1. art and entertainment
2. music
3. music genres
4. hip hop

An Cùrsa Gàidhlig
Gaelic 521
Course Notes
Rob Dòmhnallach
Àrd-Sgoil Chòirneil MacIlleghlas
An Gearran 2015
Table of Contents
Caibideil 1 - Dè an t-ainm a th’ ort? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greeting People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Vocative Case . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fuaimneachadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Broad and Narrow Vowels . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lenition . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5
5
5
6
6
7
8
8
9
Caibideil 2 - Dè an aois a tha thu? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 2 - An Cead-Dràibhidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aireamhan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dathan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Seantans . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Asking Questions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Na Ceilteachan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sùil Air Ais#1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
11
11
11
11
12
12
13
13
14
17
19
Caibideil 3 - Ciamar a tha an t-sìde? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An t-Sìde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Weather Pictures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Past Tense . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tòimhseachan-Tarsainn Sìde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facal Falaichte Sìde . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
21
21
22
22
24
24
25
29
30
Caibideil 4 - Càit a bheil thu a’ fuireach? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 4 - An Coinneamh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saying Where You Live . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Saying Where You Are From . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Giving Your Address . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aireamhan 21 - 100 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Prepositional Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plurals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Rìoghachd na h-Alba . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sùil Air Ais#2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
31
31
31
31
32
32
32
33
33
34
37
39
February 4, 2015
1
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 5 - Dè tha thu ag iarraidh? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 5 - An Taigh Bìdh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Wanting things . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Likes and Dislikes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Adjectives and Feminine Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Writing a Letter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facal Falaichte Biadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
41
41
42
42
42
43
43
44
48
Caibideil 6 - Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 6 - Cabadaich air Feadh na Dùthcha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Verbal Nouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fifteen Common Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Possessive Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Na Stiùbhartan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sùil Air Ais#3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
49
49
50
50
50
51
51
52
57
60
Caibideil 7 - Dè an uair a tha e? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 7 - Am Balach Fadalach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Àm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Làithean na Seachdain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mìosan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Expressions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tòimhseachan-Tarsainn Am Bliadhna . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Am Bliadhna Cheilteach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
61
61
61
62
62
62
63
65
68
69
Caibideil 8 - Mo theaghlach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 8 - Cò mise? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aineaman Teaghlaich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cunntadh na Daoine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sloinneadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Na Fuadaichean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sùil Air Ais#4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
71
71
71
71
72
72
73
76
78
Caibideil 9 - Tha mi a’ dol a dhol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 9 - A-màireach ’s a-màireach ’s a-màireach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
The Near Future . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Duilgheadasan Cainnte . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 9b - Na saor-laithean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facal Falaichte Ainmearan Gniomhaireach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fèilidhean is Breacan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
79
79
81
81
82
82
83
86
87
February 4, 2015
2
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 10 - Am faod mi? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Stoiridh 10 - Dràibheadh le clann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Faighnich Cead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
Feuman . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 90
Bruidhinn air a’ fòn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Buadhairean Neònach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 91
Stoiridh 10b - Air a’ fòn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 92
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
Gàidhlig air an t-Eilean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
Sùil Air Ais#5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100
Caibideil 11 - Cò ris a tha e coltach? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Stoiridh 11 - Làn Gusgal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Describing People . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Am Bodhaig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bruidhinn Mu Dheidhinn Sibh Fhèin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Facal Falaichte Bodhaig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
101
101
101
102
103
103
103
108
Sùil Air Ais Mòr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
Review Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
Appendices . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix A - The Definite Article . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix B - Faclan Feumail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Indefinite Pronouns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix C - Irregular Verbs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix D - Riochdairean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix E - Ainmearan Gnìomhaireach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix F - Òran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brochan Lom . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
’S ann an Ìle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calum Crùbach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
A Muillean Dubh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tha Bean Agam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Màiri Nighean Alastair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Grinn Donn Sgiobalta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dòmhnall Beag an t-Siùcair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fear a’ Bhàta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Oran Do Cheap Breatainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leanabh An Àigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
He Mo Leannan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Òran Luaidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seall Curraigh Eòghainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
O Canada . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix G - Heroes of the Red Branch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix H - Ainmean Aite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix I - Tìrean agus Àiteachan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
3
113
113
114
114
116
117
118
120
120
121
122
122
123
123
124
124
125
126
127
128
130
131
132
133
135
136
notes521a.wpd
Appendix J - Last Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix K - First Names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix L - Vocabulary Lists . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Animals . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fish . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Birds . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Plants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
School . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sports and Leisure . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Food . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Clothes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Jobs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
House & Home . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Appendix M - Answers to Exercises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
138
139
141
141
141
141
142
142
142
143
143
144
144
145
Na Deachadhan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
February 4, 2015
4
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 1 - Dè an t-ainm a th’ ort?
Stoiridh 1
The first day of school. Mòrag and Calum are both new to the school and so they mistakenly arrive far
too early for their first class...
Mòrag:
Calum:
Mòrag:
Calum:
Mòrag:
Calum:
Madainn mhath. Ciamar a tha thu?
O tha gu math. Ciamar a tha thu fhèin?
Glè mhath. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort?
Is mise Calum. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort fhèin?
Hallò a Chaluim. Is mise Mòrag.
Hallò a Mhòrag. ’S math d’ fhaicinn!
That same day after school Dòmhnall and Catrìona are discussing their day when Alasdair walks up. He
knows Dòmhnall, but has yet to meet Catrìona...
Alasdair:
Dòmhnall:
Alasdair:
Dòmhnall:
Catrìona:
Alasdair:
Catrìona:
Alasdair:
Catrìona:
Feasgar math. Ciamar a tha sibh?
Uabhasach math, tapadh leat. Seo Catrìona.
Hallò, a Chatrìona.
Agus seo Alasdair.
Hallò Alasdair.
Agus ciamar a tha sibh?
Chan eil dona. Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin?
Chan eil mi gu math. Tha mi sgìth agus tinn.
O, Alasdair bochd!
Greeting People
This is the first thing to learn in any language. We’ll discuss how to greet people, to ask their name and
say your own name, and to make a few comments about how you are doing.
Is mise Seumas
Cò thusa?
Dè an t-ainm a th’ ort?
Ciamar a tha sibh?
Tha gu math
tapadh leat
Feasgar math
Madainn mhath
’S math d’ fhaicinn
glè mhath
chan eil dona
Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin?
an-diugh
February 4, 2015
I’m James
Who are you?
What is your name?
How are you?
Well
Thank you
Good afternoon
Good morning
It’s good to see you
very good
not bad
How are you yourselves?
today
5
notes521a.wpd
The Vocative Case
When you call someone by their name in Gaelic, you use a different form of their name. This is called
the vocative case. It’s a little different for boys and girls.
Girls names - just lenite
Màiri
Mòrag
Catrìona
Sìne
Caristìona
Raonaid
a Mhàiri
a Mhòrag
a Chatrìona
a Shìne
a Charistìona
a Raonaid
If the name starts with a vowel, it doesn’t change
Anna
Anna
Eilidh
Eilidh
Boy’s names - lenite and slenderise (that means add an i after the last vowel)
Calum
a Chaluim
Seumas
a Sheumais
Dòmhnall
a Dhòmhnaill
Seòras
a Sheòrais
Ruairidh
a Ruairidh
Tormod
a Thormoid
Alasdair
Iain
Alasdair
Iain
For a more complete list of first names, see Appendix K.
Faclan Feumail
Vocabulary
madainn
feasgar
math
dona
tha
chan eil
seo
feuch
a-rithist
sin agad e
bochd
February 4, 2015
morning
afternoon
good
bad
is
is not
here / here’s
try
again
there you go
poor
an-diugh
’s e do bheatha
glè mhath
fhèin
ainm
mar sin leat
mar sin leibh
beannachd leat
beannachd leibh
tìoraidh ma-thà
6
today
you’re welcome
very good
self
name
goodbye
goodbye
cheerio
notes521a.wpd
Fuaimneachadh
Pronunciation
Connragan
b
baile
obair
bh
bha
dubh
c
ciamar
mac
ch
chaidh
fuirich
d
doras
ad
dè
an-diugh
dh
dhan
samhradh
cèilidh
f
fear
fh
fhacal
fhathast
g
gorm
cabhag
gh
gheibh
l
loch
litir
m
mòr
mh
mhòr
samhradh
dèanamh
n
nighean
sin
nn
sinn
ceann
p
tapadh leat
ph
phiuthar
r
ruadh
abair
s
socair
seall
sh
shuas
t
taigh
cat
tighinn
th
thàinig
February 4, 2015
Fuaimreagan
a
bata
à
bàta
ao
saor
gaothach
e
le
teth
aige
è
dè
i
sin
ith
ì
tì
o
doras
ò
mòr
u
ugh
ù
ùr
7
notes521a.wpd
Read these words with me, and practice the pronunciation. Make notes beside them to help you, so you can
practice them again and again.
abair
loch
bùth
balach
beul
sneachd
cat
sibh
gaothach
cù
seall
saor
mac
sùil
cèilidh
duine
tighinn
samhradh
dè
càit
dèanamh
an-diugh
fear
ort
ceann
bodach
sròn
bàta
tog
phiuthar
bata
gad
fhacal
madainn
doras
sionnach
a-màireach
mòr
fuireach
uisge
Broad and Narrow Vowels
There are two types of vowels in Gaelic: broad (a, o, u) and narrow (e, i). Some consonnants change their
sound if they are in contact with narrow vowels:
d - narrow
st-
sounds like
“
”
“
”
j
sh
ch
(an-diugh, dèanamh)
(seall, sionnach)
(teth, tighinn)
Any two vowels separated by a consonnant group must be of the same type (narrow to narrow, broad to
broad).
Lenition
Often an H is added after the first letter of a word. We call this lenition and say the word is lenited. Some
lenited groups also change their sound when in contact with narrow vowels:
ch - softer hiss
(fuirich vs. balach)
dh - y or ee sound
(dhèanamh vs. dhuibh)
gh - same as dh
(gheal vs. ghorm)
Some consonnants cannot be lenited: l, n, r and sg, sm, sp, st.
The only consonnants that can be doubled are l, n, r.
All vowels can take an accent which lengthens their sound
bàta, dèanamh, chì, mòr, bùth
February 4, 2015
8
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
1.
Lìon a-staigh na bearnan leis am facal ceart.
a)
Mòrag: Madainn ____________. ______________ a tha thu?
Calum: O tha gu ____________. Ciamar a tha thu fhèin?
Mòrag: Glè mhath. Dè an ___________ a th’ort?
Calum: ___________ Calum. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort __________?
Mòrag: Hallò a Chaluim. Is mise Mòrag.
Calum: Hallò _______________. ’S _________ d’ fhaicinn!
b)
D: Hallò. Is mise Dòmhnall.
I: Hallò. __________________________________ an-diugh?
D: Tha gu math, _________________. ____________________________?
I: O, is mise Iain. Agus _____ Eilidh.
D: Hallò _____________.
E: _____________ mhath. Ciamar _____________________?
D: Tha gu math.
E&I: Mar _______________.
D: Beannachd _____________!
2.
3.
Write these names in the Vocative Case.
a)
Seòras
g)
Mata
b)
Mòrag
h)
Aonghas
c)
Doileag
i)
Donnchadh
d)
Seonag
j)
Brìan
e)
Cailean
k)
Daibhidh
f)
Iain
Cuir na faclan anns a’ Ghàidhlig.
a)
Good morning
b)
How are you today? ____________________________________
c)
I’m James
d)
This is Sarah ____________________________________
e)
Good afternoon
f)
Good, thanks ____________________________________
February 4, 2015
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
9
notes521a.wpd
g)
There you go ____________________________________
h)
Hello Catherine
____________________________________
i)
You’re welcome
____________________________________
j)
Very good
____________________________________
k)
Not bad
____________________________________
l)
How are you yourselves?
____________________________________
m) What is your name? ____________________________________
4.
5.
Which words are spelled incorrectly? Fix the ones that violate the spelling rule.
a) abair
j) usge
b)
balich
k)
gaothach
c)
dune
l)
cèilidh
d)
madinn
m) samhradh
e)
a-màireach
n)
dèanamh
f)
fureach
o)
phithar
g)
tighinn
p)
fhaccal
h)
boddach
q)
sionnach
i)
dorais
beul
Let’s practise saying these words in their lenited forms.
a)
bata
l)
b)
dèanamh
m) facal
c)
balach
n)
sùil
d)
Màiri
o)
ròn
e)
cù
p)
salach
f)
cadal
q)
slaod
g)
cèilidh
r)
madainn
h)
duine
s)
lìon
i)
gaoth
t)
sgoil
j)
mac
u)
math
k)
nighean
v)
gille
February 4, 2015
10
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 2 - Dè an aois a tha thu?
Stoiridh 2 - An Cead-Dràibhidh
Seumas runs into Alasdair, whom he hasn’t seen for a bit. Alasdair has some exciting news...
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Alastair:
Seumas:
Hallò a Sheumais. Dè tha dol?
O, chan eil mòran. Agus thusa?
Dìreach an abhaist. Seall, an cead-dràibhidh ùr agam.
Cead-dràibhidh? Dè an aois a tha thu?
Tha mi sia bliadhna deug an-diugh.
Alasdair! Meal do naidheachd!
Tapadh leat.
Agus ciamar a tha Sìne?
Tha i trì bliadhna deug.
Abair clann mòr a-nis!
Well, tha mi fadalach airson sgoil.
Obh, tha mise fadalach cuideachd.
Mar sin leat.
Mar sin leat an-dràsda. Tìoraidh ma-thà!
Aireamhan
To ask someone their age, we say Dè an aois a tha thu? To answer, you say Tha mi ochd bliadhna, replacing
your age with the correct number. Here are the first 20 numbers in Gaelic:
1
aon
8
ochd
15
còig deug
2
dhà
9
naoi
16
sia deug
3
trì
10
deich
17
seachd deug
4
ceithir
11
aon deug
18
ochd deug
5
còig
12
dhà dheug
19
naoi deug
6
sia
13
trì deug
20
fichead
7
seachd
14
ceithir deug
Notice that for numbers over 10, the deug goes after the noun. We say Tha mi ochd bliadhna, but Tha mi
seachd bliadhna deug.
Dathan
dearg
uaine
buidhe
gorm
February 4, 2015
dubh
geal
donn
glas
pinc
purpaidh
orains
bàn
ruadh
liath
11
notes521a.wpd
Pronouns
Personal pronouns take the place of saying someone’s name over and over. Here they are in Gaelic:
mi
thu
e
i
sinn
sibh
iad
I
you
he
she
we
you
they
mise
thusa
esan
ise
sinne
sibhse
iadsan
Note that each pronoun has an emphatic form, which is used to put emphasis on the person referred to. It’s
kind of like putting the word in italics.
An Seantans
The parts of a sentence in Gaelic are different than in English or French. The verb comes first, then the
subject, then the object.
Tha
an cat
bàn.
verb
subject
object
Here are some examples:
Tha an cù mòr.
Tha an doras dubh.
Tha Màiri snog.
Tha an cat agus an cù beag.
Tha an taigh gorm.
Tha am bòrd uaine.
Tha mi sgìth.
Tha thu goirid ach tha am balach àrd.
Tha duine aig an doras.
Tha bò ann an sabhal.
Tha nighean anns an taigh.
Notice that all of these sentences begin the same way, with Tha. That is the verb “to be”. Notice also that
we don’t conjugate verbs in Gaelic (tha mi, tha sibh, etc.)
There is no indefinite article in Gaelic: duine can be “a man” or just “man”
As for the definite article an, it becomes am before B,F,M,P: am bòrd, am fear, am mac, am piob. These
are the 4 labial consonnants - you say them with your lips pressed together. It just doesn’t sound right to
say an bòrd. We see this in English too: “impossible” or “immediate” as opposed to “incapable” or
“intelligent”.
February 4, 2015
12
notes521a.wpd
Asking Questions
In English we usually ask questions by reversing the order of the verb and the subject: “The dog is big.”
versus “Is the dog big?” But in Gaelic the verb is already first! So, to ask questions we have to use a
different form of the verb:
A bheil an cù mòr?
A bheil is still the verb “to be” but in its dependent or question form. The usual rules apply about not
congugating the verb with different subjects.
A bheil thu sgìth?
A bheil iad fadalach?
A bheil i snog?
There are no words for “yes” or “no” in Gaelic. To answer a question you have to repeat the verb in the
positive or negative sense. For questions starting with A bheil the answers are Tha or Chan eil.
A bheil an cù mòr?
Tha. Tha an cù mòr.
A bheil thu sgìth?
Chan eil. Chan eil mi sgìth.
Faclan Feumail
Nouns
cat
cù
bò
balach
nighean
caileag
doras
uinneag
taigh
duine
boireannach
bliadhna
Adjectives
àrd
goirid
gòrach
glic
mòr
beag
sgìth
tinn
toilichte
brònach
fadalach
tràth
bodach
cailleach
balla
cead-dràibhidh
lèine
ad
ubhal
snog
grànnda
grod
sgoinneil
ùr
fada
trang
sgriosal
February 4, 2015
agus
aig
anns
ach
air
no
an ___ seo
an ___ sin
cuideachd
a-nis
glè
dìreach
cuidich
Seall...
Abair...!
Dè tha dol?
chan eil mòran
dìreach an abhaist
meal do naidheachd
tìoraidh ma-thà
Tha gaol agam ort
13
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
6.
Dè an dath a tha e?
a)
f)
b)
g)
c)
h)
i)
d)
j)
e)
k)
7.
8.
Cuir anns a’ Bheurla.
a) Tha am balach gòrach.
b)
Tha an cat bàn agus tha an cù mòr.
c)
Tha an nighean goirid.
d)
Tha mi ann an taigh mòr gorm.
e)
Tha iad anns an taigh.
f)
Tha am bò dubh.
g)
Tha mi sgìth agus tha mi tinn.
h)
Tha cù dubh aig an doras agus tha cat bàn aig an uinneag.
Cuir anns a’ Ghàidhlig.
a) The cat is big.
b)
The door is green.
February 4, 2015
14
notes521a.wpd
9.
c)
I am in the house.
d)
He is eight years old.
e)
The little boy is happy.
f)
We are sad.
g)
The tall man is wise.
h)
The little girl is early and the big boy is late.
Answer these questions with a full sentence beginning with Tha or Chan eil.
a) A bheil am balla dearg?
b)
A bheil an doras dubh?
c)
A bheil Bilbo Baggins àrd?
d)
A bheil Shaq àrd?
e)
A bheil mi ceithir bliadhna deug?
f)
A bheil an cat an seo?
g)
A bheil sibh trang an-diugh?
h)
A bheil e glic no gòrach?
10. Change the sentence so the subject says “This ...” or “That ...”.
a) Tha an cat air a’ bhòrd. (this)
b)
Chan eil an duine àrd. (that)
c)
Tha am balach goirid. (this)
d)
A bheil an nighean fadalach? (this)
e)
Tha an cù mòr trang. (that)
f)
Chan eil an doras uaine ùr. (this)
g)
Tha an cat dubh brònach. (that)
h)
Chan eil an taigh dearg mòr. (that)
February 4, 2015
15
notes521a.wpd
11. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Chan eil an cù grànnda.
b)
A bheil an nighean àrd?
c)
A bheil sibh anns an taigh?
d)
We are not late.
e)
The house is not yellow.
f)
Is the apple green or red?
g)
The blue hat is not on the woman.
h)
We are just at the window.
12. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a)
A bheil i aig an doras?
b)
Chan eil iad aig an uinneag.
c)
A bheil e deich bliadhna?
d)
Tha mise agus esan glè thrang a-nis.
e)
Is that dog cute?
f)
Is this woman short?
g)
That shirt is not big.
h)
It’s not very far.
February 4, 2015
16
notes521a.wpd
Na Ceilteachan
The Celts
Who were the Celts anyway? Most people have some romanticized idea of druids and warriors making
interwoven knot designs and living in harmony with nature. Some of that is true. Many people assume that
the Celts have long died out, but the opposite is true - on PEI more than half of the population is of Celtic
origin. If you’re reading this, there’s a pretty good chance that you’re a Celt.
So what about the ancient Celts? We’re not sure exactly where they came from, but we do know that they
seemed to spread out from Central Europe (just north of the Alps) in the period from 1000 - 500 BC. We
call this the Halstatt Culture; named after one of the best known achaeological sites. They tended to be
medium height, reddish or fair in complexion. They didn’t call themselves Celts, that name comes from their
neighbours the Greeks. They didn’t seem to have any real sense of Celtic identity either - they were a bunch
of related tribes who had similar customs. The Celts spread out an conquered a big chunk of Europe, but
they never tried to make a Celtic empire, or even an organized civilization. The problem was that they fought
among themselves as much as with the Romans or the Germans. They were too independent and stubborn
to submit to anyone’s authority or get along with anyone for very long.
What we know about the Celts from this period comes mostly from what others wrote about them, especially
the Greeks and the Romans. Since the Celts terrorized both groups, you can hardly expect what they wrote
to be fair. We have to read between the lines and try to imagine what the Celtic version of things was. The
other source of information about the ancient Celts is from artifacts that we have uncovered (and most of
these have been uncovered only in the last 200 years).
What can we piece together about Celtic society? Well, they seemed to like bright colours, intricate patterns,
and shiny metal. Their clothes are described as bright and garish, with lots of clashing stripes and check
patterns. They tended to keep all of their wealth close at hand, wearing lots of gold chains and jewelry all
the time. Perhaps the major jewelry was the torc - a gold necklace, open at the front, that looked like a
braided rope. Celts wore them snugly around the base of the neck. This style is usually found in what is
called the La Tène culture, which thrived from 500 BC - 50 AD.
Their society was divided into three classes. At the top were the druids and bards. This was the priestly
class. The druids were in charge of the rituals, sacrifices, seeing the future, interpreting omens. The bards
were the poets, storytellers, and historians. The Celts don’t seem to have had a written language at this point,
so all of their history was oral. The second group was the aristocrats - soldiers, rulers, nobles. Although they
were the leaders, they were still under the priests. The third group was the farmers and artisans. Artisans
were skilled craftsmen like blacksmiths, tanners, barrel makers, potters, weavers. Slavery was quite common
in Celtic society. Slaves were usually captured in battle, although often the men would go on raiding
expeditions, capture a bunch of new slaves, and then go trading.
Celts were polytheistic and pagan. They worshipped nature, the earth, and many of their rituals were done
in sacred groves of oak trees. They didn’t have a fixed pantheon like the Romans, although the Romans
February 4, 2015
17
notes521a.wpd
seemed to think they did. Various Roman writers tell how Lugh was their Jupiter, Brigid was Venus, etc.
In reality, each area had its own major deities, and their area of responsibility or “job description” varied
from place to place. Celts had religious festivals at the beginning of each season on November 1, February
1, May 1, and August 1, and also at the summer and winter solstice.
The Celts loved to fight. They would rouse themselves into a frenzy, paint themselves bright red or blue,
and go into battle naked. The Romans called one British group Picti, or the painted ones. Celts everywhere
had one major tactic that they used in battle - a reckless headlong charge straight at the enemy lines. An early
version of the bagpipes was used to create fear and confusion in the enemy soldiers and then, in defiance of
all common sense, a bunch of naked red savages came screaming right at them, hacking with axes and twohanded swords. Usually the opposing soldiers turned and ran for their lives. A Celtic army used such tactics
to invade and sack Rome in 390 BC.
By 500 BC the Celts had spread from Spain to Britain and Ireland, across Central Europe to Greece and even
Asia Minor (aka Turkey). In most places they referred to themselves with names that started with Ga: Gaul,
Galicia, Galatia, even the Gàidhealtachd. They invaded Britain and Ireland around this time, probably
intermarrying with the previous inhabitants but bringing Celtic language and customs. Around 50 BC Julius
Caesar conquered Gaul, and southern Britain was added to the empire a hundred years later. Although a few
attempts were made, Rome was never able to conquer Scotland or Ireland.
Celts living in Roman areas seem to have adapted quickly to Roman customs - learning Latin and adopting
Christianity. They also got soft. When the barbarians invaded Gaul and Britain around 400 AD, the Celts
couldn’t put up much of a fight. The Gauls merged with the Germanic Franks to become France, and the
British Celts fled west to Cornwall, Wales and later to Brittany in northwest France. The Irish were still
more or less left alone. The story goes that Christianity was finally brought to Ireland by St. Patrick in the
400s. Scotland was still called Alba at this time, and the population was a mixture of pre-Celtic people
known only as Albans and a maybe-Celtic people called the Picts. What about Scots? Well, that was the
name of a tribe of Celts in the Northeast of Ireland. The term appears to come from the Latin word for
“pirate”. By the 500s they had decided to invade Alba and conquer the Picts and Albans. An Irish
missionary named Columba brought Christianity to Alba.
So how does Gaelic fit into all this? We only have fragments of the languages spoken by the early ancient
Celts. But we know enough that all the Celtic languages are related. Let’s go up a few steps. There are just
over a dozen language families in the world: Semitic, Bantu, Sino-Tibetan, Indo-European, etc. Most
European languages are from the Indo-European family. Within that family there are a dozen language
groups: Germanic, Romance, Slavic, Celtic to name a few. English and Swedish are examples of Germanic
languages, French and Spanish are Romance languages, Russian and Serbo-Croatian are Slavic. The Celtic
group is broken into two parts: the Brythonic and Goidelic. The Brythonic family includes Welsh, Breton
and Cornish. Continental Celtic languages like Gaulish would have been in this family. The Goidelic family
is made up of Scottish Gaelic, Irish, and Manx.
February 4, 2015
18
notes521a.wpd
Of these, Welsh and Breton are in the strongest position. Breton has around 500,000 speakers and Welsh
almost 300,000. Welsh has the advantage of being supported by the Welsh government and is taught in the
schools in Wales. Breton is still shrinking and is still actively repressed by the French government. Manx
was spoken on the Isle of Man, and was quite similar to Gaelic but with a Norse influence. Cornish was
thought to be extinct, but in the last 10-15 years a very dedicated (some would say fanatical) group in
Cornwall have re-introduced Cornish and are trying to spread it. Manx is being taught in schools on Man
as well.
Irish is in a very interesting position. A hundred years ago almost no-one spoke Irish except a handful of
people on the west coast. Since independence from the UK, Irish has become the official language and is
taught in all the schools. Irish kids study Irish the same way we study French. Almost everyone under the
age of 30 can speak some Irish. The problem is, people see it as just another school subject. Some even
dislike it the way some students don’t like French. Although there are 1.5 million speakers, the number of
people using Irish as an everyday language is smaller than ever. Although Irish is an official language of
Ireland, the Irish were the only EU country that did not ask for all of the documentation to be translated into
its language. Fortunately, they changed their minds and in 2005 the EU announced that it would include Irish
in its list of official languages.
Sources
Prebble, John. The Lion in the North. London: Penguin Books. 1981
Munro, R.W. Highland Clans and Tartans. London: Peerage Books. 1987
Mowat, Farley. The Farfarers. Toronto: Seal Books. 1999
Haywood, John. Atlas of the Celtic World. London: Thames and Hudson. 2001
Sùil Air Ais# 1
Caibideil 1
saying hi
introducing yourself
asking people’s names
please and thank you
names and vocative case
greetings and responses
lenition
narrow & broad
Caibideil 2
asking people’s ages
colours
numbers 1-20
simple sentences
definite and indefinite articles
pronouns
asking questions
Celts & languages
February 4, 2015
19
notes521a.wpd
Notes:
February 4, 2015
20
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 3 - Ciamar a tha an t-sìde?
Stoiridh 3
Raonaid:
Hallò a Mhàiri. Ciamar a tha thu ’sa mhadainn?
Màiri:
Tha gu math. Agus thu fhèin, a Raonaid?
Raonaid:
Chan eil dona, tapadh leat. Dè tha dol an-diugh?
Màiri:
Chan eil mòran. Tha i brèagha an-diugh, nach eil?
Raonaid:
Tha gu dearbh. Tha i blàth agus socair, agus chan eil i teann idir.
Màiri:
Agus an-dè bha an t-uisge ann agus bha i glè fhuar. Abair sìde math a-nis!
Raonaid:
Tha, tha. Ciamar a tha an duine agad?
Màiri:
Ruairidh Mòr? Dìreach an abhaist. Tha e tinn fhathast.
Raonaid:
Tha sin duilich. Ruairidh bochd. Agus an leanabh?
Màiri:
Ruairidh Òg? Tha e gu math snog. Uill, ’s math d’ fhaicinn. Chì mi a-rithist thu.
Raonaid:
Mar sin leat, a Mhàiri.
“Madainn an-diugh, bha i gu math sgòthach ann an Drochaid Mhòntagu. Bha i rud beag teth cuideachd, agus
caran teann. A-nis ge-tà, tha sinn ann am Baile Searlot, agus tha i rudeigin soilleir, caran grianach agus gu
math math teann.”
Dòmhnall Ailean MacLeòid
“A-raoir air a’ Bhruach Àrd, bha tàirneanaich ann, bha dealanaich ann, agus bha beagan uisge ann. Madainn
an-diugh bha i socair, ach bha i gu math sgòthach cuideachd. Agus bha tàirneanaich ann fhathast! A-nis
ge-tà, tha mi ann am Baile Searlot, agus tha i rud beag soilleir, grianach agus uabhasach fhèin teann.”
Mòrag Anna Stiùbhart
February 4, 2015
21
notes521a.wpd
An t-Sìde
Nice weather
brèagha
blàth
grianach
soilleir
socair
teann
teth
àlainn
ciùin
tioram
fionnar
Bad weather
fuar
fliuch
gaothach
sgòthach
frasach
ceòthach
dorcha
stoirmeil
fiadhaich
rapach
sgràthail
reòdhte
garbh
Expressions
tha an t-uisge ann
sneachd
tàirneanaich
dealanaich
clachan
Modifiers
fada ro
ro
uabhasach fhèin
uabhasach
glè
gu math
tha dìle uisge ann
...teth
rudeigin
caran
rud beag
beagan
Weather Pictures
soilleir
brèagha
sgòthach
dorcha
tàirneanaich
dealanaich
tha an t-uisge ann
fliuch
sneachd
reòdhte
fuar
ceòthach
February 4, 2015
22
notes521a.wpd
teth
blàth
tioram
grianach
gaothach
fiadhaich
socair
ciùin
teann
frasach
àlainn
sgràthail
rapach
stoirmeil
garbh
February 4, 2015
23
notes521a.wpd
The Past Tense
To put the verb “to be” in the past tense, just use bha instead of tha. That’s it!
Bha i fuar an-diugh.
Bha mi còig deug bliadhna.
To ask a question, use an robh instead of a bheil.
An robh i fliuch an-dè?
An robh sibh sgìth?
To say something negative in the past, use cha robh instead of chan eil.
Cha robh i grianach idir.
Cha robh mi fadalach ’sa mhadainn.
Faclan Feumail
Adjectives
duilich
luath
slaodach
bòidheach
àlainn
crosda
gasda
òg
aosda
sean
Nouns
caraid
bana-caraid
leanabh
leabhar
speur
latha
càr
sgoil
Prepositions, etc.
a-nis
an-dràsta
idir
a-muigh
a-staigh
fhathast
an-dè
a-raoir
gu dearbh
suas
sìos
a-rithist
co-dhiù
airson
cho
’s docha
Dè eile?
Na bi gòrach!
Gabh mo leisgeul
mas e ur toil e
mas e do thoil e
Seall an uair!
Fosgail an doras
Dùin an uinneag
Thig a-staigh
Nach eil fios agad?
Chan eil fhios agam.
bog fliuch
Chì mi a-rithist thu
mach an seo!
Tha Gàidhlig aig __
A bheil Gàidhlig agad?
bainne
pàipear
briosgaidean
cofaidh
February 4, 2015
Expressions
’sa mhadainn
am bana-caraid agam
an duine agam
24
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
13.
Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Tha i grianach an-diugh.
b) Chan eil i blàth.
c) A bheil i gaothach a-nis?
d) Tha i fuar agus fliuch.
e) Tha sneachd ann feasgar.
f) It is lovely today.
g) It is cold and cloudy this morning.
h) It is windy and it is pouring rain.
i)
14.
It is not nice out at all. What rough weather!
Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Tha i glè rapach.
b) Chan eil am bana-caraid agam goirid.
c) Chan eil i sgòthach an-diugh; tha i fada ro bhlàth!
d) An robh i dorcha a-muigh?
e) In the evening it was calm and misty.
f) It is quite dark out right now.
February 4, 2015
25
notes521a.wpd
g) What bad weather!
h) It was 6 Celsius out!
i)
15.
In the afternoon it was still windy but it was somewhat sunny and just a little cloudy.
Put in the past tense.
a) Tha i gu math fuar an-diugh.
b) Chan eil i cho blàth ’sa mhadainn.
c) A bheil an duine agad àlainn?
d) Chan eil mi aig an sgoil.
e) Nach eil i rapach a-raoir?
f) Tha i gu math socair a-staigh.
g) A bheil an t-uisge ann tràth ’sa mhadainn?
h) Tha an cù agam rud beag òg.
16.
Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Gabh mo leisgeul. A bheil an t-uisge ann?
b) A bheil i fuar a-muigh? ’S docha.
c) Tha an duine fliuch sin aig an doras a-rithist.
d) Fosgail an doras mas e do thoil e.
e) Thig a-staigh; tha i ro ghaothach a-muigh.
February 4, 2015
26
notes521a.wpd
f) Is it wet out? Don’t be stupid! Look outside!
g) The big black dog is still at the window.
h) What a beautiful baby!
17.
i)
Look at the time! My boyfriend is late.
j)
It was rough out this morning, but the sky was blue.
Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Abair latha grànnda!
b) Seall! Tha am bodach sin gu math crosda.
c) Was it sunny yesterday? I don’t know.
d) Nach eil an leanabh seo snog agus beag?
e) Is he my boyfriend? Don’t you know?
f) A new book please. Thank you. You’re welcome.
g) This car is quite fast!
h) Bha an duine bog fliuch madainn an-dè.
i)
See you later Sarah.
j)
We are very early for school this morning.
k) Look up! It is pouring rain.
l)
What is that girl’s name again?
February 4, 2015
27
notes521a.wpd
Notes:
February 4, 2015
28
notes521a.wpd
Tòimhseachan-Tarsainn Sìde
Tarsainn
3. muggy
5. showery
7. wet
8. cloudy
10. calm
11. awful
12. warm
13. sunny
16. frosty
17. snow
18. lovely
February 4, 2015
Shìos
1. dry
2. misty
4. windy
6. messy
7. cold
9. wild
10. bright
11. stormy
12. beautiful
14. cool
15. hot
29
notes521a.wpd
Facal Falaichte Sìde
D
F
I
O
N
N
A
R
R
S
W
T
D
E
A
B
C
I
U
I
N
R
A
S
H
N
A
T
L
D
M
E
G
I
H
T
E
G
E
L
E
A
A
T
R
E
C
O
S
T
U
I
A
C
T
N
I
L
I
I
H
G
G
I
H
N
E
H
A
L
A
R
F
I
O
D
D
A
A
R
N
I
H
M
N
L
A
T
N
N
I
I
A
O
D
E
F
C
I
A
H
A
A
H
C
S
A
I
H
U
I
U
C
A
R
O
H
H
I
L
A
C
A
O
C
N
C
A
T
X
F
Y
H
T
S
R
I
H
A
H
C
R
O
D
andiugh
blath
caran
ciuin
dealanaich
dorch
fiadhaich
fionnar
fliuch
fuar
grianach
rudeigin
sgothach
sneachdach
socair
soilleir
stoirmeil
tairneanaich
teth
__ __ __ __ __ - __ __ __ __ __ __ __ ’ __ __ __
February 4, 2015
30
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 4 - Càit a bheil thu a’ fuireach?
Stoiridh 4 - An Coinneamh
It’s the first annual international Fèis for teens. Gaels from all over the Gaeltachd have come together in
Mabou, Cape Breton. It’s get-acquainted time ...
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Seumas:
Eilidh:
Hallò. Is mise Seumas. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort?
Is mise Eilidh. Dè an aois a tha thu?
Tha mi ochd bliadhna deug. Agus thusa? Dè an aois a tha thusa?
Tha mise seachd bliadhna deug. ’S e latha brèagha a th’ ann, nach e?
O tha. Tha i rud beag gaothach ach tha i uabhasach soilleir agus chan eil i sgòthach idir.
Tha gu dearbh. A bheil thu às an t-Eilean?
Tha. Tha mi a’ fuireach ann am Baile Searlot.
Gu fior? Càit ann am Baile Searlot?
Tha mi a’ fuireach air an Sràid Bhànrigh. Càit a bheil thusa a’ fuireach? Ann am Baile Searlot
cuideachd?
Chan eil. Tha mi a’ fuireach ann an Còrn.
An tèid thu dhan Àrd-Sgoil Achadh Gorm?
Thèid. Agus càit an tèid thu fhèin?
Thèid mi dhan Àrd-Sgoil Chòirneil MacIlleghlas. Tha mi ann an ìre dà dheug.
Mise cuideachd. ’S math gad choinneimh.
Saying Where You Live
To say where you live in Gaelic, use the verb a’ fuireach.
Tha mi a’ fuireach ann am Baile Searlot.
Now, some places on the Island have good Gaelic names. Some, like Baile Searlot are translations of names
that were given by the English. Other names in this group would be an Còrn, an Rìoghlachd Siar, Drochaid
Mhòntagu, etc. There are many names on the Island where it’s better to give the name in English: Sherwood,
Summerside, Crapaud, Winsloe, etc. The coolest group is the names that are originally Gaelic - named
before the Sassunachs showed up. This group includes Dùn Bhàn for Dunedin, Ceann a’ Bhaigh for Mt.
Stewart, and Sgitheanach for Brookvale. (see Appendix H)
Faclan Feumail
baile
taigh
flat
bungalo
rathad
sràid
corran
faisg
February 4, 2015
Bànrigh
Oilthigh
meadhan a’ bhaile
faisg air a’ bhaile
air an dùthaich
air baile-fearainn
air chall
tha mi’n dochas gum bi
31
notes521a.wpd
Saying Where You Are From
Often where you live is not where you actually come from. The question to ask is Cò às a tha thu? And to
say you are from a certain place, try:
Cò às a tha thu?
Tha mi à Eilean a’ Phrionnsa.
Tha mi à Alba Nuadh.
Tha sinn às an Fhrang.
Note that we use à for “from”, which changes to às before a place that takes an in front of it. For a more
complete of place names, see Appendices H and I.
Giving Your Address
Sometimes what people want is your address. The way to ask that is to say Dè an seòladh a th’ agad? Here
are some possible answers:
Tha mi a’ fuireach aig fichead ’sa còig Rathad Belvedere.
Tha sinn a’ fuireach aig trì fichead ’sa sia deug Sràid Bhànrigh.
The two main types of streets in Gaelic are Rathad, road and Sràid, street. Notice that Sràid lenites the word
following. As with place names, some translate well but most are better left alone. Here are a few
Charlottetown examples:
Rathad Oilthigh
Rathad Abhainn a Tuath
Sràid Uaine
Sràid Dhùn Eideann
Sràid Phrionnsa
Rathad Brackley Point
Sràid Euston
Rathad Brighton
Corrain Dawson
Aireamhan 21 - 100
So far we’ve only needed numbers up to twenty for our ages. For addresses we’ll usually need bigger
numbers. Gaelic has traditionally used a base-twenty counting system, but your peers in Scotland are using
a new decimal system that is much easier to use. So we’ll try that one.
21
22
30
39
40
43
52
fichead ’sa h-aon
fichead ’sa dhà
trithead
trithead ’sa naoi
ceathrad
ceathrad ’sa trì
caogad ’sa dà
57
68
71
86
99
100
caogad ’sa seachd
seasgad ’sa ochd
seachdad ’sa h-aon
ochdad ’sa sia
naochad ’sa naoi
ceud
For addresses over 100, you can just give the digits: còig sia trì Rathad Ard.
February 4, 2015
32
notes521a.wpd
The ’sa is a short form of agus a. If we were counting things, remember that the noun goes in the middle.
Ceathrad mucan ’sa còig.
Prepositional Pronouns
Now this is something you don’t find in English. There are many prepositional pronouns to say things like
“at me”, “with them”, “on her”, “from us”, etc. The first one we’ll see is used to show possession. In Gaelic,
to say something is yours, we say it is “at you”. The words aig + mi become agam. Aig + thu becomes agad.
Here’s the full list:
mi
thu
e
i
sinn
sibh
iad
agam
agad
aige
aice
againn
agaibh
aca
orm
ort
air
oirre
oirinn
oirbh
orra
Tha cat bàn agam.
Dè an seòladh a th’ agad?
Tha cù mòr aige.
Tha nighean bheag aice.
Dè an seòladh a th’ againn?
’S e Iain an t-ainm a th’ orm.
Dè an t-ainm a th’ air?
For more prepositional pronouns, see Appendix D
Plurals
The most common way to form plurals in Gaelic is to add “-an” to the end of the word.
ubhal
ubhalan
cas
casan
But, because of the spelling rule (narrow to narrow), if the last vowel of the noun is slender, we need to add
“-ean” instead.
sùil
sùilean
ainm
ainmean
caraid
caraidean
Sometimes it sounds better to add an extra syllable before the “-an”
leabhar
leabhraichean
bus
busaichean
And other times the entire word changes - think foot / feet in English.
cù
coin
cat
cait
bòrd
bùird
ugh
uighean
Because of the variety of forms, most dictionaries will give the plural of the noun before the definition.
One other little quirk about plurals. In Gaelic we don’t use the plural form when we have 2 of something we lenite instead.
bus
dà bhus
trì busaichean
ceithir busaichean
February 4, 2015
33
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
18. Fill in the missing word so the plural and singular are matched. Then give the translation of the plural
form. Don’t forget to use your dictionaries.
word
Gaelic plural
English plural
a)
bòrd
b)
c)
faclan
_________________
ad
d)
e)
_________________
_________________
taighean
_________________
sgoil
_________________
f)
càraichean
_________________
g)
bodaich
_________________
h)
òran
i)
_________________
cait
_________________
j)
craobh
_________________
k)
baile
_________________
l)
leabhraichean
_________________
m) latha
n)
o)
daoine
_________________
bean
p)
q)
_________________
_________________
bà
_________________
bàta
_________________
19. Sgrìobh na aireamhan anns a’ chànan eile.
a) ceathrad leabhraichean ’sa ochd
b)
trithead coin ’sa trì
c)
seasgad bàtaichean ’sa naoi
d)
neoni ubhlan
e)
ochdad taighean ’sa seachd
February 4, 2015
34
notes521a.wpd
f)
28 days
g)
91 boys
h)
75 trees
i)
44 houses
j)
63 pigs
k)
86 cats
20. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Tha mi a’ fuireach ann Montagu Ìseal.
b)
Càit a bheil am balach sin a’ fuireach?
c)
It snowed early this year
d)
Bha iad a’ fuireach faisg air a’ bhaile, air baile fearainn.
e)
Tha an leabhar seo fliuch fhathast.
f)
Dè an ìre a tha thu, co-dhiù?
g)
I live in a big green house near downtown.
h)
Where does that ugly dog live?
i)
The red house is quite old.
j)
An robh sibh a’ fuireach ann an taigh beag buidhe?
21. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) It’s very stormy near the sea.
b)
It was a bit frosty yesterday evening.
February 4, 2015
35
notes521a.wpd
c)
Dè an seòladh a th’ aig an nighean dhubh bhòidheach?.
d)
Does Norman speak Gaelic? Not at all; he’s foolish.
e)
A bheil briosgaidean ann?
f)
Tha mi a’ fuireach ann am Baile Searlot o chionn ceithir bliadhna.
g)
Chan eil caraidean agam, ach tha airgead agam.
h)
Abair taigh àlainn agaibh! An robh e daor?
i)
It was a very calm day in the country.
22. Put these sentences in the past tense. Translate only in your mind.
a) Tha mi a’ fuireach air an Rathad Oilthigh.
b)
Tha i a’ fuireach ann am flat.
c)
Chan eil iad anns a’ chàr. Tha iad air chall.
d)
A bheil am boireannach glic?
e)
Nach eil an t-sìde gu math socair?
f)
Chan eil sinn gu math.
g)
A bheil e dìreach sgìth?
h)
Tha an leanabh seo ro òg.
i)
Nach eil na briosgaidean sin math?
February 4, 2015
36
notes521a.wpd
An Rìoghachd na h-Alba
The Kingdom of Scotland
The last we saw, Scotland was not even Scottish yet. The Scots were a Celtic tribe of pirates in Ireland.
They called themselves Gàidheal. What we now call Scotland was called Alba and was inhabited by a preIndo-European people we call Albans in the north, some mysterious people named Picts in the centre, and
some British Celts in the south. Many historians say that the Picts were Celtic, but a growing number are
wondering if they weren’t more closely related to the Albans. Whatever the case, the Picts and Albans soon
found themselves being invaded by the Scots. The Scots, led by their king Fergus Mac Erc, established a
foothold in the southwest highlands, and called their kingdom Dalriata. An Irish prince named Colum Cille
came to Scotland in the mid-500s to preach to the Scots and evangelize the Picts. He founded a monastery
on Iona in 563 AD and was known as St. Columba.
By 843 AD Kenneth MacAlpin (Coinneach mac Albainn), king of the Scots, married a Pictish princess and
united the two peoples. He became the first High King of Scotland, which ironically enough is still known
as Alba in Gaelic. Just as that was happening, another group was invading in the north and west. The
Vikings came as raiders first, but later groups settled in and even took over some parts of the Western Isles,
especially the Isle of Lewis.
The next two hundred years saw things settle down again. The four main ethnic groups of Scotland were all
in place. This also marked the high point of Gaelic in Scotland. Up to 1100 AD, almost the entire country
was Gaelic speaking. During this time the clan system became a little more established. Some clans were
Celtic (MacDonald, MacKenzie, Cameron), some were Norse (MacLeod), and some were Norman French
(Fraser, Beaton, Bruce).
The middle ages also saw the use of Classical Gaelic - a language that was common to Ireland and Scotland.
There was a constant exchange of bards, philosophers, doctors, judges, and singers between the two
countries. Classical Gaelic was used for great works and for art and culture, whereas regular (vernacular)
Gaelic was the everyday speech of the people. Only the trained scholars understood Classical Gaelic, just
as only the educated people in Europe understood Latin.
But things are constantly shifting in the world, and Scotland is no exception. After the Battle of Hastings
and the defeat of the Anglo-Saxons in England by William the Conqueror and the Norman French, the Saxon
royal house fled to Scotland. Why Scotland? Well, the deposed Saxon Prince Edgar had a sister Margaret
who had married King Calum Ceann Mòr (aka Malcolm Canmore). So the Scottish Gaelic court was
swamped with Anglos. Margaret had a huge influence on her husband - a very Saxon influence. Soon the
language of the court was English, not Gaelic. All of their children (and future kings) had Saxon names like
Edgar, Edmund and Ethelred. A generation later, King David’s sister married Henry I of England, which
brought the Norman influence north to Scotland. Eventually some Norman lords came north to take Scottish
earldoms. Gaelic began its slow shrinking to the north and west.
February 4, 2015
37
notes521a.wpd
Meanwhile in the west, things were looking up for Gaelic power. The Islands were controlled by the Norse,
but a Celtic chief named Somerled rose up against them and drove them out. His grandson Donald was the
founder of the Clan Donald and also of the Lordship of the Isles. The MacDonald Lords ruled a semiindependent kingdom that stretched from the Mull of Kintyre to the Butt of Lewis.
By the late 1200s King Alexander III was so completely Saxonized that his courtiers laughed when a Gaelic
bard showed up at his coronation and recited his family tree back to Kenneth MacAlpin. Alexander died a
tragic death, as had his only son, and was followed to the grave by his grand-daughter. Their deaths set in
motion the biggest crisis Scotland ever faced. The evil King Edward I of England decided that he was the
overlord of the whole island of Britain. He had already conquered the Welsh and given his son the title
Prince of Wales. As overlord, he gave himself the right to decide Scotland’s next king. There were an awful
lot of claimants to the throne, and Edward picked the weakest of the lot, a guy named John Balliol. The
English basically invaded southern Scotland and started bossing everyone around.
In the mid 1290s, a young noble from Lanark began a small revolt and killed the Saxon governor of the city.
He took to the woods and began a guerilla war of raiding and murdering Saxons. More men flocked to the
cause, and soon William Wallace was leading a full-fledged rebellion. They won a large victory over King
Edward at Stirling Bridge, but Wallace was defeated the next year at Falkirk. Sadly enough, many Scottish
nobles were looking after their own best interests, kissing up to Edward and fighting on the English side.
Wallace got away and spent some time travelling on the continent. He returned to Scotland, but was betrayed
and captured in 1305. He was taken to London and brutally tortured before being executed. Edward
marched north again and was on the verge of taking all Scotland when he died in 1307. He was succeeded
by his effeminate son Edward II, who tried to continue his father’s campaign.
Just as all looked hopeless, a new Scottish leader emerged. Robert Bruce was the son of one of the previous
pile of claimants to the throne back in 1296. The Bruces were of Norman descent and were quite a powerful
family. Robert gathered an army and began driving out the Saxons. Soon the Scots had retaken every castle
except Stirling. Edward II assembled a huge army and marched north to relieve Stirling Castle in June of
1314. Bruce and his men (including a bunch of Highland Gaels who were fighting alongside the king for the
first time) lured them onto the marsh at Bannockburn and slaughtered the Saxon army. It was the greatest
military victory in Scottish history. The Scots had won the wars of independence.
This period from 1300 - 1600 was another time of relative stability. In time the Stuarts became the ruling
family, with a series of James I through V. This was also the heyday of the clans. A lot of the images we
have of clan life come from this period. The brecan feile, or great kilt, was common, bagpipes took on their
modern form, and small clan warfare was a constant. There were a lot of cattle raids and battles between
various clans. Classical Gaelic and the associated culture thrived under the Lords of the Isles. But nothing
stays the same for long. The Stuart kings in Edinburgh grew increasingly jealous of the power of the Lords.
They began a slow campaign to break their power, and by 1493 the Lordship was abolished. Then the
Reformation came and caused another great divide in the country. The Lowlands converted to Protestanism
under the leadership of John Knox, but most of the Highlands stayed Catholic.
February 4, 2015
38
notes521a.wpd
In the early 1600s two major changes took place that seriously weakened Gaelic culture. The English had
invaded Ireland and were spreading their influence through a series of plantations. The Irish were slowly
being driven to the west. In 1607 the last holdout of Irish nobles surrendered and fled the country. This
“Flight of the Earls” was basically the end of Gaelic Ireland and the end of Classical Gaelic.
Another massive change happened in 1603 with death of Queen Elizabeth I. She had no children, and her
closest relative happened to be James VI of Scotland. He therefore became king of both England and
Scotland. This was called the Union of the Crowns. In case you’re thinking “Wow, so Scotland took over
England!” remember that James was purely English-speaking and upwardly mobile. He moved to London,
became king of England, and thought of Scotland as a very minor part of his kingdom.
The Stuarts continued to rule all of Britain until James VII. He was a Catholic and became king in 1685.
This was actually illegal in England - for a Catholic to be king. People were unhappy but were willing to
put up with the situation as long as James had no son. They hoped he would die soon and his Protestant
daughter Mary would become queen. Then in 1688 James committed a grave sin - he had a son, also named
James. This was the last straw! The Protestant establishment in London forced him to flee and invited Mary
and her husband the Dutch William of Orange to become king and queen. James lived in France and Rome
and waited for his chance to get the throne back...
Sources
Prebble, John. The Lion in the North. London: Penguin Books. 1981
Munro, R.W. Highland Clans and Tartans. London: Peerage Books. 1987
Mowat, Farley. The Farfarers. Toronto: Seal Books. 1999
Haywood, John. Atlas of the Celtic World. London: Thames and Hudson. 2001
Sùil Air Ais# 2
Talking about the weather
The past tense
Asking where someone lives
Asking where someone is from
Giving your address
Places
Locations
place names
plurals
types of streets and houses
numbers from 20 to 100
prepositional pronouns: agam, orm
February 4, 2015
39
notes521a.wpd
Notes:
February 4, 2015
40
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 5 - Dè tha thu ag iarraidh?
Stoiridh 5 - An Taigh Bìdh
Calum and Eilidh are up for a night out. Well, Eilidh is anyway. Calum is not in a great mood. The waitress
(tè-fhrithealaidh) approaches...
Tè:
Calum:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Eilidh:
Hallo, failte gu Hunters.
Oidhche mhath.
Oidhche mhath.
Ciamar a tha sibh an oidhche?
Glè mhath, tapadh leibh.
Chan eil dona.
Ceart, dè tha sibh ag iarraidh?
Uill, an tòiseach, tha mi ag iarraidh glainne burn.
Agus tha mise ag iarraidh cupa cofaidh. Dubh, mas e do thoil e.
Tapadh leibh. Bidh mi air ais ann am mionaid.
Dè tha thu ag iarraidh airson suipear?
Chan eil fhios agam. Chan eil an t-acras orm idir.
Tha an t-acras mòr ormsa! An toigh leat sgiathan? Tha mi ag iarraidh sgiathan theth.
Cha toigh leam sgiathan. Is beag orm iad. Chan eil mi ag iarraidh ach cupa cofaidh dubh.
Na bi gòrach. Is toigh leam sgiathan, ach tha mi ag iarraidh tuilleadh. ’S docha gu bheil mi ag
iarraidh calzone.
Tè:
Eilidh:
A bheil sibh deiseil?
Tha, mise. Chan eil e fhèin ag iarraidh ach an cofaidh aige. Tha mi ag iarraidh sgiathan agus
calzone.
Dè an seòrsa de sgiathan?
Teth, mas e ur toil e.
Duilich, ach chan eil sgiathan theth againn an-diugh.
Daingead!
A bheil sibh ag iarraidh sgiathan suicide?
Suicide? Sin a’ chanain sin. Tha mi gan iarraidh.
Agus dè an seòrsa de chalzone?
Cajun, mas e ur toil e.
Agus buntàta no biadh-lus?
A bheil sgealban agaibh?
O tha. A bheil thu ag iarraidh sgealban?
Tha. Agus glainne còc.
A bheil Pepsi ceart?
Tha, tha sin math.
Ceart ma-thà. Bidh sin deiseil ann gu bhith deich mionaidean.
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
Eilidh:
Tè:
February 4, 2015
41
notes521a.wpd
Wanting things
To ask what someone wants, we ask Dè tha thu ag iarraidh? We can answer with:
Tha mi ag iarraidh cupa cofaidh.
Tha mi ag iarraidh deoch burn.
Tha mi ag iarraidh glainne còc.
Likes and Dislikes
To ask if someone likes something, use An toigh leat?
An toigh leat cofaidh?
An toigh leat snàmh?
We can use the following to say we do or don’t like something.
Is toigh leam còc.
Cha toigh leam ball-coise.
To answer briefly yes or no, you can use a shorter form:
An toigh leat hocaidh? Cha toigh l’.
An toigh leat seoclaid? ’S toigh l’!
Here we come across a new prepositional pronoun. Leat is short for le thu, and leam is for le mi.
leam
leat
leis
leatha
leinn
leibh
leotha
Is toigh leam cadal a’ staigh.
Cha toigh leat rugbaidh.
An toigh leis sneachd?
If you want to use a name or a noun just use le
Cha toigh le Seumas an càr.
Adjectives and Feminine Nouns
In Gaelic, nouns are either masculine or feminine.
Unlike French, both use the same definite article (an).
One difference between genders is that adjectives following feminine nouns are lenited.
eg. Tha nighean mhòr aig an doras.
Seumas beag
Eilidh bheag.
Feasgar math
Madainn mhath
Oidhche mhath
Slainte mhath.
Cofaidh dubh
Tì dhubh
February 4, 2015
42
notes521a.wpd
Writing a Letter
Writing a letter isn’t very different from writing a few sentences. You just add a salutation at the beginning,
and sign off at the end. Here are some of the more common ways of doing so:
salutation:
signing off:
other snigglets:
Iain chòir,
le meas
le dùrachd
le deagh dhùrachd
slàinte
a-rithist or chì
- like “Dear John”
- most common
co-dhiù
Chì mi a-rithist thu
Bruidhnidh mi riut a-rithist
Feumaidh mi falbh
fhathast
bochd
Chì mi thu dh’ aithghearr
Sgrìobh air ais thugam
Tha mi gad ionndrainn
post-dealain
anyway
see you later
talk to you later
I have to go
still, yet
poor
I’ll see you soon
Write back to me
I miss you
email
- pretty formal
- informal
- quite informal
Faclan Feumail
Food
biadh
aran
ìm
tost
hama
bàcon
ugh
silidh
ceapaire
brot
biadh-lus
feòil
iasg
ubhal
càise
cèic
seoclaid
siùcar
buntàta
isbeanan
sùgh-làr
peasraichean
suiteas
February 4, 2015
Tha am pathadh orm.
Tha an t-acras orm.
Drinks
bainne
sùgh orains
cofaidh
tì
uisge
burn
uisge beatha
fion
còc
leann
Mas e do thoil e.
Tapadh leat.
’S e do bheatha.
Is beag orm ...
Is toigh leam fhìn ...
glainne
botal
cupa
Activities
snàmh
golf
hocaidh
ithe
coiseachd
ball-coise
ball-basgaid
iomain
ceòl
bracaist
dìnneir
suipear
srùbag
fear
tè
daoine
43
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
23. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Is toigh leam buntàta.
b) Cha toigh leat peasraichean.
c) Cha toigh leinn fìon.
d) Is toigh leotha fhèin ithe.
e) Tha e ag iarraidh dìnneir.
f) Is beag orm cluich ball-coise.
g) I like bread.
h) He likes eggs
i)
She likes you.
j)
They don’t like school.
k) You like walking to school.
l)
Big Mary likes Red Angus.
24. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Cha toigh leibh tì.
b) Is toigh le Seumas uighean agus hama uaine.
c) Is toigh leamsa cadal anns an leabaidh agam.
February 4, 2015
44
notes521a.wpd
d) Cha toigh leam cofaidh idir.
e) Tha mi ag iarraidh cèic.
f) Is toigh le Anna agus Tormod seinn Brochan Lom.
g) I don’t like meat, but I like fish.
h) We really like toast and jam.
i)
I hate swimming at the beach.
j)
She likes drinking whiskey and orange juice but he likes coke.
k) I want to eat breakfast.
l)
The little girl wants an apple.
25. Cuir anns a’ Bheurla.
a) Ruairidh chòir,
Abair sìde dona! An-dè bha i uabhasach fhèin gaothach, agus stoirmeil, agus gu math math fuar.
Bha i 12 Celsius! Bha na craobhan a’ tuiteam sìos. Bha seann chraobh a’ tuiteam air an taigh beag
buidhe agam. Tha sin duilich. Mise bochd. Agus bha i rapach, ach cha robh sneachd ann. Agus
a-nis tha tàirneanaich ann agus tha dealanaich ann. Tha i glè dhorch a-muigh. Uill, chì mi a-rithist
thu.
Le meas,
Eilidh
February 4, 2015
45
notes521a.wpd
b) Hallò. Is mise Mòrag. Tha mi ochd bliadhna deug a th’ aois. Tha mi ann an ìre 11 aig an ÀrdSgoil a’ Chòirneil MacIlleGhlais. Tha mi a’ fuireach ann am Baile Searlot, ach tha mi à na Stàitean
Aonichte. Tha mi ag ionnsachadh na Gàidhlig o chionn còig seachdain. Is toigh leam leughadh,
bruidhinn ri mo charaidean air a’ fòn, agus coimhead air an telebhisean. A bheil càr agaibh? A
bheil bràthair no piuthar agaibh? Tha i gu math fuar agus gaothach an seo an seachdain seo. Cha
toigh leam an t-sìde air an Eilean.
Co-dhiù, feumaidh mi falbh an-dràsda.
Chì,
Mòrag Nic a’ Phì
26. Cuir anns a’ Ghàidhlig.
a) Dear James,
My name is Angus and I am 17 years old. I live in Montague on Prince Edward Island, but I’m
from Charlottetown. I live in a big green house. It is an old house. I’m in grade 12 and I like
fishing and running. I don’t like watching tv. My girlfriend’s name is Cheryl and she’s in grade
11. I also have a big brown dog named Molson. He’s 2 years old; he’s still a puppy. Anyway, I’ll
talk to you later.
Yours Truly,
Angus MacLean
February 4, 2015
46
notes521a.wpd
b) Dear Janet,
How are you today? It’s quite hot here, and very humid as well. Yesterday it was cold and rainy
all day. It was your birthday yesterday - happy birthday! Are you 14 years old now? Do you still
live in Winnipeg? What is the weather like there? Is it very windy on your street? What is the
name of your school? Do you have a cat? My cat died.
Well, I better be going.
Later,
Catherine
February 4, 2015
47
notes521a.wpd
Facal Falaichte Biadh
B
L
W
D
F
Y
H
W
R
S
H
O
K
W
S
P
R
I
A
N
O
P
P
R
N
N
G
Q
U
Q
K
D
I
O
K
R
U
X
B
A
Z
S
G
X
A
J
T
G
O
E
V
A
N
E
R
C
H
R
B
Z
H
C
Z
G
S
F
A
H
F
A
O
U
D
C
B
D
D
L
B
Z
C
G
T
I
R
S
L
I
A
Y
P
F
I
X
S
I
A
S
A
G
S
A
I
S
X
Z
F
S
L
U
H
E
I
E
T
C
N
U
T
F
B
M
R
U
I
N
N
A
D
O
N
U
Y
S
E
U
I
V
I
P
S
L
C
F
E
I
U
T
O
Q
U
I
S
G
E
B
E
A
T
H
A
O
B
T
Q
N
J
B
G
A
N
I
R
H
H
R
N
N
V
G
W
M
Y
N
R
D
N
B
C
B
R
E
L
U
E
S
U
G
H
H
N
B
I
R
S
U
L
R
H
A
C
E
O
W
P
D
Q
H
D
J
C
E
D
Z
P
ARAN
BAINNE
BRACAIST
BRIOSCAIDEAN
BROT
BUNTATA
CAISE
COFAIDH
CURRAIN
DINNEIR
FEOIL
IASG
LITE
PONAIR
SGEALBAN
SILIDH
SIUCAR
SUGHORAINS
SUIPEAR
TOST
UBHAL
UIGHEAN
UISGEBEATHA
February 4, 2015
48
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 6 - Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh?
Stoiridh 6 - Cabadaich air Feadh na Dùthcha
Ruairidh:
Feasgar math a h-uile duine. Seo Ruairidh Moireach ann am Baile Searlot, agus an-diugh tha
sinn a’ bruidhinn ri daoine air feadh Chanada mun t-sìde agus na rudan a tha iad a’ dèanamh
a-muigh no a-staigh. Air an loighne an-dràsda tha Màiri NicNèill ann am Mabù, Ceap
Breatainn. Feasgar math, a Mhàiri. Ciamar a tha an t-sìde ann an Ceap Breatainn an-diugh?
Màiri:
Feasgar math, a Ruairidh. Uill, an-diugh, tha i gu math grianach, caran teann, agus uabhasach
fhèin teth!
Ruairidh:
Glè mhath, a Mhàiri. Agus, dè tha sibh a’ dèanamh an-diugh?
Màiri:
Uill, madainn an-diugh, bha mi a’ snàmh agus a’ coiseachd. Ach a-nis, tha mi a’ leughadh.
Tha mi a’ leughadh leabhar le Aonghas Pàdraig Caimbeul; leabhar uabhasach fhèin math.
Ruairidh:
Tapadh leibh, a Mhàiri. A-nis air an loighne, tha mi a’ bruidhinn ri Calum Iain Màrtainn ann
an Cille Mhoire, Eilean a’ Phrionnsa. Feasgar math, a Chaluim. Ciamar a tha an t-sìde ann an
Cille Mhoire an-diugh?
Calum:
Feasgar math, a Ruairidh. Is toigh leam am prògram agaibh. Tha i gu math math teann andiugh, agus rud beag sgòthach.
Ruairidh:
Glè mhath, a Chaluim. Agus dè tha sibh a’ dèanamh an-diugh?
Calum:
Uill, madainn an-diugh bha mi ag iasgach, agus bha mi a’ peantadh a’ feansa agam, ach a-nis,
tha mi a-staigh agus tha mi a’ sgrìobhadh litrichean agus ag èisteach ris an rèidio.
Ruairidh:
Tapadh leibh, a Chaluim. Agus tapadh leibh, a Mhàiri. Sin agad e, am prògram againn andiugh. Ann am Baile Searlot, Eilean a’ Phrionnsa, is mise Ruairidh Moireach. Feasgar math.
February 4, 2015
49
notes521a.wpd
Verbal Nouns
So far we’ve only been able to use the verb “to be”. To use any other verb we can use a verbal noun along
with the verb to be. Think of verbal nouns as “-ing” words in English.
Tha mi a’ coiseachd.
Tha e a’ snàmh.
Tha iad a’ peantadh.
Notice that we include a’ in front of the verbal noun. This is an abbreviation of aig. If the verbal noun
begins with a vowel, we use ag.
Tha thu ag ithe.
Tha i ag obair.
The best thing about verbal nouns is that they can be combined with all forms of the verb to be. This gives
us a lot of flexibility. For a more complete list, see Appendix E.
A bheil sibh a’ cluich?
Bha sinn a’ bruidhinn.
An robh thu a’ còcaireachd?
Chan eil mi a’ seinn.
Fifteen Common Verbs
bruidhinn
cadal
cluich
coimhead
coiseachd
dèanamh
dol
èisteachd
ionnsachadh
ithe
leughadh
obair
òl
seinn
sgrìobhadh
suidhe
snàmh
Possessive Pronouns
We have seen one way to show possession (to say someone has something) using agam, agad, ..., aca. We
say the object is at the person. Tha cat mòr agam. A bheil an taigh agad faisg air a’ bhaile?
The other way to show possession is to use possessive pronouns (like English).
mo
my
Seo mo mhàthair.
do
your
Tha do chù marbh.
a
his
Tha e ag ithe a bhracaist.
a
her
Bidh i ag ithe a dìnneir.
ar
our
ur
your
an
their
Notice the first 3 lenite. Of that list, mo, do and ur are by far the most common.
February 4, 2015
50
notes521a.wpd
The Future
The verb to be in the future tense is about as simple as the past and present. To say something will be, just
use bidh.
Bidh mi a’ coiseachd dhan bhaile.
Cha bhi e a’ cadal a-staigh.
Am bi thu ag ithe do bhracaist?
Nach bi i fliuch a-màireach?
Past
Present
Future
bha
tha
bidh
an robh ?
a bheil ?
am bi ?
cha robh
chan eil
cha bhi
nach robh ?
nach eil ?
nach bi ?
Faclan Feumail
as dèidh sin
tràigh
oidhche
ceòl
a’ cadal a-staigh
an uairsin
dhachaidh
ri chèile
dhan
fhathast
Notes:
February 4, 2015
51
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
27. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Bha mi ag obair trang.
b)
Tha mi a’ sgrìobhadh leabhar airson clann.
c)
Bha e ag ithe dà ugh airson bracaist.
d)
Bha Calum Iain agus Aonghas Dubh a’ bruidhinn ri chèile.
e)
A bheil i a’ coiseachd dhan bhaile?
f)
I hate dancing.
g)
George is coming this afternoon.
h)
What are you guys doing there anyway?
i)
We are cleaning my house.
j)
Did he sing ’S ann an Ile? I don’t know!
28. Put the sentence in the future tense. Do not translate.
a) Tha sinn a’ bruidhinn ri chèile.
b)
A bheil thu a’ campadh a-màireach?
c)
Chan eil iad a’ glanadh an taigh aca.
d)
Bha mi ag iasgach air an loch.
e)
Cha robh e a’ leughadh do leabhar mòr.
f)
Nach eil i ag òl tòrr leann?
February 4, 2015
52
notes521a.wpd
g)
An robh thu a’ seinn òrain?
h)
Bha sibh a’ sgrìobhadh còig litrichean.
i)
Tha i a’ dol dhan sgoil.
j)
Bha i a’ fàs dorcha a-muigh.
29. Put the words in the correct order to make a sentence. Translate only in your mind.
a) tbh / coimhead / tha / a’ / air / an / mi
b)
tha / a’ / dè / dèanamh / sibh ?
c)
air / bidh / tràigh / coiseachd / sinn / a’ / an
d)
leam / cha / dannsadh / toigh
e)
a / seoclaid / ag / thu / iarraidh / bheil
f)
a / bha / ciamar / an / an-dè / t-sìde?
g)
gad / bidh / mi / fhaicinn
h)
bidh / e / aige / a’ / an / càr / càradh
i)
thoil / an / mas / e / fosgail / do / doras / e
j)
a-màireach / a’ / bidh / cadal / a-staigh / mi / madainn
30. Rewrite these sentences converting one type of possession to another.
a) Seo an cù agam.
b)
Càit a bheil an càr agad?
February 4, 2015
53
notes521a.wpd
c)
Bha e ag ithe am bracaist aige.
d)
Sin a taigh.
e)
Bidh iad a’ dèanamh an obair-dachaidh.
f)
An toigh leat an coimpuitair ùr againn?
g)
Chan eil fhios agam carson a bha an cat agaibh falbh.
h)
Dè tha ise ag iarraidh airson an srùbag aice?
31. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Tha iad ag obair gu math trang.
b)
Am bi mi a’ cadal a-staigh a-màireach?
c)
Tha sinn a’ faicinn ur bàta mòr.
d)
An robh an nighean mhòr a’ suidhe air an làr?
e)
Tha mo bhus a’ tighinn!
f)
I was watching you on tv.
g)
What is the name of your dog? (singular)
h)
She painted her car last evening. It is pretty!
i)
My brother loves listening to his music, and he also loves sleeping.
j)
Will you be going to your work tomorrow? Maybe.
February 4, 2015
54
notes521a.wpd
32. Cuir anns a’ Ghàidhlig.
This morning I was very tired. Yesterday I was busy. I was swimming at the Spa with my friend. We
ate lunch at Wendy’s. I ate a salad; Aoife ate fries and a coke. In the afternoon, we were running and
walking. After that, we walked home and we were cleaning the house and listening to music. Aoife
was dancing and I was singing. We were terrible! I cooked and then we ate dinner. In the evening we
were visiting my girlfriend Sìne and watching a movie at her house. Tomorrow I will still be tired.
February 4, 2015
55
notes521a.wpd
33. Mix and Match. Pick an entry from each column to create a sentence. Repeat.
Tha
Chan eil
Bha
Cha robh
Bidh
Cha bhi
Seumas
an nighean
Maìri
am balach
an cù
mise
i
iad
Seòras
Anna
am bò
ag ithe
a’ glanadh
a’ peantadh
ag òl
a’ suidhe air
a’ faicinn
ag èisdeachd ri
a’ cèilidh air
a’ cluich le
a’ seinn
(optional)
mòr
beag
dubh
bàn
gasda
snog
grànnda
bòidheach
an taigh agam
an càr aice
a’ bhean agad
uisge
an gille
an tidsear
do chù
aran
mo chat
brochan lom
an sgoil
sgealban
bainne
cofaidh dubh
Sìne
Write your sentences here.
February 4, 2015
56
notes521a.wpd
Na Stiùbhartan
The Stuarts
Remember that the Scottish royal family, the Stuarts, had been ruling both England and Scotland for about
100 years. James VII was kicked off the throne of England because he was Catholic. This raised two main
questions: would the Stuarts go back to being kings of Scotland only, and would James fight to regain the
throne of England? Although both countries were mostly Protestant, there were lots of Catholics in both.
Plus James had the support of a lot of the conservatives in England (Tories) and most of the Highlands. This
was by no means a done deal. James rallied his supporters (called Jacobites, after the Latin word for James)
and they fought two battles, Boyne in Ireland and Killiecrankie in Scotland. James needed two wins but
althought the Jacobites won in Killiecrankie, they lost the Boyne. Turns out James wasn’t much of a military
leader. He gave up and went to the continent to raise his infant son to be the next king.
Meanwhile, the victorious King William was determined to teach the Scottish Jacobites a lesson. He
demanded that all Highland chiefs swear an oath of loyalty to him. They had until the end of 1691 to do this.
William was hoping that some would not and that he could make an example of them. It turns out that all
the chiefs eventually swore the oath, but Lord MacDonald of Glencoe was delayed by bad weather and
didn’t swear his oath until January 4. William decided that was enough. He sent a battalion of soldiers,
made up of English soldiers and Campbells to visit MacDonald in February. The Highland tradition of
hospitality demanded that Glencoe host even rival clansmen. After staying with them for several days, the
leader of the Campbells got his order to “put all to the sword under seventy”, and to especially make sure
that Lord Glencoe and his son were both killed. Apparently the Campbells were horrified at the order.
Before the English soldiers lead the slaughter, many of the Highland soldiers warned the MacDonalds to flee
to the hills. Although many MacDonalds were killed that night, young Glencoe and more than half of his
clansmen did manage to escape.
The Jacobites still held out hope that James or his son would fight for his throne again. By 1707, William
and Mary were both dead, and Mary’s younger sister Queen Anne was getting old and childless. A lot of
movers and shakers in both countries were worried that once the Stuart line died out, Scotland and England
would each pick different kings, leading to more warfare. Some suggested that the two countries should
officially unite. Of course, as has always been the case, there were a lot of Scottish aristocrats who saw
union with England as the best way to get more power for themselves. Even thought a majority of Scots
opposed the idea, the Act of Union was passed that year. In theory it was to be two equal countries joining
each other. What with England having ten times the population and the capital of the new country being in
London, it really turned out like if England took over Scotland.
Still the Jacobites (both in England and in Scotland) held out hope that young James would come rescue
them. They called him the King Over the Water. They had fancy china patterns and goblets with Jacobite
emblems on them. Of course they only used those when they were sure everyone in the group was a Jacobite.
You could go to jail for having Jacobite sympathies. In mixed company at a dinner party, Jacobites would
always hold their glass over their finger bowls when a toast was made to the king. In their minds, they were
toasting the king “over the water”.
February 4, 2015
57
notes521a.wpd
Well, in 1714, Anne died and the English picked George of Hanover (a German) to be the new king. He was
quite unpopular; he couldn’t even speak English (let alone Gaelic) and rarely even left Germany to visit his
new subjects. Young James (he was 27) saw his chance. He got French help and came back to Scotland to
raise an army and march on Edinburgh. On paper his chances were very good. Almost all of the Highland
clans were on his side. Even most of the lowlanders were fed up with the Union and the Saxons in general.
Scotland was his for the taking; the battles were his for the losing. In fact, the rebels were so excited that
they got the army together before James even landed. Unfortunately, the Earl of Mar was not a very good
military leader and he blew some very good chances. The Jacobites lost their chance at the critical battle of
Sheriffmuir in 1715. James landed a couple of days later and found out that the rebellion was already over.
He went back to France and sulked. Not much of a leader. His supporters realized that he was not their man,
but they gave him some wise advice - have a son to carry on the struggle. On this front James was
successful; the boy was named Prince Charles.
The English seemed to know how much of a close call they had just had. In the aftermath of the 1715
uprising, General Wade was ordered to build a series of roads and forts throughout the Highlands to try and
civilize the place. Before this time, there were almost no roads at all above the Highland line. People had
to travel on foot or horseback across moors and over mountains. It was real easy for rebels to retreat into the
hills and just disappear. Wade wanted to make sure that soldiers and artillery could go anywhere they needed
to go and quickly.
Fast forward to 1745. James was still alive and talking about being King James VII. His son was now a
dashing young man who was very charismatic. A natural leader and very handsome to boot, he was known
as Teàrlach Bòidheach or Bonnie Prince Charlie. He was determined, with French help again, to take the
thrones of Scotland and England. Unfortunately for him, a lot had changed in the last 30 years. It had now
been 60 years since a Stuart had ruled. Most Scots had gotten used to the union and weren’t really in the
mood for a rebellion. Even the Jacobites had gotten used to their little songs and dishes, and had given up
all hope of ever fighting for a Stuart again. It’s not much of an exaggeration to say that no-one other than
Charlie himself thought he could pull this off.
He landed in the summer of 1745 and called the clans to join him and fight. This from a momma’s boy who
grew up in the palaces of Paris and Rome. The chief of the Camerons of Locheil went out to convince him
to go back home. Charlie called him a chicken and told him to “go home to your wife and read your prince’s
fate in the papers.” Locheil was so moved that he swore loyalty to the prince and promised that every
Cameron he could raise would fight for the Jacobite cause. Charlie had that effect on people. He personally
bullied or convinced almost half of the Highland chiefs to support him (but mostly the poorer Catholic ones
and smaller clans). Some of the Protestant clans actually fought for the government against Charlie (Grant,
Munro, Campbell), and the most powerful clans (MacKenzie, MacLeod, MacDonald) stayed out of it
altogether.
Against all advice the Prince and his ragtag army of Gaelic warriors marched on Edinburgh. Their main
tactical weapon was the charge, and it worked again and again. They captured Edinburgh, and beat the
February 4, 2015
58
notes521a.wpd
armies that were sent after them. They marched steadily south and by December were 200 km north of
London. George II was in a full panic and started packing his bags. The two main problems he faced were
that most of his best soldiers were in Europe fighting the Austrians and French, and although most people
weren’t all that sympathetic to the Jacobite cause, they didn’t really care for King George either. In
desperation, the government called back 3 armies from the war in Europe and put them under the command
of the king’s fat son, the Duke of Cumberland. To combat apathy, rumours were spread that the Highland
barbarians were cannibals and had massacred every place they captured.
Charlie’s commanders knew they were about to face a real army for the first time, and they didn’t like the
odds. They retreated a bit further north and looked to gather more support. They still won every battle they
fought, but they were all retreat rearguard type of battles. Not too inspiring. Cumberland chased them all
over Scotland and finally cornered them in April just outside of Inverness.
Just as Bannockburn was the greatest battle in Scottish history, Culloden was probably the worst. The
Prince picked a bad spot, the clansmen were tired, cold and hungry. In the end, they tried to charge across
a field of heather while being mowed down by cannon fire. It was a disaster. The English had been scared
out of their wits by how close this rebellion came. Now they wanted revenge. Cumberland kicked things
off by killing all the wounded Highlanders that were taken prisoner. Then he chased the Prince all over the
Highlands, slaughtering anyone suspected of helping him escape. The kind of stuff we call war crimes
nowadays.
Charlie managed to escape. Although Cumberland and his men offered a £30,000 reward, no-one turned the
Prince in. His main protector during this time was Flora MacDonald, a chief’s daughter from South Uist.
She disguised him as her maidservant and led him from one hiding place to another all through the summer
of 1746. Eventually the French sent a ship for Charlie and he left, vowing to meet Flora at St. James’ Palace
someday soon. He never returned.
As we said, the English government was terrified by how close they had come to losing this one. They
decided that as long as those crazy independent clans were still around that no-one would be safe. They
determined to stamp out the clans for good. We should add that a good many lowlanders were pushing the
idea as well. A series of laws called the Proscription were passed. These laws forbid the playing of
bagpipes, wearing of tartan, owning of weapons, and even speaking Gaelic. The laws were in place for over
30 years, and proved pretty much unenforceable. Except where Gaelic was concerned. It was actually pretty
easy to take it out of the school system and beat people for speaking it.
The overall gist of the Proscription was to put the Highlanders warlike spirit to good use by getting them to
join the British army. The lowlanders and English (there was less and less difference between them) both
realized that Highlanders would rather fight than eat, so why not have them fight and die on the continent
fighting the French than rebelling at home. The unintended outcome was that more and more Highlanders
realized that their best hope was in emigrating to North America. There they could keep the old ways
alive...
February 4, 2015
59
notes521a.wpd
Sources
Prebble, John. The Lion in the North. London: Penguin Books. 1981
Munro, R.W. Highland Clans and Tartans. London: Peerage Books. 1987
Herman, Arthur. How the Scots Invented the Modern World. New York: Random House. 2001
Haywood, John. Atlas of the Celtic World. London: Thames and Hudson. 2001
Sùil Air Ais# 3
Constructs:
Dè tha thu ag iarraidh?
Tha mi ag iarraidh cupa cofaidh.
An toigh leat bainne?
Is toigh leam càise.
Cha toigh leam pònair
Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh?
Tha mi a’ leughadh.
Grammar:
leniting after feminine nouns: nighean bheag
plurals: -an, -ean, etc.
possessives: mo, do, a, a, ar, ur, an
leam, leat, leis, leatha, leinn, leibh, leotha
future tense: bidh, am bi? cha bhi, nach bi?
Foods:
cofaidh, tì, bainne, siùcar, botal, cupa, glainne
bracaist: uighean, lite, tost, sùgh orains, silidh, ìm
dìnneir: brot, càise, aran, currain, pònair, ubhal
suipear: buntàta, feòil, sgealban, uisge beatha, iasg, briosgaidean
verbal nouns: ithe, coiseachd, seinn, faicinn
Culture:
Bonnie Prince Charlie, Culloden, 1745
Glencoe massacre
Proscription leading to emigration
February 4, 2015
60
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 7 - Dè an uair a tha e?
Stoiridh 7 - Am Balach Fadalach
Tha Calum sia bliadhna deug a th’ aois. ’S e sgoilear a th’ ann. Tha e fadalach an còmhnaidh, agus chan
eil uaireadair a th’ ann.
Màthair:
Calum:
Calum! Seall an uair! Èirigh! Tha e ochd uairean. Greas ort!
Obh. Tha mi fadalach a-rithist. Fuirich mionaid, a mhamaidh. Tha mi a’ tighinn.
Calum:
Balach:
Calum:
Balach:
Gabh mo leisgeul, dè an uair a tha e?
Tha e leth-uair an dèidh deich.
O mo chreach. Bidh mi fadalach airson an clas agam. Tioraidh ma-thà.
Cò bh’ ann?
Calum:
Fear:
Calum:
Fear eile:
Calum:
Fear eile:
Calum:
Fear:
Duilich. Dè an uair a tha e?
Chan eil fhios agam. Chan eil uaireadair agam.
Duilich. Gabh mo leisgeul, a bheil fhios agadsa dè an uair a tha e?
Tha. Tha fhios agamsa.
Well, dè an uair?
Tha e dà uair dheug.
Tha sin math. Bha mi a’ smaoineachadh gun robh e dà reug.
Amadain!
Calum:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Eilidh:
Calum:
Gabh mo leisgeul. Cuin a tha am bus a’ falbh?
Bha am bus a’ falbh aig cairteal gu trì, agus tha e gu bhith trì uairean.
Daingead!
A bheil thu ag iarraidh uaireadair a cheannach?
Uaireadair? Hmm. Cia mheud ... ?
Àm
To ask what time it is, we use Dè an uair a tha e? The times of day are quite simple.
Uair
Dà uair
Trì uairean
Ceithir uairean, etc.
Deich uairean
Aon uair deug
Dà uair dheug
In between hours, use the following:
Cairteal gu trì
Cairteal an dèidh sia
Leth-uair an dèidh còig
Còig an dèidh seachd
To abbreviate, use 7.00 M
February 4, 2015
or 3.00 F
61
notes521a.wpd
Làithean na Seachdain
Mìosan
Didòmhnaich
Diluain
Dimàirt
Diciadain
Diardaoin
Dihaoine
Disathairne
am Faoilleach
an Gearran
am Màrt
an Giblean
an Cèitean
an t-Ògmhìos
an t-Iuchar
an Lùnasdal
an t-Sultain
an Dàmhair
an t-Samhain
an Dùbhlachd
Ràithean
an t-Earrach
an Samhradh
am Foghar
an Geamhradh
Faclan Feumail
cuin
nuair
an uair sin
às dèidh sin
uaireannan
mar as trice
an còmhnaidh
riamh
a-rithist
gu bhith
latha
seachdain
mìos
bliadhna
February 4, 2015
when?
when
then
after that
sometimes
usually
always
never
again
almost
Cuin a tha thu ag ithe?
Tha mi a’ suidhe nuair a tha mi ag ithe.
Bha mi ag èirigh agus an uair sin bha mi a’ gabhail fras.
dà reug
meadhan-latha
meadhan-oidhche
62
notes521a.wpd
Past
an-dè
a-raoir
an t-seachdain ’sa chaidh
am mìos ’sa chaidh
an-uiridh
Present
an-duigh
a-nochd
an t-seachdain
am-mìos
am-bliadhna
Future
am-màireach
an ath-oidhche
an ath-sheachdain
an ath-mhìos
an ath-bhliadhna
Diluain ’sa chaidh
Dihaoine ’sa tighinn
Expressions
Fuirich rium!
Caidil gu math!
Caidil a-staigh
Na ith sin!
Fosgail an doras!
Bidh samhach
Dad ort
gabh fois
thoir an aire
cùm ort
fhalbh a-mach
gabh a-mach
greas ort
seas suas
siuthad
siuthad ma-tha
suidh sìos
thig a-staigh
tiugainn
trobhad
trobhad air ais
na gabh dragh
bi faiceallach
February 4, 2015
63
notes521a.wpd
Notes:
February 4, 2015
64
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
34. Dè an uair a tha e?
35. Dè an uair a tha e nuair am bidh thu... (Use full sentences)
a) ag èirigh
b)
ag ithe bracaist
c)
a’ dol dhan sgoil
d)
ag ithe dìnneir
e)
ag ithe suipear
f)
a’ cadal
g)
a’ dol dhan obair
h)
a’ dèanamh d’ obair-dachaidh
February 4, 2015
65
notes521a.wpd
36. Cuin a tha sibh...
a) a’ faicinn film
b)
a’ cluich ball-coise
c)
ag obair air a’ choimpiutair
d)
a’ dràibheadh dhachaidh
e)
ag ithe pizza
f)
a’ dèanamh an obair-taigh
g)
a’ nighe nan soithichean
h)
a’ coimhead air an tbh
37. Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh aig...
a) 10.00 M Diardaoin
b)
10.20 M Diardaoin
c)
11.00 F Dihaoine
d)
8.00 M Diluain
e)
10.30 M Didòmhnaich
f)
8.00 F Diciadain
g)
2.00 F Disathairne
h)
11.30 F Dimàirt
February 4, 2015
66
notes521a.wpd
38. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) I slept in on Tuesday. I got up at 2:00!
b)
I was hungry today. I ate lunch at 1:30.
c)
Usually I go to bed at 10:15.
d)
We will see you there at 6:45.
e)
She was at the movie at 8:10.
f)
My soccer game is at 3:00.
g)
He was at the school at 5:30. He’s still there.
h)
Look at the time! It’s 11:30 pm.
39. Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh ...
a) as t-foghar
b)
as t-samhradh
c)
’sa gheamhradh
d)
as t-earrach
February 4, 2015
67
notes521a.wpd
Tòimhseachan-Tarsainn Am Bliadhna
Tarsainn
Sìos
1. spring
2. may
3. february
4. november
5. december
6. fall
8. winter
11. september
13. June
4. summer
7. july
9. april
10. august
12. march
14. january
15. October
February 4, 2015
68
notes521a.wpd
Am Bliadhna Cheilteach
The ancient Celts had a different idea of calendars and timekeeping than modern Europeans. Our modern
day begins in the middle of the night and our year begins in the dead of winter, and most other ancient people
began the day at sunrise and the year in spring. For the Celts, the day ended at dusk and the new day began
with the night. Similarly, the year began with the winter. Their seasons were not tied to the equinox and
solstice like ours, but with more traditional dates that better reflected the climate.
The Gaelic seasons are as follows:
Geamhradh - November, December, January (winter)
Earrach - February, March, April (spring)
Samhradh - May, June, July (summer)
Foghar - Aug, Sep, Oct (fall)
Notice that the new year was on November 1, at the beginning of winter. The Celts had a major festival on
the first day of each season.
November 1 was the feast of Samhain. This was the Celtic New Year. Of course, the new year actually
began at sunset on October 31, which was known as Oidhche Shamhna. This began as a harvest festival
and a celebration of the goodness of the earth. Big bonfires were lit on hilltops and people gathered around
and danced. Later, every family’s hearth fire was put out and then relit using a torch from the communal
bonfire. Back in those days the fireplace was the only source of warmth and cooking. There wasn’t much
wood around in the Highlands, so the fires were fuelled with peat - a kind of dry sod. These fires were not
easy to light and tended to smoulder rather than blaze. You never let the fire die out on its own, but would
keep it going all year. So the relighting was an important ritual.
Later on, another dimension was added to the Samhain festival. The Celts believed that the time between
sunset in the old year and sunrise in the new was a gap in time. The spirits of everyone who died during the
year could come back to life and float around, visiting people. To protect against unwanted visitors, special
guardian figures were carved. These jack o’ lanterns were usually a turnip with an ugly face carved in it.
The bonfires were also thought to be good protection from evil spirits. As the fire burned low, someone
would call, “The devil gets the last one down!” Everyone would race to their houses and slam the door
behind them. Of course, teenage boys had to have some fun with this. It became common for boys to dress
up like scary spirits and go from house to house demanding some food or drink. You can see how our
modern Halloween traditions began.
February 1 was the beginning of spring. It was time of rebirth at the end of the winter. It was also the
festival of Imbolc. This feast was associated with lambs being born, lactating ewes, cows, new life. It was
also the main feast day of the goddess Brigid. She was one of the major Celtic deities, and was the patron
of fire, art, beauty, childbirth, healing. Imbolc was celebrated mostly by young girls, who made little figures
February 4, 2015
69
notes521a.wpd
out of corn stalks and decorated them nicely with shells. These were little effigies of Brigid. They were
treated with honour, feasted, or paraded around the town. The old women did similar things with their own
effigies of Brigid.
In later Christian times, many of these rituals were retained. The exception was that Brigid had now become
St. Brigid. Instead of being goddess of new life and fire, she was the patron saint of mid-wives and milk
maidens. In Ireland, she was the most popular saint after St. Patrick. The feast of Imbolc was replaced by
Candlemas - with the lighting of candles to celebrate the coming of Spring. Of course, now we have
Groundhog Day, which is also used to foretell the end of winter.
May 1 was the feast of Beltaine. This was the start of summer and hot weather. It was the feast day of
Belenos (Beltaine comes from Bel + teine, the Celtic word for fire). There were two main celebrations here.
The first involved large bonfires being built outside the village. This is, of course, on April 30. With this
fire the object was to jump over it. Obviously you can’t jump over a roaring bonfire. As the fire started to
die down, it was good luck to be the first one to dare to jump over the fire. You were supposed to make a
wish as you jumped. Eventually the whole village would have jumed over the fire. What followed was a
wild night of merrymaking and fertility in the upland pastures. Couples returned with grenery from the hills
and decorated a large pole in the centre of the village with flowers and garlands. The whole village came
and danced and paraded around the pole. A couple was crowned (the May Queen and her consort the Green
Man), and there was a lot more partying.
Today, Beltaine lives on in May Day festivals all over Europe, and around the world. The day has become
the unofficial start of summer and also a workers holiday. It is a statutory holiday in most countries of the
world.
The last of the 4 big feasts was on August 1. This was the feast of Lughnasa, and celebrated the god Lugh.
This was the time of the early harvest, a time of abundance and plenty. The feast was celebrated by summer
fairs, with dancing, music, plays, etc. The fire this time involved lighting a pathway of torches. The cattle
were driven through the pathway to purify them. Lughnasa didn’t survive in quite the same way that the
other 3 did. We can see the legacy of Lughnasa in mid-summer fairs, civic holidays the first weekend of
August, and even Old Home Week.
February 4, 2015
70
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 8 - Mo theaghlach
Stoiridh 8 - Cò mise?
Seo an teaghlach agam. Tha màthair agus athair
agam. Tha bràthair agam. ’S e Brìan an t-ainm
a th’ air. Tha dithis phiuthair agam cuideachd.
’S e Mòrag agus Aoife na h-ainmean a th’ orra.
Tha mo bhràthair nas motha agus tha piuthar
beag agus piuthar mòr agam. Cò mise?
Aineaman Teaghlaich
This family tree will give you a good grasp of the Gaelic words for family members. You are mi-fhìn. Males
are on the left, females on the right.
Faclan Feumail
Dadaidh!
A Mhamaidh!
pàrant
uncail
antaidh
bean
a’ bhean agam
an duine agam
piuthar-chèile
bràthair-cèile
màthair-chèile
February 4, 2015
gille
balach
caileag
bodach
cailleach
leanabh
paisde
clann
ogha
co-ogha
mo phàrantan
do bhràithrean
ur peathraichean
oide
muime
dalta nighinn
lethbhràthair
lethphiuthar
71
notes521a.wpd
Cunntadh na Daoine
When counting people in Gaelic we don’t use regular counting numbers: aon, dhà, trì, etc. There is a
different set of counting numbers, as follows:
dithis bhràithrean
triùir pheathraichean
ceathrar mhac
còignear ghillean
sianar chloinne
seachdnar bhàrd
ochdnar shaor
naoinear dhotairean
deichnear chroitearan
Of course, to say there is just one of something, just use the noun: duine = one man. Notice that the nouns
are lenited and plural (mostly). It’s actually in the possessive case, but don’t worry about that. Just lenite
and pluralize. The counting words are actually like saying “a pair of brothers” or “a threesome of sisters”
(which is why the possessive case is used).
Sloinneadh
Your last name in Gaelic will be different depending on whether you’re male or female. Many last names
in Gaelic start with Mac. The female form of these names start with Nic (for nighean):
Mac a’ Phì
MacIlliosa
MacRath
Mac an t-Saor
Nic a’ Phì
NicIlliosa
NicRath
Nic an t-Saor
MacPhee
Gillis
MacRae
Macintyre
For other last names, the female form is lenited:
Camshron
Caimbeul
Peutain
Moireach
Chamshron
Chaimbeul
Pheutain
Mhoireach
Cameron
Campbell
Beaton
Murray
For a more complete list of last names, see Appendix J.
In the old days, of course, last names weren’t all that common. Most people either had a nickname (Calum
Ruadh, Aonghas Òg) or else they used their father and grandfather’s names. This is still quite common in
Cape Breton and is called Sloinneadh.
Ruairidh ’ic Iain ’ic Seumas Dubh
Goiridh Ailig Dhùghail Shandaidh Iain Phàdruig (aka Jeff MacDonald)
The Gaels would be considered pretty enlightened by some women of today. Women usually kept their
maiden names, and if someone’s mother or grandmother was better known than the grandfather, then it was
their name that was used in the sloinneadh.
February 4, 2015
72
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
40. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) A bheil do sheanair beò fhathast?
b)
Càit a bheil mo phiuthar?
c)
Is toigh le mo pheathraichean snàmh.
d)
Bha mi a’ bruidhinn ri d’ athair aig leth-uair an dèidh ochd.
e)
Your sister is running.
f)
I was eating lunch with your brother.
g)
Her sister is my friend.
h)
My father likes reading.
41. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) My sister lives in Halifax.
b)
My parents are old.
c)
Her brother is at home right now.
d)
I have two children.
e)
Dè bha thu a’ dèanamh le mo phiuthar?
f)
A bheil bana-caraid agad?
g)
Am bi do phàrantan dachaidh a-màireach?
February 4, 2015
73
notes521a.wpd
h)
Cò tha seo le do bhràthair?
i)
Poor me, I have 6 sisters.
42. Dèanaibh na seantans.
a) sister / writing / a letter / today
b)
aunt and uncle / visiting / my grandmother / tomorrow
c)
two sisters / talking / to the teacher / yesterday
d)
my family / learning / Gaelic / last year
e)
his grandfather / going / to the hospital / last week
f)
my three sons / growing / fast / this summer
g)
her parents / coming / home / next week
h)
daddy and I / working / on the computer / last night
43. Sgrìobh stòraidh beag ann do leabhraichean mu dheidhinn:
“An t-seachdain ’sa chaidh, bha mi air chuairt le mo theaghlach.”
February 4, 2015
74
notes521a.wpd
44. Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh...
a) nuair a tha i frasach?
b)
nuair a tha tàirneanaich is dealanaich ann?
c)
nuair a tha i uabhasach fhèin teth?
d)
nuair a tha i reòdhte?
e)
nuair a tha i eagalach teann?
f)
nuair a tha dìle uisge ann?
g)
nuair a tha i caran blàth is rud beag sgòthach?
h)
nuair a i curs, fiadhaich a-muigh?
i)
nuair a tha i rud beag fuar, sneachd air an làr, ach gu math soilleir?
j)
nuair a tha i uabhasach ceòthach?
45. Cuin a tha thu...
a) a’ leughadh?
b)
ag obair ’sa ghàrradh?
c)
a’ glanadh an taighe?
d)
a’ coimhead air an telebhisean?
e)
a’ coiseachd nam beann?
f)
a’ snàmh?
g)
a’ cadal a-staigh?
h)
a’ ceannach stùth?
February 4, 2015
75
notes521a.wpd
Na Fuadaichean
The Clearances
In the second half of the 1700s, several factors all conspired to make the Highlands a tough place to live.
As we’ve seen, the proscription after Culloden made life tough by outlawing many of the traditional
Highland ways. In spite of the repression, improvements in health and education meant that the population
was growing. There were upwards of 300,000 people in the Highlands, but the stony soil couldn’t support
nearly that many. People never had much in the Highlands, but now they were poorer than ever. The
economy was in the dumps too. Many chiefs were almost as poor as their tenants, and there didn’t seem to
be any easy way to turn things around.
The relationship between clansmen and chief was changing too. Most lords wanted to live like their southern
counterparts - in fancy estate homes with lots of servants. They sent their kids south for school and adopted
lowland or Saxon clothes and accents. In many cases the small-time farmers and clansmen still viewed their
chief as lord and protector, while the chief saw his clansmen as a necessary bother.
Some of the overpopulation was relieved by the number of Highland regiments that were raised. Young
Highland men were sent all over the empire to fight, which they did exceptionally well. But this didn’t solve
any of the other problems.
Add to the equation the fact that by 1763 the wars with France were over. The British now owned a whole
continent of new colonies - colonies that were desperate for new settlers to come and work the land. The
Highlanders soon began to solve the overcrowding problem themselves. The ones that were better off
scraped up some money and booked passage on a ship for the new world. They were counting on free land
and no-one to boss them around.
The first group to go had been in 1739, to North Carolina. There was no big rush after that, but the idea was
still there. Around 1770, a few more groups set out, especially from the better off areas of the Highlands like
Perth, Argyll and Islay. Word began to filter back about how great things were in the new world, and lots
more people began to get ideas about emigrating.
You have to realize what a big deal this emigration thing was. Families had been living in the same general
area for as long as anyone could remember. Generations had grown up in the shadows of the same
mountains. The idea of leaving everything that was familiar and never coming back was not an easy one.
Neither was the thought of leaving behind family members and close friends. Stories are told of the first few
groups to leave, and how those left behind threw themselves on the ground and thrashed around, unable to
express the anguish they felt. After a few years of this, things got less dramatic. But emigration back then
still meant that you would never see any of those people or places again. It can’t have been an easy decision.
So at first it was just those who could afford to go. Then in the 1790s came the clearances. Many of the
Highland chiefs finally realized how they could turn a profit - expel those deadbeat clansmen and replace
them with sheep. Wool was a very profitable thing in those days, so glen after glen was filled with sheep
imported from northern England. Some clansmen had their houses burnt down, others had their rents jacked
February 4, 2015
76
notes521a.wpd
up so high that they couldn’t pay them. Some tenants were just outright evicted. All to make room for sheep
- the chief’s new “four-footed clansmen”. The year 1792 became known as “Bliadhna nan Caoraich”, the
year of the sheep. Some time later was Bliadhna nan Losgadh, the year of the burnings.
Why didn’t they resist? Surely the old celtic Highland spirit was still burning in their hearts. Where was
the battle frenzy? Three things. First, a lot of stuff had happened since 1745 to kill that spirit. Second, the
oppressors were not the hated English or even the lowland lords. These people were being driven out by
their very own lord and protector - their “kinsman and chief”. They couldn’t imagine how such a thing could
happen. They were in such a daze that they just went along with things. Third, some did resist. Especially
the later clearances. But the lords had guns and soldiers. Farmers with scythes were no match. They won
some battles, but it didn’t have much effect on the overall clearances.
Some landlords were nice enough to arrange for boats to take their displaced clansmen to the new world.
Others were cut adrift and had to depend on the mercy of a ship owner. Lots of people had their passage paid
by brokers who would expect payment upon arrival in the new world. Emigration became a wave.
Around 1800 there was a change in attitude. The government in London was worried. If all these young men
leave, what will happen to our cannon fodder? Who will drift to the cities to work in the new factories of
the Industrial Revolution? At the same time, a boom in the kelp market meant that a lot of chiefs needed all
the local workers they could get. Immigration was actively discouraged in the early 1800s, but many went
anyway. Those who stayed found themselves crowded onto smaller pieces of land near the sea where they
could harvest kelp.
Well, eventually the kelp market collapsed and the war with Napoleon ended. Around 1810, the French
blockaded the traditional lumber country on the Baltic Sea. Timber from North America suddenly became
very profitable. More colonists were needed to chop down trees. Entrepreneurs were building ships, sailing
into Highland ports, enticing people on board with all kinds of wonderful stories about how easy life was in
Canada. They would sail over, get the workers to chop down trees, build a new boat, fill it with timber and
sail back to Scotland to sell it. People going one way, and trees the other. On PEI at this time there was a
new ship arriving almost every day. The second wave was on. This one lasted until the late 1830s. When
it was over almost a million people had left Scotland for Canada and the US. Those that were left were
deeply suspicious of all authority. When the recruiters went into one part of the Highlands to sign up some
soldiers, they could hardly find any takers. One chief’s lieutenant asked the crowd what was up. Someone
shouted back, “Since you have preferred sheep to men, let sheep defend you.”
The main destinations in the early days were North Carolina, New York, Prince Edward Island, and mainland
Nova Scotia. After the American War of Independence, Scots mostly went to PEI, Nova Scotia, and Upper
and Lower Canada. In later years Cape Breton, Australia and New Zealand became popular.
February 4, 2015
77
notes521a.wpd
Sùil Air Ais# 4
Caibideil 7 - Dè an uair a tha e?
Times: sia uairean, leth-uair an dèidh seachd, cairteal gu trì, dà uair, uair
days: Diluain, Dimàirt, Diciadain, Diardaoin, Dihaoine, Disathairne, Didòmhnaich
months*
seasons: earrach, samhradh, foghar, geamhradh
an uiridh
an t-seachdain ‘sa chaidh
an ath-sheachdain
an ath-bhliadhna
ceann-seachdain
nuair, cuin, an uair sin, uaireannan, às dèidh sin
cadal a-staigh, seall an uair!, mar as trice, nighe nan soitheachan
Celtic festivals, esp. Oidhche Shamhna
Caibideil 8 - An teaghlach agam
seanair agus seanmhair
athair is màthair
bràthair is piuthar
mac is nighean
etc.
dithis bhràithrean
triùir pheathraichean
ceathrar chloinne
Dè an t-ainm a th’air / oirre
Dè an aois a tha i?
sean, òg
clearances and emigration
last names: Mac vs Nic, leniting females, slionneadh: ‘ic Iain ‘ic Sheumais
February 4, 2015
78
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 9 - Tha mi a’ dol a dhol
Stoiridh 9 - A-màireach ’s a-màireach ’s a-màireach
Shuas ann an Uige, Eilean a’ Phrionnsa, tha Tormod MacLeòid agus Sìne Nic a’ Phì a’ bruidhinn ri chèile
mu na rudan a tha iad a’ dèanamh an-diugh, agus cuideachd na rudan a tha iad a’ dol a dhèanamh a-màireach.
Tormod:
Well, a Shìne, ciamar a tha thu an-diugh?
Sìne:
Tha gu math, a Thormoid. Ciamar a tha thu fhèin?
Tormod:
Och, chan eil dona. Tha i gu math brèagha an-diugh, nach eil?
Sìne:
O tha. Gu math brèagha. Rud beag teann, ach tha i grianach agus tha sin math.
Tormod:
Tha gu dearbh. Trobhad ort, a Shìne, dè tha thu a’ dèanamh an-diugh?
Sìne:
Well, madainn an-diugh, bha mi a’ coiseachd beagan, ach a-nis tha mi sgìth. Agus thu fhèin?
Tormod:
Bha mise ag iasgach ’sa mhadainn, ach a-nis tha mi ag obair a-staigh, a’ sgrìobhadh pìos ann an
Gàidhlig airson a’ Ghraphic.
Sìne:
Glè mhath, a Thormoid. Bidh sin inntinneach.
Tormod:
Trobhad ort, a Shìne. Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh a-màireach?
Sìne:
Mise? A-màireach? Well, tha mi a’ dol a choiseachd madainn a-màireach, agus feasgar amàireach tha mi a’ dol a dh’ iasgach cuide ri mo bhràthair. Agus thusa?
Tormod:
Well, madainn a-màireach, tha mise a’ dol a pheantadh an taigh agam, agus feasgar tha mi a’ dol
a dhràibheadh a Mhòntagu Ìseal airson suipear.
Sìne:
Glè mhath.
Tormod:
Ach, a Shìne, às dèidh suipear a-màireach, dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh air an oidhche?
Sìne:
Air an oidhche? Chan eil fhios agam. Carson?
Tormod:
Och, chan eil fhios agam, ach tha mise a’ dol a choiseachd dhan chèilidh ann an Orwell.
Sìne:
Tha thu a’ dol a choiseachd dhan chèilidh ann an Orwell, an ath-oidhche?
Tormod:
Tha. A bheil thu ag iarraidh dol ann cuide rium?
Sìne:
’S docha. Chan eil fhios agam. Chì sinn a-màireach.
Tormod:
Chì, gu dearbh.
February 4, 2015
79
notes521a.wpd
Pàirt II
Gleann Uilleam. Feasgar. Ruairidh a’ coiseachd. Tormod agus Calum Iain a’ dràibheadh. Tha iad aig a’
chrois-rathaid, a’ bruidhinn ri chèile.
Tormod:
Ciamar a tha thu, Ruairidh?
Ruairidh:
Tha gu math, a Thormoid. Ciamar a tha sibhse?
Calum Iain:
Chan eil dona, Ruairidh; chan eil dona.
Tormod:
Well, Ruairidh, dè tha dol an-diugh?
Ruairidh:
Och, chan eil mòran.
Calum Iain:
Latha brèagha.
Ruairidh:
Gu dearbh. Ach tha i caran teann.
Tormod:
Tha. Trobhad ort, Ruairidh, càit a bheil thu a’ coiseachd? Bheil thu ag iarraidh lioft?
Ruairidh:
Chan eil, tapadh leat, a Thormoid. Tha mi a’ dol dhan chèilidh ann an Orwell a-nochd.
Calum Iain:
A bheil gu dearbh? Well, bha Tormod againn an seo ann an Orwell a-raoir! Bha e a’ seinn
agus a’ dannsadh cuide ri Sìne.
Tormod:
Ist, amadain!
Ruairidh:
Ciamar a bha an cèilidh, a Thormoid?
Tormod:
Och, bha e glè mhath. Ceòl math. Agus tha iad math air dannsadh ann an Orwell.
Calum Iain:
A bheil thu fhèin a’ dol a dhannsadh a-nochd, Ruairidh?
Ruairidh:
Chan eil fhios ’am. ’S docha. Chì sinn.
Tormod:
Bheil thu a’ dol ann leat fhèin?
Ruairidh:
Well, chan eil. Tha mi a’ dol ann le Màiri.
Calum Iain:
Tha thu a’ dol ann le Màiri?! Màiri a tha a’ sealgaireachd mhathan? Màiri Mhòr nam
Mathan?!!
Ruairidh:
Tha. Tha.
Tormod:
Tha thu a’ dol a dhannsadh le Màiri Mhòr nam Mathan?
Ruairidh:
Tha. Carson? Dè tha ceàrr le sin?
Calum Iain:
Chan eil càil ceàrr le sin, Ruairidh. Ach tha thu tapaidh, a dhuine. Gu math tapaidh.
Tormod:
Tha, gu dearbh fhèin. Duine mòr tapaidh.
Ruairidh:
Well, fhearaibh, feumaidh mi falbh an-dràsta. Tha pìos agam ri dhol fhathast. Oidhche
mhath.
CI agus T:
February 4, 2015
Oidhche mhath, Ruairidh. Agus beannachd leat!
80
notes521a.wpd
The Near Future
To say you are going to do something, use Tha mi a’ dol a followed by the lenited verbal noun.
Tha mi a’ dol a choiseachd.
Tha sinn a’ dol a ghabhail fras.
Tha iad a’ dol a pheantadh am feansa.
Lots of interesting things can happen when you lenite. Watch the sound difference when an s is followed
by a vowel or a consonnant. And L, N, R, SGMPT don’t lenite.
Tha mi a’ dol a sheinn.
Tha thu a’ dol a shnàmh.
Tha sibh a’ dol a ràcadh.
Tha e a’ dol a sgrìobhadh.
Usually vowels don’t lenite, but here they do. To forcibly lenite a vowel, add dh’ in front of the word.
Notice that depending on whether the vowel is narrow or broad, you’ll end up with a different sound. AND,
since leniting an F results in silence, if the next letter after the F is a vowel, then you treat it as if it begins
with a vowel. Easy?
Tha iad a’ dol a dh’ obair.
Tha e a’ dol a dh’ ithe.
Tha mi a’ dol a fhreagairt.
Tha i a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn.
Duilgheadasan Cainnte
There are several ways to get around not understanding Gaelic. Here are some useful phrases:
B’aill leibh?
Dè?
Dè thuirt sibh?
Pardon?
What?
What did you say?
Chan eil mi a’ tiugsinn.
Chan eil mi gad thuigsinn.
Bruinnibh gu slaodach, mas e ur toil e.
I don’t understand.
I don’t understand you.
Speak more slowly please.
Ciamar a chanas mi...?
Ciamar a sgrìobhas mi...?
How do I say ... ?
How do I write ... ?
Dè tha sin a’ ciallachadh?
Can sin a-rithist e.
What does that mean?
Say that again.
February 4, 2015
81
notes521a.wpd
Stoiridh 9b - Na saor-laithean
Baile Searlot, madainn Dimàirt. Alasdair agus Calum a’ bruidhinn ri chèile.
A:
Hallò a Chaluim. Ciamar a tha thu madainn an-diugh?
C:
Chan eil dona. Chan eil dona idir. Agus thu fhèin?
A:
Chan eil adhbhar a bhith a’ gearan. Dè tha dol?
C:
O, chan eil mòran. Tha mi dìreach a’ coiseachd dhan stòr. Dè tha thusa a’ dèanamh an latha àlainn seo?
A:
Tha latha dheth agam. Agus a-màireach tha mi a’ dol a Thoronto airson seachdain.
C:
Toronto! Glè mhath. Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh ann an Toronto?
A:
O, chan eil fhios agam. ’S dòcha gum bi mi a’ dol dhan Tùr CN.
C:
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn an sin?
A:
W ell, tha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn a’ bhaile mhòir air fad, tha mi ’n dòchas. No tha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn tòrr ceò!
C:
Tha gu dearbh. Dè tha eile?
A:
Tha mi a’ dol a dhol gu Ionad Air Canada.
C:
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn an sin?
A:
Geama hocaidh, amadain!
C:
Cò tha a’ dol a chluich?
A:
Tha na Duilleagan a’ dol a chluich an aghaidh nan Cainèidianach.
C:
’S e geama mhath a bhios a sin.
A:
’S e. Airson $120, feumaidh e bhith! Agus tha na Cainèidianach a’ dol a bhuannachadh.
C:
Tha gu cinnteach. Tha na Duilleagan nan cac-eich. Càit a bheil thu a’ dol a dh’ fhuireach?
A:
Tha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhuireach còmhla ri mo charaidean, Pòl agus Searal. Tha mi eòlach orra bhon oilthigh.
C:
O, tha cuimhne agam orra. Dè eile?
A:
Tha mi a’ dol a cheannach stuth aig Ionad Eaton.
C:
Dè tha thu a’ dol a cheannach?
A:
Chan eil fhios agam. Tha mi a’ dol a cheannach preusantan airson na Nollaig.
C:
Tha sin math. Ach feumaidh mi falbh a-nis. Tha mi an dòchas gum bi saor-làithean math agad.
A:
Mòran taing. Ceart ma-thà. Chì mi a-rithist thu. Na bi ag obair ro chruaidh!
C:
Na gabh dragh! Bidh mi gad fhaicinn.
Faclan Feumail
Na gabh dragh
Na cuir dragh orm!
cinnteach
trobhad
trobhad air ais
feuch a-rithist
February 4, 2015
a bhith
82
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
46. Sgrìobh na gnìomhan. Cleachd a’ dol a.
a)
Tha mi a’ dol a _______________ (snàmh).
b)
Tha e a’ dol a _______________ (nighe) nan soitheachan.
c)
Tha i _______________________ (obair) gu math trang.
d)
Tha sinn ______________________ (peantadh) an taigh agam.
e)
Tha iad ______________________ (sealltainn) air a’ mhuir.
f)
Tha thu ______________________ (fàs) luath.
g)
Tha mo bhràthair ______________________ (gabhail) mo dhìnneir.
h)
Tha an cù ______________________ (cadal) air an sòfa.
i)
Tha na daoine ______________________ (òl) còig botail Pepsi.
j)
Tha an tè ______________________ (gearradh) tomàto.
k)
Tha am fear ______________________ (bruidhinn) rium.
l)
Tha am mac agam ______________________ (cluich) ball-basgaid.
m) Tha an nighean ______________________ (coiseachd) dhachaidh.
n)
Tha seanair ______________________ (faicinn) film anns an taigh-dhealbh.
o)
Tha mo phàrantan ______________________ (dannsadh) a-nochd.
p)
Tha a phiuthar ______________________ (dol) aig an oilthigh.
q)
Tha dithis phàisdean ______________________ (èisteachd) ri ceòl.
r)
Tha mise ______________________ (cleachdadh) do choimpiutar.
47. Sgrìobh na seantansan os cionn anns a’ Bheurla.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
February 4, 2015
83
notes521a.wpd
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
48. Sgrìobh na seantansan anns a’ Ghàidhlig. Cleachd a’ dol a.
a) I / walking / downtown
b)
You / reading / two books
c)
he / playing / basketball
d)
she / doing / her homework
e)
we / selling / fudge
f)
they / eating / breakfast
g)
you guys / working / at the craft fair
h)
my friends / fishing / Saturday afternoon
i)
my dog / swimming / in the river
February 4, 2015
84
notes521a.wpd
49. Freagairt na ceistean.
a) Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh madainn a-màireach?
b)
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dh’ ithe airson dìnneir?
c)
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh a-nochd?
d)
Càit a bheil thu a’ dol a dhol as t-samhradh?
e)
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh airson Nollaig?
f)
Cò tha thu a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn às dèidh sgoil?
g)
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh an ath-sheachdain?
h)
Càit a bheil thu a’ dol a dhol an ath-bhliadhna? (airson oilthigh no colaisde)
February 4, 2015
85
notes521a.wpd
Facal Falaichte Ainmearan Gniomhaireach
L
H
X
E
G
L
A
N
A
D
H
N
S
Y
I
W
J
C
I
E
N
O
O
L
U
C
E
J
H
T
E
S
O
S
G
L
I
A
H
B
A
G
Z
L
J
G
F
I
T
I
H
D
H
O
L
E
U
Z
W
O
G
A
S
E
P
A
D
I
G
Y
R
R
M
S
N
C
L
E
A
C
H
D
A
D
H
I
A
H
E
I
L
B
A
C
Z
L
I
V
H
J
U
B
D
I
A
E
H
C
H
F
R
U
Y
C
B
F
R
I
N
T
U
M
H
D
E
C
V
I
A
E
O
U
A
N
L
G
H
D
A
H
C
A
S
N
N
O
I
R
I
L
H
G
C
N
H
D
A
S
N
N
A
D
R
H
A
A
H
N
N
I
H
G
I
A
F
T
H
A
G
E
D
U
B
X
N
I
G
H
E
M
O
I
I
I
S
H
A
P
F
Q
F
A
I
C
I
N
N
N
T
P
D
E
O
F
T
U
I
G
S
I
N
N
B
N
K
bruidhinn
cadal
ceannach
cleachdadh
cluinntinn
coiseachd
dannsadh
eisteachd
faicinn
faighinn
falbh
fuireach
gabhail
glanadh
iarraidh
ionnsachadh
leughadh
nighe
sealgaireachd
sealltain
seinn
sgriobhadh
tighinn
tuigsinn
February 4, 2015
86
notes521a.wpd
Fèilidhean is Breacan
Kilts and Tartans
We always associate kilts and tartans with Highlanders. Unfortunately, you also hear a lot of nonsense about
both kilts and tartans. Here are a few of the common myths:
- clan tartans go way back to the olden days. When Kenneth MacAlpin invaded Scotland, you could
tell the MacDonalds from the MacKenzies by their tartans.
- they had dress tartans for special occasions, when they wanted to dress up.
- they used hunting tartans for when they wanted to go hunting on the moor.
- the ancient Celts wore kilts, complete with the little knife in the sock.
- the design of the tartan has a special significance for a clansman.
- the terms tartan and plaid are interchangeable.
So much for the silly stuff. What’s the real story? Well, we do know that ancient Celts did like brightly
coloured and even striped clothes. When they sacked Rome in 390 BC, the Romans commented on their
strange bright clothes that seemed to shine. They also noted that no two were dressed alike. Throughout
ancient times, Celts seemed to prefer large, loose wool clothes that were more like togas than pants. Pants
are bad. We’re not sure if they pleated their cloth wraps at this point or not.
Fast forward to the middle ages. The Scots are in Alba now. The clothing of choice was called a breacan
fèile, or great kilt. It was a large rectangle of worsted wool, woven into a tartan pattern. Worsted means
that the cloth has been toughened and shrunk to make it more durable. The person wrapped the cloth around
themselves - the bottom part was like a kilt and the top was like a sweater. There was a large leather belt
around the middle to keep it together, and the top part was pinned at the shoulder. Before the breacan fèile
was put on, the bottom part was gathered in pleats at the back. You’d wear a long shirt underneath that
would come almost down to the knees. At night, the whole thing was unbuckled and you could roll up in
it like a sleeping bag.
As for the pattern, from what we can tell, every time a weaver sat down to make a new bolt of cloth he used
a new pattern. Pretty much everyone wore a unique tartan pattern. Some of the more common patterns were
probably copied, but there does not seem to be any case of certain families always wearing the same pattern.
By around 1500 or 1600, a shorter version called a fèile beag or fèileadh came into use. The top part of the
breacan fèile was cut off above the belt, leaving only what we would recognize as a modern kilt. The
worsted wool was so rough that it would hold its pleated shape.
As for accessories, you would need a heavy belt to hold the kilt up. Big heavy socks would protect your
lower legs in the colder weather. And a purse-like sporran would hang in the front to carry whatever you
needed - often some food. Most men carried a utility knife or dirk hanging over their shoulder.
By the time the regiments were being raised in the mid-1700s, the fèileadh was definitely the kilt of choice.
The first time we see a common tartan for a whole group is with the Black Watch regiment in 1729. Every
regiment usually had its own tartan, or sett. But there was still no concept of clan tartans. Then there was
the proscription, and all tartans were outlawed, along with the wearing of the kilt.
By the early 1800s the old clan system was gone. A lot of Highlanders had switched to the dreaded pants.
Then a really remarkable thing happened - the Saxons discovered the Highlands. It’s funny in a way. Their
grandparents were scared of being cannibalized by Highland Gaelic-speaking savages in kilts, but by 1820
February 4, 2015
87
notes521a.wpd
Lowlanders and Saxons alike were caught up in the romantic notion of Highland culture. How could this
happen? Well, first of all the old ways really had gone and no-one was scared of kilted aggression anymore.
Kind of how you’re not scared of the Soviet Russians invading or nuking us while we sleep. Then a guy
named Walter Scott wrote a series of historical novels set in the Highlands. They were called the Waverly
Novels and they were a smash hit. People couldn’t get enough of kilts and the Highlands.
Even the new king was caught up in the fever. His great-grandfather had almost packed his bags for fear of
Teàrlach Bòidheach. His grandfather’s younger brother had butchered Highlanders at Culloden. And now
George IV was going to Edinburgh for an official visit - the first of the Hanover kings to visit Scotland. To
top it all off, he let it be known that he would appear in tartan at the state dinner. Well, if the king was going
to wear a kilt, all of his hangers-on had to do the same. But what kilt to wear? They couldn’t ask the people
who knew best - they all spoke Gaelic and lived up in the mountains!
Enter two very strange brothers, who claimed to be long-lost grandsons of Bonnie Prince Charlie. They
claimed a lot of things, as it turned out. What you might call scammers. They claimed to have a medieval
book that listed descriptions for all the clan tartans. Nobody actually saw this book, but nobody really cared
either. People tend to believe what they want to believe. So there were the brothers with their advice. What
should the King wear? How about Royal Stuart? It looks like this. And the MacDonald looks like this. And
this one is MacLeod.
Suffice it to say that these were all pure invention. Then other people got into the act. People would find
an old portrait of Lord MacSomething, copy the sett of his tartan, and there you have the MacSomething
tartan. This had the potential to get confusing, especially when two different tartans for MacLeod appeared.
No problem, someone suggested - this one is MacLeod of Lewis and that one is MacLeod of Harris. Problem
was, no-one could remember which was which. Someone else suggested that the bright yellow one would
be useless for hunting, it would scare the wee beasties away. So then the bright one was Dress MacLeod and
the darker one was Hunting MacLeod. Well, who wanted to be left out - soon all the major clans had to have
regular tartans, dress tartans, hunting tartans. All completely made up.
And someone had to keep track of which tartan was which. They set up a society in London (London!) to
register setts. Even the clan chiefs decided they had better get their tartan picked before some charlatan did
it for them. But then what about the smaller names that had no official clan or chief? It was easy for
MacDonald, Grant and Cameron. What about Gilroys or Murchisons? This was the last bit of foolishness.
Someone decided that each clan had several smaller families under its sphere of influence. These smaller
groups were called septs, and they could wear the tartan of their associated clan. Over time many people
considered that these families were actually related to the main clan. In reality, the word sept is an Irish word
that has nothing to do with Scottish families. But you can find book after book with a list of clans and septs
at the back. No two of these lists are ever alike...
With the passing of time, more accessories were added to the kilt universe, along with pages of rules about
how to wear them properly. A little sock-knife called a sgian dubh was added, on the grounds that they were
all that was allowed during the proscription. Then there was the formal attire. The fancy Prince Charlie
jacket is worn with the kilt when sassanachs would be wearing tuxedos. It looks much nicer than any tux,
of course.
Sources
Thompson, J. Charles, So You’re Going to Wear the Kilt, Lang Syne, 1989
February 4, 2015
88
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 10 - Am faod mi?
Stoiridh 10 - Dràibheadh le clann
The MacLeod family are driving to Ontario. In addition to Mamaidh agus Dadaidh we have Catrìona (12),
Alasdair (10), Carolìna (6) agus Eilidh (4). It’s been a long day already and there are many hours left to go...
Eilidh:
Mamaidh:
Carolìna:
Mamaidh:
Carolìna:
Dadaidh:
Alastair:
Dadaidh:
Catrìona:
Alastair:
Mamaidh:
Catrìona:
Dadaidh:
Catrìona:
Dadaidh:
Carolìna:
D&M:
A Mhamaidh, am faod mi rudeigin ithe?
Chan fhaod. Tha sinn a’ dol a dh’ ithe aig cairteal an dèidh còig.
A Mhamaidh, am faod mi èisteachd ri Caillou?
Chan fhaod. Bha sinn ag èisteachd ri Caillou fad am madainn.
Dadaidh, am faod mi èisteachd ri Caillou?
Chan fhaod; èist ri do mhathair.
Dadaidh, am faod mi cluich ri na dèideagan aig Catrìona?
Catrìona? Am faod esan?
Chan fhaod. Tha mise a’ dol a chluich leis.
A Mhamaidh, chan eil Catrìona còir!
Alasdair, feumaidh tu bhith samhach. Agus suidh sìos.
Am faod mi a dhol dhan taigh-bheag?
Chan fhaod. Chan eil taigh-beag anns a’ bhan.
Dadaidh! Feumaidh mise dhol a mùn!
Gabh fois. Thèid a-mach às an uinneig.
Am faod mi cadal?
Faodaidh gu dearbh!
Faighnich Cead
To ask permission in Gaelic, we use Am faod mi ? followed by what you want to do. To answer yes, say
Faodaidh and to say no we use Chan fhaod. Although that part is fairly simple, the other verbs can make
things a little complicated. There are 4 different situations: the verbal noun can either be lenited or not, we
can include the a in front or not, and sometimes the verbal noun comes at the end of the sentence. Don’t
panic about the grammar, just recognize that different things will happen depending on the type of object.
I.
No object
Am faod mi suidhe?
Chan fhaod sibh coiseachd.
Am faod + subject + verbal noun (no ‘a’)
II.
Indirect object (intransitive verb)
Am faod mi bruidhinn ri Seumas?
Am faod sinn èisteachd ri ceòl?
Chan fhaod thu cluich leinn às dèidh sgoil.
Am faod + subject + verbal noun (no ‘a’) + preposition + indirect object
February 4, 2015
89
notes521a.wpd
III. Direct object (transitive verb)
Am faod mi ball-coise a chluich?
Am faod mi am fòn a chleachdadh?
Am faod mi am pàipear seo a leughadh?
Am faod mi deoch uisge fhaighinn?
Chan fhaod thu uighean ithe.
Faodaidh tu sin a dhèanamh.
Am faod + subject + direct object + a + lenited verbal noun
Drop the a before vowel sounds!
IV. The verb a’ dol (intransitive verb)
Am faod mi a dhol dhan taigh-bheag?
am faod + subject + a dhol + location
What the heck is an object? It’s the part of the sentence that follows the main verb. A direct object is one
which answers the questions “what” or “who” after the verb (Am faod mi cleachdadh ...dè?). An indirect
object takes a preposition in front: ri, le, etc. (Am faod mi bruidhinn ri Màiri?)
Notice that Am faod mi is the Gaelic equivalent of “May I” in English. Don’t confuse it with “Can I” - as
often happens in English.
Feuman
The same grammar is used for saying you need to do something, except the verb is Feum instead of Faod.
Look at the following examples:
Am feum sinn èirigh tràth a-màireach?
Am feum mi coimhead air seo?
Am feum thu ticead a thoirt dhomh?
Am feum mi mo sheacaid a chur orm?
Am feum thu a dhol a dh’obair?
Feumaidh mi falbh.
Feumaidh sibh suidhe.
Feumaidh mi còta a chur orm.
Feumaidh sinn òran a sheinn.
Feumaidh tu Teàrlach fhaicinn.
Chan fheum.
Chan fheum thu sin òl.
Chan fheum mi càil a thoirt leam.
Chan fheum sibh falbh gu ceithir uairean.
February 4, 2015
90
notes521a.wpd
Bruidhinn air a’ fòn
To phone somebody, we use the verb a’ fonadh:
Bha mi a’ fònadh, ach cha robh duine a-staigh.
Am bi thu dachaidh a-nochd? Tha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhònadh aig ochd uairean.
Tha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhònadh a-nochd fhathast.
Fònaidh mi a-màireach.
Ma dh’ fhònas tu an-diugh, bidh mi ann
To answer the phone, we use a’ togail am fòn (picking up the phone):
Tog am fòn, ma tha thu a-staigh!
An answering machine is inneal-fòn. Here are some things you might say in your greeting:
“Cha mhise a-staigh an-dràsta”
“Fagaibh sanas”
“Cuiridh sinn fòn air ais”, “Cuiridh sinn fòn thugaibh”
“Tapadh leibh airson fònadh”
Bha mi a’ fagail sanas air an inneal-fòn agad.
Buadhairean Neònach
We’ve already seen that most adjectives in Gaelic go after the noun. There are a few that go before (very
few), and these lenite the noun as well.
droch
’S e droch bhalach a th’ annad.
deagh
Deagh bheachd!
seann
Tha seann bhodach aig an uinneag.
Faclan Feumail
fòn-laimhe
aireamh-fòn
Bha e làn gusgal
gusgal gun seagh
Dad ort
Fuirich ort
Seadh, seadh
Cuir fòn thugam!
Bruidhinn nas àirde, mas e ur toil e
Tha cuidegin air an loighne eile.
Bha sinn a’ cabadaich air a’ fòn.
Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh gu bheil...
a’ cur a-mach
Na dean sin!
taigh-beag
ma
February 4, 2015
91
notes521a.wpd
Stoiridh 10b - Air a’ fòn
Dadaidh:
Seumas:
Dadaidh:
Cailean:
Dadaidh:
Cailean:
Dadaidh:
Cailean:
Dadaidh:
Cailean:
Dadaidh:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Seumas:
Cailean:
Bràthair:
Cailean:
Bràthair:
Eilidh:
Cailean:
Eilidh:
Cailean:
Màthair:
Eilidh:
Màthair:
Eilidh:
Cailean:
Eilidh:
Cailean:
Eilidh:
Cailean:
Tha am fòn a’ falbh. Freagair e!
Tha mi trang an-dràsta. Freagair e thu-fhèin.
Ceart ma-thà. Hallò?
Hallò. Am faod mi bruidhinn ri Seumas?
Cò?
Seumas! A bheil Seumas a-staigh?
Fuirich mionaid. Chì mi. Cò th’ ann?
’S e Cailean a th’ ann.
Obh, Cailean. Ciamar a tha sibh, a bhalaich.
Gu doigheil. A bheil Seumas ann?
Tha. Seo e.
Hallò?
Seumas. ’S e Cailean a th’ ann.
Hallò a Chailein. Dè tha dol?
Càit an robh thu? Chuir mi fòn thugad a-raoir, agus cha robh thu a-staigh.
Cha robh gu dearbh. Bha mi anns an taigh-dhealbh a’ faicinn film.
Dè am film?
Napoleon Dynamite. Bha e math.
Daingead! Bha mi a’ dol a dh’ fhaighnich dhut ma tha thu airson a dhol ann leam.
Duilich. Chunnaic mi e fhathast. Dè tha Eilidh a’ dèanamh a-nochd?
Eilidh? Chan eil fhios agam. Carson?
’S docha gum bi ise a’ dol ann leat.
Hmm. ’S docha. Dè an aireamh fòn a th’ aice?
Aig an taigh, no am fòn-laimhe?
A bheil fhios agadsa càit am bi i?
Chan eil idir. Seo, an aireamh fòn: 367-2429.
Mòran taing. Bha e math a’ bruidhinn riut.
Tìoraidh.
Nise. 367-2429.
A Chailein!
Ist! Tha mi air a’ fòn an-dràsta!
Duilich.
Hallò. Cò th’ air an loighne?
’S e Cailean a th’ ann. Ciamar a tha thu?
Obh, Cailean. Thug mi ring dhut ’sa mhadainn, ach cha do fhreagair thu.
Bha mi a-muigh fad am madainn. Dè bha thu ag iarraidh?
Hallò?
Tha mise air an loighne mamaidh.
Fhathast? Cuir sìos am fòn, nighean! Feumaidh mi bruidhinn ri do sheanmhair.
Ceart gu leòr a mhamaidh. Ann am mionaid. Duilich. Bha mi a’ dol a dh’innse gun robh mi a’ dol anns
an taigh-dhealbh a-nochd. A bheil thu airson a dhol ann leam?
Dè am film?
Napoleon Dynamite.
Gu dearbh fhèin. Chì mi thu an sin aig cairteal gu seachd.
Glè mhath. Tìoraidh ma-thà, a ghràidh.
A ghràidh?
February 4, 2015
92
notes521a.wpd
Exercises
50. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Am faod mi bruidhinn ri do mhathair?
b)
Faodaidh, fuirich mionaid.
c)
Am faod mi a dhol dhan ospadal?
d)
Am faod mo phiuthar do chù fhaicinn?
e)
May I go to the bathroom? No, not yet.
f)
May I use your pen?
g)
You may not open your mouth Wednesday.
h)
You may close the door at 3:05.
51. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Chan fhaod thu an taigh fhalbh.
b)
Chan fhaod thu sin a dhèanamh.
c)
Faodaidh sibh ur bòtannan a chur oirbh.
d)
May I play the bagpipes?
e)
May I use your hat?
February 4, 2015
93
notes521a.wpd
f)
May I drive your car?
g)
May I see your homework?
h)
You may get a drink of milk right now.
52. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Am faod mi am pàipear-naidheachd fhaighinn?
b)
Am faod sinn coiseachd dhan sgoil?
c)
Faodaidh tu a dhol ann aig sia uairean.
d)
May we go to the store?
e)
No, you can’t go there.
f)
No, you’re too stupid to understand.
g)
May I sit here?
h)
You may go skating tomorrow.
53. Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh gu bheil fhios oirbh ri dhèanamh.
a) Faodaidh sinn a dhol ann às dèidh dìnneir.
b)
Chan fhaod thu d’ obair-dachaidh a dhèanamh.
c)
Chan fhaod, tha sibh ro àrd.
February 4, 2015
94
notes521a.wpd
d)
You may not speak to my daughter at all.
e)
You may play with us after school.
f)
You may not leave early.
54. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Am faod mi am fòn a chleachdadh?
b)
Chan fhaod, ’s e droch bhalach a th’annad.
c)
Tha mi a’ feuchainn gad fònadh.
d)
Chan eil sinn a-staigh; fagaibh sanas mas e ur toil e.
e)
Fuirich mionaid, tha mo phiuthar air an loighne eile.
f)
I think we have a bad line.
g)
I was going to give you a call, but I was too busy.
h)
May I leave the class? I’m going to barf.
i)
You may not; here’s a bag.
j)
May I leave a message for her?
February 4, 2015
95
notes521a.wpd
55. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Duilich, chan eil iad an seo an-dràsta.
b)
Am faod mi gad fhaicinn a-nochd?
c)
Chan fhaod; feumaidh mi m’fhalt nighe.
d)
Agus an uairsin, bha am mire-bhlàr aige air.
e)
Aig ceithir uairean, faodaidh sibh bracaist a dhèanamh.
f)
I’ll phone you at 3:20 on Wednesday.
g)
My sister was trying to call you yesterday.
h)
Pardon? I didn’t hear you.
i)
Could you speak more slowly?
j)
It’s hard to understand you on the phone.
56. Sgrìobh am fàilte airson an inneal-fòn agad.
February 4, 2015
96
notes521a.wpd
Gàidhlig air an t-Eilean
Gaelic on the Island
So the 1770s was the start of the big waves of emigration out of the Scottish Highlands. Prince Edward
Island was a popular destination right from the start. The Island had been recently captured from the French
and had a reputation as a great place to settle. In 1770 it was almost empty. The reputation PEI had in
Scotland was very good - a land of bounty and opportunity. When people got here, they often wished they
had stayed home. The Island was covered with dense old growth forest. The soil underneath was fertile
enough, but you had to clear the trees away first. A lot of Gaels coming to PEI had never seen trees before,
let alone have to chop a bunch down. It was a very depressing way to start. Add to that the colder climate,
snowy winters, feelings of isolation, and even the omnious forest that surrounded everything. The result was
many an immigrant that wished he had stayed in Scotland.
Gaels that came to PEI were from specific parts of Scotland. Once they got here, they tended to stay together
as well. Because of this, you get clumps of Scottish settlement around the Island, each from different parts
of Scotland. There were 5 main Gaelic groups on the Island. The largest was the group from the MacDonald
of Clanranald lands in Uist and Lochaber. These guys came between 1772 and 1790 and settled in
northeastern PEI from Tracadie all the way to East Point and down around to Cardigan. Smaller groups
settled up West between Grand River and Brae. They were Catholic and almost all Gaelic speakers. After
1800, most of the Catholics leaving Scotland tended to go to Cape Breton.
The next biggest group was from the Isle of Skye, starting with the Selkirk Settlers. They came between
1803 and 1840 and lived in Belfast, Caledonia (southern Kings) and Strathalbyn (central Queens). They
were mostly Gaelic speakers. In fact, Gaelic survived the longest in the last two regions, especially
Caledonia.
The third group of immigrants came from the southern islands in the Argyll region, particularly the Isle of
Mull. They moved along West River up to DeSable, southern Queens between Flat River and Little Sands,
and also up West around Dunblane. A fourth relatively small Sutherland group settled in New London and
French River area. The fifth was the smallest and most scattered group from Perthshire. They settled in
Stanhope and various other places scattered all over the Island. All of these last 4 groups were Protestant.
Now you might be wondering how immigration that was spread out over 30 or 40 years could produce
communities on PEI where most people came from the same part of Scotland. This is one way that Gaels
immigrated differently from other ethnic groups. When one group came over and got established, they would
send back to their home region and tell friends and relatives to come over. When those new groups came,
they would send back for even more relatives. Soon you had a whole group of Shaws, Irvings, MacPhails,
February 4, 2015
97
notes521a.wpd
MacNevins all moving from Argyll at different times and all settling along the West River. This is called
chain migration. If this doesn’t seem all that unusual, keep in mind that for most other European groups
at the time the pattern was for restless young men to set off on their own, leaving family behind them.
When the Island first became British, there were conditions placed on who was allowed to move here. The
government wanted no British settlers, no Irish, and especially no Catholics. The ideal candidates were
Germans and Dutch, and also Americans from the 13 Colonies. Well, it didn’t work out that way. Most of
the early groups (before 1800) were Highland Scots, and almost all of them were Gaelic-speaking Catholics.
Even with Loyalists, Irish, and Acadians returning from deportation, Scots were always the largest ethnic
group on the Island. At one point in the early 1900s, 76% of Islanders claimed to be of Scottish origin. Of
the Scots, most were Gaelic speakers, and of those, more than half were Catholic. Elsewhere in the
Maritimes when you think Catholic you tend to think Irish or French. On PEI Scottish Catholic Gaels were
the single biggest block of the population. In fact, from 1772 to around 1840, there were more Gaelic
speakers on PEI than any other language, including English. For a good chunk of that time, Gaels were an
outright majority.
What was Gaelic settlement like on the Island? They brought most of their culture over with them, so things
like piping, fiddle playing, Highland dancing, Gaelic poetry and songs were always strong. The other big
cultural area was folk tales, funny jokes and stories, especially those involving superstitions and the
supernatural. Gaels were very superstitious, and brought all their beliefs in fairies, wee beasties, the sìth
over with them.
The two main pillars of the community were the church and the school. Scots prized education, and Gaels
were no exception. Often the school was built before people finished their houses, and usually before the
church. The teachers were well-educated, well-paid, and respected in the community. Many kids left small
one room schools and went on to be very successsful at the big Canadian universities. Gaels (and Scots in
general) were also very religious. Especially the Protestant Presbyterian ones. For some reason, education
was usually done in English (even if the teacher and all the kids were Gaels), but church services were
usually held in Gaelic
So what happened to all this Gaelic on PEI? If Gaels were an outright majority, then why didn’t PEI become
a Gaelic Island? There are books to be written on the subject, but we can simplify things into four main
factors.
The first was that even though most of the people spoke Gaelic, all of the institutions were English. After
all, this was a British (and that means English) colony. Everything from public schools to paying taxes to
elections was all in English. There was a lot of pressure for assimilation. There were a lot of times where
February 4, 2015
98
notes521a.wpd
you had to use English.
A second factor was the divisions within the Gaelic community. Sure there were large groups of Gaels, but
they were still scattered around the Island and that made each group easier to assimilate. Even worse were
the religious differences. By the mid-1800s Gaels were about evenly split between Protestant and Catholic,
and relations between the two groups were deteriorating. It was seen as more important to marry someone
of the “same religion” than to pick a fellow Gael. So we had a lot of Gaelic- Irish or Gaelic-Acadian matches
on the Catholic side, and Gaelic-English or Gaelic-Lowlander marriages on the Protestant side. These tended
to produce English-speaking kids.
One of the biggest factors was the hostility toward Gaelic from the English, but also the Irish and the
Lowlanders. You can almost expect the mockery from the English, but you might have expected better from
the Irish. They had already lost their language and felt no sympathy for Scottish Gaels trying to hang on to
theirs. But this paled in comparison to what some describe as “naked hostility” shown by Lowlanders. It
makes it pretty hard to hang on to your language when you’re mocked and harassed for using it at every turn.
This led to the fourth factor - the feeling of backwardness that Gaels felt. After years of hearing those
around you make fun of your accent, laugh at you openly, and tell you Gaelic is the language of poverty and
stupidity, it’s hard not to buy into it. Some parents decided not to teach their kids Gaelic so that they could
get ahead in life. Sometimes it was the kids deciding that English was cooler and refusing to speak Gaelic
with parents or elders. The schools were a big influence too - kids were often beaten for speaking Gaelic.
So the decline was on. The church services were mostly gone by 1900. There were still unilingual Gaelic
speakers in the Hartsville and Caledonia areas in the 1930s. The last of the native speakers died off in the
1980s and 90s. Gaelic was all but extinct on Prince Edward Island.
The first high school Gaelic class began at Colonel Gray in September 2003...
Sources
Kennedy, Michael. Introduction to Gaelic in Prince Edward Island: A Cultural Remnant. PhD thesis. UPEI
Island Collection. 2002.
February 4, 2015
99
notes521a.wpd
Sùil Air Ais# 5
Caibideil 9 - Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh?
Caibideil 10 - Am faod mi?
Near future - tha mi a’ dol a ...
Leniting the verbal noun
sh silent if followed by a consonnant
use dh’ to lenite vowels
use dh’fh for leniting F
Asking permission:
Am faod, chan fhaod, faodaidh
Am faod mi a dhol dhan taigh-bheag?
direct and indirect objects
Air a’ fòn:
Language difficulties
Faclan feumail ùr:
a’ bruidhinn
a’ cleachdadh
a’ fagail
a’ faighinn
a’ faighneachd
a’ falbh
a’ feuchainn
a’ fosgladh
a’ freagair
a’ gabhail
ag ionnsachadh
a’ tuigsinn
na Tìrean
Fèilidhean agus Breacan:
sporran, sgian dubh, etc.
gad chluinntinn
gad thuigsinn
gad fhaicinn
gad fònadh
doirbh
Sasainn
Beurla
Èrinn
an Cuan Siar
an Roinn-Eòrpa
Nollaig Chridheil
ceann-seachdain
Gaelic on PEI
February 4, 2015
100
notes521a.wpd
Caibideil 11 - Cò ris a tha e coltach?
Stoiridh 11 - Làn Gusgal
Mòrag agus Sìne ann an taigh-bìdh Tim Horton’s. Tha iad ag òl cofaidh agus a’ bruidhinn mu na daoine
eile...
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Mòrag:
Sìne:
Ceart. Well, ciamar a tha thu an-diugh?
O, glè mhath. Tha mi dìreach beagan sgìth.
Tha mise uabhasach math, agus is toigh leam an cofaidh seo. Trobhad ort, a Shìne, a bheil
cuimhne agad air Calum?
’S docha. A bheil falt ruadh air?
Chan eil. Tha falt bàn air, ach tha stais ruadh air.
O, esan. Tha e àrd àlainn, agus tha sùilean mòr gorm aige.
Sin e. ’S e duine còir gasda a th’ ann.
Agus tha e àlainn.
Agus tha bana-caraid ùr aige.
A bheil sin ceart? Bana-caraid ùr? Cò?
A bheil thu eòlach air Màiri NicLeòid?
Chan eil fhios agam. A bheil falt dualach oirre?
O chan eil. Tha falt dìreach, dubh oirre. Agus tha i gu math caol. Tha i ag obair aig DVA.
O ise. A bheil sròn mòr oirre?
Chan eil, tha thu a’ smaoineachadh mu dheidhinn Sìle NicLeòid. Is ise am piuthar aig Màiri.
O, tha mi eòlach oirre a-nis! Is ise an seann bhana-caraid aig Mìcheal Beag.
Tha sin ceart. Dhìochuimhnich mi air Mìcheal Beag. Sin an duine àlainn ort, a Shìne. Tha e
coltach ri Matt Damon.
O, a Mhàiri! Sguir dhen sin!
Describing People
To ask what someone looks like, we ask Cò ris a tha e coltach? Some typical answers include:
Tha e mòr.
Tha sùilean uaine aice.
Tha falt fada, dubh air.
Note: eyes are aig, hair is air
We could also ask “Who is that?”, “Do you know her?”, “What do you think of them?”
Cò tha siud? ’S e Iain a th’ ann.
A bheil thu eòlach oirre? Tha, tha mi eòlach oirre - ’s e Seònag a th’ ann.
Dè do bheachd orra? Tha iad gasda agus làn spòrs.
A bheil cuimhne agad air mo bhràthair? Chan robh mi ga choinnich.
February 4, 2015
101
notes521a.wpd
Am Bodhaig
amhaich
ceann
gàirdean
smiogaid
aodann
cluas
glùin
speuclairean
beul
corrag
gruaidh
sròn
bile
druim
gualainn
stais
broilleach
falt
làmh
sùil
brù
feusag
òrdag
taobh
cas
fiacal
sgòrnan
tòn
February 4, 2015
102
notes521a.wpd
Faclan Feumail
ruadh
bàn
liath
calltainn
fada
goirid
dualach
dìreach
reamhar
caol
bòidheach
àlainn
grànnda
gasda
còir
òg
sean
àrd
glic
gòrach
tapaidh
modhail
mì-mhodhail
laghach
inbheach
toilichte
brònach
èibhinn
diùid
leisg
làn spòrs
snog
uabhasach
mosach
tùchanach
èalaidh
air boile
tuaireanach
buaireil
neònach
Bruidhinn Mu Dheidhinn Sibh Fhèin
Describing people is one thing, but often you need to talk about your own body parts. Here are some phrases
that may come up in conversation.
Tha mo cheann goirt.
Bhris mi mo chas.
Gheàrr mi mo ghàirdean.
Bidh mo dhruim goirt uaireannan.
Tha mi a’ faireachdainn sgoinneil.
Ghoirtich e a ghlùin.
A bheil do chas a’ fàs nas fheàrr?
Exercises
57. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) neck
b) knee
c) foot
d) belly
e) stomach
f) shoulders
g) bile
h) gàirdean
i) òrdagan
j) làmh
k) cluasan
l) leg
m) teeth
n) head
February 4, 2015
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)
v)
w)
x)
y)
z)
aa)
103
hair
finger
bum
nose
mouth
eyes
back
throw up
cut my finger
break my leg
sore knee
red hair
blond hair
notes521a.wpd
58. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Tha mi a’ fuireach ann am meadhan a’ bhaile.
b)
Tha mo dhruim goirt.
c)
A Ghranaidh. Abair thusa fiaclan mòr agad!
d)
Bha mi a’ reic e gus am balach ris am falt ruadh.
e)
My sister’s hair is black.
f)
Your brother has big feet.
g)
I will be at your house at 6:00pm.
h)
What are we going to eat for breakfast?
59. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) I’ll phone you after school.
b)
It was quite cold today, and very windy.
c)
What film did you see last night?
d)
Say that again. I wasn’t listening.
e)
Cha robh mi a’ faighinn dèideagan sam bith airson Nollaig idir.
f)
Cha robh mi gad thuigsinn; tha mo chluasan làn cèir.
g)
Tha am falt aig m’ athair a’ tuiteam sìos.
h)
A ghraidh! Tha sùilean gorm bòidheach agad, mar an t-adhar.
February 4, 2015
104
notes521a.wpd
i)
Ciamar sean a tha an tidsear sin?
j)
He is 58 years old.
k)
Carson a tha falt liath aige?
60. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Am faod sinn Monopoly a chluich?
b)
Tha mi a’ dol a leughadh tòrr leabhraichean Gàidhlig.
c)
Cha robh cuimhne agam air an deuchainn an-diugh.
d)
Cha toigh leam an ceòl sin; is toigh leam Slayer.
e)
My uncle only has one eye.
f)
May I go to the bathroom? My stomach hurts.
g)
His hair used to be brown, but now it is grey and white.
h)
What time did you guys get up this morning?
61. Cuir anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Co ris a tha e coltach?
b)
A bheil thu eòlach air Seumas Dubh?
c)
Cha robh cuimhne agam air mo phiuthar.
d)
A bheil i coltach ri Hillary Duff?
e)
Chan eil idir; tha i coltach ri Martha Stiùbhart.
February 4, 2015
105
notes521a.wpd
f)
Bhris mi mo chas ann trì àiteachan.
g)
Ciamar a tha thu a’ faireachdainn feasgar?
h)
Dè thachair co-dhiù?
i)
Thuit mi sìos an staidhre agus bhris mi mo ghlùin.
j)
Tha Eilidh a’ cur a mach gach latha.
k)
Chan eil sin èibhinn idir.
62. Cuir anns a’ Ghàidhlig.
a) My bum is sore; I was sitting all day.
b)
I have a headache.
c)
My brother has long blond hair.
d)
Your nose is big - is it broken?
e)
What did you say?
f)
Say that again and I’ll hit you in the face.
g)
Did you remember to buy stamps?
h)
My printer ran out of ink.
i)
My dog ate my homework.
j)
My daughter threw up on your exams.
February 4, 2015
106
notes521a.wpd
k)
I do not like green eggs and ham.
l)
My ear is sore after talking to him.
m) May I use your pen?
63. Describe [the appearance of] someone in the class. We’ll see if we can guess who it is.
64. Guess the teacher.
a) Tha e uabhasach àrd agus tha falt glè ghoirid air.
b)
Tha falt donn goirid air agus tha e òg agus àrd. Agus tha e làidir.
c)
Tha i àrd agus tha falt dìreach donn oirre.
d)
Tha e àrd agus gu math caol agus tha e maol. ’S toigh leis ruith agus ithe.
e)
Tha e goirid. The falt ruadh agus feusag ruadh air.
f)
Tha i goirid agus tha falt fada donn oirre.
g)
Tha e àrd agus tha falt bàn goirid air.
h)
Tha i goirid agus tha falt dualach bàn goirid oirre. Tha gaire mòr oirre.
February 4, 2015
107
notes521a.wpd
Facal Falaichte Bodhaig
B
F
F
C
C
E
A
N
N
R
H
T
R
S
E
O
H
M
A
L
S
C
H
A
O
U
U
R
L
G
R
M
I
C
O
D
I
I
S
R
N
N
I
A
L
D
R
U
L
L
A
A
M
O
H
U
A
U
R
A
L
E
G
G
G
M
A
N
I
B
C
D
E
A
O
A
A
S
N
M
A
R
B
M
A
N
I
N
A
C
I
I
E
A
T
O
C
D
O
N
F
A
U
T
F
A
L
T
H
R
A
G
L
S
G
L
U
I
N
M
S
AMHAICH
AODANN
BEUL
BROILLEACH
BRU
CAS
CEANN
CLUASAN
CORRAGAN
DRUIM
FALT
FEUSAG
FIACLAN
GAIRDEAN
GLUIN
LAMH
SMIOGAID
SRON
STAMAG
SUILEAN
__ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __ __
February 4, 2015
108
notes521a.wpd
Sùil Air Ais Mòr
Chapter topics
Dè an t-ainm a th’ort?
Dè an aois a tha thu?
Ciamar a tha an t-sìde an-diugh?
Càit a bheil thu a’ fuireach?
Dè tha thu ag iarraidh?
Dè tha thu a’ dèanamh?
Dè an uair a tha e?
Mo theaghlach.
Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh?
Am faod mi bruidhinn ri Seumas?
A’ Bhodhaig.
Culture / history topics
Early Celts
Celtic languages, today
Lords of the Isles
Wallace, Bruce, Bannockburn
Glencoe
Bonnie Prince Charlie, 1745
Proscription
Celtic festivals, Oidhche Shamhna
Clearances and Emigration to PEI
Cuchulainn & Ulster Cycles
Kilts and Tartans
Gaelic on PEI
Grammar
simple sentences
vocative case
adjectives and fem nouns
lenition
broad & narrow vowels
pronouns
verb to be:
bha, tha, bidh
dependent form: an robh, a bheil, am bi
negatives: cha robh, chan eil, cha bhi
prepositional pronouns: agam, orm, leam, rium
verbal nouns
Is toigh leam, cha toigh l’
plurals
dithis, triùir, etc.
near future: tha mi a’ dol a dh’ ithe, etc.
permission: am faod mi? Faodaidh. Chan fhaod.
adjectives that come before: seann, droch, deagh
February 4, 2015
109
notes521a.wpd
Vocabulary topics
names
greetings
numbers
colours
weather
street names, locations (faisg air a’ bhaile)
place names
food
writing letters: intro, signing off
days: an-dè, an-diugh, etc.
time: uair, trì uairean
days of the week
months
seasons
question words: cò, ciamar, dè, cuin, carson, cia mheud
family members
countries, continents, etc.
language difficulties
phone terms & phrases
body parts
Also:
prepositons
adjectives
adverbs
conjunctions, etc.
February 4, 2015
110
notes521a.wpd
Review Exercises
1.
2.
3.
Sgrìobh anns a’ chànan eile.
a) Seall air a’ chàmara.
b)
Na ith sin an-dràsda.
c)
Suidh sìos; tha thu ro sgìth.
d)
Seall an uair! Tha mi fadalach airson clas Gàidhlig a-rithist.
e)
Wait for me, I’m coming.
f)
Open the window, it’s very hot in here.
Sgrìobh a-rithist.
a) Bi sàmhach. Tha mise air a’ fòn le mo sheanmhair.
b)
Dùin do bheul. Tha mise a’ bruidhinn an-dràsta.
c)
Go get your pencil. We’re writing a test.
d)
Don’t worry about it, it’s just an exam.
e)
Come to my house. I live at 53 Green St.
Tha fhios agaibh.
a) Gabh fois! Tha thu a’ dol a ghoirtich do cheann.
b)
Dùin an doras; bidh na biastagan beaga a’ tighinn a-staigh.
c)
Dè tha thu ag iarraidh airson dìnneir: pizza no baga brisgean?
d)
Fuirich ruinn faisg air do chàr. Bidh sinn an sin aig leth uair an dèidh trì.
e)
Get that dog. Wait a minute. Don’t worry about it. He stopped.
February 4, 2015
111
notes521a.wpd
4.
f)
I don’t eat breakfast; I get up at 8:40 for school.
g)
I’m sorry; I was going to meet you at 10:30. I’m stupid.
h)
Come on. We’ll be late for the movie.
Fregairt na ceistean.
a) Tha thu a-muigh agus tha thu a’ gabhail na grèine. Ciamar a tha an t-sìde?
b)
Tha an t-acras mòr ort, agus tha thu ag iarraidh ithe rud sam bith. Dè tha thu a’ dol a dh’ ithe?
c)
Tha an t-uisge mòr a-muigh. Feumaidh tu fuireach a-staigh fad am feasgar. Dè tha thu a’ dol a
dhèanamh?
d)
Chunnaic thu nighean (no fear) glè bhòidheach. Dè chanas tu dhi (dha)?
e)
Cha robh thu a’ dèanamh an obair-dachaidh agad. Dè chanas tu gu do thidsear?
f)
Tha thu fadalach airson obair. Dè tha thu a’ dol a dhèanamh?
g)
Tha thu a’ dol dhachaidh às dèidh obair. Dè an uair a tha e?
h)
Tha thu a’ coimhead air an tbh airson ceithir uairean. Dè an latha a tha e?
i)
Cuin a tha an co-là breith agad?
j)
Tha e deich uairean ‘sa mhadainn Diciadain, agus tha thu anns an leabaidh fhathast. Carson?
k)
Tha thu a’ dol a mach airson do chò-là breith. Càit a bheil thu a’ dol agus dè tha thu a’ dol a dh’
ithe?
l)
Fhuair tu $80 bho do sheanmhair. Dè tha thu a’ dol a cheannach?
February 4, 2015
112
notes521a.wpd
Appendices
Appendix A - The Definite Article
‘an’
Masculine
Feminine
Dative
A
E
I
O
U
an t-amar
an t-each
an t-ionad
an t-ospadal
an t-ubhal
an aird
an eaglais
an iomain
an oifis
an uair
anns an amar
ann an eaglais
ann an ionad
ann an ospadal
air an ubhal
B
F
M
P
am balach
am feasgar
am mac
am posta
a' bhùth
an fhuil
a' mhadainn
a' phacaid
anns a’ bhàta
aig an fheòrag
anns a’ mhuir
anns a’ phàirc
C
G
an cofaidh
an gille
a' chlann
a' gharaids
aig a’ chladach
anns a’ gharradh
D
L
N
R
T
an dotair
an latha
an nàbaidh
an rathad
an taigh
an deoch
an leabaidh
an nighean
an rìoghachd
an tì
fo ‘n doras
anns an leabaidh
air an nathair
anns an rathad
aig an taigh
S
an seanair
an t-sìde
- but an sgoil
an smalag
an spàin
an stòr
air an t-sneachd
plural article:
February 4, 2015
na
na h- (in front of vowels)
113
notes521a.wpd
Appendix B - Faclan Feumail
Indefinite Pronouns
fear sam bith . . . . . . . . . . .
a h-uile fear . . . . . . . . . . .
a h-uile duine . . . . . . . . . .
na h-uile . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
feareigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tè-eigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cuideigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cò sam bith . . . . . . . . . . . .
anyone
everyone (m)
everyone
everyone, all
someone (m)
someone (f)
someone
whoever
rud sam bith . . . . . . . . . . .
càil
..............
a h-uile rud . . . . . . . . . . . .
càil
..............
rudeigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rudeigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
anything
anything
everything
nothing
something
somewhat
uair sam bith . . . . . . . . . . .
gach uair . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
air uairibh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
uaireannan . . . . . . . . . . . .
an uairsin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
nuair
..............
any time
every time
sometimes
sometimes
then
when
an seo . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
an sin
..............
àiteigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gach àite . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
aite sam bith . . . . . . . . . . .
here
there
somewhere
everywhere
anywhere
rud ...
..............
... sam bith . . . . . . . . . . . .
...eigin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eile
..............
gach
..............
...thing
any...
some...
other / else
every
Gaelic adverbs differentiate between being somewhere and going somewhere.
Motion
Position
suas . . . . . . . . . shuas . . . . . . . . up
Tha mi a’ dol suas an staidhre.
sìos . . . . . . . . . shìos . . . . . . . . down
Tha iad shìos anns a’ phàirc.
a-mach . . . . . . a-muigh . . . . . outside
Tha i fuar a-muigh.
a-steach . . . . . a-staigh . . . . . . inside
Thig a-steach. Tha i blàth a-staigh.
a-nall . . . . . . . a-bhos . . . . . . . over here
Cuin a thàinig iad a-nall?
a-null . . . . . . . thall . . . . . . . . over there
Bha mi a’ fuireach thall thairis.
Times
an-dè . . . . . . . . . . . . an-duigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . a-màireach
a-raoir . . . . . . . . . . . a-nochd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . an ath-oidhch
an-uiridh . . . . . . . . . am-bliadhna . . . . . . . . . . an ath-bhliadhna
February 4, 2015
114
notes521a.wpd
Prepositions and short words
’s dòcha . . . . . . . . . maybe
à . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . from
a . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to
ach . . . . . . . . . . . . . but
agus . . . . . . . . . . . . and
aig . . . . . . . . . . . . . . at
air feadh . . . . . . . . . across
air . . . . . . . . . . . . . . on
airson . . . . . . . . . . . for
an ath . . . . . . . . . . . next
an dèidh . . . . . . . . . after
an còmhnaidh . . . . . always
anns . . . . . . . . . . . . in
a nuas . . . . . . . . . . . from above
bho . . . . . . . . . . . . . from
co-dhiù . . . . . . . . . . anyway
cuideachd . . . . . . . . also
de . . . . . . . . . . . . . . of
dìreach . . . . . . . . . . just
eadar . . . . . . . . . . . . between
fhathast . . . . . . . . . . yet / still
gach . . . . . . . . . . . . each
gè-ta . . . . . . . . . . . . however
glè . . . . . . . . . . . . . . very
gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . without
gun . . . . . . . . . . . . . that
idir . . . . . . . . . . . . . at all
le . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ma . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ma-thà . . . . . . . . . . .
mar as trice . . . . . . .
mar . . . . . . . . . . . . .
math dha-rìribh . . . .
mu . . . . . . . . . . . . .
mun cuairt . . . . . . .
mura bheil . . . . . . .
na . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
no . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
oir . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
os-cionn . . . . . . . . .
ri chèile . . . . . . . . .
ri . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ri taobh . . . . . . . . . .
ro . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
roimh . . . . . . . . . . .
seadh . . . . . . . . . . .
seo . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seòrsa . . . . . . . . . . .
sin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sin thu fhèin . . . . . .
sin agad e . . . . . . . .
siud . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tarsainn . . . . . . . . . .
troimh . . . . . . . . . . .
with
if
then
usually
like
excellent
about
around
if not
don’t
or
because
above, over
together
with / to
beside
too
before
aye
this one
type, kind
that one
there you go
there you are
yonder one
across
through
Question words
dè
càite
cò
carson
ciamar
cia mheud
cuin
February 4, 2015
115
notes521a.wpd
Appendix C - Irregular Verbs
Verb
Root
Verbal Noun
Past
Future
see
Faic
a' faicinn
Am faca tu?
Chunnaic
Chan fhaca
Nach fhaca?
...gum faca...
Am faic thu?
Chì
Chan fhaic
Nach fhaic?
...gum faic
hear
Cluinn
a' cluintinn
An cuala tu?
Chuala
Cha chuala
Nach cuala?
An cluinn thu?
Cluinnidh
Cha chluinn
Nach cluinn?
say
Abair
ag ràdh
An tuirt?
Thuirt
Cha tuirt
An abair?
Their
Chan abair
give
Thoir
a' toirt
An tug?
Thug
Cha tug
An toir?
Bheir
Cha toir
get
Faigh
a' faighinn
An d’ fhuair?
Fhuair
Cha d’ fhuair
Nach d’ fhuair?
Am faigh?
Gheibh
Chan fhaigh
Nach fhaigh?
catch
Beir
a' breith
An do rug?
Rug
Cha do rug
Am Beir?
Beiridh
Cha bheir
go
Rach
a' dol
An deach thu?
Chaidh
Cha deach
An tèid thu?
Thèid
Cha tèid
come
Thig
a' tighinn
An tàinig?
Thàinig
Cha tàinig
An tig?
Thig
Cha tig
do
Dèan
a' dèanamh
An d’ rinn?
Rinn
Cha d’ rinn
An dèan?
Nì
Cha dèan
reach
Ruig
a' ruigsinn
An do ràinig?
Ràinig
Cha do ràinig
An ruig?
Ruigidh
Cha ruig
February 4, 2015
116
notes521a.wpd
Appendix D - Riochdairean
Pronouns
emphatic
possessive
aig
air
le
ri
do
ann
mi
mise
mo
agam
orm
leam
rium
dhomh
annam
thu
thusa
do
agad
ort
leat
riut
dhut
annad
e
esan
a
aige
air
leis
ris
dha
ann
i
ise
a
aice
oirre
leatha
rithe
dhi
innte
sinn
sinne
ar
againn
oirinn
leinn
ruinn
dhuinn
annainn
sibh
sibhse
ur
agaibh
oirbh
leibh
ruibh
dhuibh
annaibh
iad
iadsan
an
aca
orra
leotha
riutha
dhaibh
annta
February 4, 2015
117
notes521a.wpd
Appendix E - Ainmearan Gnìomhaireach
Verbal Nouns
ag aisling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag argamaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag itealaich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ bèiceireachd . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ bhith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ breith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ briseadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ bruadar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ bruidhinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ bualadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cadal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ campadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ caoineadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ càradh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ ceannach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cèilidh air . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ ciallachadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cleachdadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cluich . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cluinntinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ còcaireachd . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ coimhead . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ coiseachd . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ crìochnachadh . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cruinneachadh . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cuimhneachadh . . . . . . . . . .
a’ cur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dannsadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dèanamh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dol . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dràibheadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dùnadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ dùsgadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag èigheach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag èirigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag èisdeachd . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ fagail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ faicinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ faighinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ faighneachd . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ faireachdainn . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ falbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ fàs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ feuchainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ fosgladh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
dreaming
arguing
flying
baking
being
catching
breaking
dreaming
talking
striking
sleeping
camping
crying
repairing
buying
visiting
meaning
using
playing
hearing
cooking
watching
walking
finishing
collecting
remembering
putting
dancing
doing
going
driving
closing
waking up
yelling
getting up
listening
leaving
seeing
getting
asking
feeling
going away
growing
trying
opening
a’ fuireach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ gabhail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ gàireachdainn . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ gàirnealaireachd . . . . . . . . .
a’ gearan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ gearradh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ glanadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag iarraidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag iasgach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag innse . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag ionnsachadh . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag ithe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ leughadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ lorg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ losgadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ marcachd . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ nighe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag obair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag òl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ peantadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ ràcadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag ràdh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ reic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ ruith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ sabaid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ sealltain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ seasamh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ seinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ seòladh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ sgeatadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ sgrìobhadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ siubhal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ smaoineachadh . . . . . . . . . .
a’ smocadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ snàmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ streap . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ suidhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ teagasg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ tighinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ togail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ toirt . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ tòiseachadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ tuigsinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
a’ tuiteam . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ag ùrnaigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
118
staying
taking
laughing
gardening
complaining
cutting
cleaning
wanting
fishing
telling
learning
eating
reading
searching, looking for
burning
horse-riding
washing
working
drinking
painting
raking
saying
selling
running
fighting
looking
standing
singing
sailing
skating
writing
travelling
thinking
smoking
swimming
climbing
sitting
teaching
coming
lifting
giving
starting
understanding
falling
praying
notes521a.wpd
Ainmearan Gnìomhaireach
Verbal Nouns (by English)
asking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
arguing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
baking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
being . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
breaking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
burning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
buying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
camping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
catching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cleaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
climbing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
closing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
collecting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
coming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
complaining . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cooking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
crying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cutting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dancing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
doing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
drinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
driving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
falling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
feeling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
finishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fishing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gardening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
getting up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
getting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
giving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
going away . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
going . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
growing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hearing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
horse-riding . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
laughing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
learning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
leaving . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lifting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
listening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
looking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
meaning . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
a’ faighneachd
ag argamaid
a’ bèiceireachd
a’ bhith
a’ briseadh
a’ losgadh
a’ ceannach
a’ campadh
a’ breith
a’ glanadh
a’ streap
a’ dùnadh
a’ cruinneachadh
a’ tighinn
a’ gearan
a’ còcaireachd
a’ caoineadh
a’ gearradh
a’ dannsadh
a’ dèanamh
ag òl
a’ dràibheadh
ag ithe
a’ tuiteam
a’ faireachdainn
a’ crìochnachadh
ag iasgach
a’ gàirnealaireachd
ag èirigh
a’ faighinn
a’ toirt
a’ falbh
a’ dol
a’ fàs
a’ cluinntinn
a’ marcachd
a’ gàireachdainn
ag ionnsachadh
a’ fagail
a’ togail
ag èisdeachd
a’ sealltain
a’ ciallachadh
opening . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
painting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
playing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
praying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
putting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
raking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
remembering . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
repairing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
running . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sailing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
saying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seeing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
selling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
singing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sitting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
skating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sleeping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
smoking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
standing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
starting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
staying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
striking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
swimming . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
taking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
talking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
teaching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
telling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
thinking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
travelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
trying . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
understanding . . . . . . . . . . . . .
using . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
visiting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
waking up . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
walking . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wanting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
washing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
watching . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
working . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
writing . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
yelling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
119
a’ fosgladh
a’ peantadh
a’ cluich
ag ùrnaigh
a’ cur
a’ ràcadh
a’ leughadh
a’ cuimhneachadh
a’ càradh
a’ ruith
a’ seòladh
ag ràdh
a’ faicinn
a’ reic
a’ seinn
a’ suidhe
a’ sgeatadh
a’ cadal
a’ smocadh
a’ seasamh
a’ tòiseachadh
a’ fuireach
a’ bualadh
a’ snàmh
a’ gabhail
a’ bruidhinn
a’ teagasg
ag innse
a’ smaoineachadh
a’ siubhal
a’ feuchainn
a’ tuigsinn
a’ cleachdadh
a’ cèilidh air
a’ dùsgadh
a’ coiseachd
ag iarraidh
a’ nighe
a’ coimhead
ag obair
a’ sgrìobhadh
ag èigheach
notes521a.wpd
Appendix F - Òran
Brochan Lom
Rann 1
Brochan lom tana lom
Brochan lom a’ sùghain (x3)
’S e brochan lom ’s e tana lom
’S e brochan lom a’ sùghain
Seisd
Brochan tana, tana, tana
Brochan lom a’ sùghain (x3)
’S e brochan lom ’s e tana lom
’S e brochan lom a’ sùghain
Rann 2
Thugaibh aran do na gillean
Leis a’ bhrochan sùghain (x3)
’S e brochan lom ’s e tana lom
’S e brochan lom a’ sùghain
Rann 3
Seo an rud a gheibheamaid
O Nighean Gobh’ an Dùine, (x3)
’S e brochan lom ’s e tana lom,
’S e brochan lom a’ sùghain.
February 4, 2015
120
notes521a.wpd
’S ann an Ìle
Seisd
’S ann an Ìle, Ìle, Ìle
’S ann an Ìle rugadh mi
’S ann an Ìle, Ìle, Ìle
’S ann an Ìle, bhòidheach
Chorus
It was in
It was in
It was in
It was in
’S ann an Ìle, ghorm an fheòir
A rugadh mi ’sa thogadh mi
’S ann an Ìle, ghorm an fheòir
A rugadh mi ’sa bha mi
It was in Islay of the green grass
That I was born and I was raised
It was in Islay of the green grass
That I was born and I was.
’S ann an Ìle bhòidheach
A rugadh mi 'sa thogadh mi
’S ann an Ìle bhòidheach
A rugadh mi ’sa bha mi
It was in beautiful Islay
That I was born and I was raised
It was in beautiful Islay
That I was born and I was.
Nuair a bha mi ann an Ìle
Bha Catrìona cuide rium
Nuair a bha mi ann an Ìle
Bha Catrìona comh’ rium
W hen I was in Islay
Catherine was with me
W hen I was in Islay
Catherine was with along me.
Am measg na bruaichean bòidheach buidhe
Bha Catrìona cuide rium
Am measg na bruaichean bòidheach buidhe
Bha Catrìona comh’ rium
Among the bonny yellow banks
Catherine was with me
Among the bonny yellow banks
Catherine was along with me.
February 4, 2015
121
Islay, Islay, Islay,
Islay that I was born.
Islay, Islay, Islay,
beautiful Islay.
notes521a.wpd
Calum Crùbach
Calum Crùbach às a' ghleann
Cùm thall na caoraich uile
Calum Crùbach às a' ghleann
Cùm thall na caoraich
Lame Malcolm from the glen
Keep all the sheep over there
Lame Malcolm from the glen
Keep the sheep over there
Keep
Keep
Keep
Keep
Cùm thall, na toir a nall
Cùm thall na caoraich uile
Cùm thall, na toir a nall
Cùm thall na caoraich
over there, don't take over here
all the sheep over there
over there, don't take over here
the sheep over there
Lame Malcolm in the glen
Bring all the sheep to me
Although you are stooped and lame
You will see with the eye you have
Calum Crùbach anns a’ gleann
Cuir a nall na caoraich thugam
Ged a tha thu crùbach cam
Chì thu leis an t-sùil a th’ ann
A Muillean Dubh
’S iomadh rut nach saobh sibh
’Sa mhuileann dubh ’sa mhuileann dubh
’S iomadh rud nach saobh sibh
’Sa mhuileann dubh o shamhraidh
There are many things you wouldn't expect
In the black mill, in the black mill
There are many things you wouldn't expect
Is in the black mill in summer time
The black mill is shaking
The black mill is shaking
The black mill is shaking
And we are going to go dancing
Tha ’m muilinn dubh air thuraman
Tha ’m muilinn dubh air thuraman
Tha ’m muilinn dubh air thuraman
’S e togairt dol a dhannsadh
Tha nead na circe-fraoiche
’Sa mhuileann dubh ’sa mhuileann dubh
Tha nead na circe-fraoiche
’Sa mhuileann dubh o shamhraidh
February 4, 2015
The nest of the grouse
In the black mill, in the black mill
The nest of the grouse
Is in the black mill in summer time
122
notes521a.wpd
Tha Bean Agam
Tha bean agam, tha taigh agam,
tha allt an ceann an taigh agam
pùnnd de shiabann geal agam,
’s mo lèine salach, grànnda
I have a wife, I have a house,
there’s a brook behind my house
I have a pound of white soap
And my shirt is still filthy dirty.
Dè nì mi gun lèine ghlan,
gun lèine gheal, gun lèine ghlan?
Dè nì mi gun lèine ghlan,
’s mi falbh o’ n taigh a-màireach?
W hat will I do without a clean shirt,
without a white shirt, without a clean shirt?
W hat will I do without a clean shirt,
And I have to leave the house tomorrow?
Màiri Nighean Alastair
Am faca sibh Màiri nighean Alasdair?
Am faca sibh Màiri nighean Sheumais?
Am faca sibh Màiri nighean Alasdair?
Bidh iad a’ mireadh ri chèile
Have you
Have you
Have you
They will
Cruinn geur sgiobalta
Cruinn sgiobalta gleusda
Cruinn geur sgiobalta
Bidh iad a’ mireadh ri chèile
Tight, neat and agile
Tight, agile and expert,
Tight, neat and agile,
They will be twirling together.
February 4, 2015
123
seen Mary, daughter of Alastair?
seen M ary, daughter of James?
seen Mary, daughter of Alastair?
be twirling together.
notes521a.wpd
Grinn Donn Sgiobalta
Grinn donn sgiobalta mo ghiobag air an ùrlar.
Grinn donn sgiobalta mo ghiobag air an ùrlar.
Grinn donn sgiobalta mo ghiobag air an ùrlar.
Cha robh giobag idir ann cho sgiobalt’ ri mo Sheònaid.
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios an gèil ann?
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios an gèil ann?
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios an gèil ann?
Dannsa le na caileagan an taighean geala Lerwick.
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios a’ ghaoth ann?
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios a’ ghaoth ann?
Càit am bi na maraichean an oidhche bhios a’ ghaoth ann?
Ag iasgach nan adagan a-mach à Port-nan-Giùrain.
Neatly-formed, brown-haired, agile, my neat one on the dance floor.
There was not a neater one than my Janet.
W here will the seamen be the night of the gale?
Dancing with the young girls in the white houses of Lerwick.
W here will the seamen be the night when it’s windy?
Fishing the haddock out of Portnagiuran.
Dòmhnall Beag an t-Siùcair
Dòmhnall beag an t-siùcair
an t-siùcair, an t-siùcair
Dòmhnall beag an t-siùcair
Is dùil aige pòsadh
W ee Donald of the sugar
He’s looking for a bride
Cha ghabh a’ chlann nighean e
Chlann nighean e, chlann nighean e
Cha ghabh a’ chlann nighean e
Bho’ n nach eil e bòidheach
The young girls won’t have him
Because he isn’t handsome
Ged a bhiodh na ginidhean,
Na ginidhean, na ginidhean
Ged a bhiodh na ginidhean
A’ gliogadaich na phòcaid
February 4, 2015
Although he would have guineas
Jingling in his pockets
124
notes521a.wpd
Fear a’ Bhàta
Fhir a’ bhàta ’s na horo eile
Fhir a’ bhàta ’s na horo eile
Fhir a’ bhàta ’s na horo eile
Mo shòraidh slàn leat ’s gach àit an tèid thu!
O Sailor Man
O Sailor Man
O Sailor Man
My blessings with you wherever you go!
’S tric mi sealltainn on chnòc as àirde
Feuch am faic mi fear a’ bhàta
An tig thu an-diugh, no an tig thu a-màireach?
’S mur tig thu idir gur truagh a tha mi
Often I am looking from the highest hill
To try and see my sailor man
W ill you come today, or will you come tomorrow?
Or will you come at all, though I am so sad.
Tha mo chridhe-sa briste, brùite
’S tric na deòir a’ ruith bho’m shùilean
An tig thu a-nochd, no am bidh mo dhùil riut
No an dùin mi an doras le òsna thùrsaich?
My heart is bruised and broken
Often the tears are running from my eyes
W ill you come tonight, will I expect you?
Or will I close the door with many sighs
’S tric mi faighneachd de luchd nam bàta
Am faca iad thu, no a bheil thu sàbhailte?
Ach ’s ann a tha gach aon dhiubh ag ràdh rium
Gur gòrach mise, ma thug mi gràdh dhut.
February 4, 2015
Often I ask the other sailors
Have they seen you, are you safe?
But each one of them says to me
That I’m a fool for loving you.
125
notes521a.wpd
Oran Do Cheap Breatainn
’S e Ceap Breatainn tìr mo ghràidh,
Tìr nan craobh, ’s nam beanntan àrd’;
’S e Ceap Breatainn tìr mo ghràidh,
Tìr is àillidh leinn air thalamh.
Cape Breton is the land of my love,
The land of trees and high mountains.
Cape Breton is the land of my love,
To us the most beautiful land on earth.
’S bho'n a tha mi anns an àm,
Còmhnaidh ann an tìr nam beann;
’S ged a tha mo Ghàidhlig gann,
Ni mi rann do thìr nan gleannan.
Always in the land of the mountains
Even though my Gaelic is poor
I will sing a rhyme to the land of the glens
Feasgar foghair àm an fheòir,
’N uair a dhùnadh oirnn na neòil;
Ceò na mara tighinn ’n a thòrr,
’S e ’n a sgleò air bhàrr nam beannan.
On an autumn evening at hay-making time,
W hen the clouds close in upon us,
As the sea mist comes in banks,
Spreading a film over the peaks of the mountains.
Anns a' gheamhradh, àm an fhuachd,
Am nam bainnsean, àm nan luadh;
Chluinnte gillean air clèith-luaidh,
’S gruagaich’ le guth’ cruaidh ’g an leanaid.
W inter-time, time of cold,
Time of weddings, time of milling frolics;
Young men would be heard at the milling table,
W ith maidens supporting them with clear voices.
Àit’ as maisich’ tha fo’n ghrèin,
Smeòraich seinn air bhàrr nan geug;
Gobhlain-gaoithe cluich ri chéil’,
’S an nead’ gléidhte fo na ceangail.
The most beautiful place under the sun,
Thrushes singing on the tips of the branches,
Swallows playing with one another,
Their nests secure under the rafters.
Am Framboise fhuair mi m’àrachd òg,
Ann an nàbachd Chloinn Mhic Leòid;
’S tric bha sinn ri mir’ is spòrs,
Làithean sòlasach nach maireann.
February 4, 2015
I was reared in my youth in Framboise,
In the neighbourhood of the Clan MacLeod;
W e were often playful and joyful,
Happy days that are no more.
126
notes521a.wpd
Leanabh An Àigh
Child in the Manger
Faclan le Màiri Dhòmhnallach
From an old Gaelic air - Bun Esan
Leanabh an àigh, an Leanabh aig Màiri
Rugadh san stàball, Rìgh nan Dùl;
Thàinig do'n fhàsach, dh’fhuiling ’n ar n-àite Son’ iad an àireamh bhitheas dhà dlùth!
Blessed is the infant ,Infant of Mary,
Born in a stable ,King of the earth;
He came into the world ,And suffered for us,
Happy the people W ho’ll trust in Him!
Ged a bhios leanabain aig rìghrean na talmhainn
An greadhnachas garbh is anabarr mùirn,
’S geàrr gus am falbh iad, ’s fasaidh iad anfhann,
An àilleachd ’s an dealbh a’ searg san ùir.
Though sons are born To kings of this earth
In greatness of joy And greatly loved,
Their life will be short And they’ll grow weak,
Their beauty and form Fade in the grave.
Cha b’ionann ’s an t-Uan thàinig gur fuasgladhIriosal, stuama ghluais e’n tùs;
E naomh gun truailleachd, Cruithfhear an t-sluaigh,
Dh ’èirich e suas le buaidh o ùir.
How different the Lamb W ho came to deliver –
Humble and modest Right from His birth;
Undefiled and holy ,The Creator of all,
He rose victorious From the grave.
Leanabh an àigh, mar dh’aithris na fàidhean;
’S na h-àinglean àrd', b’e miann an sùl;
’Se ’s airidh air gràdh ’s air urram thoirt dhà Sona an àireamh bhitheas dhà dlùth.
Blessed the infant ,Foretold by prophets;
And for archangels He was a delight;
He’s worthy of honou r And worship by people –
Happy are they W ho’ll trust in Him!
February 4, 2015
127
notes521a.wpd
He Mo Leannan
He mo leannan, hó mo leannan,
’S e mo leannan am fear ùr;
He mo leannan, hó mo leannan.
He my love, ho my love
My love is the new fellow
He my love, ho my love
’S e mo leannan am fear bàn,
A dheidh’adh an àird a bhàrr an t-siùil.
My love is the fair-haired lad
W ho'd go right to the top of the ship's mast
’S e mo leannan a' fear laghach,
’S tu mo roghainn, thagainn thu.
My love is the pleasant lad
You're my choice, I would select you
’S galair na' miosa na'n déideadh
Air an té thug bhuam mo rùn.
A plague worse than the toothache
On the girl sho took my love from me
Nar meal i 'n gùn ùr 's a'chiste
Na na shuidheas air a glùin.
Let her be without a new gown in her clothes chest
And without what would sit on her knee
Nar meal i 'n curraic na'n cleòca,
Na meal i 'n t-oigear na 's mù.
Let her be without cap and cloak
And especially let the young man be denied to her
’S tric a chaidh mi leat dha 'n tobar,
Cha tugadh sinn dhachaidh drùdh.
Often I went with you to the well
W e wouldn't bring home a drop of water
’S tric a chaidh mi leat dha 'n t-sabhal
Foda fodhainn 's bhos ar cinn.
Often I went with you to the hay-barn
Ther would be hay above and below us
’S leabaidh bheag an cùl a' chidsin
Far 'm bu tric bha mise 's tu.
And the little bed at the back of the kitchen
You and I would often be there together
’S nuair a bhiodh càch na laighe
Dh'fhosg'linn dhut an uinneag chùil.
W hen the others had gone to sleep
I would open the back window for you
February 4, 2015
128
notes521a.wpd
A Mhòrag ’s na ho ro gheallaidh
O i og i o
A Mhòrag 's na ho ro gheallaidh
O i og i o
O i og i o
A Mhòrag 's na horo gheallaidh
O i og i o
A Mhòrag bheag a’ chùil riomhaich
Dheanainn-sa do chìr a cheannach
O little Sarah of the lovely locks,
I would buy you a comb.
O little Sarah of the curled tresses..
I often think of you with affection.
A Mhòrag bheag a' chùil dualaich
'S tric do luaidh a' tighinn air m' aire
Mis' a-muigh air luing a' seòladh
'S mi gun dòigh air tighinn gu baile
I am out sailing on the great ship
with no way to return home.
An cuimhne leat an oidhche bha sinn
'S a' luing bhàin air bhàrr na mara
Do you remember the night we were on board
the white sailed ship on the surface of the sea.
An oidhche sin a chaidh ar fuadach
Thànaig a' mhuir mhòr 'na gleannaibh
That was the night we were driven off course
by the sea that rose in billows.
'S truagh a Rìgh nach ann a bha mi
‘N ciste-laigh nam bòrdan tana
It's a pity that I wasn't in
the coffin of narrow-boards,
Bhon a chunna mi na coinnlean
Ag gabhail a-raoir air do bhanais
Since I saw the candles blazing
at your wedding banquet.
W hen you went on the hunt,
heavy your procession from the village.
Nuair dheidheadh tu amach a dh' fhia' chadh
Bu trom do thriall bhon a' bhaile
Le d' ghunna leathann 's le d' fhùdar
le do ghille 's cù 'na dheannamh
W ith your slender barrelled gun, powder,
attendant and bounding dog.
Leagadh tu 'n damh donn a' bhùirein
's fhuil 'ga thùcadh 's e gun anail
You would kill the rutting brown stag,
leaving him breathless and choked on his blood.
Cha leiginn thu chrò nan caorach
Air eagal d' aodach a shalach
I would not permit you to go to the sheep pen
for fear you would soil you clothing.
Cha leiginn thu chrò nan gobhar
No bhleoghainn a' chruidh as t-earrach
I would not permit you to go to the goat pen,
or to milk the cows at springtime.
Mi air chùl nam beanntan arda
Cha chluinn mo rnhàthair mo ghearain
I am on the backside of the high mountains.
My mother can't hear my complaint.
A Mhorag bheag nighean an Leòdaich
Airson a dheanainn dòrtadh faladh
0 Little Sarah, daughter of the MacLeod chief
for whom I would spill blood.
A Mhòrag bheag à tìr nan Leòdach
Dh' òlainn do dheoch-slaint' a dh' aindheoin
O Little Sarah from the land of MacLeod
we will drink to your health. (?)
February 4, 2015
129
notes521a.wpd
Òran Luaidh
O ho ro, ’Ille Dhuinn
’Ille Dhuinn Bhòidhich
O ho ro, ’Ille Dhuinn
O ho ro brown haired lad
Handsome brown haired lad
O ho ro brown haired lad
Gura mise fo mhulad
Giùlan cùlar Rìgh Deòrsa
I am very downcast
Carrying the colours of King George
’S mi bhith giùlan a’ ghunna
Ann an cuideachd a’ Chòirneil
Carrying a gun
In the company of the Colonel.
Fhuair sinn òrdugh a bhith màrsadh
Gu sràid nan ceum còmhnard
W e got an order to march
To the even, flat streets
Nuair a rinn mi moch gluasad
Chunna’ mi bruadar bha neònach
W hen I began to move
I saw a strange vision
Luchd nan còtaichean dearga
Gan cur suas an deagh òrdugh
Soldiers of the red coats
Sent them out in good order
Luchd nan còtaichean dubha
Gan cur thairis dhan Òlaind
Those of the black coats
Sent them to Holland.
Luchd nan còtaichean tartain
’S iad gu sgairteil ’s seòlta
Those of the tartan coats
They were vigourous and crafty
’S ann air feasgar Disaithairne
Thug sinn cath a bha deònach
On the morning of Saturday
W e fought an awesome battle
’S iomadh tè a bha gun chèile
’S i ag èirigh Didòmhnaich
Many a woman was without her companion
W hen she got up on Sunday morning
Agus nighean fear fearail
Bhios na laighe na h-ònar
And the daughter of a farmer
W ho was lying lifeless
Thoir mo shoraidh gu mo mhàthair
’S i a dh’ àraich glè òg mi
Bid farewell to my mother
W ho raised me when very young
Thoir mo shoraidh gu mo phiuthar
Tha i a’ cumha gu brònach
And farewell to my sister
The fair one with the lovely haïr
’S an t-soraidh gu mo leannan
Thèid mi dhachaidh mas beò mi
February 4, 2015
And farewell to my love
I will come home if I survive
130
notes521a.wpd
Seall Curraigh Eòghainn
Seallaibh curraigh Eòghainn
’S còig raimh fhichead oirre
Seallaibh curraigh Eòghainn
’S i seachad air a’ Rubha Bhàn
Bidh Eòghann, bidh Eòghann
Bidh Eòghann ’na sgiobair oirre
Bidh Eòghann, bidh Eòghann
’S i seachad air a' Rubha Bhàn
Tha mi ag iarraidh uisge beatha,
Tha mi ag iarraidh beer eile,
Tha mi ag iarraidh uisge beatha,
Chan eil mi gad iarraidh
Hò rò ghoid thu ’n nighean,
Hò rò shlaod thu i,
Hò rò ghoid thu ’n nighean,
Thug thu leat fo ’n aodach i.
Shiod agad mar ghoid thu ’n nighean,
Shiod agad mar shlaod thu i,
Shiod agad mar ghoid thu i,
Thug thu leat fo ’n aodach i.
Seo an tè a bhris an sabhal,
Seo an tè a ghoid an t-arbhar,
Seo an tè a sheas ag amharc,
Seo an tè a theich air falbh,
Seo an tè a dh’ innis e, a dh’ innis e, a dh’ innis e.
February 4, 2015
131
notes521a.wpd
O Canada
An Laoidh Nàiseanta
O Chanada,
O Canada,
Dùthaich nan gaisgeach còir,
Land of worthy heroes,
Crùn air do cheann de dhuilleag dhearg is òir.
Your head is crowned with leaves of scarlet and gold.
Bho chuan gu cuan le òran binn,
From ocean unto ocean with melodious song,
Do chliù nì sinn a luaidh,
We praise your glory.
Fo dhìon do sgèith tha saorsa ghrinn
Under the shelter of your wing elegant freedom
Nach spìon an namhaid uainn.
will pull our enemies away from us.
O Chanada, dùrachd ar cridh’,
O Canada, good wishes from our heart.
Sonas le sìth is maitheas Dhè d’ar tìr.
Peace with contentment and God’s goodness on our
Sonas le sìth is maitheas Dhè d’ar tìr.
land.
February 4, 2015
132
notes521a.wpd
Appendix G - Heroes of the Red Branch
Cuchulainn
Conall of the Victories - Cuchulainn’s cousin & foster brother
Laery the Triumphant (Laegaire Buadach)
Conor MacNessa - king of Ulster
Fergus MacRoy - Conor’s uncle
Usna & sons (Naisi, Ainle, Ardan)
Bricrieu Bitter Tongue - likes to sow discord
Cullen the Swordsmith - where Cuchulainn got his name
Felim - father of Deirdre
Other Ulster characters
Emer - wife of Cuchulainn
Cathbad the Druid - Cuchulainn’s grandfather
Deirdre - very beautiful, foretold to bring great trouble on Ulster
Levarcham - old nurse, raised Deirdre in the sticks
Grey of Macha - Cuchulainn’s horses
Black Seinglend (a water horse)
Other Irish
Maeve - Queen of Connacht
Ailell - her husband
Ferdia MacDaman
Curoi of Kerry - whose magic is even older than the druids
Clan Calatin
February 4, 2015
133
notes521a.wpd
Skyelanders
Skatha
Princess Aifa
Connla
Places
Ulster - north of Ireland
Munster - south of Ireland
Leinster - east of Ireland
Connacht - west of Ireland
Emain Macha - capital of Ulster - Dun of Conor
Roscommon - capital of Connacht
Tara - seat of the High King of Ireland
Kerry - on Ireland’s south coast, far from Ulster
February 4, 2015
134
notes521a.wpd
Appendix H - Ainmean Aite
Eilean a' Phrionnsa Iomhair
a' Ceapach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Abhainn Chluaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Abhainn Sealgair . . . . . . . . . . .
Abhainn Brèagha . . . . . . . . . . .
Abhainn nam M athan . . . . . . . .
Abhainn Bhernon . . . . . . . . . . .
Allt a' Bhannaich . . . . . . . . . . .
an Còrn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
An Tuirc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Arasaig* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Armadal* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baile Caimbeul . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baile Deòrsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baile Gheamhragain* . . . . . . . .
Baile Mhuilinn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Baile Searlot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bailteach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Blàr an Athall* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bràid Albainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bràigh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Bruach Àrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Caolas Northumberland . . . . . .
Ceann a Bhaigh* . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceann Locha . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceann Ros . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceann Cable . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cill Rìmhinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cille Mhoire . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cille Chuimein . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cinnseaborg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cnoc na Sassunach* . . . . . . . . .
Còig Thaighean . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coire Gorm* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coire Bhille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Corran Bàn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Creag Bharraigh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cùil Lodair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Drochaid Bhernon . . . . . . . . . .
Drochaid Mhòntagu . . . . . . . . .
Dùn Fhrang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dùn Stafhainis . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dùn Albainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dùn Bhàn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eileanan Coille . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gainmheach Beaga . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
Keppoch
Clyde River
Hunter River
Belle River
Bear River
Vernon River
Bannockburn
Cornwall
Lewes
Bedford
Selkirk
Campbellton
Georgetown
Tracadie
Milton
Charlottetown
Baltic
Marshfield
Breadalbane
Brae
High Bank
Northumb. Strait
Mt. Stewart
Kinloch
Kinross
Cable Head
St. Andrew's
Kilmuir
Fort Augustus
Kingsboro
DeSable
Five Houses
near St. Peters
Corraville
Corran Ban
Rock Barra
Culloden
Vernon Bridge
Montague (Bridge)
Frenchfort
Dunstaffnage
Scotchfort
Dunedin
W ood Islands
Little Sands
Gainmheach Bàn . . . . . . . . . . .
Gallaibh* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Garryhellie* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Geàrrloch* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Glas Bheinn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Caradal . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Uilleim . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Mhàrtainn . . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Comhan . . . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Fhionnainn . . . . . . . . . .
Gleann Aladale* . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idhe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Idhe* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Inbhir Nis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Kilmahumaic* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Linne an t-Sagart . . . . . . . . . . .
Loch Dubh* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loch a Deas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Loch a Tuath . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lunnainn Nuadh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mòntagu Ìseal . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Naomh Colum Cille* . . . . . . . .
Naomh Padraig . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nirribhidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peairt Nuadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Port Rìgh* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rathad Naomh Màiri . . . . . . . .
Ratharsaidh* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rònaigh* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rubha Dearg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rubha an Ear . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rubha Crasg* . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Rubha Siar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sgitheanach* . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sgonnsar* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Srath Bàn* . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Srath Ghartain . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Srath Albainn . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tràidh Earra-Ghaidheal . . . . . .
Uachdar Thire* . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uige . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
W hite Sands
Holiday Haven
Pisquid W est
Gairloch
Mount Buch
Glencorradale
Glenwilliam
Glenmartin
Glencoe
Glenfinnan
Tracadie Cross
Iona
Cardross
Inverness
Near Alberton
Priest Pond
Black Pond (L36)
South Lake
North Lake
New London
Lower Montague
Campbell's Cove
St. Peters
Norway
Perth
Newton, Lower N.
St. Mary's Rd.
Melville
Mount Vernon
Red Point
East Point
Brae Brook
W est Point
Brookvale (skye)
Caledonia
St. Catherine's
Strathgartney
Stanchel/Springton
Argyle Shore
Point Prim
Uigg
*=original place name
135
notes521a.wpd
Appendix I - Tìrean agus Àiteachan
an Roinn Eòrpa
a’ Bheilg
an Danmhairg
an Eadailt
an Eilbheis
an Fhraing
a’ Ghearmailt
a’ Ghrèig
an Ostaire
a’ Phòlainn
an Rìoghachd Aonichte
an Ruis
an Spàinn
an t-Suain
an Ungair
na Tìrean-Ìsle
Alba
Albàinia
Belarus
Bosnia
Bulgaria
Chuimrigh
Croatia
Èirinn
Estonia
Fionnlainn
Innis Tìle
Latbhia
Lituàinia
Lugsamburg
Masadain
Moldòbha
Nirribhidh
Poblachd Nan Seic
Portagail
Romania
Sasainn
Serbia
Slobhagia
Slobhèine
Ugràin
February 4, 2015
Aimeireaga a Tuath
a’ Phoblach Dhominiceanach
na Bahàmas
na Stàitean Aonaichte
Belìos
Bermuìda
Canada
Ciuba
Costa Rica
El Salbhador
Graonlainn
Guatemala
Heitidh
Honduras
Iameuga
Meagsago
Muir Carabianach
na h-Ìnnseachan
Nicaragua
Panama
Aimeireaga a Deas
Argentina
Bhenesuela
Bolibhia
Brasil
Chile
Colombia
Ecuador
Guiana
Guiana Fhrangach
Paraguaidh
Peru
Surinam
Uruguaidh
136
an Àisia
an Tuirc
Na Filipìonan
Afganastan
Arminia
Asarbajan
Bangladeis
Bhietnam
Cambodia
Casagstan
Cìopras
Coiria a Tuath
Coiria a Deas
EAA
Georgia
Iapan
Iemen
Indonìsia
Iòrdan
Iran
Iraq
Israel
Kyrgyzstan
Laos
Lebanon
Malèisia
Malta
Mianmar
Mongòilia
Oman
Pagastan
Saudi Arabia
Singapore
Sìona
Siria
Taiwan
Tajikistan
Thailand
Tuircmeanastan
Usbeagastan
notes521a.wpd
Afraga
a’ Ghaimbia
an Èipheit
Algeria
Angola
Benin
Botsuana
Burkina
Burundi
Camarùn
Ceinia
Chad
Congo
Cote d’Ivoire
Eritrea
Etiòpia
Gabon
Ghana
Guinea a’ Chrios-Mheadhain
Guinea
Guinea-Bissau
Libia
Libiria
Madagasgar
Mailidh
Malàbhaidh
Moratainia
Morogo
Mosambìog
Naimibia
Niger
Nigeria
Poblachd Dheam. a’ Chongo
Poblachd Afraga a Deas
Poblachd Meadhan Afraga
Ruanda
Seanagal
Sierra Leone
Somalia
Sudan
Tansainia
Togo
Tunisia
Uganda
February 4, 2015
Zambia
Zimbabwe
Astràlia
Bhanuàtu
Eileanan Sholaimh
Fìdsidh
Papua Guinea Nuadh
Sealan Nuadh
Tubhalu
Aiteachan Eile
Tropaig Chansar
Crios-mheadhain
Tropaig Chapracorn
Cearcall na h-Artaig
Cearcall na h-Antartaig
a’ Bhreatainn Bheag
a’ Chòrn
a’ Mhuir Mheadhan-Tìreach
Aimeireaga Meadhanach
Baile na h-Àithne
an Cuan Sèimh
an Cuan Innseanach
an Cuan Siar
an Òlaind
an Ròimh
an Saoghal
Baile Àtha Cliath
Beul Feirste
Bretainn
Eilean Mhanainn
Èirinn a Tuath
Lochlann
Lunnain
An Antartaig
Naomh Eoin
Ceap Breatainn
Alba Nuadh
Talamh an Èisg
Nuadh Eabhraic
Carolìna a Tuath
137
notes521a.wpd
Appendix J - Last Names
MacilleChiar
MacLabhrainn
MacEwen . . . . . . . . . . . . MacEòghann ?
MacFarlane . . . . . . . . . . . MacPhàrlain
Beaton . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Peutan
Black . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacilleDhuibh
MacGregor . . . . . . . . . . . MacGriogair
Johnston . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacIain
Boyd . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Boid
Bruce . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Brus
MacInnis . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacAonghais
Macintosh . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an Tòisich
Buchanan . . . . . . . . . . . . Bochanan
Cameron . . . . . . . . . . . . . Camshron
Macintyre . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an t-Saoir
MacIsaac . . . . . . . . . . . . MacIosaig
Campbell . . . . . . . . . . . . Caimbeul
Carmichael . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilleMhìcheil
MacIver . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacIomhair
MacKay . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacAoidh
Chisholm . . . . . . . . . . . . Siosal / Siosalach
Currie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacMhuirich
MacKechnie . . . . . . . . . . MacEacharna
MacKelvie . . . . . . . . . . . MacAilbhe
Douglas . . . . . . . . . . . . . Dùghlas
Farquharson . . . . . . . . . . MacFhearchar ?
MacKenzie . . . . . . . . . . . MacCoinnich
MacKerlich . . . . . . . . . . . MacTheàrlaich
Ferguson . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacFhearghais
Ferguson . . . . . . . . . . . . . Fearghasdan
MacKillop . . . . . . . . . . . MacPhilip
MacKinley . . . . . . . . . . . Fionnlasdan
Finlayson . . . . . . . . . . . . Fionnlasdan
Fletcher . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an Fhleisdeir
MacKinnon . . . . . . . . . . . MacFhionghain
MacLean . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilleEathain
Fraser . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Friseal
Gilbride . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilleBhrìghde
MacLellan . . . . . . . . . . . MacillFhaolain
MacLennan . . . . . . . . . . . MacillFhinnein
Gilchrist . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilleChrìosda
Gillespie . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gilleasbaig
MacLennan . . . . . . . . . . . Macillinnein
MacLeod . . . . . . . . . . . . MacLeòid
Gillies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilliosa
Gillis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilliosa
MacMillan . . . . . . . . . . . MacMhaoilein
MacNab . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an Aba
Gilmour . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacGilleM hoire
Gordon . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gòrdan
MacNeill . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacNèill
MacPhail . . . . . . . . . . . . MacPhàil
Graham . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Greumach
Grant . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Grannd ?
MacPhee . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac a’ Phì
MacPherson . . . . . . . . . . Mac a' Phersain
Hunter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an t-Sealgair
Jamieson . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacSheumais ?
MacQuarrie . . . . . . . . . . MacGuaire
MacRae . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacRath
Johnston . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacIain
Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacUalraig
MacRitchie . . . . . . . . . . . MacRisnidh
MacSwain ? . . . . . . . . . . MacSuain
Kennedy . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ceanadach
Lang . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
MacSween . . . . . . . . . . . MacSuain
MacTaggart . . . . . . . . . . Mac an t-Sagairt
Leslie . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac an Fhleisdeir
MacAdam ?
MacÀdhaimh
Martin . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Màrtainn
Matheson . . . . . . . . . . . . MacMhathain
MacAllister . . . . . . . . . . . MacAlasdair
MacArthur . . . . . . . . . . . MacArtair
Meek . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Meek
Montgomery . . . . . . . . . . MacGumaraid
MacAskill . . . . . . . . . . . . MacAsgaill
MacAulay . . . . . . . . . . . . MacAmhlaigh
Morgan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morgan ?
Morley . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Morley
MacCallum . . . . . . . . . . . MacCaluim
MacCrimmon . . . . . . . . . MacCruimein
Morrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moireastan /..dan
Morrison . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacIlleM hoire
MacDonald . . . . . . . . . . . MacDhòmhnaill
MacDougall . . . . . . . . . . MacDhùgaill
Munro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Rothach
Murray . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Moireach
MacEachen . . . . . . . . . . . MacEachainn ?
MacEachern . . . . . . . . . . MacEacharna
Nicholson . . . . . . . . . . . . MacNeacail
Porter . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Portair
February 4, 2015
138
notes521a.wpd
Robertson . . . . . . . . . . . . MacDhonnchaidh
Rose . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ròs
Thompson . . . . . . . . . . . . MacThòmais
Urqhuart . . . . . . . . . . . . . Urchardan
Ross . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Ros
Shaw . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Seathach
W alker . . . . . . . . . . . . . . W alker
W ard . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac a' Bhaird
Sinclair . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac na Ceàrdaich
Smith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Mac a' Ghobhainn
W atson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . MacBhàtair
Stewart . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Stiùbhart
Taylor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Tàillear ?
Appendix K - First Names
Boy's Names
Ailean . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ailig . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Alasdair . . . . . . . . . . .
Anndra . . . . . . . . . . . .
Aonghas . . . . . . . . . . .
Artair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cailean . . . . . . . . . . . .
Calum . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ciaran . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Coinneach . . . . . . . . .
Crisdean . . . . . . . . . . .
Dàibhidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Danaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Dòmhnall . . . . . . . . . .
Donnchadh . . . . . . . . .
Dughall . . . . . . . . . . . .
Dùghlas . . . . . . . . . . .
Eachann . . . . . . . . . . .
Eairdsidh . . . . . . . . . .
Earnraig . . . . . . . . . . .
Eideard . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eòghan . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eoin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Eòsaph . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fearchar . . . . . . . . . . .
Fearghas . . . . . . . . . . .
Fionn . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fionnlagh . . . . . . . . . .
Gilleasbaig . . . . . . . . .
Gordan . . . . . . . . . . . .
Greum . . . . . . . . . . . .
Iain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
Ìomhar . . . . . . . . . . . .
Lachlann . . . . . . . . . . .
Maoilios . . . . . . . . . . .
Marc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Màrtainn . . . . . . . . . . .
Mata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Micheal . . . . . . . . . . .
Murchadh . . . . . . . . . .
Niall . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pàdraig . . . . . . . . . . . .
Peadar . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Pòl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Raghnall . . . . . . . . . . .
Raibeart . . . . . . . . . . .
Ruairidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Seaniadh . . . . . . . . . . .
Seòras . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seumas . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sìm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Somhairle . . . . . . . . . .
Steaphan . . . . . . . . . . .
Stiùbhart . . . . . . . . . . .
Teàrlach . . . . . . . . . . .
Tòmas . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Tormod . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uilleam . . . . . . . . . . . .
Uisdean . . . . . . . . . . .
Alan
Alec, Alex
Alasdair, Alexander
Andrew
Angus, Innes
Arthur
Colin
Calum, Malcom
Kieran
Kenneth
Christopher
David
Danny
Donald
Duncan
Dugald, Dougal
Douglas
Hector
Archie
Henry
Edward
Ewan, Hugh
Johnathan
Joseph
Farquhar
Fergus
Fingal
Finlay
Archibald
Gordan
Graham
Ian, John
139
Ivor
Lachlan
Myles
Mark
Martin
Matthew
Michael
Murdo
Niall, Neil
Patrick, Peter
Peter
Paul
Ronald
Robert
Rory
Johnny
George
James
Simon
Samuel, Sorley
Steven
Stewart
Charles
Thomas
Norman
William
Hugh
notes521a.wpd
Girl's Names
Ailios . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Anna . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Barabal . . . . . . . . . . . .
Beassag . . . . . . . . . . .
Beathag . . . . . . . . . . .
Beitidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Brighde . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cairistìona . . . . . . . . .
Caitlin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Cathal . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Catrìona . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceana . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceit . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ceitidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ciorstaidh . . . . . . . . . .
Criosaidh . . . . . . . . . .
Deirdre . . . . . . . . . . . .
Diarmad . . . . . . . . . . .
Doileag . . . . . . . . . . . .
Doilidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Ealasaid . . . . . . . . . . .
Eilidh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Fionnghal . . . . . . . . . .
Flòraidh . . . . . . . . . . .
February 4, 2015
Alice
Ann, Anna
Barbra
Bessie
Beth
Betty
Bridget, Bride
Christine, Christina
Cathleen, Kathleen
Cathal
Catherine
Kenna
Kate
Katie
Kirsty
Chrissie
Deirdre
Diarmid
Dolina
Dolly
Elizabeth
Helen
Flora
Flora
Iseabail . . . . . . . . . . . .
Leagsaidh . . . . . . . . . .
Magaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Maili . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mairead . . . . . . . . . . .
Màiri . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Marsaili . . . . . . . . . . .
Mòr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Mòrag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nansaidh . . . . . . . . . .
Oighrig . . . . . . . . . . . .
Patsaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Peigi . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Raonaid . . . . . . . . . . .
Rut . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seasaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
Seonag . . . . . . . . . . . .
Seònaid . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sìle . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Siles . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sìne . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Susaidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
Sorcha . . . . . . . . . . . .
Una . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
140
Isobel, Ishbel
Lexy, Alexa
Maggie
May
Margaret
Mary
Marjory
Marion
Sarah
Nancy
Effie, Euphemia
Patsy
Peggy
Rachel
Ruth
Jessie
Joan
Janet
Sheila
Julia
Jane, Jean, Sheena
Susan
Claire
Una, Agnes
notes521a.wpd
Appendix L - Vocabulary Lists
Animals
ailbhean . . . . . . . . . . .
bò . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
boiteag . . . . . . . . . . . .
caora . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cù . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cuileag . . . . . . . . . . . .
cuilean . . . . . . . . . . . .
damhan-allaidh . . . . . .
daolag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dealan-dè . . . . . . . . . .
each . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
feòrag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
fiadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
geàrr . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
gobhar . . . . . . . . . . . .
leamadair . . . . . . . . . .
leòmhann . . . . . . . . . .
lòn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
losgann . . . . . . . . . . . .
luch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
elephant
cow
worm
sheep
cat
dog
fly
puppy
spider
beetle
butterfly
horse
squirrel
deer
hare
goat
dolphin
lion
moose
frog
mouse
madadh-allaidh . . . . . .
mathan . . . . . . . . . . . .
muc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
muc-mhara . . . . . . . . .
nathair . . . . . . . . . . . .
peata . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
piseag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rabaid . . . . . . . . . . . . .
radan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ròn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seangan . . . . . . . . . . . .
seilche . . . . . . . . . . . .
seilcheag . . . . . . . . . . .
seillean . . . . . . . . . . . .
sgunc . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sionnach . . . . . . . . . . .
tarbh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tìgear . . . . . . . . . . . . .
uan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
wolf
bear
pig
whale
snake
pet
kitten
rabbit
rat
seal
ant
tortoise
snail
bee
skunk
fox
bull
tiger
lamb
Fish
adag . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bodach-ruadh . . . . . . .
bradan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
breac . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
creachann . . . . . . . . . .
eisirean . . . . . . . . . . . .
haddock
cod
salmon
trout
clam
oyster
feusgain . . . . . . . . . . .
giomach . . . . . . . . . . .
partan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rionnach . . . . . . . . . . .
sgadan . . . . . . . . . . . .
mussel
lobster
crab
mackerel
herring
Birds
brù dhearg . . . . . . . . .
cailleach-oidhche . . . .
calman . . . . . . . . . . . .
cearc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cearc-fhrangach . . . . .
corra-ghritheach . . . . .
eala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
eun . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
faoileag . . . . . . . . . . . .
robin
owl
dove
hen
turkey
heron
swan
bird
seagull
feannag . . . . . . . . . . . .
fitheach . . . . . . . . . . . .
gèadh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
geallbhonn . . . . . . . . .
iolaire . . . . . . . . . . . . .
isean . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lon-dubh . . . . . . . . . . .
sgarbh . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tunnag . . . . . . . . . . . . .
crow
raven
goose
sparrow
eagle
chick
blackbird
cormorant
duck
February 4, 2015
141
notes521a.wpd
Plants
balgan-buachair . . . . . . . mushroom
beàrnan-brìde . . . . . . . . . dandelion
fiodh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . wood
flùr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . flower
beithe . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . birch
coille . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . woods
fraoch . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . heather
gàrradh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . yard / garden
craobh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tree
craobh-mhalpais . . . . . . . maple
giuthas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pine
sprùs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . spruce
darach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . oak
feur . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . grass
School
àite-glaiste . . . . . . . . . . . locker
àrdsgoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . high school
glas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lock
iar-ceannard . . . . . . . . . . vice principal
baga-sgoile . . . . . . . . . . . school bag
Beurla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . English
lann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . gym
larach-lìn . . . . . . . . . . . . website
bòrd-dubh . . . . . . . . . . . . blackboard
bord-sgrìobhaidh . . . . . . desk
leabharlann . . . . . . . . . . . library
leasain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . lessons
bunsgoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . elementary
ceannard . . . . . . . . . . . . . principal
mailead . . . . . . . . . . . . . . school bag
matamataig . . . . . . . . . . . math
ceòl . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . music
clag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . bell
pàipear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . paper
peann . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pen
clas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . class / grade
clò-sgrìobhadh . . . . . . . . typing
peansail . . . . . . . . . . . . . . pencil
riaghailt . . . . . . . . . . . . . law
cruinn-eòlas . . . . . . . . . . geography
cuspairean . . . . . . . . . . . . subjetcs
riaghailtean . . . . . . . . . . . rules
saidheans . . . . . . . . . . . . science
eachdraidh . . . . . . . . . . . history
eaconomas . . . . . . . . . . . economics
sgoil . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . school
sgoilearan . . . . . . . . . . . . students
eadar-lìon . . . . . . . . . . . . internet
ealain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . art
spòrs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . sports
studaidhgeadh . . . . . . . . . studying
fàillingnich . . . . . . . . . . . failing
Frangais . . . . . . . . . . . . . French
teicneòlas . . . . . . . . . . . . tech
tidsear . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . teacher
Gàidhlig . . . . . . . . . . . . . Gaelic
trannsa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hallway
Sports and Leisure
ball-basgaid . . . . . . . . . . basketball
iomain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . shinty
ball-coise . . . . . . . . . . . . soccer
clàrsach . . . . . . . . . . . . . . harp
leabhar-latha . . . . . . . . . . diary
òrain . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . songs
cur-seachadan . . . . . . . . . hobbies
dìsnean . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dice
pìobaireachd . . . . . . . . . . piping
rugbaidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . rugby
fèis . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . festival
fìdeag . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tin whistle
ruith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . running
sgeatadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . skating
fidheall . . . . . . . . . . . . . . fiddle
giotàr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . guitar
sgitheadh . . . . . . . . . . . . skiing
sgitheadh-uisge . . . . . . . . waterskiing
golf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . golf
hocaidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . hockey
snàmh . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . swimming
teanas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . tennis
February 4, 2015
142
notes521a.wpd
Food
aran . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bainne . . . . . . . . . . . . .
biadh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
biadh-lus . . . . . . . . . . .
bracaist . . . . . . . . . . . .
briosgaidean . . . . . . . .
brisgeanan . . . . . . . . .
brot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
buntàta . . . . . . . . . . . .
càise . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cearc . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cèic . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
clàr-bidh . . . . . . . . . . .
còc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cofaidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
curaidh . . . . . . . . . . . .
curran . . . . . . . . . . . . .
deoch . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dìnnear . . . . . . . . . . . .
feòil . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
flùr . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
glainne . . . . . . . . . . . .
glasraich . . . . . . . . . . .
hama . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bread
milk
food
salad
breakfast
cookies
chips
soup
potatoes
cheese
chicken
cake
menu
pop
coffee
curry
carrot
drink
dinner
meat
flour
glass
vegetables
pork / bacon
iasg . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ìm . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
orainsearan . . . . . . . . .
pàidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
peasraichean . . . . . . . .
peur . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
piobar . . . . . . . . . . . . .
pònair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reòiteag . . . . . . . . . . . .
rola . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
salann . . . . . . . . . . . . .
silidh . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
siùcar . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sliseagan . . . . . . . . . . .
sùgh orains . . . . . . . . .
sùgh liomaid . . . . . . . .
teoclaid . . . . . . . . . . . .
tì . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tomàto . . . . . . . . . . . .
tost . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
ubhlan . . . . . . . . . . . . .
uighean . . . . . . . . . . . .
uinnean . . . . . . . . . . . .
uisge / burn . . . . . . . . .
fish
butter
oranges
pie
peas
pear
pepper
beans
ice cream
roll
salt
jam
sugar
fries
orange juice
lemonade
chocolate
tea
tomato
toast
apples
eggs
onion
water
Clothes
ad . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
blobhsa . . . . . . . . . . . .
bòtannan . . . . . . . . . . .
briogais . . . . . . . . . . . .
brògan . . . . . . . . . . . .
bruis . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bruis-fhiaclan . . . . . . .
còta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cotan . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
deise-oidhche . . . . . . .
deise-snàimh . . . . . . .
dreasa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
hat
blouse
boots
pants
shoes
brush
toothbrush
coat
cotton
pyjamas
bathing suit
dress
fèileadh . . . . . . . . . . . .
geansaidh . . . . . . . . . .
lèine . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
lèine-T . . . . . . . . . . . .
miotag . . . . . . . . . . . .
pòcaid . . . . . . . . . . . . .
preas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
seacaid . . . . . . . . . . . .
stoc . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sgiorta . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stocainnean . . . . . . . . .
kilt
sweater
shirt
t-shirt
mitten / glove
pocket
dresser
jacket
scarf
skirt
socks
February 4, 2015
143
notes521a.wpd
Jobs
altaire . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bancair . . . . . . . . . . . .
bean-taighe . . . . . . . . .
bèicear . . . . . . . . . . . .
bùidsear . . . . . . . . . . .
clachair . . . . . . . . . . . .
clèireach . . . . . . . . . . .
còcaire . . . . . . . . . . . .
cunntasair . . . . . . . . . .
dotair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dràibhear . . . . . . . . . .
einnseanair . . . . . . . . .
fear nam fiaclan . . . . .
iasgair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
architect
banker
housewife
baker
butcher
bricklayer
clerk
cook
accountant
doctor
driver
engineer
dentist
fisherman
manaidsear . . . . . . . . .
ministear . . . . . . . . . . .
nurs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
peantair . . . . . . . . . . . .
poileas . . . . . . . . . . . .
posta . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
reiceadair . . . . . . . . . .
rùnaire . . . . . . . . . . . .
saor . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sgrìobhadair . . . . . . . .
tidsear . . . . . . . . . . . . .
tuathanach . . . . . . . . .
manager
minister
nurse
painter
police
mailman
sales clerk
secretary
carpenter
writer
teacher
farmer
House & Home
amar . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bòrd . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
brat . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cidsin . . . . . . . . . . . . .
cluasag . . . . . . . . . . . .
cùirtear . . . . . . . . . . . .
cupa . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
dealbhan . . . . . . . . . . .
fòn . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
frasair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
frids . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
garaids . . . . . . . . . . . .
gàrradh . . . . . . . . . . . .
inneal CD . . . . . . . . . .
leabaidh . . . . . . . . . . .
preasa . . . . . . . . . . . . .
rùm-ionnlaid . . . . . . . .
sàsair . . . . . . . . . . . . .
bathtub
table
carpet
kitchen
pillow
curtain
cup
picture
phone
shower
fridge
garage
yard / garden
CD player
bed
cupboard
bathroom
saucer
sèithear . . . . . . . . . . . .
seòmar . . . . . . . . . . . .
seòmar-bìdh . . . . . . . .
seòmar-cadail . . . . . . .
seòmar-suidhe . . . . . .
sgàthan . . . . . . . . . . . .
sgeilp . . . . . . . . . . . . .
sgian . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
shìos an staidhre . . . . .
shuas an staidhre . . . .
soitheach . . . . . . . . . .
solas . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
spàin . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
stobha . . . . . . . . . . . . .
taigh-beag . . . . . . . . . .
telebhisean . . . . . . . . .
trannsa . . . . . . . . . . . .
truinnsear . . . . . . . . . .
chair
room
dining-room
bedroom
living-room
mirror
shelf
knife
downstairs
upstairs
dish
light
spoon
stove
toilet
television
hall
plate
February 4, 2015
144
notes521a.wpd
Appendix M - Answers to Exercises
1.
2.
3.
4.
blanks
a) Madainn mhath. Ciamar a tha thu?
O tha gu math. Ciamar a tha thu fhèin?
Glè mhath. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort?
Is mise Calum. Dè an t-ainm a th’ort fhèin?
Hallò a Chaluim. Is mise Mòrag.
Hallò a Mhòrag. ‘S math d’ fhaicinn!
b) Hallò. Is mise Dòmhnall.
Hallò. Ciamar a tha sibh an-diugh?
Tha gu math, tapadh leibh. Dè an t-ainm a th’oirbh?
O, is mise Iain. Agus seo Eilidh.
Hallò Eilidh.
Madainn mhath. Ciamar a tha thu?
Tha gu math.
Mar sin leat.
Beannachd leibh!
vocative.
a) a Sheòrais
b) a Mhòrag
c) a Dhoileag
d) a Sheonag
e) a Chailein
f) Iain
g) a Mhata
h) Aonghas
i) a Dhonnachaidh
j) a Bhrìain
k) a Dhaibhidh
translate
a) Madainn mhath.
b) Ciamar a tha thu an diugh?
c) Is mise Seumas.
d) Seo Mòrag.
e) Feasgar math.
f) Tha gu math, tapadh leat.
g) Sin agad e.
h) Hallò, a Chatrìona.
i) ’S e do bheatha.
j) Glè mhath.
k) Chan eil dona.
l) Ciamar a tha sibh fhèin?
m) Dè an t-ainm a th’ort?
spelling
a) x
b) balach
c) duine
d) madainn
e) x
f) fuireach
g) x
h) bodach
i) doras
j) uisge
k) x
l) x
m) x
n) x
o) phiuthar
p) fhacal
February 4, 2015
5.
6.
7.
q) x
lenite
a) bhata
b) dhèanamh
c) bhalach
d) Mhàiri
e) chù
f) chadal
g) chèilidh
h) dhuine
i) ghaoth
j) mhac
k) nighean
l) bheul
m) fhacal
n) shùil
o) ròn
p) shalach
q) shlaod
r) mhadainn
s) lìon
t) sgoil
u) mhath
colours
a) dearg
b) orains
c) dubh
d) purpaidh
e) pinc
f) buidhe
g) gorm
h) donn
i) dubh agus geal
j) uaine
k) geal
translate
a) The boy is stupid.
b) The cat is white and the dog is big.
c) The girl is short.
d) I am in a big blue house.
e) They are in the house.
f) The cow is black.
g) I am tired and I am sick.
h) A black dog is at the door and a white cat is at the
window.
8.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
145
Tha an cat mòr.
Tha an doras uaine.
Tha mi anns an taigh.
Tha e ochd bliadhna.
Tha am balach beag toilichte.
Tha sinn brònach.
Tha an duine àrd glic.
Tha an nighean bheag tràth agus tha am balach mòr
fadalach.
notes521a.wpd
9.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Chan eil am balla dearg.
Tha an doras dubh.
Chan eil Bilbo Baggins àrd.
Tha Shaq àrd.
Chan eil mi ceithir bliadhna deug.
Tha an cat an seo.
Chan eil sinn trang an-diugh.
Tha e glic.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Tha an cat seo air a’ bhord.
Chan eil an duine sin àrd.
Tha am balach seo goirid.
A bheil an nighean seo fadalach?
Tha an cù mòr sin trang.
Chan eil an doras uaine seo ùr.
Tha an cat dubh sin brònach.
Chan eil an taigh dearg sin mòr.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
The dog is not ugly.
Is the girl tall?
Are you in the house?
Chan eil sinn fadalach.
Chan eil an taigh buidhe.
A bheil an ubhal uaine no dearg?
Chan eil an ad gorm air am boireannach.
Tha sinn dìreach aig an uinneag.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Is she at the door?
They are not at the window.
Is he 10 years old?
He and I are very busy now.
A bheil an cù sin snog?
A bheil am boireannach seo goirid?
Chan eil an lèine sin mòr.
Chan eil e glè fhada.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
It is sunny today.
It is not warm.
Is it windy now?
It is cold and wet.
It is snowing this afternoon.
Tha i àlainn an-diugh.
Tha i fuar agus sgòthach ’sa mhadainn.
Tha i gaothach agus tha dìle uisge ann.
Chan eil i brèagha a-muigh idir. Abair sìde garbh!
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
It is very messy.
My girlfriend is not short.
It’s not cloudy today; it’s far too warm.
Was it dark out?
Feasgar, bha i socair agus ceòthach.
Tha i gu math dorcha an-dràsta.
Abair sìde dona!
Bha i sia Celsius a-muigh!
Feasgar bha i gaothach fhathast, ach bha i caran
grianach agus dìreach beagan sgòthach.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Bha i gu math fuar an-diugh.
Cha robh i cho blàth ’sa mhadainn.
An robh an duine agad àlainn?
Cha robh mi aig an sgoil.
Nach robh rapach a-raoir?
Bha i gu math socair a-staigh.
An robh an t-uisge ann tràth ’sa mhadainn?
Bha an cù agam rud beag òg.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Excuse me. Is it raining?
Is it cold out? Maybe.
That wet man is at the door again.
Open the door please.
Come in; it’s too windy outside.
A bheil i fliuch a-muigh? Na bi gòrach! Seall amuigh!
Tha an cù mòr dubh aig an uinneag fhathast.
Abair leanabh bòidheach!
Seall an uair! Tha an duine agam fadalach.
Bha i garbh a-muigh ’sa mhadainn, ach bha an speur
gorm.
16.
10.
g)
h)
i)
j)
17.
11.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
12.
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
What an ugly day!
Look! That old man is quite angry.
An robh i grianach an-dè? Chan eil fhios agam.
Isn’t this baby cute and little?
A bheil e an duine agam? Nach eil fios agad?
Leabhar ùr mas e do thoil e. Tapadh leat. ’S e do
bheatha.
Tha an càr seo gu math luath.
The man was soaking wet yesterday morning.
Mar sin leat, a Mhòrag. (or Chì mi a-rithist thu)
Tha sinn glè thràth airson sgoil ’sa mhadainn.
Seall a-nuas! Tha dìle uisge ann.
Dè an t-ainm a th’air an nighean sin a-rithist?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
bòrd
facal
ad
taigh
sgoil
càr
bodach
òran
cat
craobh
baile
leabhar
latha
duine
bean
bò
bàta
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
forty eight books
thirty-three dogs
sixty-nine boats
zero apples
eighty-seven houses
fichead làithean ’sa h-ochd
naochad balaich ’sa h-aon
seachdad craobhan ’sa còig
ceathrad taighean ’sa ceithir
seasgad mucan ’sa trì
ochdad cait ’sa sia.
18.
13.
14.
bùird
faclan
adan
taighean
sgoiltean
càraichean
bodaich
òrain
cait
craobhan
bailtean
leabhraichean
làithean
daoine
mnathan
bà
bàtaichean
tables
words
hats
houses
schools
cars
old men
songs
cats
trees
towns
books
days
guys
wives
cows
boats
19.
15.
February 4, 2015
e)
f)
g)
h)
20.
146
notes521a.wpd
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
I live in Lower Montague.
Where does that boy live?
Bha sneachd ann tràth am bliadhna seo.
They lived near the city, on a farm.
This book is still wet.
What grade are you in anyway?
Tha mi a’ fuireach ann an taigh mòr uaine faisg air am
meadhan a’ bhaile.
Càit a bheil an cù grànnda sin a’ fuireach?
Tha an taigh dearg gu math sean.
Were you guys living in a little yellow house?
stormy, and quite quite cold. It was 12 degrees! The trees
were falling down. An old tree fell on my little yellow
house. That is too bad. Poor me. And it was messy, but it
wasn’t snowing. And now there’s thunder and lightning.
It’s very dark out. Well, I’ll see you later.
Yours truly,
Ellen
b) Hi. I’m Sarah. I’m 18 years old. I’m in grade 11 at
Colonel Gray High School. I live in Charlottetown,
but I’m from the US. I have been learning Gaelic for
5 weeks. I like reading, talking with my friends on the
phone, and watching TV. Do you have a car? Do you
have a brother or sister? It’s very cold and windy here
this week. I don’t like the weather on the Island.
Anyway, I must go now.
See you,
Sarah MacPhee
21.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Tha i glè stoirmeil faisg air a’ mhuir.
Bha i rud beag reòdhte a-raoir.
What is that pretty dark girl’s address?
A bheil Gàidhlig aig Tormod? Chan eil idir; tha e
gòrach.
Are there any cookies?
I’ve been living in Charlottetown for four years.
I don’t have any friends, but I have money.
What a lovely house you have? Was it expensive?
Bha e latha glè shocair air an dùthaich.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
Bha mi a’ fuireach air an Rathad Oilthigh.
Bha i a’ fuireach ann am flat.
Cha robh iad anns an càr. Bha iad air chall.
An robh am boireannach glic?
Nach robh an t-sìde gu math socair?
Cha robh sinn gu math.
An robh e dìreach sgìth?
Bha an leanabh seo ro òg.
Nach robh na briosgaidean sin math?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
I like potatoes.
You don’t like peas.
We don’t like wine.
They really like eating.
He wants lunch.
I hate playing soccer.
Is toigh leam aran.
Is toigh leis uighean.
Is toigh leatha thusa.
Cha toigh leotha sgoil.
Is toigh leat coiseachd dhan sgoil.
Is toigh le Màiri Mhòr Aonghas Ruadh.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
You guys don’t like tea.
James likes green eggs and ham.
I like sleeping in my bed.
I don’t like coffee at all.
I want cake.
Anna and Norman like to sing Brochan Lom.
Cha toigh leam feòil, ach is toigh leam iasg.
Is toigh leinn fhèin tòst agus silidh.
Is beag orm snàmh air an tràigh.
Is toigh leatha òl uisge beatha agus sùgh orains ach is
toigh leis còc.
Tha mi ag iarraidh bracaist ithe.
Tha an nighean bheag ag iarraidh ubhal.
26.
a) Seumas chòir,
Is mise Aonghas agus tha mi seachd bliadhna deug. Tha mi
a’ fuireach ann an Drochaid Mhòntagu air an Eilean a’
Phrionnsa, ach tha mi à Baile Searlot. Tha mi a’ fuireach
ann an taigh mòr uaine. ’S e seann thaigh a th’ ann. Tha
mi ann an ìre dà dheug agus is toigh leam iasgach agus
ruith. Cha toigh leam coimhead air an tbh. ’S e Seral am
bana-caraid agam, agus tha i ann an ìre aon deug. Tha cù
mòr donn agam cuideachd; ’s e Molson an t’ ainm a th’ air.
Tha e dà bhliadhna; ’s e cuilean a th’ ann fhathast. Codhiù, bruidhnidh mi riut a-rithist.
Le meas,
Aonghas MacIlleEathain
b) Seonag chòir,
Ciamar a tha thu an-diugh? Tha i gu math teth an seo, agus
glè theann cuideachd. An-dè bha i fuar agus bha an t-uisge
ann fad an latha. ’S e an co-là breith agad a bh’ ann an-dè meal do naidheachd! A bheil thu ceithir bliadhna deug anis? A bheil thu a’ fuireach ann an Winnipeg fhathast?
Ciamar a tha an t-sìde ann an sin? A bheil i gaothach air an
sràid agad? Dè an t-ainm a th’ air an sgoil agad? A bheil
cat agad? Tha an cat agam marbh.
Well, feumaidh mi falbh a-nis,
A-rithist,
Catrìona
22.
23.
27.
24.
k)
l)
I was working busily.
I am writing a book for children.
He was eating 2 eggs for breakfast.
John Malcolm and Black Angus were talking together.
Is she walking to the town?
Is beag orm dannsadh.
Tha Seòras a’ tighinn feasgar.
Dè tha sibh a’ dèanamh an sin co-dhiù?
Tha sinn a’ glanadh an taigh agam.
An robh e a’ seinn ’S ann an Ile? Chan eil fhios
agam!
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Bidh sinn a’ bruidhinn ri chèile.
Am bi thu a’ campadh a-màireach?
Cha bhi iad a’ glanadh an taigh aca.
Bidh mi ag iasgach air an loch.
Cha bhi e a’ leughadh an leabhar mòr.
Nach bi i ag òl tòrr leann?
28.
25.
a) Dear Rory,
What bad weather! Yesterday it was terribly windy, and
February 4, 2015
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
147
notes521a.wpd
g)
h)
i)
j)
Am bi thu a’ seinn òrain?
Bidh sibh a’ sgrìobhadh còig litrichean.
Bidh i a’ dol dhan sgoil.
Bidh i a’ fàs dorcha a-muigh.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Tha mi a’ coimhead air an tbh.
Dè tha sibh a’ dèanamh?
Bidh sinn a’ coiseachd air an tràigh.
Cha toigh leam dannsadh.
A bheil thu ag iarradh seoclaid?
Ciamar a bha an t-sìde an-dè?
Bidh mi gad fhacainn.
Bidh e a’ càradh an càr aige.
Fosgail an doras mas e do thoil e.
Bidh mi a’ cadal a-staigh madainn a-màireach.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Seo mo chù
Càit a bheil do chàr?
Bha e ag ithe a bhracaist.
Sin an taigh aice.
Bidh iad a’ dèanamh an obair-dachaidh aca.
An toigh leat ar coimpiutair ùr?
Chan eil fhios agam carson a bha ur cat a’ falbh.
Dè tha ise ag iarraidh airson a srùbag?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
They are working pretty hard.
Will I be sleeping in tomorrow?
We see your big boat.
Was the big girl sitting on the floor?
My bus is coming!
Bha mi a’ coimhead thusa air an tbh.
Dè an t-ainm a th’ air do chù?
Bha i a’ peantadh an car aice a-raoir. Tha i snog!
Is toigh le mo bhràthair èisteachd ri ceòl, agus is toigh
leis fhèin cadal.
Am bi thu a’ dol dhan obair agad a-màireach? ’S
docha.
k) cairteal an dèidh dà reug
l) uair
m) dà uair
35.
29.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Bidh mi ag èirigh aig leth-uair an dèidh sia.
Bidh mi ag ithe bracaist aig seachd uairean.
Bidh mi a’ dol dhan sgoil aig ochd uairean.
Bidh mi ag ithe dìnneir aig cairteal gu dà reug.
Bidh mi ag ithe suipear aig còig uairean.
Bidh mi a’ cadal aig deich uairean.
Bidh mi a’ dol a dh’ obair aig ceithir uairean.
Bidh mi a’ dèanamh m’ obair-dachaidh aig ochd
uairean.
36. (These are examples)
a) Tha mi a’ faicinn film aig ochd uairean Disathairne.
b) Tha mi a’ cluich ball-coise aig deich uairean ’sa
mhadainn Disathairne.
c) Tha mi a’ obair air a’ choimpiutar aig naoi uairean
Diluain.
d) Tha mi a’ dràibheadh dhachdaidh aig leth-uair an
dèidh ceithir Diciadain.
e) Tha mi ag ithe pizza aig còig uairean Dihaoine.
f) Chan eil mi a’ dèanamh an obair-taigh riamh.
g) Tha mi a’ nighe nan soitheachan aig sia uairean
Dimàirt.
h) Tha mi a’ coimhead air an tbh aig naoi uairean
Didòmhnaich.
37. (Answers will vary)
38.
a) Bha mi a’ cadal a-staigh Dimàirt. Bha mi ag èirigh aig
dà uair!
b) Bha an t-acras orm an-diugh. Bha mi ag ithe dìnneir
aig leth-uair an dèidh uair.
c) Tha mi a’ dol dhan leabaidh aig cairteal an dèidh
deich, mar as trice.
d) Bidh sinn gad fhaicinn an sin aig cairteal gu seachd.
e) Bha i aig am film aig deich an dèidh ochd.
f) Tha an geam ball-coise agam aig trì uairean.
g) Bha e aig an sgoil aig leth-uair an dèidh còig. Tha e
an sin fhathast.
h) Seall an uair! Tha e leth-uair an dèidh aon uair deug
Feasgar.
39. (Answers will vary)
40.
a) Is your grandfather still alive?
b) Where is my sister?
c) My sisters like to swim.
d) I was talking with your father at 8:30.
e) Tha do phiuthar a’ ruith.
f) Bha mi ag ithe dìnneir le do bhràthair.
g) Tha a piuthar mo charaid.
h) Is toigh le m’ athair leughadh.
41.
a) Tha mo phiuthar a’ fuireach ann an Halifacs.
b) Tha mo phàrantan sean.
c) Tha a bràthair aig an taigh an-dràsta.
d) Tha dithis chloinne agam.
e) What were you doing with my sister?
f) Do you have a girlfriend?
g) Will your parents be home tomorrow?
h) Who is that with your brother?
i) Mise bochd, tha sianar pheathraichean agam.
30.
31.
j)
32.
a)
Bha mi glè sgìth ’sa mhadainn. Bha mi trang an-dè.
Bha mi a’ snàmh aig an Spa le mo charaid. Bha sinn
ag ithe dìnneir aig Wendy’s. Bha mise ag ithe biadhlus; bha Aoife ag ithe sgealban agus còc. Feasgar, bha
sinn a’ ruith agus a’ coiseachd. Às dèidh sin, bha sinn
a’ coiseachd dhachaidh agus bha sinn a’ glanadh an
taigh agus ag èisteachd ri ceòl. Bha Aoife a’ dannsadh
agus bha mise a’ seinn. Bha sinn uabhasach! Bha mi
a’ còcaireachd agus an uairsin bha sinn ag ithe
suipear. Air an oidhche, bha sinn a’ cèilidh air Sìne,
am bana-caraid agam agus a’ faicinn film aig an taigh
aice. A-màireach bidh mi sgìth fhathast.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
trì uairean
leth-uair an dèidh trì
cairteal an dèidh còig
cairteal an dèidh sia
leth-uair an dèidh ochd
seachd uairean
cairteal an dèidh naoi
cairteal gu aon uair deug
leth-uair an dèidh aon uair deug
dà reug (meadhan latha)
33.
34.
February 4, 2015
148
notes521a.wpd
42.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
e)
f)
g)
h)
Tha mo phiuthar a’ sgrìobhadh litir an-diugh.
Bidh m’ antaidh agus m’ uncail a’ cèilidh air mo
sheanmhair a-màireach.
Bha dithis pheathraichean a’ bruidhinn ris an tidsear
an-dè.
Bha mo theaghlach ag ionnsachadh na Gàidhlig anuiridh.
Bha a sheanair a’ dol dhan ospadal an t-seachdain ’sa
chaidh.
Tha an triùir mhac agam a’ fàs luath as t-samhradh.
Bidh a pàrantan a’ tighinn dhachaidh an athsheachdain.
Bha mise agus Dadaidh ag obair air a’ choimpiutair araoir.
i)
Tha sinn a’ dol a reic fudge.
Tha iad a’ dol a dh’ ithe bracaist.
Tha sibh a’ dol a dh’ obair aig an craft fair.
Tha mo charaidean a’ dol a dh’ iasgach feasgar
Disathairne.
Tha mo chù a’ dol a shnàmh anns an abhainn.
49.
50.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
43.
44.
45.
46.
f)
g)
h)
May I speak with your mother?
Yes, wait a minute.
May I go to the hospital?
May my sister see your dog?
Am faod mi a dhol dhan taigh beag? Chan fhaod
fhathast.
Am faod mi do pheann a chleachadh?
Chan fhaod thu do bheul fhosgladh Diciadain.
Faodaidh tu an doras a dhùnadh aig còig an dèidh trì.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
You may not leave the house.
You may not do that.
You may put on your boots.
Am faod mi na pìoban a chluich?
Am faod mi d’ ad a chleadhadh?
Am faod mi do chàr a dhràibheadh?
Am faod mi d’ obair-dachaidh fhaicinn?
Faodaidh tu deoch bainne fhaighinn an-dràsta.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
May I get the newspaper?
May we walk to school?
You may go there at 6:00.
Am faod sinn a dhol dhan stòr?
Chan fhaod, chan fhaod sibh a dhol ann.
Chan fhaod, tha thu ro ghòrach ri thuigsinn.
Am faod mi suidhe an seo?
Faodaidh tu a dhol sgeatadh a-màireach.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
We may go there after dinner.
You may not do your homework.
No, you’re too tall.
Chan fhaod thu bruidhinn ris an nighean agam idir.
Faodaidh tu cluich leinn às dèidh sgoil.
Chan fhaod thu fagail tràth.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
i)
j)
May I use the phone?
No, you’re a bad boy.
I am trying to phone you.
We’re not in; leave a message please.
Wait a minute, my sister is on the other line.
Tha mi a’ smaoineachadh gu bheil droch loighne
againn.
Bha mi a’ dol gad fònadh, ach bha mi ro thrang.
Am faod mi an clas fhagail? Tha mi a’ dol a chur amach.
Chan fhaod; seo baga.
Am faod mi sanas fhagail oirre?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
Sorry, they’re not here right now.
May I see you tonight?
No, I have to wash my hair.
And then, his battle frenzy came upon him.
At 4:00, you may make breakfast.
Bidh mi gad fònadh aig fichead an dèidh trì Diciadain.
51.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
Tha mi a’ dol a shnàmh.
Tha e a’ dol a nighe nan soitheachan.
Tha i a’ dol a dh’ obair gu math trang.
Tha sinn a’ dol a pheantadh an taigh agam.
Tha iad a’ dol a shealltainn air a’ mhuir.
Tha thu a’ dol a dh’ fhàs luath.
Tha mo bhràthair a’ dol a ghabhail mo dhiathad.
Tha an cù a’ dol a chadal air an sòfa.
Tha na daoine a’ dol a dh’ òl còig botail Pepsi.
Tha an tè a’ dol a ghearradh tomàto.
Tha am fear a’ dol a bhruidhinn rium.
Tha am mac agam a’ dol a chluich ball-basgaid.
Tha an nighean a’ dol a choiseachd dachaidh.
Tha seanair a’ dol a dh’ fhaicinn film anns an taighdhealbh.
Tha mo phàrantan a’ dol a dhannsadh a-nochd.
Tha a phiuthar a’ dol a dhol aig an oilthigh.
Tha dithis phàisdean a’ dol a dh’ èisteachd ri ceòl.
Tha mise a’ dol a chleachdach do choimpiutar.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
I am going to swim.
He is going to wash the dishes.
She is going to work quite hard.
We are going to paint my house.
They are going to look at the sea.
You are going to grow fast.
My brother is going to get my lunch.
The dog is going to sleep on the couch.
The people are going to drink 5 bottles of Pepsi.
The girl is going to cut a tomato.
The man is going to talk to me.
My son is going to play basketball.
The girl is going to walk home.
Grandfather is going to see a film in the theatre.
My parents are going to dance tonight.
His sister is going to go to university.
Two kids are going to listen to music.
I am going to use your computer.
a)
b)
c)
d)
Tha mi a’ dol a choiseachd ann am meadhan a’ bhaile.
Tha thu a’ dol a leughadh dà leabhar.
Tha e a’ dol a chluich ball-basgaid.
Tha i a’ dol a dhèanamh an obair-dachaidh aice.
52.
53.
47.
54.
g)
h)
55.
48.
February 4, 2015
149
notes521a.wpd
g)
h)
i)
j)
Bha mo phiuthar a’ feuchainn gad fònadh an-dè.
B’ aill leibh? Cha robh mi gad chluinntinn.
Am faod thu bruidhinn gu slaodach?
Tha e doirbh gad thuigsinn air a’ fòn.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
l)
m)
n)
o)
p)
q)
r)
s)
t)
u)
v)
w)
x)
y)
z)
aa)
amhaich
glùin
cas
brù
stamag
gualainnean
lip
arm
toes
hand
ears
cas
fiaclan
ceann
falt
corrag
tòn
sròn
beul
sùilean
druim
cuir a-mach
geàrr mo chorrag
bris mo chas
glùin goirt
falt ruadh
falt bàn
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
I live downtown.
My back is sore.
O Granny, what big teeth you have!
I sold it to the boy with the red hair.
Tha falt dubh air mo phiuthar.
Tha casan mòr air do bhràthair.
Bidh mi aig an taigh agad aig sia uairean feasgar.
Dè tha sinn a’ dol a dh’ ithe airson bracaist?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
Bidh mi gad fònadh às dèidh sgoil.
Bha i gu math fuar an-diugh, agus glè ghaothach.
Dè am film a bha sibh a’ faicinn a-raoir?
Can sin a-rithist e. Cha robh ag èisteachd.
I didn’t get any toys for Christmas at all.
I didn’t understand you; my ears are full of wax.
My father’s hair is falling out.
My love! You have pretty blue eyes, like the sky.
How old is that teacher?
Tha e dà fhichead bliadhna ’sa ochd deug.
Why does he have white hair?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
May we play Monopoly?
I am going to read a lot of Gaelic books.
I didn’t remember the test today.
I don’t like that music; I like Slayer.
Chan eil ach aon shùil aig m’ uncail.
Am faod mi a dhol dhan taigh beag? Tha mo stamag
goirt.
g)
h)
Bha falt donn aige, ach a-nis tha e glas agus geal.
Dè an uair a bha sibh ag èirigh ‘sa mhadainn?
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
k)
What does he look like?
Do you know Black James?
I did not remember my sister.
Does she look like Hilary Duff?
Not at all; she looks like Martha Stewart.
I broke my leg in three places.
How are you feeling this afternoon?
What happened anyway?
I fell down the stairs and broke my knee.
Eilidh throws up each day.
That’s not funny at all.
61.
56.
57.
62.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
i)
j)
Tha mo thòn goirt; bha mi a’ suidhe fad an latha.
Tha mo cheann goirt.
Tha falt fada bàn air mo bhràthair.
Tha do shròn mòr - a bheil e briste?
Dè thuirt thu?
Can sin a-rithist e agus buail mi d’ aodann.
A bheil cuimhne agam air stampaichean a cheannach?
Cha robh inc ann mo chlò-bhualadair.
Bha mo chù ag ithe m’ obair-dachaidh.
Bha an nighean agam a’ cur a-mach air ur
deuchainnean.
k) Cha toigh leam uighean agus hama uaine.
l) Tha mo chluas goirt às dèidh bruidhinn ris.
m) Am faod mi do pheann a chleachadh?
63.
64.
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
f)
g)
h)
58.
Mr. McIsaac
Mr. Stewart
Mrs. Ronahan
Mr. Peterson
Mr. Bechervaise
Ms. Curtis
Mr. Arsenault
Mrs. Costello (or Mitchell)
59.
60.
February 4, 2015
150
notes521a.wpd
Na Deachadhan
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
6.
_________________
7.
_________________
Latha _____________
8.
_________________
1.
_________________
9.
_________________
2.
_________________
10.
_________________
3.
_________________
4.
_________________
5.
_________________
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
6.
_________________
7.
_________________
Latha _____________
8.
_________________
1.
_________________
9.
_________________
2.
_________________
10.
_________________
3.
_________________
4.
_________________
5.
_________________
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
February 4, 2015
151
notes521a.wpd
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
6.
_________________
7.
_________________
Latha _____________
8.
_________________
1.
_________________
9.
_________________
2.
_________________
10.
_________________
3.
_________________
4.
_________________
5.
_________________
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
6.
_________________
7.
_________________
Latha _____________
8.
_________________
1.
_________________
9.
_________________
2.
_________________
10.
_________________
3.
_________________
4.
_________________
5.
_________________
Latha _____________
6.
_________________
1.
_________________
7.
_________________
2.
_________________
8.
_________________
3.
_________________
9.
_________________
4.
_________________
10.
_________________
5.
_________________
February 4, 2015
152
notes521a.wpd