(a)-(b): Job’s curve and modified Job’s curve for PLZ – Fe complex. Fig. 3(a)-(b): Job’s curve and modified Job’s curve for PLZ – Co complex. Fig. 4(a)-(b): Structures of PLZ-Fe and PLZ-Co complexes. Fig. 5(a)-(c): IR spectra of pioglitazone and its Fe and Co Complexes. Fig. 6(a)-(c): NMR spectra of pioglitazone and its Fe and Co Complexes. Fig. 7(a)-(c): Mass spectrum of pioglitazone and its Fe and Co Complexes. Fig. 8(a)-(b): X-ray diffractogram of PLZ-Fe and PLZ-Co complexes. Fig. 9(a)-(b): TGA curve of PLZ-Fe and PLZ-Co complexes. Fig. 10(a)-(b): FC kinetic plot of PLZ-Fe and PLZ-Co complexes. Fig. 11(a)-(b): SW kinetic plot of PLZ-Fe and PLZ-Co complexes. Fig. 1 Fig. 2(a, b) Fig. 3(a, b) Fig. 4(a, b) Fig. 5(a, b, c) Fig. 6(a, b, c) Fig. 7(a, b, c) Fig. 8(a, b) Fig. 9(a, b) (b) 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 -0.0016 -0.0014 -0.0012 -0.0010 -0.0008 -0.0006 -0.0004 -0.0002 1/T LogWr Fig. 10(a, b) Log(dw/dt) LogWr -2.8 (a) -3.0 -3.2 -3.4 log(dc/dt) 1-c -3.6 -3.8 -4.0 -4.2 -4.4 -4.6 -4.8 -5.0 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 1000 T (b) -2.6 -2.8 -3.0 log(dc/dt) 1-c -3.2 -3.4 -3.6 -3.8 -4.0 -4.2 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2.0 2.2 2.4 1000 T Fig. 11(a, b) 2.6 2.8 3.0 3.2 3.4 Table 1 Job’s method of continuous variation. PIOGLITAZONE WITH FERROUS SULPHATE (Job’s Method) Pioglitazone - 0.005M FeSO 4.7H2 O - 0.005M Solvent: 90 % Ethanol Temperature - 27ºC -3 Metal:Ligand Conductance ×10 Mhos Δ Conductance Corrected Δ Ratio ×10-3 Mhos Conductance S:L M:S M:L (C + C C ) ×10-3 Mhos C1 C2 C3 1 2 3 0:12 0.130 0.021 0.131 0.02 0 1:11 0.121 0.211 0.300 0.031 0.012 2:10 0.111 0.436 0491 0.055 0.035 3:9 0.102 0.654 0.685 0.071 0.049 4:8 0.092 0.888 0.899 0.081 0.058 5:7 0.078 1.075 1.083 0.070 0.047 6:6 0.063 1.270 1.269 0.064 0.04 7:5 0.054 1.425 1.422 0.057 0.031 8:4 0.045 1.602 1.596 0.051 0.026 9:3 0.036 1.863 1.854 0.045 0.02 10:2 0.024 1.983 1.969 0.038 0.014 11:1 0.017 2.014 1.998 0.033 0.007 12:0 0.006 2.021 2.000 0.027 0 Table 2 Job’s method of continuous variation modified by Turner and Anderson. PIOGLITAZONE WITH FERROUS SULPHATE (Modified Job’s Method) Pioglitazone - 0.002M FeSO 4.7H2 O - 0.002M Solvent: 90 % Ethanol Temperature - 27ºC Metal:Ligand Conductance ×10-3 Mhos Δ Conductance Corrected Δ Ratio ×10-3 Mhos Conductance S:L M:S M:L C1 C2 C3 (C1 + C2 - C3 ) ×10-3 Mhos 0:12 0.118 0.011 0.120 0.009 0 1:11 0.107 0.069 0.156 0.02 0.009 2:10 0.096 0.135 0.193 0.038 0.026 3:9 0.089 0.189 0.227 0.051 0.04 4:8 0.073 0.263 0.276 0.060 0.046 5:7 0.068 0.301 0.319 0.050 0.039 6:6 0.062 0.510 0.527 0.045 0.032 7:5 0.055 0.571 0.586 0.04 0.027 8:4 0.048 0.669 0.683 0.034 0.02 9:3 0.037 0.716 0.725 0.028 0.015 10:2 0.029 0.775 0.781 0.023 0.01 11:1 0.017 0.855 0.854 0.018 0.004 12:0 0.004 0.919 0.909 0.014 0 Table 3 Job’s method of continuous variation. PIOGLITAZONE WITH COBALT CHLORIDE (Job’s Method) Pioglitazone - 0.005M CoCl2 .6H2 O - 0.005M Solvent: 90 % Ethanol Temperature – 27°C Metal:Ligand Conductance ×10-3 Mhos Δ Conductance Corrected Δ -3 Ratio S:L M:S M:L ×10 Mhos Conductance (C1 + C2 - C3 ) ×10-3 Mhos C1 C2 C3 0:12 0.131 0.007 0.130 0.008 0 1:11 0.121 0.049 0.152 0.018 0.01 2:10 0.112 0.074 0.158 0.028 0.02 3:9 0.100 0.100 0.164 0.046 0.037 4:8 0.093 0.138 0.176 0.055 0.045 5:7 0.085 0.147 0.182 0.05 0.041 6:6 0.077 0.156 0.191 0.042 0.032 7:5 0.063 0.175 0.202 0.036 0.027 8:4 0.055 0.187 0.212 0.03 0.02 9:3 0.043 0.204 0.223 0.024 0.016 10:2 0.032 0.219 0.231 0.02 0.011 11:1 0.021 0.236 0.240 0.017 0.007 12:0 0.011 0.248 0.248 0.011 0 Table 4 Job’s method of continuous variation modified by Turner and Anderson. PIOGLITAZONE WITH COBALT CHLORIDE (Modified Job’s Method) Pioglitazone - 0.002M CoCl2.6H2 O - 0.002M Solvent: 90 % Ethanol Temperature - 27ºC Metal:Ligand Conductance ×10-3 Mhos Δ Conductance Corrected Δ -3 Ratio S:L M:S M:L ×10 Mhos Conductance (C + C C ) ×10-3 Mhos C1 C2 C3 1 2 3 0:12 0.115 0.004 0.114 0.005 0 1:11 0.099 0.041 0.131 0.009 0.004 2:10 0.091 0.069 0.140 0.02 0.015 3:9 0.084 0.096 0.150 0.03 0.025 4:8 0.075 0.125 0.158 0.042 0.037 5:7 0.066 0.134 0.164 0.036 0.031 6:6 0.059 0.143 0.172 0.03 0.025 7:5 0.048 0.159 0.180 0.027 0.022 8:4 0.040 0.172 0.190 0.022 0.017 9:3 0.032 0.187 0.201 0.018 0.013 10:2 0.025 0.197 0.209 0.013 0.008 11:1 0.015 0.210 0.216 0.009 0.004 12:0 0.007 0.222 0.224 0.005 0 Table 5 Physical and analytical data of PLZ (C19 H20N2O3 S HCl) and its FeSO 4 and CoCl2 complexes. Ligand / Co mplex Color (Yield %) Elemental analysis calculated (found) C H N S Metal H2 O SO4 Am (Ω-1 mol-1 cm2 ) Log K (L/ mole) ΔF (Kcal/ mole) - - - Cl PLZ white 58.03 (58.15) 5.09 (5.20) 7.12 (7.04) 8.14 (8.20) - - - PLZ-Fe Light brown (51) 46.83 (46.72) 3.90 (4.03) 5.75 (5.62) 6.57 (6.46) 5.73 (5.65) 3.69 (3.12) 9.85 9.28 - 41 10.70 -14.74 PLZ-Co Dark green (56) 47.91 (47.76) 3.99 (3.85) 5.88 (5.64) 6.72 (6.58) 6.19 (6.07) 3.78 (3.32) - 7.46 7.30 44 11.13 -16.08 Table 6 X-ray diffraction data in terms of 2θ, lattice spacing and relative intensities for pioglitazone –iron complex. 2θ 11.2888 12.8486 16.8848 17.8786 19.2164 22.4884 23.3370 24.4213 25.7956 27.5189 28.2792 28.7938 29.4040 32.0434 32.2955 34.0172 38.8308 48.9973 49.8849 I/I0 100.00 14.11 10.99 9.75 31.88 19.02 18.32 31.64 21.27 16.06 11.67 18.20 16.69 26.30 26.17 36.31 11.23 9.40 4.91 D obs 7.83836 6.89013 5.25106 4.96138 4.61889 3.95371 3.81182 3.64498 3.45382 3.24133 3.25589 3.10065 3.03768 2.79323 2.77200 2.63554 2.31920 1.85915 1.82662 Dcal 7.80903 6.90135 5.23328 4.95986 4.61936 3.95068 3.80644 3.64294 3.45068 3.23769 3.15422 3.09761 3.03725 2.79049 2.77024 2.63469 2.31691 1.85856 1.82663 h 0 0 1 3 0 1 1 2 0 3 1 6 1 0 2 4 6 10 7 k 3 0 4 3 5 4 6 6 0 4 6 3 0 8 8 7 7 5 2 l 0 4 2 2 1 5 1 1 8 6 5 3 9 3 2 4 4 5 12 Table 7 X-ray diffraction data in terms of 2θ, lattice spacing and relative intensities for pioglitazone –cobalt complex. 2θ 10.5540 I/I0 69.89 D (Obs) 8.38237 D(Cal) 8.46731 h 1 k 0 l 3 16.3437 60.23 5.42369 5.42470 4 0 0 19.0109 99.40 4.66834 4.64949 2 3 4 19.8736 82.38 4.46760 4.46387 3 4 1 20.4293 53.81 4.34731 4.34770 1 4 4 22.0439 100.00 4.03241 4.02100 5 2 1 31.8513 52.99 2.80964 2.80664 7 1 4 39.3397 29.09 2.29037 2.28905 1 4 11 45.6199 37.40 1.98697 1.98754 9 3 7 Table 8 Kinetic parameters using the Freeman-Carroll and Sharp-Wentworth methods for pioglitazone and their complexes. Compound [(C19 H19 N2 O3 S)+2 Fe.2H2O]SO4 2[(C19 H19 N 2O3 S)+2 Co.2H2O]2Cl- Method FC SW FC SW Parameter Ea (kJmole -1 ) 18.23 16.61 21.72 14.14 ΔS (JK-1 mole -1 ) -169.42 -208.55 -204.20 -240.73 ΔH (kJmole -1 ) 2.512 2.510 2.515 2.508 ΔG (kJmole -1 ) 61.43 65.07 63.77 72.24 n 0.8 1 0.9 3 Table 9 Hypoglycemic effect of pioglitazone and its Fe complex on alloxan induced diabetic rats. Group Blood Glucose (ml/dl) 0 hrs 1hrs 2 hrs 3 hrs 4 hrs (A) /control 484 ±31.3 562 ±20.0 475 ±38.0 (-2%) 447 ±36.9 (-8%) 436 ±18.73 (-9%) (B) PLZ 533 ±22.3 554 ±28.3 541 ±36.3 (-9%) 460* 412** ±37.3 ±29.3 (-16%) (-19%) (C) PLZ-Fe 560 ±18.5 548 ±25.4 525 410** 376** ±35.2 ±23.1 ±27.2 (-14%) (-25%) (-22%) 5 hrs 6 hrs 7hrs 8hrs 452 ±20.6 (-6%) 442 ±46.7 (-8%) 431 ±21.24 (-20%) 413 ±18.5 (-1%) 354*** ±28.7 (-15%) 372*** ±24.5 (-11%) 388*** ±32.7 (-7%) 350*** 341*** ±18.8 ±24.8 (-26%) (-31%) 335** ±32.2 (-29%) 365** ±44.6 (-33%) 385** ±21.3 (-17%) values are ± SE of 6 rats. % lowering from zero hour value is indicated within bracket. *P ˂ 0.05, **P ˂ 0.01, ***P ˂ 0.001
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