1. No category

What is
Open Access?
Unlocking the power of scientific research
Abby Clobridge
Clobridge Consulting
Linking people with information & knowledge
www.clobridgeconsulting.com
March 2015
http://dx.doi.org/10.6084/m9.figshare.1328121
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License
Open Access 101
What is Open
Access?
Why Open
Access?
Open Access
Journals
Open Access
Repositories
open
Open Access
Policies
Discoverability
through
Metadata
Interoperability
for an e-research
infrastructure
The Open
Knowledge
environment
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access?: Open Access 101 (2014) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com
What is Open Access?
Open Access (OA) is the free, unrestricted access via the internet to knowledge
in the form of research outputs – so research is free to access and includes full
re-use rights.
Making knowledge both free to access and free to use, re-use, and build upon is critical for
international development, innovation, and progress. Science builds on itself and requires
collaboration and the exchange of ideas, but individuals must be able to access and fully use
this knowledge base in order to engage.
OPEN ACCESS is:
Scholarly research that is
DIGITAL,
Free to ACCESS &
Free to USE
with minimal restrictions
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Why Open Access?
Global Access
Increased citations
Global Visibility
Increased usage
Global Exposure
Faster time from research to
application
Research & discovery through
open licenses – legal re-use,
adaptations, remixing
INCREASED
ACCESS,
EXPOSURE,
& USAGE
Private sector, practitioners,
policy makers, students have
access to research
Public access to publiclyfunded research
Sparks innovation & creativity
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Why Open Access?
Increased
DISCOVERABILITY
VISIBILITY
RIGHTS TO RE-USE
through Open Access…
…leads to
Greater USAGE and
UPTAKE
Richly-described materials and robust
metadata, human and machine
readability, increased search engine
optimization all leading to enhanced
discoverability of OA research
Free to access & free to read = more
readers, increased citations,
increased visibility
Open licenses allowing for re-use, remix, translations, re-purposing –
greater usage and uptake of
published research
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Journals
“Gold” OA:
Authors publish in Open Access journals, i.e.
scholarly journals which are: peer-reviewed,
free to access, and free to use
Open Access journals* are:
• Free to access
• Free to use: at a minimum, the journals allow users to “read, download, copy,
distribute, print, search, or link to the full text of articles”
• Scholarly in nature: these journals exercise peer-review or editorial quality control
• Immediate access: no embargo or delay on open status
*Based on the Budapest Open Access Initiative (BOAI) definition of Open Access and the Directory of Open Access
Journals (DOAJ) criteria for inclusion in DOAJ database. More details: https://doaj.org/about
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Journals
Myth: all Open Access journals charge author fees.
Reality: While some do levy Article-Processing Charges (APCs) or
publication fees, many don’t.
“Diamond” Open Access Journals: Open Access without APCs
“Hybrid” journals: Subscription-based/closed access journals
(not Open Access) but offer authors the option to make their
articles openly accessible for a price.
Article-Processing Charges (APCs): Usually range from $99 to
around $3500, but varies tremendously between journals.
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Journals
Recommended Practices for Open Access Publishers
Open Access Scholarly Publishing Association (OASPA):
http://oaspa.org/membership/membership-criteria/
Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ):
http://doaj.org/application/new
So-Called “Predatory” Open Access Journals
Journals using a wide range of deceptive practices to attract article submissions (and
article processing charges)
For more details: Beall’s List of Predatory Publishers: http://scholarlyoa.com/publishers/
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Journals
Open Access and the digital environment have led to
new types of publishing and a changing scholarly
ecosystem.
MegaJournals
New type of journal.
Journals accept all submissions within scope that are based on sound
science and publish as articles are available, not on a set printing
schedule. Examples: PLoS One, BMJ Open, Peer J, SAGE Open
Cross-disciplinary journals
Stronger support for interdisciplinary journals and others which cross
traditional boundaries which were not sustainable in traditional
models.
Library as publisher
Increasingly, more libraries are hosting journals and serving in the role
of publisher. By using the open-source platform Open Journal Systems
(OJS), libraries are working with university presses or individual editors
and hosting peer-reviewed journals.
Altmetrics and ArticleLevel Metrics
Different types of metrics to measure and gauge access to research.
The digital environment has made it possible to begin tracking
downloads, page views, and social media references to a particular
item at the article level, rather than at the journal level.
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Repositories
“Green” Open Access:
1)
2)
Authors publish in peer-reviewed scholarly journal, and
Deposit manuscript into an Open Access repository
Open Access Repositories:
Interoperable, standards-compliant repositories to
collect, describe, disseminate, and preserve open
knowledge
Commonly-used OA repository systems:
• Dspace, Eprints, Fedora, Digital Commons, Invenio, ContentDM
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Repositories
“Green” Open Access:
1)
2)
Authors publish in scholarly journal, AND
Deposit manuscript into an Open Access repository
Interoperable, standards-compliant repositories to collect, describe, disseminate, and preserve open content
1
2
3
COLLECT
DEPOSIT
DISSEMINATE
Check self-archiving
permissions in
SHERPA/RoMEO
database
Deposit appropriate
version & metadata
into repository
Disseminate via
Open Access
Repositories
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Access Policies
Mandate Open Access through:
-
Organizational OA policies by funding agencies
National policies
Universities with institutional policies
Examples of National and Research Funders’ OA & Related Policies
-
Argentina (national policy)
Australia Research Council
Autism Speaks
Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation
CGIAR
European Commission
Food & Agriculture Organization (FAO)
Germany (national policy)
Spain (national policy)
-
UK Department of International
Development (DFID)
United Nations Educational, Scientific,
and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)
United States Agency for International
Development
United States National Institutes of
Health
Wellcome Trust
World Bank
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Metadata
In order for Open Access research to be usable, it must first be
discoverable. Rich metadata makes it possible for search engines
and other systems to find Open Access scholarship. Since most
Open Access content is accessed via search engines, it is critical that materials are
discoverable.
Metadata: “Data about data”
Metadata can include details such as:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Authors’ names and institutional affiliations
Subject matter
Abstract or short description of the research
Publication details: journal title, volume, issue
Intellectual property rights
Publication dates
Embargo dates
Administrative details
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Interoperability
“Interoperability is the technical ‘glue’ that makes possible an
emerging open science infrastructure – an infrastructure that
connects a global, de-centralised network of repositories and
other tools. While technology exists to make possible this
integration, the landscape around interoperability is
complex, and continually evolving.”
– The Case for Interoperability by
The Confederation of Open Access Repositories (COAR)
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Interoperability
Interoperability & adoption of international standards make it
possible to develop new tools to support repositories and connect
repositories to build a global e-research infrastructure.
Metadata harvesting
- OAI-PMH
Protocols for transferring content between systems
- SWORD: Deposit once, push content to multiple systems
- Dataverse APIs
Author identifiers, data identifiers
- ORCID, AuthorID, PersID
Article-level metrics (ALMs) and altmetrics for repositories
- Impact Story, Almetrics.org, Plum Analytics
- PLOS Article-Level Metrics API
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
Open Knowledge
Open Access to research is one component of the growing
Open Knowledge environment:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Open Data
Open Education and Open Textbooks
Open Educational Resources (OERs)
Open Licenses
Open Scholarship / Open Peer-Review
Open Science
Open Source Software
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
open
Open Knowledge: Open Data
open
Several major research funding agencies including the Bill &
Melinda Gates Foundation, USAID, the European Commission, and
CGIAR have Open Access policies that cover both Open Access and
Open Data. In these policies, all types of research outputs – peerreviewed scholarly journal articles as well as the data sets
underlying research – must be made openly accessible.
Examples of current topics in Open Data:
• Citing Data – see the Data Citation Principles:
http://www.force11.org/datacitation
• Granularity of metadata for data sets
• Data Management Plans
• Good practices in data redundancy, storage, and preservation
• Using DOIs and persistent identifiers for data sets
Introduction to Open Access
Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) | www.clobridgeconsulting.com/open-access
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www.clobridgeconsulting.com
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Clobridge Consulting | What is Open Access? (2015) |
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License