1. No category

The
St Andrews
Historian
A magazine for History graduates of the University of St Andrews
Issue 2 – 2014
The St Andrews Historian | 1
A Letter from the Head of the
School of History, Professor John Hudson
This second issue of the School of History magazine for alumni comes after the completion of the
University’s 600th Anniversary celebrations. We were delighted that two of those honoured at a special
600th Anniversary Academic Celebration were historians, Diarmaid MacCulloch and Natalie Zemon Davis.
Profiles of both appear on the page opposite, profiles which show why they were such obvious candidates
for honorary degrees: the quality of their scholarship, the wide accessibility of their work, and their
engagement with issues of contemporary interest. Both have been and will continue to be great friends of
History at St Andrews.
Both also have come to the attention of a wider public
through media other than books. Natalie Davis was the
consultant for one of the finest of historical films, The Return
of Martin Guerre, whilst Diarmaid MacCulloch has made
television series of astonishing breadth: ‘How God made
the English’ and ‘A History of Christianity.’ The contribution
made by St Andrews staff to television history has also been
extensive. You may, for example, have caught Bridget Heal’s
appearance on a documentary in which John Eliot Gardiner
looks at Bach’s choral music. Meanwhile Rob Bartlett’s
latest series, on the Plantagenets, will no doubt have been
watched by many of you.
Often television history programming is linked to
significant centenaries, as is clear from 2014’s focus on
the First World War. So far coverage arising from the
700th anniversary of the Battle of Bannockburn has been
surprisingly muted, despite or because of the run-up to
the vote on Scottish independence. It will be particularly
interesting to see how the 800th anniversary of Magna
Carta is covered. Celebrating and analysing a document,
especially one of limited visual impact, raises different
issues for the programme maker compared with those
raised by wars, discoveries, or personality-driven politics.
It remains the responsibility of academic historians to
make sure that all these celebrations are subject to proper
scrutiny – but scrutiny need not mean disparagement.
Within the School over the last year a major new
development has been the founding of the Institute of
Intellectual History, under the leadership of Professor
Richard Whatmore, who joined us in 2013. This Institute
gathers the remarkably large number of academics in
St Andrews who are interested in the history of ideas,
academics not just within the School of History but also in
Art History, Divinity, English, International Relations, and
Philosophy. The Institute’s inaugural lecture was given by
John Robertson, Professor of the History of Political Thought
at Cambridge, and – like some other events – is available as
a podcast: www.intellectualhistory.net/lecture-podcasts/.
The Institute is already host to the archives of several highly
distinguished intellectual historians; for further information
on these and other aspects of the Institute’s work, see
www.intellectualhistory.net/.
2 | The St Andrews Historian
Individuals too have enjoyed considerable success.
Professor Ali Ansari has become President of the British
Institute of Persian Studies. Dr Kate Ferris has won an AHRC
Early Career Fellowship, to support her work on the place
of alcohol in life in Fascist Italy. And Professor Rob Bartlett’s
latest book, Why can the Dead do such Great Things? Saints
and Worshippers from the Martyrs to the Reformation, won
the Prize for World/European History in the American
Publishers Awards for Professional and Scholarly Excellence.
We look forward to bringing you more news from your
university in the years to come.
Editors’ note {GR & KS}. Modesty forbids Professor
Hudson from also mentioning his own significant
achievement: election as a Fellow of the Royal Society
of Edinburgh, among whose ranks there are several
other distinguished St Andrews historians.
Honorary Graduates of the University
– Distinguished Historians of our Age
In the early autumn of 2013, as part of the University’s 600th Anniversary celebrations, the School of History
was proud to promote the granting of the honorary degree of DLitt (honoris causa) to two distinguished
historians, whose profiles we offer below.
Natalie Zemon Davis
Natalie Zemon Davis is one of the
world’s most distinguished and bestknown historians. She is famed for the
depth of her archival research and her
at once disciplined and vividly imagined
reconstruction of the past. She received
her doctorate from the University of
Michigan in 1959 for her thesis on
‘Protestantism and the printing workers of
Lyon: a study in religion and social class’.
She then taught at Brown University,
University of York in Toronto, and the
University of Toronto, before spending
much of the 1970s at the University of
California at Berkeley. In 1978 she moved
to Princeton, where she was Henry Charles
Lea Professor of History until 1996. She
now retains connections with both
Princeton and Toronto, residing in the
latter city.
Professor Davis’s influence upon
scholars of early modern France and
upon early modern cultural history has
been immense. Her first book, published
in 1975, was a highly influential set of
Diarmaid MacCulloch
Diarmaid MacCulloch, Professor of the
History of the Church at Oxford University,
is one of the United Kingdom’s leading
public historians. He is the author of
three formidably successful books that
collectively have won some of the greatest
prizes available to historians, while he has
published a host of other books, essays
and articles. His history of Christianity also
became a lavish BBC series in 2009.
The MacCulloch family has a deep
and long-standing connection with
St Andrews, and in 1909 the university
awarded an honorary degree to the
Rev. Canon John Arnott MacCulloch,
our honorand’s grandfather, for his
distinguished work on Scottish and
European folklore. Professor MacCulloch
himself was educated at Churchill College,
Cambridge, where he graduated from the
demanding school of Professor Geoffrey
Elton. After twelve years teaching at
Wesley College, Bristol, a Methodist
institution, in 1990 he left to become a
freelancer. Five years later he took up a
Fellowship at St Cross College, Oxford,
where he has held the chair in the History
of the Church since 1997. The immediate
fruits of the years between Wesley
College and Oxford were his monumental
inter-related essays on Society and Culture
in Early Modern France. Wider fame came
with her acting as historical consultant
for the film ‘The Return of Martin Guerre’
and from the book that she published on
the same subject in 1983, while she has
maintained an interest in the interplay
between autobiography, story-telling and
history in subsequent books. For many
years she was working on a major study of
the practice of gift-giving in early modern
France, which appeared to acclaim in
2000. Like much of her other work, this
displayed the interdisciplinary nature of
her approach, seen most obviously in this
case in the influence of the anthropologist
Marcel Mauss upon her work. Professor
Davis was also developing her ideas on
the relationship between historical writing
and historical film, and in 2000 published
Slaves on Screen: Film and Historical Vision.
Her interest in relations between religions
and between cultures is manifest in
her most recent book, Trickster Travels:
a Sixteenth-Century Muslim between
Worlds. In recognition of her distinction,
biography of Thomas Cranmer, the
principal architect of the English Protestant
church and the author of the superb
liturgy that has somehow withstood
numerous attempts at modernisation. In
2003 Professor MacCulloch also published
his wonderful study of the European
Reformation – Reformation: Europe’s House
Divided 1490-1700 – a book of breathtaking range, balance and poise. But this,
as it turned out, was only the preliminary
to a still more ambitious work, A History
of Christianity, subtitled ‘the First Three
Thousand Years’! Here the years at Wesley
brought their ultimate reward, for he was
able to expound a learning that ranged
Professor Davis was chosen as President
of the American Historical Association in
1987, and in 2010 she won the Holberg
International Memorial Prize. But the
range of honours bestowed upon her
goes beyond those of the immediate
academic profession: in 2012 she became
a Companion of the Order of Canada, and
last year she was presented with the 2012
National Humanities Medal by President
Obama.
across the whole of Christian history,
including, as the title suggests, the Hebrew
Bible in the millennium before Christ. For
his contributions he has justly gained great
academic recognition, including most
notably election as a Fellow of the British
Academy in 2001 and a knighthood for
services to scholarship in 2012.
Professor MacCulloch’s latest book,
Silence: a Christian History, addresses
a subject close to his heart. Through
the centuries Christians have often
kept silent: as an act of devotion or
conscious aestheticism, but also through
fear, prudence or ambition. Professor
MacCulloch traces the history of these
silences, those who imposed and enforced
them, and those who suffered in silence:
often a silence tortured by guilt and
self-recrimination. It is a passionate book,
but also a book of hope, as changing
social mores permit the previously silent
to find their voice. In an age where
institutional churches are beginning,
albeit with great reluctance, to embrace
the reality of the twenty-first century,
Professor MacCulloch makes clear that the
oppression and intolerance that have so
often characterised Christianity, a religion
of charity and forgiveness, will not be
forgotten.
The St Andrews Historian | 3
Publishing the Philosophical
Transactions: an AHRC-funded
Research Project in Partnership
with the Royal Society
Aileen Fyfe, Noah Moxham and Julie McDougall-Waters
In March 1665, the secretary of the Royal Society of London,
Henry Oldenburg, issued the first number of what has
become the world’s oldest-running scientific journal: the
Philosophical Transactions: giving some accompt of the present
undertakings, studies and labours of the ingenious in many
considerable parts of the world (commonly known as Phil
Trans). Its pages were stuffed with extracts from his extensive
correspondence with scholars across Europe, accounts of
books that had come his way, and reports of experiments
carried out in the Royal Society and elsewhere. Fast-forward
to 2014, and Phil Trans is approaching its 350th anniversary.
It is one of the most prestigious scientific journals around,
publishing high-quality original research in themed special
issues.
The two full-time researchers on the project, Noah Moxham
and Julie McDougall-Waters, are systematically assessing the
Royal Society’s archival holdings on the Phil Trans (the photo
shows Julie hard at work!). These include the correspondence
of the early secretary-editors; the minute books of the
eighteenth-century editorial committee; the reports of
referees from the nineteenth-century onwards; and the
financial ledgers. We are putting together a story that reveals
the challenges and opportunities of scholarly publishing over
the past 350 years.
Dr Julie McDougall-Waters at work in the Royal Society’s library
Title page of the first issue of the Philosophical Transactions (1665)
Historians of science recognise the importance of Phil Trans in
turning privately-conducted experiments and observations
into publicly-acknowledged facts, and for communicating
knowledge among the scholarly community throughout
Europe. Sociologists of science and scholars working on
science communication have treated Phil Trans as a corpus of
texts for investigating the evolution of the modern scientific
article, with its very particular literary and rhetorical format.
But nobody has yet studied the behind-the-scenes story of its
editorial and commercial practices. That is what our project
is doing, thanks to an AHRC award of £790,000 to Dr Aileen
Fyfe, the project leader.
4 | The St Andrews Historian
One of the intriguing issues is that Phil Trans seems to have
been widely read and highly respected, and yet was distinctly
unprofitable until the mid-twentieth century. Despite
Oldenburg’s initial success in making about £40 a year
from his venture into publishing, for most of its history Phil
Trans was routinely draining the Royal Society’s coffers. The
commitment to high-quality illustrations was a major factor.
In the mid-nineteenth century, the celebrated comparative
anatomist, Richard Owen, published a series of lavishly
illustrated papers: two of those papers ran up printing costs
high for their day, of £500! The scale of the problem can
be seen in the 1868 figures, when the printing, engraving,
binding and distribution costs of Phil Trans and its sister
journal, Proceedings of the Royal Society (f.1832), came to
£1,650, yet the journals generated just £371 in sales income.
The shortfall was met, as ever, from the Society’s general
income (mostly from fellows’ membership fees). The contrast
with today, when journals are usually considered incomegenerators for their sponsoring societies, is astonishing.
Although the Committee
of Papers was increasingly
aware of the need for
reform, it was not until the
early twentieth century
that any significant change
was agreed upon. In 1907,
the biologist and council
member, E Ray Lankester,
proposed that the cost of
each paper submitted should
be estimated and considered
by the Committee of Papers
alongside referees’ reports
on content. Thus we know
that when the Committee
considered J H Ashworth’s
paper on the nervous
system of worms, in 1908,
the members were told
that the expected cost was
£96, of which £41 was for
illustrations. They accepted
the paper, but placed limits
One of Richard Owen’s many (expensive)
on the illustration costs
illustrations: the skull of an extinct South
that would be covered
American mammal, published in 1853
by the Society. Despite
such measures, Phil Trans
continued to cost more than it earned well
into the twentieth century, suggesting that
the desire to produce authoritative and
well-illustrated science was more important
than profit.
of research. And it was sometimes necessary
to be careful whom you lent a paper to… In
March 1783 Joseph Banks received a paper
of observations of the effects of a series of
earthquakes in Calabria from the English
resident ambassador at the court of Naples,
Sir William Hamilton. It was read to the Royal
Society shortly afterwards and scheduled for
publication in Phil Trans that summer. But
then three things happened: Banks went off
to spend the summer in Lincolnshire, as was
his habit; the Foreign Secretary, the great
Whig politician Charles James Fox, asked
for a copy of the paper to read at his leisure;
and the Secretary of the Society, Joseph
Planta, failed to send the paper off to the
printer immediately. Fox, who was also
Leader of the House of Commons at this
time in coalition with Lord North, heedlessly
gave his copy of the paper to a journalist,
and, as Banks remarked irritably in a note
on Fox’s letter, the St James’s Chronicle
printed the whole thing. Fox himself was
generally fairly careless of newspapers – he
actually collected the most vituperative
caricatures and satires against him, and
there were lots of those – but his actions
meant that under the rules the
Society had set for itself the
paper could not now appear
in the Phil Trans. Several other
newspapers subsequently
reprinted Hamilton’s paper,
adding insult to injury. The
incident led to a tightening of
the circulation of papers sent to
the Society prior to publication,
but it also reveals a growing
preoccupation with originality
in science publishing.
As well as the finances, our project has
uncovered fascinating glimpses of the
processes for refereeing papers that are the
precursors of modern scholarly peer review.
Although Phil Trans is believed to have been
the first to institute formal peer review,
there was – unsurprisingly – no clear-cut
moment of transition. The official process
By the time we complete the
for selecting papers for publications was
project in 2017, selecting
in theory regularised after the Society
which of these stories to
officially took over the management of the
include in our book will be
journal in 1752, but the fact that all papers
quite a challenge. Before then,
considered for Phil Trans had first been read
2015 is the anniversary year,
at one of the Society’s meetings meant
and there will be a variety of
Sir Joseph Banks, President of the Royal Society
that those who acted as gate-keepers
academic and public activities
for over 41 years until his death in 1820
to the meetings (e.g. the long-serving
at the Royal Society and on
and autocratic President, Sir Joseph Banks) were in fact
its website, including a conference, a reminiscence event
exercising significant invisible control over the contents of
for fellows of the Royal Society, and an exhibition and
the journal.
illustrated catalogue. We hope St Andrews alumni will be
able to enjoy at least some aspects of this commemorative
The journal’s relationship to manuscript culture has also
period.
proved fascinating. It is well-known that the early Phil
Trans relied heavily upon Oldenburg’s extensive European
correspondence networks. But a hundred years later, despite
URL list:
the emergence of printed scientific journals, it is clear that
https://arts.st-andrews.ac.uk/philosophicaltransactions/
personal communication and the circulation of manuscript
http://royalsociety.org/events/
papers remained important channels for the communication
The St Andrews Historian | 5
Communicating the Past:
the School of History,
the Media and the Digital Age
Katie Stevenson, Senior Lecturer in Late Mediaeval History, has been
one of the Communications Officers in the School over the past two
years, and has been the driving force in moving the School into much
greater use of digital social media.
We are constantly being told by the media that the internet
has revolutionised the way we communicate; even the UK
Ministry of Defence has acknowledged that when a Russian
warship entered Scottish waters in January 2014, the MoD
found out on Twitter. In the new age of Open Access (a
hotly-debated mandate to provide unrestricted – i.e., ‘free’
– access to peer-reviewed scholarly research) historians
have been in the vanguard, making their research accessible
to more diverse audiences than ever before. We are
increasingly moving towards utilizing enormous databases,
complex GIS mapping and big data, to name but a few
of the innovations set to change the course of historical
studies in the coming decades. Yet pencils and paper remain
the mainstay of much historical research, and traditional
methods of disseminating research ideas and findings –
lectures and books – have been supplemented, but certainly
not yet surpassed, by digital media. At present we are all
grappling with new technologies without really being sure
where they might lead.
Similar confusion surrounded the transition from manuscript
to print five hundred years ago. As St Andrews historian
Professor Andrew Pettegree demonstrates in his new book
on The Invention of News, publishers immediately saw that
print would allow them to reach a new audience, but could
not fathom quite how. For example, the newspaper, which
first appeared in the early seventeenth century, was not a
sure-fire success. In fact it took two centuries to establish its
supremacy as the principal vehicle for news, a supremacy
which is now, of course, fast dissolving.
In 2012 the School of History reviewed its communications.
We found that we were hosting dozens of events, working
on fascinating projects and publishing influential research,
but we had no system for communicating this to people
beyond the ‘Ivory Tower’. And so, with some trepidation, we
launched on Twitter, Facebook, Wordpress and YouTube.
The results have been astounding. Our number of Twitter
followers runs well into four figures, and this is now how we
communicate with many alumni, institutions, supporters
and students. Facebook attracts a more local audience,
mostly our undergraduate and postgraduate body. Our
Wordpress blog – where we have the space to elaborate
on events, and explore and discuss matters at length – has
had nearly 40,000 views from all corners of the globe in
just short of two years. As we continue to grow our social
media presence, and to use the sites in more adventurous
ways, we hope that you, our alumni, will want to follow our
progress through your platform of choice. As historians, our
inherent instinct is to look back, but we are excited about
the possibilities of the future and look forward to sharing
these with you.
follow us on Twitter
@StAndrewsHist
like us on Facebook at
www.facebook.com/StAndrewsSchoolOfHistory
follow our blog at
http://standrewsschoolofhistory.wordpress.com/
subscribe to our YouTube channel at
www.youtube.com/user/StAndrewsHistory
follow our researchers at
https://st-andrews.academia.edu/Departments/History
Professor Andrew Pettegree’s The Invention of News: How the World Came to Know About
Itself was published earlier this year by Yale University Press. There are now several
historians of media in the School of History, including Dr Chandrika Kaul who has
published extensively on media and the British Empire. The School runs an occasional
Media History seminar organized by Dr Aileen Fyfe, who is interested in nineteenthcentury science publishing.
6 | The St Andrews Historian
Language and Nationalism between
Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland
and Russia: the Case of Latgale
Catherine Gibson graduated in 2013 with an MA(Hons) in English and Modern
History, and she is now a graduate student at University College, London. Last
summer she spent time on a research trip to the Baltic which she describes here.
The Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth disappeared from the
map in 1795. From its territories, the nation states of what are
now Belarus, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland and Ukraine emerged
during the following two centuries. However, nestled in the
borderlands between these successful nation states were
many historic regions and peoples that are now largely
unknown.
Latgale, in present-day eastern Latvia, is an excellent
example. It forms the Latvian border with Belarus, Lithuania,
Russia and, during the interwar period, Poland. Latgale
retains a distinct regional identity largely due to the
continuing use of Latgalian – officially it is a ‘dialect’ of
Latvian but arguments are made for it being a separate
language. I first became interested in Latgale while taking
Dr Tomasz Kamusella’s module on the break-up of PolandLithuania into nation states in my third year, and went on to
write my fourth-year dissertation on Nazi population policy
in this region during the 1941 occupation.
During the summer of 2013, thanks to a generous
scholarship from the Carnegie Trust for the Universities of
Scotland, I spent six weeks researching the development of
the uses of printed Latgalian in the long nineteenth century.
I travelled to Latvia to view manuscripts in Rīga, Daugavpils
and Rēzekne, and to work on my Russian and Latvian
language skills.
I found that Latgalian was first printed in the mid-eighteenth
century due to the efforts of Jesuit priests in Wilno (Vilnius)
when Latgale, as the Inflanty Voivodeship, was governed by
Poland-Lithuania (1561-1772). After Latgale was incorporated
into the Russian Empire in 1772, devotional works continued
to be printed in Latgalian during the early nineteenth
century, but Latgalian was affected by the imperial ban on
The workshop participants in Daugavpils Unity Square
use of the Latin script between 1864 and 1904. After the ban
was lifted, Latgalian underwent a degree of standardisation
and a number of Latgalian newspapers were published in
the years before the First World War. This study therefore
serves as a reminder of the multiple ethno-linguistic
national projects which emerged in the region, in addition
to those more widely known national projects which
successfully formed titular nation-states. My findings were
published in the Polish Academy of Sciences’ journal Sprawy
Narodowosciowe/Nationalities Affairs at the end of 2013.
During my stay in Latvia, I was also invited to participate in
the workshop, ‘Life as Testimony: a Tribute to Daugavpils’,
organised by Professor Irena Saleniece at the Oral History
Centre in the University of Daugavpils. Along with local
Masters and PhD students, I participated in seminars on the
history of Daugavpils and shadowed life-story interviews
with elderly residents of the city about their memories of
interwar Latvia and the early Soviet period. I was also lucky
enough to stay at the recently opened Mark Rothko Centre in
Daugavpils – the artist’s birthplace (at that time, the Russian
imperial city of Dvinsk). My colleagues were all extremely
welcoming and enthusiastic about sharing the history of
their city with me and I made many contacts and friends.
I am continuing to pursue my interest in Latgale and Baltic
history by doing an International Masters in Economy, State
and Society with reference to Central Eastern Europe and
Russia (IMESS), specialising in the Nation, History and Society
track. My first year is spent at UCL’s School of Slavonic and
East European Studies in London, followed by a year at the
University of Tartu in Estonia doing Baltic Sea Region Studies.
Throughout this time I am focusing on acquiring some of the
many languages required to study the history of this complex
multi-ethnic and multi-lingual region.
The main building of the University of Daugavpils
The St Andrews Historian | 7
In the History Classroom
– Continuity and Change
Graham E Seel is Head of History at St Paul’s School, London, and
read History at St Andrews between 1982 and 1986. He is the author
of King John, An Underrated King (Anthem Press, 2012), and he can be
contacted at [email protected]. Here he shares with us his own
perspective on recent developments in History teaching and offers
pointers to the future.
Tempus fugit. The speed with which time passes never
ceases to unsettle. Whilst it seems only yesterday that I was
strolling the streets of the Old Grey Town with my red gown
billowing in the breeze, it is in fact disturbingly close to
three decades since I made my last appearance at a Sunday
pier-walk (not unlike the one on this magazine’s front cover)
or emerged from a lecture room in Saint Salvator’s quad.
Nonetheless, I can still recollect some particular experiences
with an almost peculiar clarity. Prominent amongst these
are visions of Tuesday afternoons between the hours of 2
and 4 pm, occasions when third year historians would seek a
place on one of the wooden chairs placed outside Geoffrey
Parker’s office on the top floor of the History Department
building. These were Professor Parker’s surgery hours and
they were always popular, hence the carefully arranged
chairs. On one occasion I recall waiting in line to discuss an
essay I had submitted the week before on the European
witch craze. I had found it an especially compelling topic and
had read a considerable chunk of the available literature.
Marrying my reading of Macfarlane et al to my notes from a
course I had taken the year before on social anthropology,
I had developed what I thought was a compelling new
interpretation for why witches were persecuted in the 1600s.
A classroom at Harrow School, around 1900
(Courtesy of the University of St Andrews Library, ID. JV-32556)
8 | The St Andrews Historian
In short, I argued that effective persecution amounted to a
manifestation of efficacious authority. Professor Parker was
effusive in his observations and praise: ‘a compelling and
clever thesis’; ‘you must give this as a formal paper’. I still have
the essay and read it through recently. Professor Parker was
without question over-generous, but I now realise that the
effect of this praise marked the moment when I resolved
upon becoming a history teacher.
My teaching career has since then stretched over four
schools, all in the independent sector. Some schools are of
course ahead of others, but it is interesting to reflect upon
how tools of the classroom have been changing during this
period: chalk, blackboard, videotapes and slides have already
in many places been replaced by smart TVs, interactive
whiteboards, data projectors, Youtube, computer tablets and
wireless technology. Of course, new technology brings with it
new challenges, but we must not forget the days of having to
share with several colleagues a single ragged videotape and
an overly large (and usually temperamental) TV hosted on a
trolley determined to fashion its own course of travel. From
today’s standpoint one looks back and is tempted to ask: how
did we cope?
A classroom ancient…
There is also no doubt that the administrative burden
has grown, not only in response to increasingly complex
internal procedures in schools but also, especially, because
of the ever-growing demands of the examination boards.
The delivery of controlled assessment and coursework
is now so hedged in with rules and procedures that they
make the passing of the 1867 Reform Act seem blessedly
straightforward. Similarly, the large number of forms to
be filled by a teacher seeking to take students out of the
classroom and into an historical landscape is a process not
for the fainthearted, if nonetheless invariably worth the
effort.
When I started teaching in 1987 it was said that one needed
periodically to move schools in order to keep oneself fresh.
Whilst there remains obvious truth in this, the constant
bombardment of initiatives from successive governments –
and most especially the current Department for Education
in England – has rather changed the equation. I recognise
that change has always been a constant and appreciate,
as Churchill said, ‘To improve is to change; to be perfect is
to change often.’ Yet to seek to change everything at once
imposes certain stresses and challenges, some of which are
rewarding to deal with and yet others seem only to impede
the rhythms of the classroom. Historians nonetheless owe
some thanks to the current Secretary of State
for Education in England, Michael Gove, for
placing History at the centre of a sustained
national debate, focussing on ‘What is History?’,
‘What periods of History should be taught in
schools?’ and ‘How should History be taught?’.
As Oscar Wilde remarked, ‘It’s better to be
talked about than not talked about at all.’ As a
consequence, even as I was writing this piece,
a colleague who teaches Computing dropped
me an email asking me what I thought about
the latest exchange between Mr Gove and his
Labour shadow, Tristram Hunt, and wondering if I have ever
made use of Blackadder Goes Forth in my teaching of the
First World War. (The answer to the second question is ‘yes’.)
Meanwhile, it is encouraging to report that my inbox is
regularly populated by enquiries from those in professions
other than teaching – mostly banking – seeking to enter
the classroom.
As we move forward how will the History classroom change?
Predictions are always dangerous, but it is very likely that
within the next few years all students will have tablet
computers (indeed, many classrooms have already taken on
the appearance of a franchise of PC World), textbooks will
be electronic and history exams will include video material.
Podcasts will become de rigueur. Yet at the same time the
essential requirements of good History teaching will not –
dare I say, must not – change a jot: an honest enthusiasm;
an ability to narrate a historical narrative in a clear and
interesting way; a capacity to ask pertinent questions; a
palpable sense of pleasure obtained from being in the
company of those one teaches. These would seem to me to
be the key constants required for good teaching – and I am
eternally grateful that during my time at St Andrews I was
regularly exposed to just such. Oh, and to praise.
… and classrooms modern: seminar debates, staff-student
co-presenting, and IT labs for the humanities
The St Andrews Historian | 9
View from afar: Iranian Studies at
the University of St Andrews
Professor Ali Ansari is Director of the Institute of Iranian Studies, embedded in the
School of History, and is current President of the British Institute of Persian Studies.
The University of St Andrews has enjoyed a long tradition
of teaching Middle East history and Arabic but the
development of Persian and Iranian studies has been
much more recent. The Institute of Iranian Studies was
founded in the School of History in 2006 with a view to
developing a national centre of excellence in a part of the
Middle East that had at best enjoyed a marginal role in
most departments and institutes of Middle East studies in
the United Kingdom. This in many ways reflected funding
priorities towards the Arab and Islamic world, but also
the reality that research in Iran since the 1979 Islamic
Revolution had proved a difficult and often problematic
venture. Before the revolution, there was a healthy
exchange of students and scholars, with many UK-based
academics taking advantage of opportunities to improve
their Persian through long sabbaticals in the country. After
the revolution, although some UK universities were able to
maintain their ‘year abroad’ for students studying Persian,
the temperamental nature of the relationship between Iran
and the West meant that long term planning was difficult.
In time, university administrations fell out of love with Iran,
and Persian studies was rapidly on the way to becoming a
minority interest.
Former president Khatami with the former Principal
Dr Brian Lang, opening the institute
But a crisis can often yield an opportunity and in 2006,
following a generous donation, it was decided to launch
a new Institute of Iranian Studies in St Andrews as a focus
for the development of the field. The strategy for the
Institute was founded on the twin pillars of a dedicated
postgraduate course and the development of a Persianlanguage Iranian studies collection for the university
library. The development of the library – largely it must
be said from scratch – would provide St Andrews with a
durable resource that would firmly situate it as a centre
10 | The St Andrews Historian
of excellence for research. The
postgraduate course would
provide a focus for teaching
while preparing students for research programmes, and,
of course, provide an ‘income’ in both financial terms and
student numbers, which would clearly reflect the growing
interest and relevance of the subject. The Institute was
launched with much public fanfare (and no little tribulation
– but that account will have to wait!) by former President
Mohammad Khatami, whose visit resulted in nationwide
coverage for the Institute and the University including the
decision by Channel 4 News to anchor its 7pm bulletin that
evening from Saint Salvator’s Quad.
There can be little doubt that we hit the ground running,
but the success of the Institute has been about paying
attention just as much to details as to the longer term
vision that we have had. Indeed, central to our strategy
has been the belief that patience and methodical progress
are key to the development of the Institute. And this has
yielded results. Since 2006 we have built and catalogued
a collection of over 5,000 volumes containing one of the
largest concentrations of Persian-language periodicals
anywhere in the UK and very probably in Europe. What we
lack in manuscripts we make up in published sources that
few libraries are able to match, providing the University
with an invaluable resource. We have also been able to
increase staff provision partly through the expansion of
student numbers and further fundraising that has provided
seed money for the development of Persian language
and literature teaching through the School of Modern
Languages. We probably now have more academic staff
working on aspects of Iranian history than any other higher
education institution in the United Kingdom. But building
on this academic base we have extended our reach into the
policy world, emphasising our relevance – and ‘impact’ – to
other institutions, not necessarily governmental ones, who
are thinking about and developing policy positions towards
Iran. In this context, we are one of the few institutes to
have affiliates drawn from the world of journalism as
well as honorary lecturers and associate fellows from the
Foreign and Commonwealth Office, and the Austrian
Foreign Ministry. We also invite input from politicians and
policy makers from the UK, the rest of Europe, the USA
and of course, when possible, Iran. The Institute therefore
functions as a centre of academic excellence that connects
with the policy world and seeks actively to apply that
excellence to current problems. It makes for a dynamic
environment and one in which students can benefit from
diverse opinions and problems, from the conceptual to the
practical.
For my own part, the Institute offers a stimulating
environment for the pursuit of my own research, with
excellent colleagues, students and of course an enormously
rich resource in the library. I am currently working on two
papers, both of which have relevance for our contemporary
understanding of Iran. The first relates to Anglo-Iranian
relations and in particular nuclear cooperation in the
1970s, drawing on papers released relatively recently.
These show that potential for collaboration (the promise
was never fulfilled) was enormous, with suggestions that
Iran and Britain ought to form a joint nuclear company.
The second relates to my longer term work on Iranian
identity and historiography with an assessment of the
intellectual contribution of one of the giants of early Iranian
nationalism, Mohammad Ali Foroughi (d.1942). He has been
largely airbrushed out of official narratives in part because
of his adherence to the central ideas of the Enlightenment,
and because it has only been in the last decade that his
papers have been collected, edited and published, allowing
historians for the first time to see the breadth of his vision.
Foroughi’s detailed understanding of the necessity for
constitutionalism and good governance go to the heart of
the problems that face Iran and the Iranians to this day.
An Iranian Institute conference
Depictions of seventeenth-century Europeans at the Chehel Sotoon Palace, Isfahan.
The St Andrews Historian | 11
Academic Books Published in 2013
by Staff in the School of History
Robert Bartlett
Why Can the Dead Do Such Great Things?
Saints and Worshippers from
the Martyrs to the Reformation
(Princeton University Press; ISBN: 978-1400848782)
*****
Michael Hunter Brown
Disunited Kingdoms:
Peoples and Politics in the British Isles 1280-1460
(Pearson; ISBN: 978-1405840590)
*****
Emily Michelson
The Pulpit and the Press in Reformation Italy
(Harvard University Press; ISBN: 978-0674072978)
*****
Tom Scott
The Early Reformation in Germany:
Between Secular Vision and Radical Impact
(Ashgate; ISBN: 978-1409468981)
*****
Frances Andrews (ed.)
Churchmen and Urban Government in
Late Medieval Italy, c.1200–c.1450:
Cases and Contexts
(Cambridge University Press; ISBN: 978-1107044265)
*****
A.C.S. [Andrew] Peacock and
Sara Nur Yildiz (eds.)
The Seljuks of Anatolia:
Court and Society in the Medieval Middle East
(IB Tauris; ISBN 978-1848858879)
The St Andrews Historian is published by the School of History of
the University of St Andrews, primarily for former students of
St Andrews who read for an undergraduate or graduate degree in
history or a joint degree involving history. Please visit the School of
History website for electronic versions of this magazine:
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E: [email protected] T: +44 (0)1334 467194/461913
School of History Editors: Dr Guy Rowlands and Dr Katie Stevenson
Editorial Assistant: Nathan Alexander
© School of History, University of St Andrews, 2014
Front cover: Image ms 38585-1-C-1-10 (pier walk procession, 1944), courtesy of University of St Andrews Library Special Collections.
Modern classroom photographs courtesy of St Leonards School, St Andrews; and Luther College Photos (CC BY-NC-ND 2.0) for the old classroom photo.
Designed and produced by University of St Andrews Print & Design Unit
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12 | The St Andrews Historian