APWH
Ch 19: Internal Troubles, External
Threats
Big Picture and Margin Questions
1. In what ways did the Industrial
Revolution shape the character of
nineteenth century European
imperialism?
• Need for raw materials found in
other parts of the world
• Markets to sell goods
• Investment and profit
opportunities would decrease
class conflict
• Better technology and weapons
2. What contributed to changing
European views of Asians and
Africans in the nineteenth century?
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
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• Secular arrogance (“We’re better
than you because…”)
religion=older approach, race,
money, ideologies, government,
education, health care, clothing
• Social Darwinism-the strong will
survive = the new more modern
approach
3. What accounts for the massive
peasant rebellions of nineteenth
century China?
• Increase in population, agriculture
could not keep up which led to a
huge peasant population –
unemployment-famine
• Local officials were corrupt
• Peasants did not like Qing
dynasty b/c they were Manchurian
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
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• Bad times lead to follow the
leader that makes promises to suit
your needs.
4. How did Western pressures
stimulate change in China during the
nineteenth century?
• China was forced to import opium
• Had to cede Hong Kong to Britain
and open ports
• Import tariffs were set at a low
rate of 5%
• Extraterritoriality-foreigners live
they way they want.
• Foreigners were given the right to
buy land in China
• Doors opened to Christian
missionaries
• Western powers could patrol
interior waterways
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
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• Lost control of Vietnam, Korea
and Taiwan
• Western Powers + Japan + Russia
had spheres of influence over
China-they could set up military
bases, take raw materials and
build railroads
• Unequal treaties inhibited China’s
ability to industrialize
5. What strategies did China adopt
to confront various problems? In
what ways did these strategies reflect
China’s own history and culture as
well as the new global order?
• “Self-Strengthening” program
1860s-1870s tired to borrow ideas
from West
• New examination system
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
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• Industrial factories were built and
older industries were expanded
• Telegraph system
• Did not work because they were
dependent on foreign machinery,
materials and manpower. Plus the
traditional local officials
controlled industrial enterprises
and used them to suit their own
needs rather than the Nation’s.
6. What lay behind the decline of the
Ottoman Empire in the nineteenth
century?
• Empire Shrank
• Empire weakened
• Janissaries became reactionaryweakened military
• Lack of technology
• Center for trade diminished
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• Riots over the importation of
cheap European goods
• Capitulations-(unequal laws) gave
foreigners an advantage that
exempted them from laws, taxes
and duties
• Indebted and reliant on foreign
lands and could not pay back
loans
7. In what different ways did the
Ottoman state respond to its various
problems?
• “Defensive Modernization” new
military and administrative
structures
• Ambassadors sent to Europe to
learn new methods of business
• Schools established to train future
officials
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• Tanzimat or reorganizationModernize and Westernize
• Equality was being accepted
8. In what different ways did various
groups define the Ottoman Empire
during the nineteenth century?
• Young ottomans-loyal to the
dynasty
• Pan-Islamic
• Young Turks-militant secular
public life (Turkish national State)
9. How did Japan’s historical
development differ from that of
China and the Ottoman Empire
during the nineteenth century?
• Internal peace between 1600-1850
• Agreed to unequal treaties
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• Meiji Restoration-less destructive
• Less of an interest to the West
• Industrialized
• Did not become dependent on
foreign capital
10. In what ways was Japan changing
during the Tokugawa era?
• Samurai evolved into salaried
administrators
• Economic growth, urban
development and
commercialization
• Education promoted
• Social tension cause by merchant
class and warrior class
• Corruption undermined the
Tokugawa regime
• Some uprising by the poor
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
11. In what respects was Japan’s
nineteenth century transformation
revolutionary?
• Attacked the privileged
• Dismantled old Confucian based
social order through abolition of
class restrictions on occupation,
residence, marriage and clothing,
and dismantled limitations on
travel and trade
• Modernized and Westernized
quickly
• Used selective borrowing from
the West
• State-guided industrialization
12. How did Japan’s relationship to
the larger world change during its
modernization process?
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• Unequal treaties were rewritten
• Japan began to build an empire,
taking Taiwan, Korea and parts of
Manchuria (China)
• Won battles against Russia and
China
• Became a competitor with the
West
Big Picture Questions:
1. How did European Expansion in
the Nineteenth century differ from
that of the early modern era?
• Drew on immense new resources
created by the Industrial
revolution
• Nations were more powerful
• More military
• More technology
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• More money
• New ideas sprung from
rationalism, nationalism,
feminism, socialism and
individualism
2. What differences can you identify
in how China, the Ottoman Empire,
and Japan experienced Western
imperialism and confronted it? How
might you account for those
differences?
• China and ottoman-More reliant
on Western Finance, territory
occupied
• All were forced to sign unequal
treaties-Japan renegotiated
• All launched modernization
programs, Japan’s was most
radical and successful
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
3.
“The response of each society to
European imperialism grew out of its
larger historical development and its
internal problems.” What evidence
might support this statement?
• Technology
• Internal problems China-Taiping
Rebellion, Ottoman –lost
territory, Japan-Corruption
4. What kinds of debates,
controversies, and conflicts were
generated by European intrusion
within each of the societies examined
in this chapter?
• Reaction to Western Powers was
to modernize
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
• All societies dealt with issues of
identity and tried to redefine
themselves
• All societies dealt with conflicts
between modernizers and
conservatives.
Questions to consider:
• In what ways did growing
European influence in the
nineteenth century have an impact
on societies of Asia?
These societies faced the immense
military might and political ambitions
of rival European states.
The became enmeshed in networks of
trade, investment, and sometimes
migration that radiated out from an
industrializing and capitalist Europe
to generate a new world economy.
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
They were touched by various aspects
of traditional European culture, as
some among them learned the
French, English or German
languages, converted to Christianity,
or studied European literature and
philosophy.
They engaged with the new culture of
modernity its scientific rationalism,
its technological achievements, its
belief in a better future, and its ideas
of nationalism, socialism, feminism,
and individualism.
• In what ways was the Industrial
Revolution instrumental in
Western Europe’s growing
importance during the nineteenth
century?
Before the Industrial Revolution,
trade networks were based in the
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c
Eastern hemisphere of the world.
Europe’s influence was not as great,
nor had as much to offer. As Europe
began to Industrialize their influence
expanded due to new technology and
a need for more resources. This led to
an expansion of nations and enabling
them to become empires. The center
of trade shifted towards the west
which promoted different political,
social and economic ideologies.
Jeannette Olivercarr
Tuesday, March 10, 2015 at 8:03:31 AM Eastern Daylight Time
00:25:00:aa:ce:5c