Solar System and Structure in Vernacular Architecture of Iran
Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Bhutan ISSN: 1608-4330 Solar System and Structure in Vernacular Architecture of Iran Houtan Iravani1, Farideh Salehi 2, Hadi Kiyani2, Vahid Mohammadi Nejad2, Amir Kiyanersi2, Farshid Salehi2 1 Ph.D, Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran 2 Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran ABSTRACT Current paper investigates and analyzed solar structures and elements in vernacular architecture of Iran. Firstly concept of light and lighting and then interpretation ad analysis of elements of lighting in Iranian architecture are addressed. Lighting elements in traditional buildings such as sash, lattice, etc. were used in lighting respective space. Iranian talented architects used each of these elements considering usage of the building. Methodology in this work is descriptive – analytical, which library and field studies were also used. Considering previous research works, firstly review of lighting elements in Iran and its types are expressed. Then using field and analytical studies, role of these elements in architecture of traditional buildings is studied. Elements addressed in this paper include skylights and light controllers. Keywords: lighting elements, vernacular architecture, solar structure, Iranian vernacular Introduction Beauty is observed due to light and lighting, otherwise beauty has no meaning in darkness. Real beauty is perceived with the light of perception and external beauty is observed by our best sense, i.e., visual sense. Light and lighting, whether in appearance or mystical, causes that beauty can be seen and the colors are manifested by the lights. Thus, light concept can be entered at aesthetics and local art (especial locations). In architectural art, utilization of natural light has been well discussed and lighting tools and means are raised and talked as factors which provide artificial light. The light has role in lighting the inside of the building. It is also important in relation with decorations of Islamic architecture, because decoration in Iranian architecture manifests lightness and joy at all periods regardless of its accuracy and fineness. Islamic artists use elements in decorations of the building so that lighting goal is realized. Even use of especial colors is effective in lighting of the building and it is with coordination and balance of colors that its role and status in lighting and transparency of the building is perceived. Some authors investigated origin and role of light in Islamic architecture and considered light as a mystical symbol. Muslim architect attempts to utilize any material and shape it so that movement and reflection of light influences it. In addition, the light represents other decorative factors better and revives the plans. Architectural factors shaped in Islamic buildings are created using light and shadow play, such as using glossy floors and walls for light absorption and reflection, using Mogharnas for taking and breaking and disseminating the light, using domes which change severity of light in different hours of day, facades which the sun light passes their plaster decorations and shape them, even the mirrors, glossy tiles, and glossy marbles which all influence in glowing of the light. Natural light is considered as the main lighting source in the day. Angle of radiation and density of sun light varies according to the earth movement and earth transitional movement. Natural light is Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al obtained through the sun light, but it penetrates into internal space through three different sources; sun, sky and earth. Direct sun light may penetrate the house for short terms in terms of the hour, day, time, year, and situation of the windows. Objective evidence on sun presences is one of the biological necessities. Sun presence in the building is welcomed as long as it does not disturb the ordinary activities. Earth movement creates severe light disturbances which its level can be regulated with types of shadows or curtain. Dimensions and situation of skylights are specified considering performance of internal space. A residential place may have high, short, wide windows or skylights. Such variation in situation and size of windows is not due to escaping uniformity, either it is for producing suitable shadows for manifesting and presenting the texture, color and shape. Artificial light is created for directing and regulating artificial light by such factors known as visual factors. These factors include various types of lights and lumps and lighting systems which constitute main tool of lighting. It can be said that vernacular architecture is specific form of the world image; the image which prepares the living environment, not in abstract way, but in poetic and perceivable way. Vernacular architecture is manifestation of the life image and it represents concept of closeness to the location and it approaches us to the identifying and meaningful characteristics of the human. Elements in traditional Iranian architecture are investigated in two aspects: Frist group is light controllers which regulate the lights entering the building and they are classified into two classes: Class 1: those which are parts of the building such as radiation section, porch, awning, canopy, and lattice, that control the lighting. Class 2 – those which are added to the building and are decorative, such as curtains. The second group is skylights which are classified into roof and body classes: Class 1: ceiling lighting like bowl house, opening, working and Mogharnas and horno. Class 2: body of building like sash, booth, Pachang, Pachelaqi, Persin, Palkaneh, Khafang, lattice door and window, lattice, Shanashil, Fakhromadin, Friezkhoun, flower bowl (Goljam) [1] Review of literature According to the reviewed literature on history of light in architecture by Nemat Gorgani and in books by Dr. Pirnia, related elements are described. Research Methodology As mentioned in the abstract, the descriptive – analytical method is used. it should be noted that considering history of lighting elements in Iran and its types, library and field studies should also be used, and by putting these methods beside each other, logical and practical classification for use in vernacular solar systems in today plans can be obtained. - - Research Goals Which solar systems have been used in Iranian vernacular architecture? Achieving logical and practical classification foe using in today plans from solar vernacular systems Hypotheses Solar structures have been basically considered in Iranian vernacular architecture. 117 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 - Houtan Iravani et al Which classifications can be obtained from solar structures of Iranian vernacular architecture which can be used in today design? History of Using Natural Light in Iranian Architecture Understanding process of using sun light is as important as process of formation of materials or infrastructural forms of the building for design. The first history which we know dates back to fourth AH century when level difference in external walls was used for obtaining light and using shadow. In the burn city from second and third AH century, from the reminding of houses can be found that every room had a door toward the external part and they lacked window. In addition, in 1300 – 1400 AH a sample of glossy windows has been obtained that include pipes of frit placed beside and inside the frame and they were used for lightening of the inside of the building. One of the oldest documents and samples of door and window in Iranian architecture can be found in designs of Maad castles in Dour Sharokin works. From the salient role of Adhouri, openings on the towers can be observed. In Achaemenid era at Persepolis, situation of the doors is clear and their axis remained. Also, in these palaces, there were openings above doors and even on the roofs, otherwise how they lighted large and indoor space of the palaces. In principle the characteristics of Persian style includes using Canopy and the sun visor which is reasonable and necessary for building. According to studies by Wolfgang, it is found that distortion of angles in buildings of Achaemenid era was due to creating various shadows in different times of the day and seasons, and this distortion allows Iranian architect to construct living places in such a way that very house uses needed amount of sun light and lighting in different seasons of the year. There is not much information on the lighting of Parthian era’s buildings, but Saliksx on Hetra palace states: halls of this collection all have wooden ceiling. Their height is different and their lighting is from openings and arcs toward the east. Considering reconstructed image of the Nesa palace which shows building lighting by the roof indicates that Parthian people used this way of lighting for building. Sasanian people tend showing contrast between shadow and light and it is evident ain all of their buildings. Tip of the domes of buildings are as opening, because they were needed for firing. Karkhe Balcony in Khuzestan indicates lighting from arc for the first time. Of course, in the buildings with arcs the lighting was obtained from the parts with flat roof. In arches of Sasanian era, the architect is allowed to include distance between two arcs and place a window there and the building lighting was obtained. In the Sasanian era, when use of dome was widely accepted and it is among its architectural features, it is observed that on the dome, there are some openings with holes which probably were covered by the glass. As long as Sasanian people used supporting walls for tolerating dome load, only opening at the centre of the dome or opening at parts of the dome body were used for lighting. But after transferring load of dome roofs by the arcs to the walls, they used skylights as arch on the bodies of domes [1]. Direction of Construction of Old Houses Direction of construction of old buildings depended on the angle of sun light and Qibla. Every aspect of house was suitable for specific season of the year and such elements as hall, ventilator, five-door, three-door, and sash were solutions. In majority of traditional houses, the main building axis was south- north axis and they had the best situation for placement of sun light so that shadow was used in hot days of summer and sun warmth was used in winter days. Main living spaces were constructed in sides of north and south and spaces in lowest importance especially service spaces were constructed in eastern and western sides. It should be noted that arch buildings in these structures 118 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al indicate relationship between climate and architecture. Even in decorative deigns, traces of sun as the main climatic factor can be observed in designs known as Shamse and Sun wheel [2]. Light Controllers Radioman blockage (radiation blockage or sun-breaking) In old houses it was attempted to prevent from direct sun light inside the spaces. One of these methods was using radiation blockage. It was thin blades with 6 – 15 cm thickness which were placed around the openings and windows so that they make shadow; its heights were about 5 m so that entrance of sun light into the internal space is controlled. Those which were placed above the doors or windows were called as horizontal radiation blockage or above shadow. Standing or vertical radiation blockage was brick or plaster blades which were built between two doors with 60 – 70 cm thickness and 10 – 15 cm height. Thus, the doors and their glasses were not exposed to the sun light. In end years of Qajar era, walls were made between doors instead of standing radiation blockages that their borders were bevelled and they open the sun light radiation path instead of radiation blockage and the sun light could penetrate inside house. Its example can be observed in Qajar houses. Thus, changing radiation blockage occurred in Qajar, first and second Pahlavi era [3]. Fig 1. Horizontal or above shadow radiation blockage . Fig 2. Vertical or standing radiation blockage (with bevelled border) Fig 3. Radiation blockage in Yazd Porch: 119 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Fig 4. Radiation blockage in Bushehr it is the space including ceiling and column which is confined in at least one side and secures the human from contact to rainfall and sun light radiation. In the areas with severe sun light and temperature, it passes suitable and mild light inside and thus there is indirect lighting [1]. Fig 5 – 6. Porch of Damqan Traikh Khane Awning (Sabat): the term Sabat has an old root in Persian language. Its first part (Sa) means comfort and its second part (Bat) means building, and construct. Sabats are features of architecture in warm and hot areas and they can be found in such provinces as Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan, and Khuzestan. One of the functions of Sabat is providing shadow and cool place for passers. In the warm cities people were forced to make alleys narrow with tall walls and they used awning for creating shadow. This construct is semi covered. It helps cooling in summer and it makes the inside air cooler than the outside of awning. Semi coverage of it helped providing warmer air in the winter. Awnings also integrate and stabilize their beside houses and help them in stability against structural pressure forces [1, 3]. Fig 8. Sabat (Dezful) Fig 7. Sabat (Yazd) Shades: they create shadow on the windows and prevented from direct sun light radiation and thus the temperature resulting from sun light in its behind space considerably reduced. Shades may have 120 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al different effects including controlling direct sun light radiation inside, light control and natural ventilation. Effectiveness of shades varied and it depends on their colour, location of installation toward the wind as well as natural ventilation conditions in the building. Shades are divided into fixed, mobile and natural shades such as trees [1]. Fig 9 – 10. Simple and window horizontal shade Horizontal shade is suitable for southern, western and eastern directions and horizontal window shades are suitable for southern, eastern and western directions, which both make shadow and prevent from warmth and they can provide air flow. They are also obstacle for wind. Sardaq: it is made on the façade which its curtain covered the faced and prevented from direct sun light radiation inside the house [3]. Curtain: using thick curtains for prevention and regulation of sun light for entrance to the building was common since Safavid era and it was also used in Qajar era. These curtains were usually made of canvas or silk in one or two layers. They were often installed before porches and sashes. The curtains were lifted by the threads which unifrmolygathered the whole curitan, because these curtains were often heavy and thick and it was the only way for their lifting [3]. Fig 11- 12. Placement and direction of sun light on sash windows (seven-door picture: author) Curtains which were installed outside of the building had more light absorption compared to those installed inside. Light absorbents Roof Skylight Jamkhaneh: still there are some openings in the domes and dollops of baths and echelons and bazaars which are as salient cupola with multiple clay chains. In these parts, clay chains are placed beside each other and round glossy bowls were placed among these chains in winters and they were taken in summers. Today they are the best and suitable means for lighting indoor spaces which should be sometimes warm or cold in terms of the season, and they are preserved above rood of the baths. 121 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Section 1- bowl house Opening (Kordor): opening and window cannot be separated from each other. In fact the opening can be considered as small window which was often used above door and sometimes in sides of door for taking light and providing free and open air for indoor spaces. In other words, the opening is applied to the holes which were made in the tufts or arches. The opening was made of wood or plaster or clay and they were often fixed. The opening was placed above the entrance door in the buildings with central and introspective texture which had suitable light from roof or other points. It should be noted that in opening is called as Khor in southern areas. Section 2 – opening Roshandan: it is openings (solar) in the buildings where use of window in the walls was not possible, such as bazaars and other public places. It made suitable light and ventilation possible and it is called Roshandan. Roshandan was often made as belvedere and they were made vertical (Asef Vaziri House in Sanandaj, sashes with glassy lattices on solar part in Qajar era, and some of them had glass, some of them are polygon, e.g. Roshandan in pool of Hasht Behesht Palace, Isfahan). 122 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Section 3 – Roshandan Horno: it is name of ceiling skylight. Since implementation of design in parts near to tip of dome is not possible like other parts, the hole is not filled in the around of the tip so that it provides lighting at above of the arch. For example, in coverage of bazaars, the Horno hole is open so that lighting and ventilation is provided. 123 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Section 4- Horno - Light absorbents of building body Sash: sash is lattice window which goes upwardly and it is placed within a chamber. Sash is often observed in storey of belvedere and porch of buildings in cold areas. Role of sash lattice is like window and wooden openings. Fig 14. Five-door house of Mashrutiay (author) Fig 13. Three-door sash of Dolat Abad Garden (author) Above pictures indicate the placement of sash and sun light radiation on it. Booth: it is a kind of window [4]. Pachang: it is the window or opening that its lower part is confined and it does not reach to ground [4]. Pechelaqi: it is a combination of door and window and its door part opens up to low and the remaining part is left as window [4]. Persin: lattice wall which is built of brick and tile [4]. Fig 15 – 16. Persin on walls of Ardestan Great Mosque (author ) Persiana: it is lattice door and windows [4]. 124 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Palkabeh: it is salient windows in the porch or balcony which have window in sides. Some Palaknehs are built as windows external to the main appearance decorated by small glasses [4]. Khafang; it is frieze above door and window which usually has decorations [6]. Fig 18. Door Khafang in holy shrine Fig 17. Door Khafang in Mashrutiait House Lattice doors and windows: the window is often used for lighting, air flow and observing external views without disturbing peace of the house residents. In the areas where there is severe sun light, the window should be built suitable to the light severity. Lattice windows provide balance between inside and outside light. It is such that severe sun light is prevented when one observes from the inside and eye tiredness is prevented against severe sun light. Designs used including lattice windows are so that regulate and adjust the light inside the room. Lattice windows scatter sever outside light, and when the outside light is not severe, the whole light is passed inside. Sometimes glass is also used for lattice doors and windows. Lattice doors are called door and window. Wooden, slay and plaster lattice door and windows and openings were blocked by oil in winter and they were opened in the summer [8]. Fig 20. Lattice door and window of Sahebalamr – Tabriz Fig 19. Lattice door and window in a house in Yazd Lattice (Shabak): variable climatic conditions of Iran, severe and light sun, wind, storm, dust, and specific national and religious beliefs necessitated that the buildings have a curtain or Shabak for protection of the inside building in addition to two windows. Inside the buildings was protected using openings and wooden or plaster windows and curtain, and its outside was covered by clay or tile lattices. These lattices adjusted severity of light and weaker light was provided through it. Distortion of light radiations due to contact to borders of the lattice scattered the light and helped uniformity and dispersion of lighting. In addition, despite the whole internal space was easily observable, there was no view form outside for the inside during the daytime [4]. Fig 22. Mashrutiat House Shabak Fig 23. Shabak in Isfahan Great Mosque (author) 125 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Fakhromadin: sometimes the fence in gardens and religious places were made as lattice so that its beautiful inside could be observed from the outside. Gardens around Isfahan Chahar Bagh and porch of bazaars around the Naqsh Jahan are in this way. Such walls were built using backed clay pieces in geometric and non-geometric shapes, because some holes were created in their distances and thus they attempted to make the hole shapes beautiful. Such lattices were known as Fakhromadin (Fakhr means baked clay and Madin means feminist, hole, and hollow) [4, 5]. Feriz and Khoun in Building: Khoun is a decorative design which is made of cut pieces of brick and mosaic. Then it was coloured by the soil and gelatine and colours solved in the water and they were installed in the forehead of the building, between pillars and frieze. For light and air entrance to the rooms, plaster plates were holed and some designs were made and these friezes were installed above doors and windows [6]. Flower Bowl (Goljam): small colourful glasses which were installed inside the plaster and they were placed in the highest part of the room so that lighting to the inside of building is provided. Plaster and glasses above door were also called Goljam [6]. This element was highly used in houses in Kashan. Of course it is also frequently found in houses of Isfahan. The reason for high use of this element in Kashan houses is high height of the buildings. With increased height of the building, Goljam was used in the top part of the wall for providing lighting. Fig 23 – 24. Goljam in Tabatabae House in Kashan External Elements Roof: roof in Iranian architecture can be considered as part of the living place and it was used also as yard in addition to presence of complex and beautiful shapes. In such cities as Naeen, box wall is used in some roofs. Sides of the roof were lifted up to about 1.5 meter and a kind of yard was made on the roof which was used in summer nights for sleeping [9]. Also these walls provided shadow for some parts of the roof in different daytime hours and played secondary climatic role. Such spaces were also used in mosques. There is such space in Sepahsalar Mosque in above roof of Wozukhane, which is called Chehel Shir. The other example is in Kashan Abbasian House which have such yard at the roof. Architects provided ventilation possibility using fine framing of brick lattice in this building. Houses in Lengeh Port did not have underground location due to high height of the waters, thus they used roofs of the houses for sleeping and some houses had a space called Bala Khaneh (Above House). The roof had often an external enclosed fence and internal fence was wooden or metal fencing known as Parvaste. Parvaste was external fence of the houses in Bushehr in wooden or metal guards or rock lattices and sometimes Kerkeri was used between small pillars [2]. Orangery Yard: orangery is defined as follows: middle hall which can be indoor and trees of orange, etc. can be planted in it. Orangery yard was a small yard in the middle complex which provided light for surrounding spaces and plants sensitive to cold of desert nights could be held there. Its small sizes and proximity to the rooms and body of the building, which were warmed using solar energy during daytime, caused that limited space of the yard had temperature above zero by discharge of this energy in night, and even in some cases, these yards had a roof with a large hole in centre which could be covered by cloth in the cold winters. These yards were rarely 126 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al built in main axes of the building and they were mostly built in the corners and spaces with lighting problem. Their ordinary and usual pattern is nine-part square with a three-door space at every dimension. In some cases, a kind of imperfect dome were made by corner making. Decorations of this space, which was influenced by decorations of rooms and side spaces, were in neck bricks or glazed bricks [10]. Shovadan: this space which was called as Shabadan, Shababik, Khashian, and dry cupping was specifically built in Dezfool and Shooshtar. It is a deep underground structure. Considering characteristics of the soli in these cities, it was excavated in the heart of ground and it lacked construction materials and its wall was covered in some cases by the plaster. This space goes up to 6 – 7 meter underground sometimes and penetrates to boundaries of surrounding house. Its roof is dome and lacks any structure. Ventilation and lighting of Shovadan was done through the yard and sometimes dry cupping was used. This act was also done by Darizeh (lighting and ventilation from side walls) or Si Sara (lighting and ventilation from the yard floor), and delay penetration phenomenon of seasons in the ground was used. The temperature of one or even two seasons ago can be observed in such depth. Sohvadans have practically no decorations and often no specific pattern can be observed in them, but they have disembowelled or cross patterns in great examples [4, 7]. Shanashil: overall direction of building was specified using suitable wide direction. To this end, enteral paths were placed so that they direct pleasant wind. One of the elements in natural ventilation in architecture of Bushehr houses is Shanashil (Shanashel). Considering its structure, Shanashil prevents from penetration of direct sunlight and warmth and considering its tracks, pleasant air enters the space [2]. Fig 25. Shanashil in Boshehr Application and Mogharnas: in spaces where lighting and space lighting is provided through the roof, the light enters directly into the space and only one part of it is lighted. Application and Mogharnas is used for utilization of sun light as much as possible in addition to its beauty. Thus, the light is distorted in various directions and it enters the space in scattered manner. In this case, there would be uniform and decentralized lighting inside building, which covers higher space [1]. Fig 26. Isfahan Masque (author) 127 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Lovjanak: it is used on the rood of northern houses (Gilan province) which has two applications; for air ventilation and access to roofs in gable roofs. Placement of Lovjanak is in two-side slope of roof and it has door and its door is often open for air ventilation. Warm air is directed upward in various seasons of the year and especially in summer, and Lovjanak has inverse function. The air enters roof and porch (hall) through Lovjanak. Also Lovjanak enters sun light into roof and porch of the house in daytime through its opening, which plays significant role in lighting of different parts of the building (interview with local people of the region). Fig 27. Lovjanak in Gilan-Rasht (author) Fridges: one type of fridges was those without arch made in Isfahan, and they were used until 30 – 40 years ago like other traditional fridges. This type of fridge was in 4-5 m height and 12 m length. In the Nesar (northern) side of this wall, a pool in 5-6 m depth and 12 * 5 m length and width were built and it was used for cooling due to coolness and securing from sun light. High height of the wall and the way of placement and its structure had suitable performance against sun light radiation [9]. Picture Conclusion Traditional Iranian houses are samples of provision of comfort and regional design in different climatic conditions. Designing houses with application of natural elements represent proper understanding of architects of these buildings about environmental conditions. Iranian traditional architecture, with reliance on placement of building direction and non-fossil fuels and renewable energies such as solar energy for warmth in winter and using various elements considering climatic conditions in internal space, attempted to minimize use of nonfossil fuels. Materials with high thermal capacity and thermal resistance such as brick, clay, and mud were used in building of desert houses, which are every effective in providing warmth and cooling in internal space. In addition, since local materials were used in traditional architecture, these materials were recyclable and renewable and this is very influential in sustainability of Iranian traditional houses. Iranian traditional houses were constructed considering all climatic, cultural, social, etc. factors and they were designed aligned with respect to environment due to using non-fossil fuels and organic development and attention to the site, and they are considered as suitable model for modern architecture. According to the descriptions in the table, most solar systems were made for moderate shadowing and natural ventilation so that warm conditions are adjusted and local ventilation is aided by changing temperature. 128 Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Houtan Iravani et al Table 1: investigation of solar systems in terms of shadowing Solar system & structure Light & temperatur Low Moderat Ventilator e shad e performance performanc ow shadow e Light controllers Radiation blockage Porch Shade Sardaq Sabat Ceiling light absorbents Curtain Jamkhaneh Opening Roshandan Horno Sash Booth Pachang Pachelaqi Persiana Persin Palkaneh Building body light absorbents Khafang Lattice door & window Shabak Fakhromadin Friezkhoun Goljam Separate elements Roof (box walling) 129 Sever shadow Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015 Orangery yard Shovadan Shanashil Application & Mogharnas Lovjanak Houtan Iravani et al Fridges References 1. Nemat Gorgani, O. (1996). History of light in architecture and lighting elements in Iranian Islamic art, Asar, No. 35 2. Memarian, G.H. (1996). Familiarity to Iranian residential architecture, introspective typology, Science and Industry University 3. Pirnia, M.K. (2007). 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