The Week Ahead March 23-27, 2015 Economics Avery Shenfeld (416) 594-7356 [email protected] Benjamin Tal (416) 956-3698 [email protected] Andrew Grantham (416) 956-3219 [email protected] Nick Exarhos (416) 956-6527 [email protected] American Consumers Can Carry the Weight by Benjamin Tal Now that we know Yellen is no longer patient, but also not impatient, the focus turns back to the data. And in that domain, nothing is more important than the nonfarm payroll jobs numbers. And those have been persistently strong over the past year. In fact, you have to go back to 1993 to see another episode of 12 consecutive months of above-200k jobs gain. And back then, we were in the early stages of the recovery. Good things don’t last forever and with every month of strong employment numbers the likelihood of a disappointing reading rises. The impact on markets will be asymmetrical. Relatively strong numbers will trigger little reaction (‘tell me something I don’t know’ kind of sentiment) but weak numbers can trigger a rally in the bond market. Such a rally will be short-lived. The Fed does not make decisions based on monthly jobs numbers. In fact, following the first hike in June 2004, the Fed continued to hike despite a notable slowing in pace of jobs creation in the second half of that year. If history is any guide, the Fed might start hiking even if the pace of jobs creation starts to slow from the current strong pace. What’s more, both economic theory and common sense suggest that wage growth in the US should accelerate in the coming months. And along with the increase in fulltime employment, income can continue to rise despite some softening in the pace of actual payroll gains. http://research. cibcwm.com/res/Eco/ EcoResearch.html As importantly, there are growing signs that credit growth is starting to supplement income growth. Total consumer credit is now growing by just under 7% on a year-overyear basis. Non-revolving credit is rising by north of 8% (y/y), while revolving credit is expanding by more than 3% (y/y) after being basically flat between 2011 and 2014. The main driver here is not only pent-up demand for credit, but more so, increased appetite by lenders to lend. After all, credit quality in the US continues to improve. The 90+ days delinquency rate on credit cards is at the lowest rate since the early 2000s, and it is falling at the fastest pace on record. That led to a 6% increase in credit limits in the past two years. At the same time, the share of current mortgages transitioning into the 30-60 days delinquency pocket is at a record low. The pace of job creation might slow in the coming months, but rising wages, better job composition, increased borrowing, and yes … we almost forgot….the de-facto 10% tax cut on households due to lower gasoline prices, should provide consumers with all the tools they need to achieve the 3.2% annualized growth we assigned to them in our forecast for the coming three quarters. Charge it! Credit Card Balances 15% 16 10% % 14 5% 12 10 0% 8 -5% 6 4 -10% -15% Credit Cards - 90+ days Delinquency Rate 2 03 05 07 09 11 13 0 03 05 07 09 11 13 CIBC World Markets Inc. • PO Box 500, 161 Bay Street, Brookfield Place, Toronto, Canada M5J 2S8 • Bloomberg @ CIBC • (416) 594-7000 C I B C W o r l d M a r k e t s C o r p • 3 0 0 M a d i s o n A v e n u e , N e w Yo r k , N Y 1 0 0 1 7 • ( 2 1 2 ) 8 5 6 - 4 0 0 0 , ( 8 0 0 ) 9 9 9 - 6 7 2 6 Friday March 27 Thursday March 26 Wednesday March 25 Tuesday March 24 Monday March 23 ` CIBC Consensus H, M, L = High, Medium or Low Significance Prior (Feb) (Feb) 10:00 AM EXISTING HOME SALES SAAR EXISTING HOME SALES M/M (Feb) (Feb) (Mar) 10:00 AM NEW HOME SALES SAAR NEW HOME SALES M/M RICHMOND FED MANUF. INDEX (Mar) (Mar) (Q4 F) (Q4 F) (Mar) Speaker: 9:00 AM Dennis Lockhart (Atlanta) Speaker: 4:35 AM James Bullard (St Louis) 8:30 AM GDP (annualized) GDP DEFLATOR (annualized) 10:00 AM MICHIGAN CONSUMER SENTIMENT (Mar 14) (Mar 21) (Feb) (Feb) 9:45 AM MARKIT US COMPOSITE PMI Preliminary MARKIT US SERVICES PMI Preliminary 8:30 AM CONTINUING CLAIMS INITIAL CLAIMS Speaker: 6:30 AM Charles L. Evans (Chicago) AUCTION: 7-YR TREASURIES $29B 8:30 AM DURABLE GOODS ORDERS M/M DURABLE GOODS ORDERS EX-TRANS M/M 7:00 AM MBA-APPLICATIONS (Mar 20) (Mar) 9:45 AM MARKIT US MANUFACTURING PMI Preliminary Speaker: 6:05 AM James Bullard (St Louis) AUCTION: 5-YR TREASURIES $35B (Feb) (Feb) (Feb) (Feb) 8:30 AM CPI M/M CPI M/M (core) CPI Y/Y CPI Y/Y (core) Speaker: 12:00 PM Stanley Fischer (Vice Chair) Speaker: 10:00 AM John C Williams (San Francisco) Speaker: 4:40 AM Loretta Mester (Cleveland) AUCTION: 4-WEEK BILLS $40B (prev) AUCTION: 2-YR TREASURIES $26B (Feb) 8:30 AM CHICAGO FED NAT.ACTIVITY INDEX AUCTION: 3-M BILLS $24B, 6-M BILLS $24B UNITED STATES (H) (H) (H) (L) (L) (L) (H) (H) (H) (L) (H) (H) (M) (L) (H) (H) (H) (H) (M) (M) (M) Speaker: 3:45 PAM Janet l. Yellen (Chair) Speaker: 6:30 AM Stanley Fischer (Vice Chair) SAAR = Seasonally Adjusted Annual Rate Consensus Source: Bloomberg Speaker: 9:15 AM Stephen S. Poloz (Governor) and 10:45 AM Press Conference QUÉBEC BUDGET ALBERTA BUDGET Speaker: 3:30 PM Timothy Lane (Deputy Gov.) AUCTION: 2-YR CANADAS $3.4B AUCTION: 3-M BILLS $4.4B, 6-M BILLS $1.8B, 1-YR BILLS $1.8B CASH MANAGEMENT BUYBACK (Jun'15 - Jun'16) - $1.0B CANADA 2.4% 0.1% 1.0% 0.0% 456K -5.2% 0.3% 0.1% 0.1% 1.6% 4.97M 3.1% CIBC 92.0 2.4% 0.1% 295K 0.3% 0.3% 470K -2.3% 2.0 55.3 0.2% 0.1% -0.1% 1.7% 4.92M 2.1% Consensus 91.2 2.2% 0.1% 57.2 57.1 2417K 291K 2.8% 0.0% -1.3% 481K -0.2% 0.0 55.1 -0.7% 0.2% -0.1% 1.6% 4.82M -4.9% 0.1% Prior Week Ahead Calendar And Forecast CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 Week Ahead’s Market Call by Nick Exarhos and Andrew Grantham We’ll have time to digest what was a weak series of recent readings on Canada’s economy, since next week is free of data releases. Investors will instead be eyeing Deputy Governor Timothy Lane’s speech on Wednesday, with any mention at all regarding the Bank’s “tools” to set off alarm bells. Governor Poloz himself will follow with a speech the day after, and we’ll see if the soft January data fits into his story on the “front-loaded” nature of the oil shock. Alberta will have a chance to outline crude’s effects on its finances with a budget due on Thursday, the same day Québec tables a budget of its own. In the US, February’s CPI data will be watched even more closely after the Fed stated that inflation should remain near recent “low levels”. While we err on the side of an upside surprise to headline inflation and a stable core rate, it’s clear that Fed hikes could be delayed if the latter weakens further. Housing data could succumb to February’s bad weather, while durable goods orders will continue to highlight the struggles of manufacturers against the strong US$. A number of Fed speakers, highlighted by Vice-Chair Stanley Fischer, give their views on policy in the aftermath of this week’s downgraded rate projections and subsequent bond market rally. 3 CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 There are no key Canadian economic indicators this week. 4 CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 Week Ahead’s Key US Number: 1.0 Consumer Price Index—February (Tuesday, 8:30 a.m.) US Consumer Price Index y/y % chg m/m % chg 4 3 0.5 2 Andrew Grantham (416) 956-3219 0.0 1 Headline CPI m/m Headline CPI yr/yr Core CPI m/m Core CPI yr/yr -0.5 CIBC Mkt Prior 0.3% 0.2% -0.7% 0.1% -0.1% -0.1% 0.1% 0.1% 0.2% 1.6% 1.7% 1.6% -1.0 Feb-13 CPI (L) Oil and gasoline prices may have started to slide again recently, but for CPI in February there was a temporary respite. Indeed, gasoline prices were on average higher in February than in January, which could have resulted in a 0.3% increase in headline CPI and taken the annual rate briefly out of negative territory. 0 Oct-13 CPI y-o-y (R) Jun-14 -1 Feb-15F CPI ex Food & Energy y-o-y (R) increase. That will leave the annual rate unchanged at 1.6%. Forecast Implications—Any rebound in headline CPI is likely to be only temporary, with oil prices having slipped further in recent weeks. The annual headline rate will likely be back below zero in the coming months. Meanwhile lower import prices thanks to a strong US$ will likely stop core CPI from moving higher until the second half of the year. But outside of a temporary rebound in energy prices, the CPI figures are unlikely to show much in the way of price pressures. Certainly the latest producer price figures hinted at weakness in a broad range of consumer goods and services. And although that measure isn’t a great guide to core CPI (due in part to the large weight of shelter in the CPI figures), it suggests we shouldn’t expect anything more than a modest 0.1% month-on-month Market Impact—We are a little above the consensus for headline CPI, but in-line for core, which has been more of a driver in terms of market expectations for Fed policy recently. Other US Releases: Durable Goods Orders—February (Wednesday, 8:30 a.m.) The US manufacturing sector has been struggling recently against a strong US$ and slow growth in some key export markets, with the slowing in durable goods orders since the Fall the first indication. While orders appear to be stabilizing somewhat, they are likely to show little in the way of a rebound. We expect ex-transport orders to be flat on the month, with aircraft orders supporting the headline number to a 1.0% gain. 5 CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 Equity Insights Nick Exarhos Crude: Under Fire Once Again US Nat Gas Rigs Are a Fraction of What They Were (L), But Production Continues to Grow (R) Though news of falling rig counts supported crude prices in February, US production continues to swell. But don’t be surprised that we haven’t seen an immediate supply response. There’s a recent historical parallel in US natural gas production, where the horizontal drilling, which is responsible for the shale boom, took root. And there, America is producing over 30% more natural gas than it did when it had roughly six times as many rigs. Rapid technological improvements, including drillers now starting to re-frack already fracked oil wells, are reasons to believe that growth in global demand for crude must be a key driver of a meaningful rebound in prices, not sharply lower US supply. 1800 US Nat Gas Rig Count 2500 US Nat Gas Production (BCF, 3-mo avg) 1600 1400 1349 Fewer Rigs 1200 1000 2300 >30% Growth 2100 800 1900 600 400 1700 200 15 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 07 0 1500 07 08 09 10 11 12 13 14 Source: Baker Hughes, EIA, CIBC North American Consumer Stock Strength TSX and S&P Consumer Discretionary Stocks Move in Lockstep (L), Despite Divergent Fundamentals (R) Cheaper oil prices have mixed effects for Canadian consumers, as gasoline savings are offset with weaker employment prospects and lower purchasing power by way of a cheaper C$. But a less expensive barrel of oil is a more resounding positive for American shoppers. Despite those different fundamentals, and a recent divergence in aggregate wage and salary growth, consumer discretionary stocks both north and south of the border have been rallying in lockstep. Though rapid gains seen in the US labour market may not be matched by developments in Canada, there may still be value in consumer discretionary stocks, as TSX investors seek haven amidst the oil rout and a somewhat more muddled Canadian economic landscape. Salary and Wage Income Growth (YoY %) 2100 Consumer Discretionary Sub-Indices 620 6 2000 600 5 580 1900 560 1800 540 1700 520 4 3 2 TSX (Left) Mar-15 0 Feb-15 480 Jan-15 1500 Dec-14 1 Nov-14 500 Oct-14 1600 S&P 500 (Right) Canada USA Source: Bloomberg, Statistics Canada, BEA, CIBC Europe, A Solid Long-Term Buy? The economic picture in Canada may not be as bleak as it has been in Europe, though that region could be due for brighter days ahead. As the ECB has unleashed QE in the Eurozone, European stocks have rallied smartly, at least in euro terms. Year-to-date performance of the STOXX 600 index is just over 18%, but priced in greenbacks—to correct for currency weakness—and the return shrinks to around 5%. European stocks have, unsurprisingly given growth worries, under-performed the US benchmark since Draghi’s “whatever it takes” promise. But QE should support the Eurozone economy, along with stock fundamentals, and the euro itself longerterm. That should make continental assets more attractive for domestic investors seeking exposure to improving prospects abroad. European Stocks Lag in Currency-Adjusted Terms (L), But Better Growth Prospects to Support Fundamentals (R) 165 Index = 100 155 145 135 125 115 105 Jul-12 Oct-12 Jan-13 Apr-13 Jul-13 Oct-13 Jan-14 Apr-14 Jul-14 Oct-14 Jan-15 95 STOXX Europe 600 (in USD) S&P 500 6 2.0 1.8 1.6 1.4 1.2 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 0.0 Eurozone Growth (y/y %) 2015 2016 Consensus in Jan Consensus Now CIBC Source: Bloomberg, CIBC CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 Currency Currents Andrew Grantham Cdn Autos Not Gearing Up…Yet Canada Continuing to Lose Share of North American Auto Production (L), Picked up by the US Not Mexico (R) Weakness in auto sales, shipments and production was a key cause of disappointment in all the major data this past week (retail, wholesale and manufacturing). Given the large run-up previously, some easing in auto sales isn’t surprising. What is more surprising is that, even with the C$ materially weaker than a couple of years ago, the Canadian auto sector continues to lose market share in the North American space. But there’s often a lag before investment in new plants comes through, and the good news is that the market share lost in recent years has been taken by the US rather than Mexico. With the C$ now, if anything, slightly undervalued rather than massively overvalued vs the greenback, investment should begin to trickle back. 20% Canada Share of N.America Car & Truck Production (12mma) 19% 18% 2% 17% 1% 16% Change in Share of N.American Production Since 2010 3% 0% 15% -1% 14% -2% 13% -3% 12% -4% US Canada Mexico Source: Automotive News, CIBC Recovery in Employment-to-Population Ratio Much Stronger in UK A Sterling Labour Market Performance Even after what was perceived to be a dovish Federal Reserve on Wednesday, it’s a good bet that the US will be the first to hike rates whether that be in June, September or another meeting. But the UK may not be as far behind as markets currently expect. Dovish comments from BoE Chief Economist and MPC member Haldane saw sterling retreat this week, yet the recent labour market figures suggest that wage inflation may actually be closer to taking off in the UK than even the US. The employment to population ratio in the UK hit a record high this week—above even the pre-recession peak. So while there could be further sterling weakness in the near-term thanks to election uncertainty, if a stable government is formed expect the currency to appreciate against not just the euro but even the US$ as well. 75 Employment-to-Population Ratio (16-65) 74 73 72 71 70 69 68 67 US 66 UK Jan-15 Jul-13 Jan-12 Jul-10 Jan-09 Jul-07 Jan-06 Jul-04 Jan-03 Jul-01 Jan-00 65 Source: ONS, BLS, CIBC Volatility No Greater Recently Than in Run-up to 2004 Fed Hike Volatility—You Ain’t Seen Nothing Yet 18 Thought the currency moves in the aftermath of the Fed statement and updated projections were big? In reality volatility hasn’t been any greater recently than in the run-up to the Fed’s first rate hike in 2004, despite the fact that monetary policy globally is showing greater divergence these days and the world economy is more uneven. In that environment we would expect volatility to remain higher than it was during that 2004 period, with currencies reacting and overacting to key data releases and central bank comments. USDEUR Historic 1-Month Volatility 16 Fed hike in June 2004 14 12 10 8 6 2004 4 2015 2 7 1-Dec 1-Nov 1-Oct 1-Sep 1-Aug 1-Jul 1-Jun 1-May 1-Apr 1-Mar 1-Feb 1-Jan 0 Source: Bloomberg, CIBC CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 CANADIAN RELEASE AND EVENT DATES March/April 2015 MONDAY TUESDAY 17 16 INT’L TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES C$BN, NET 8:30 AM BONDS MONEY S TOCKSTOT MARKET NOV4.8 0.1 -0.6 4.3 DEC-8.5 2.0 -7.0 -13.5 JAN 10.5 -5.81.05.7 WEDNESDAY SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING 8:30 AM SHIPMENTS M Y NOV -1.32.6 DEC 1.65.0 JAN -1.72.9 THURSDAY 18 WHOLESALE TRADE 8:30 AM 24 25 Bank of Canada Dep. Gov. Lane speaks at Chamber of Commerce in Kelowna BC at 3:30 PM ET 30 19 Saskatchewan Provincial Budget 23 INDUSTRIAL PRICES 8:30 AM M(NSA) Y DEC -1.5-0.4 JAN -0.4-2.2 FEB FRIDAY 31 26 27 Bank of Canada Governor Poloz speaks at Chamber of Commerce in London UK at 9:15 AM ET, Press Conference at 10:45 AM ET Québec Provincial Budget Alberta Provincial Budget 2 1 GDP BY INDUSTRY 8:30 AM (2002$) GDPIND.PROD. MM NOV-0.2 -0.9 DEC0.3 0.8 JAN 20 RETAIL TRADE 8:30 AM (Current$) MY NOV 0.34.4 DEC -1.84.0 JAN -1.71.2 CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 8:30 AM M(NSA) Y DEC -0.71.5 JAN -0.21.0 FEB 0.91.0 MERCHANDISE TRADE 8:30 AM $MN 12 MO. BALANCE DEC -1,2184,445 JAN -2,4512,215 FEB 3 GOOD FRIDAY (HOLIDAY) (Markets Closed) PAYROLL EMPLOYMENT, EARNINGS & HOURS 8:30 AM New Brunswick Provincial Budget 6 INTERNATIONAL RESERVES 8:15 AM $BN $BN CHANGELEVEL JAN 0.13774.8 FEB-0.06974.8 MAR 7 8 9 HOUSING STARTS 8:15 AM 000’s (AR) TOTAL SINGLES JAN187 57 FEB156 55 MAR NEW HOUSING PRICE INDEX 8:30 AM 10 LABOUR FORCE SURVEY 8:30 AM AVG EMPLOYUNEMP HRLY (HSHOLD) RATEEARN MY%Y JAN0.20.7 6.62.1 FEB0.00.7 6.81.7 MAR BUILDING PERMITS ($) 8:30 AM M M (RES)(NON-RES) DEC 1.515.0 JAN -7.0-22.8 FEB 13 14 15 SURVEY OF MANUFACTURING 8:30 AM SHIPMENTS M Y DEC 1.65.0 JAN -1.72.9 FEB 16 17 RETAIL TRADE 8:30 AM (Current$) MY DEC -1.84.0 JAN -1.71.2 FEB CONSUMER PRICE INDEX 8:30 AM M(NSA) Y JAN -0.21.0 FEB 0.91.0 MAR INT’L TRANSACTIONS IN SECURITIES C$BN, NET 8:30 AM BONDS MONEY S TOCKSTOT MARKET DEC-8.5 2.0 -7.0 -13.5 JAN 10.5 -5.81.05.7 FEB All data seasonally adjusted except where noted “NSA”. M: per cent change from previous month. Q: per cent change from previous quarter at annual rates. Y: per cent change from year earlier. AR: Annual Rate. YTD: Year to date. Release dates are provided by sources outside CIBC World Markets Inc. Dates are subject to change. Sources for historical data: Statistics Canada, CMHC, Human Resources Development Canada and the Bank of Canada. 8 CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 U.S. RELEASE AND EVENT DATES March/April 2015 MONDAY TUESDAY 16 CAPACITY UTIL/ IND. PROD. 9:15 AM LEV M Y DEC 79.4-0.3 4.3 JAN 79.40.2 4.8 FEB 78.90.1 3.4 NET CAPITAL INFLOWS TICS 4:00 PM WEDNESDAY 17 HOUSING STARTS 8:30 AMMIL (AR) M DEC1.087 7.1 JAN 1.065-2.0 FEB 0.897-15.8 3,10-Yr NOTE SETTLEMENT 30-Yr BOND SETTLEMENT BOT (9:00) REDBOOK (8:55) FOMC Rate Decision Fed Chair Yellen speaks post-FOMC Conference at 2:30 PM ET 25 DURABLE GOODS ORDERS 8:30 AM M Y DEC -3.70.1 JAN 2.85.4 FEB 26 27 8:30 AM (AR) REAL IMPLICIT GDPDEFLATOR 14:Q3(F)5.0 1.4 14:Q4(P)2.2 0.1 14:Q4(F) S&P/CASE-SHILLER HOUSE PRICE INDEX 9:00 AM ISM MFG SURVEY 10:00 AM COMP. PRICES INDEXINDEX CHICAGO PMI 9:45 AM CONSUMER CONFIDENCE 10:00 AM 2,5,7-Yr NOTE SETTLEMENT MICHIGAN SENTIMENT (F) 9:55 AM 2 1 ADP SURVEY 8:15 AM JAN FEB MAR 53.535.0 52.935.0 LIGHT VEHICLES SALES MIL (AR) Y JAN 16.5538.9 FEB 16.1655.4 MAR BOT (9:00) REDBOOK (8:55) GOODS & SERV. BALANCE (BOP) $B 8:30 AM GDS SERV TOT DEC -65.0 19.4-45.6 JAN -61.6 19.9-41.8 FEB FACTORY ORDERS 10:00 AM M(SA) Y(NSA) DEC -3.5-3.7 JAN -0.2-2.3 FEB 3,10-Yr NOTE ANNOUNCEMENT ISM NON-MFG SURVEY 10:00 AM 10 TREASURY BUDGET 2:00 PM 10-Yr NOTE AUCTION 30-Yr BOND AUCTION INITIAL JOBLESS CLAIMS (8:30) BOT (9:00) REDBOOK (8:55) 14 BOT (9:00) REDBOOK (8:55) EMPLOY. SITUATION 8:30 AM NON- CIVAVG FARMUNEMP HRLY PAYROLL RATE EARN (000s)M % Y JAN 2395.72.0 FEB 2955.51.6 MAR 9 8 CONSUMER CREDIT 3:00 PM 3-Yr NOTE AUCTION 3 GOOD FRIDAY (HOLIDAY) (Stock Market Closed) INITIAL JOBLESS CLAIMS (8:30) 7 FOMC Minutes 13 GDP INITIAL JOBLESS CLAIMS (8:30) 31 6 INITIAL JOBLESS CLAIMS (8:30) 7-Yr BOND AUCTION 5-Yr BOND AUCTION BOT (9:00) REDBOOK (8:55) PERS. INC & OUT. 10:00 AM SAVING INCOMECONS RATE M MAR DEC0.3 -0.3 4.9 JAN0.3-0.2 5.5 FEB 2,5,7-Yr NOTE ANNOUNCEMENT CORPORATE PROFITS 8:30 AM 2-Yr BOND AUCTION 30 20 CURRENT ACCT BAL. 8:30 AM LEADING INDICATOR 10:00 AM PHILADELPHIA FED INDEX 10:00 PM 24 NEW HOME SALES 10:00 AM FRIDAY 19 18 CPI 8:30 AM M(SA) Y (NSA) DEC -0.30.8 JAN -1.10.0 FEB 23 EXISTING HOME SALES 10:00 AM THURSDAY 15 3,10-Yr NOTE SETTLEMENT 30-Yr BOND SETTLEMENT 16 17 HOUSING STARTS 8:30 AMMIL (AR) M DEC1.087 7.1 JAN 1.065-2.0 FEB 0.897-15.8 PHILADELPHIA FED INDEX 10:00 PM LEADING INDICATOR 10:00 AM INITIAL JOBLESS CLAIMS (8:30) All data seasonally adjusted except where noted “NSA”. M: per cent change from previous month. Q: per cent change from previous quarter at annual rates. Y: per cent change from year earlier. AR: Annual Rate. YTD: Year to date. Release dates are provided by sources outside CIBC World Markets inc. Dates are subject to change. Sources for historical data: U.S. Department of Commerce, U.S. Department of Labor and U.S. Federal Reserve Board. 9 CIBC World Markets Inc. The Week Ahead—March 23-27, 2015 This report is issued and approved for distribution by (a) in Canada, CIBC World Markets Inc., a member of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada, the Toronto Stock Exchange, the TSX Venture Exchange and a Member of the Canadian Investor Protection Fund, (b) in the United Kingdom, CIBC World Markets plc, which is regulated by the Financial Services Authority, and (c) in Australia, CIBC Australia Limited, a member of the Australian Stock Exchange and regulated by the ASIC (collectively, “CIBC”) and (d) in the United States either by (i) CIBC World Markets Inc. for distribution only to U.S. Major Institutional Investors (“MII”) (as such term is defined in SEC Rule 15a-6) or (ii) CIBC World Markets Corp., a member of the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority. 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