Journal of Renewable Natural Resources Bhutan
ISSN: 1608-4330
Solar System and Structure in Vernacular Architecture of Iran
Houtan Iravani1, Farideh Salehi 2, Hadi Kiyani2, Vahid Mohammadi Nejad2, Amir Kiyanersi2,
Farshid Salehi2
1
Ph.D, Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran
2
Department of Architecture, Ardestan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Ardestan, Iran
ABSTRACT
Current paper investigates and analyzed solar structures and elements in vernacular architecture of
Iran. Firstly concept of light and lighting and then interpretation ad analysis of elements of lighting
in Iranian architecture are addressed. Lighting elements in traditional buildings such as sash,
lattice, etc. were used in lighting respective space. Iranian talented architects used each of these
elements considering usage of the building.
Methodology in this work is descriptive – analytical, which library and field studies were also used.
Considering previous research works, firstly review of lighting elements in Iran and its types are
expressed. Then using field and analytical studies, role of these elements in architecture of
traditional buildings is studied. Elements addressed in this paper include skylights and light
controllers.
Keywords: lighting elements, vernacular architecture, solar structure, Iranian vernacular
Introduction
Beauty is observed due to light and lighting, otherwise beauty has no meaning in darkness. Real
beauty is perceived with the light of perception and external beauty is observed by our best sense,
i.e., visual sense. Light and lighting, whether in appearance or mystical, causes that beauty can be
seen and the colors are manifested by the lights. Thus, light concept can be entered at aesthetics and
local art (especial locations). In architectural art, utilization of natural light has been well discussed
and lighting tools and means are raised and talked as factors which provide artificial light.
The light has role in lighting the inside of the building. It is also important in relation with
decorations of Islamic architecture, because decoration in Iranian architecture manifests lightness
and joy at all periods regardless of its accuracy and fineness. Islamic artists use elements in
decorations of the building so that lighting goal is realized. Even use of especial colors is effective in
lighting of the building and it is with coordination and balance of colors that its role and status in
lighting and transparency of the building is perceived.
Some authors investigated origin and role of light in Islamic architecture and considered light as a
mystical symbol. Muslim architect attempts to utilize any material and shape it so that movement
and reflection of light influences it. In addition, the light represents other decorative factors better
and revives the plans. Architectural factors shaped in Islamic buildings are created using light and
shadow play, such as using glossy floors and walls for light absorption and reflection, using
Mogharnas for taking and breaking and disseminating the light, using domes which change severity
of light in different hours of day, facades which the sun light passes their plaster decorations and
shape them, even the mirrors, glossy tiles, and glossy marbles which all influence in glowing of the
light.
Natural light is considered as the main lighting source in the day. Angle of radiation and density of
sun light varies according to the earth movement and earth transitional movement. Natural light is
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obtained through the sun light, but it penetrates into internal space through three different sources;
sun, sky and earth. Direct sun light may penetrate the house for short terms in terms of the hour, day,
time, year, and situation of the windows. Objective evidence on sun presences is one of the
biological necessities. Sun presence in the building is welcomed as long as it does not disturb the
ordinary activities. Earth movement creates severe light disturbances which its level can be regulated
with types of shadows or curtain. Dimensions and situation of skylights are specified considering
performance of internal space. A residential place may have high, short, wide windows or skylights.
Such variation in situation and size of windows is not due to escaping uniformity, either it is for
producing suitable shadows for manifesting and presenting the texture, color and shape.
Artificial light is created for directing and regulating artificial light by such factors known as visual
factors. These factors include various types of lights and lumps and lighting systems which
constitute main tool of lighting.
It can be said that vernacular architecture is specific form of the world image; the image which
prepares the living environment, not in abstract way, but in poetic and perceivable way. Vernacular
architecture is manifestation of the life image and it represents concept of closeness to the location
and it approaches us to the identifying and meaningful characteristics of the human.
Elements in traditional Iranian architecture are investigated in two aspects:
Frist group is light controllers which regulate the lights entering the building and they are classified
into two classes:
Class 1: those which are parts of the building such as radiation section, porch, awning, canopy, and
lattice, that control the lighting. Class 2 – those which are added to the building and are decorative,
such as curtains.
The second group is skylights which are classified into roof and body classes:
Class 1: ceiling lighting like bowl house, opening, working and Mogharnas and horno.
Class 2: body of building like sash, booth, Pachang, Pachelaqi, Persin, Palkaneh, Khafang, lattice
door and window, lattice, Shanashil, Fakhromadin, Friezkhoun, flower bowl (Goljam) [1]
Review of literature
According to the reviewed literature on history of light in architecture by Nemat Gorgani and in
books by Dr. Pirnia, related elements are described.
Research Methodology
As mentioned in the abstract, the descriptive – analytical method is used. it should be noted that
considering history of lighting elements in Iran and its types, library and field studies should also be
used, and by putting these methods beside each other, logical and practical classification for use in
vernacular solar systems in today plans can be obtained.
-
-
Research Goals
Which solar systems have been used in Iranian vernacular architecture?
Achieving logical and practical classification foe using in today plans from solar vernacular
systems
Hypotheses
Solar structures have been basically considered in Iranian vernacular architecture.
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Which classifications can be obtained from solar structures of Iranian vernacular architecture
which can be used in today design?
History of Using Natural Light in Iranian Architecture
Understanding process of using sun light is as important as process of formation of materials or
infrastructural forms of the building for design. The first history which we know dates back to fourth
AH century when level difference in external walls was used for obtaining light and using shadow.
In the burn city from second and third AH century, from the reminding of houses can be found that
every room had a door toward the external part and they lacked window. In addition, in 1300 – 1400
AH a sample of glossy windows has been obtained that include pipes of frit placed beside and inside
the frame and they were used for lightening of the inside of the building. One of the oldest
documents and samples of door and window in Iranian architecture can be found in designs of Maad
castles in Dour Sharokin works. From the salient role of Adhouri, openings on the towers can be
observed.
In Achaemenid era at Persepolis, situation of the doors is clear and their axis remained. Also, in
these palaces, there were openings above doors and even on the roofs, otherwise how they lighted
large and indoor space of the palaces.
In principle the characteristics of Persian style includes using Canopy and the sun visor which is
reasonable and necessary for building. According to studies by Wolfgang, it is found that distortion
of angles in buildings of Achaemenid era was due to creating various shadows in different times of
the day and seasons, and this distortion allows Iranian architect to construct living places in such a
way that very house uses needed amount of sun light and lighting in different seasons of the year.
There is not much information on the lighting of Parthian era’s buildings, but Saliksx on Hetra
palace states: halls of this collection all have wooden ceiling. Their height is different and their
lighting is from openings and arcs toward the east. Considering reconstructed image of the Nesa
palace which shows building lighting by the roof indicates that Parthian people used this way of
lighting for building. Sasanian people tend showing contrast between shadow and light and it is
evident ain all of their buildings. Tip of the domes of buildings are as opening, because they were
needed for firing. Karkhe Balcony in Khuzestan indicates lighting from arc for the first time. Of
course, in the buildings with arcs the lighting was obtained from the parts with flat roof. In arches of
Sasanian era, the architect is allowed to include distance between two arcs and place a window there
and the building lighting was obtained. In the Sasanian era, when use of dome was widely accepted
and it is among its architectural features, it is observed that on the dome, there are some openings
with holes which probably were covered by the glass. As long as Sasanian people used supporting
walls for tolerating dome load, only opening at the centre of the dome or opening at parts of the
dome body were used for lighting. But after transferring load of dome roofs by the arcs to the walls,
they used skylights as arch on the bodies of domes [1].
Direction of Construction of Old Houses
Direction of construction of old buildings depended on the angle of sun light and Qibla. Every aspect
of house was suitable for specific season of the year and such elements as hall, ventilator, five-door,
three-door, and sash were solutions. In majority of traditional houses, the main building axis was
south- north axis and they had the best situation for placement of sun light so that shadow was used
in hot days of summer and sun warmth was used in winter days. Main living spaces were constructed
in sides of north and south and spaces in lowest importance especially service spaces were
constructed in eastern and western sides. It should be noted that arch buildings in these structures
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indicate relationship between climate and architecture. Even in decorative deigns, traces of sun as
the main climatic factor can be observed in designs known as Shamse and Sun wheel [2].
Light Controllers
Radioman blockage (radiation blockage or sun-breaking)
In old houses it was attempted to prevent from direct sun light inside the spaces. One of these
methods was using radiation blockage. It was thin blades with 6 – 15 cm thickness which were
placed around the openings and windows so that they make shadow; its heights were about 5 m so
that entrance of sun light into the internal space is controlled. Those which were placed above the
doors or windows were called as horizontal radiation blockage or above shadow. Standing or vertical
radiation blockage was brick or plaster blades which were built between two doors with 60 – 70 cm
thickness and 10 – 15 cm height. Thus, the doors and their glasses were not exposed to the sun light.
In end years of Qajar era, walls were made between doors instead of standing radiation blockages
that their borders were bevelled and they open the sun light radiation path instead of radiation
blockage and the sun light could penetrate inside house. Its example can be observed in Qajar
houses. Thus, changing radiation blockage occurred in Qajar, first and second Pahlavi era [3].
Fig 1. Horizontal or above shadow radiation blockage
.
Fig 2. Vertical or standing radiation blockage (with bevelled border)
Fig 3. Radiation blockage in Yazd Porch:
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Fig 4. Radiation blockage in Bushehr
it is the space including ceiling and column which is confined in at least one side and secures the
human from contact to rainfall and sun light radiation. In the areas with severe sun light and
temperature, it passes suitable and mild light inside and thus there is indirect lighting [1].
Fig 5 – 6. Porch of Damqan Traikh Khane
Awning (Sabat): the term Sabat has an old root in Persian language. Its first part (Sa) means comfort
and its second part (Bat) means building, and construct. Sabats are features of architecture in warm
and hot areas and they can be found in such provinces as Yazd, Kerman, Isfahan, and Khuzestan.
One of the functions of Sabat is providing shadow and cool place for passers. In the warm cities
people were forced to make alleys narrow with tall walls and they used awning for creating shadow.
This construct is semi covered. It helps cooling in summer and it makes the inside air cooler than the
outside of awning. Semi coverage of it helped providing warmer air in the winter. Awnings also
integrate and stabilize their beside houses and help them in stability against structural pressure forces
[1, 3].
Fig 8. Sabat (Dezful)
Fig 7. Sabat (Yazd)
Shades: they create shadow on the windows and prevented from direct sun light radiation and thus
the temperature resulting from sun light in its behind space considerably reduced. Shades may have
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different effects including controlling direct sun light radiation inside, light control and natural
ventilation. Effectiveness of shades varied and it depends on their colour, location of installation
toward the wind as well as natural ventilation conditions in the building. Shades are divided into
fixed, mobile and natural shades such as trees [1].
Fig 9 – 10. Simple and window horizontal shade
Horizontal shade is suitable for southern, western and eastern directions and horizontal window
shades are suitable for southern, eastern and western directions, which both make shadow and
prevent from warmth and they can provide air flow. They are also obstacle for wind.
Sardaq: it is made on the façade which its curtain covered the faced and prevented from direct sun
light radiation inside the house [3].
Curtain: using thick curtains for prevention and regulation of sun light for entrance to the building
was common since Safavid era and it was also used in Qajar era. These curtains were usually made
of canvas or silk in one or two layers. They were often installed before porches and sashes. The
curtains were lifted by the threads which unifrmolygathered the whole curitan, because these
curtains were often heavy and thick and it was the only way for their lifting [3].
Fig 11- 12. Placement and direction of sun light on sash windows (seven-door picture: author)
Curtains which were installed outside of the building had more light absorption compared to those
installed inside.
Light absorbents
Roof Skylight
Jamkhaneh: still there are some openings in the domes and dollops of baths and echelons and
bazaars which are as salient cupola with multiple clay chains. In these parts, clay chains are placed
beside each other and round glossy bowls were placed among these chains in winters and they were
taken in summers. Today they are the best and suitable means for lighting indoor spaces which
should be sometimes warm or cold in terms of the season, and they are preserved above rood of the
baths.
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Section 1- bowl house
Opening (Kordor): opening and window cannot be separated from each other. In fact the opening
can be considered as small window which was often used above door and sometimes in sides of door
for taking light and providing free and open air for indoor spaces. In other words, the opening is
applied to the holes which were made in the tufts or arches. The opening was made of wood or
plaster or clay and they were often fixed. The opening was placed above the entrance door in the
buildings with central and introspective texture which had suitable light from roof or other points. It
should be noted that in opening is called as Khor in southern areas.
Section 2 – opening
Roshandan: it is openings (solar) in the buildings where use of window in the walls was not possible,
such as bazaars and other public places. It made suitable light and ventilation possible and it is called
Roshandan. Roshandan was often made as belvedere and they were made vertical (Asef Vaziri
House in Sanandaj, sashes with glassy lattices on solar part in Qajar era, and some of them had glass,
some of them are polygon, e.g. Roshandan in pool of Hasht Behesht Palace, Isfahan).
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Section 3 – Roshandan
Horno: it is name of ceiling skylight. Since implementation of design in parts near to tip of dome is
not possible like other parts, the hole is not filled in the around of the tip so that it provides lighting
at above of the arch. For example, in coverage of bazaars, the Horno hole is open so that lighting and
ventilation is provided.
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Section 4- Horno
-
Light absorbents of building body
Sash: sash is lattice window which goes upwardly and it is placed within a chamber. Sash is often
observed in storey of belvedere and porch of buildings in cold areas. Role of sash lattice is like
window and wooden openings.
Fig 14. Five-door house of Mashrutiay (author) Fig 13. Three-door sash of Dolat Abad Garden (author)
Above pictures indicate the placement of sash and sun light radiation on it.
Booth: it is a kind of window [4].
Pachang: it is the window or opening that its lower part is confined and it does not reach to
ground [4].
Pechelaqi: it is a combination of door and window and its door part opens up to low and the
remaining part is left as window [4].
Persin: lattice wall which is built of brick and tile [4].
Fig 15 – 16. Persin on walls of Ardestan Great Mosque (author )
Persiana: it is lattice door and windows [4].
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Palkabeh: it is salient windows in the porch or balcony which have window in sides. Some
Palaknehs are built as windows external to the main appearance decorated by small glasses [4].
Khafang; it is frieze above door and window which usually has decorations [6].
Fig 18. Door Khafang in holy shrine
Fig 17. Door Khafang in Mashrutiait House
Lattice doors and windows: the window is often used for lighting, air flow and observing external
views without disturbing peace of the house residents. In the areas where there is severe sun
light, the window should be built suitable to the light severity. Lattice windows provide balance
between inside and outside light. It is such that severe sun light is prevented when one observes
from the inside and eye tiredness is prevented against severe sun light. Designs used including
lattice windows are so that regulate and adjust the light inside the room. Lattice windows scatter
sever outside light, and when the outside light is not severe, the whole light is passed inside.
Sometimes glass is also used for lattice doors and windows. Lattice doors are called door and
window. Wooden, slay and plaster lattice door and windows and openings were blocked by oil in
winter and they were opened in the summer [8].
Fig 20. Lattice door and window of Sahebalamr – Tabriz
Fig 19. Lattice door and window in a house in Yazd
Lattice (Shabak): variable climatic conditions of Iran, severe and light sun, wind, storm, dust, and
specific national and religious beliefs necessitated that the buildings have a curtain or Shabak for
protection of the inside building in addition to two windows. Inside the buildings was protected
using openings and wooden or plaster windows and curtain, and its outside was covered by clay
or tile lattices. These lattices adjusted severity of light and weaker light was provided through it.
Distortion of light radiations due to contact to borders of the lattice scattered the light and helped
uniformity and dispersion of lighting. In addition, despite the whole internal space was easily
observable, there was no view form outside for the inside during the daytime [4].
Fig 22. Mashrutiat House Shabak
Fig 23. Shabak in Isfahan Great Mosque (author)
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Fakhromadin: sometimes the fence in gardens and religious places were made as lattice so that its
beautiful inside could be observed from the outside. Gardens around Isfahan Chahar Bagh and
porch of bazaars around the Naqsh Jahan are in this way. Such walls were built using backed clay
pieces in geometric and non-geometric shapes, because some holes were created in their
distances and thus they attempted to make the hole shapes beautiful. Such lattices were known as
Fakhromadin (Fakhr means baked clay and Madin means feminist, hole, and hollow) [4, 5].
Feriz and Khoun in Building: Khoun is a decorative design which is made of cut pieces of brick
and mosaic. Then it was coloured by the soil and gelatine and colours solved in the water and
they were installed in the forehead of the building, between pillars and frieze. For light and air
entrance to the rooms, plaster plates were holed and some designs were made and these friezes
were installed above doors and windows [6].
Flower Bowl (Goljam): small colourful glasses which were installed inside the plaster and they
were placed in the highest part of the room so that lighting to the inside of building is provided.
Plaster and glasses above door were also called Goljam [6]. This element was highly used in
houses in Kashan. Of course it is also frequently found in houses of Isfahan. The reason for high
use of this element in Kashan houses is high height of the buildings. With increased height of the
building, Goljam was used in the top part of the wall for providing lighting.
Fig 23 – 24. Goljam in Tabatabae House in Kashan
External Elements
Roof: roof in Iranian architecture can be considered as part of the living place and it was used
also as yard in addition to presence of complex and beautiful shapes. In such cities as Naeen, box
wall is used in some roofs. Sides of the roof were lifted up to about 1.5 meter and a kind of yard
was made on the roof which was used in summer nights for sleeping [9].
Also these walls provided shadow for some parts of the roof in different daytime hours and
played secondary climatic role. Such spaces were also used in mosques. There is such space in
Sepahsalar Mosque in above roof of Wozukhane, which is called Chehel Shir. The other example
is in Kashan Abbasian House which have such yard at the roof. Architects provided ventilation
possibility using fine framing of brick lattice in this building.
Houses in Lengeh Port did not have underground location due to high height of the waters, thus
they used roofs of the houses for sleeping and some houses had a space called Bala Khaneh
(Above House). The roof had often an external enclosed fence and internal fence was wooden or
metal fencing known as Parvaste. Parvaste was external fence of the houses in Bushehr in
wooden or metal guards or rock lattices and sometimes Kerkeri was used between small pillars
[2].
Orangery Yard: orangery is defined as follows: middle hall which can be indoor and trees of
orange, etc. can be planted in it. Orangery yard was a small yard in the middle complex which
provided light for surrounding spaces and plants sensitive to cold of desert nights could be held
there. Its small sizes and proximity to the rooms and body of the building, which were warmed
using solar energy during daytime, caused that limited space of the yard had temperature above
zero by discharge of this energy in night, and even in some cases, these yards had a roof with a
large hole in centre which could be covered by cloth in the cold winters. These yards were rarely
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built in main axes of the building and they were mostly built in the corners and spaces with
lighting problem. Their ordinary and usual pattern is nine-part square with a three-door space at
every dimension. In some cases, a kind of imperfect dome were made by corner making.
Decorations of this space, which was influenced by decorations of rooms and side spaces, were
in neck bricks or glazed bricks [10].
Shovadan: this space which was called as Shabadan, Shababik, Khashian, and dry cupping was
specifically built in Dezfool and Shooshtar. It is a deep underground structure. Considering
characteristics of the soli in these cities, it was excavated in the heart of ground and it lacked
construction materials and its wall was covered in some cases by the plaster. This space goes up
to 6 – 7 meter underground sometimes and penetrates to boundaries of surrounding house. Its
roof is dome and lacks any structure. Ventilation and lighting of Shovadan was done through the
yard and sometimes dry cupping was used. This act was also done by Darizeh (lighting and
ventilation from side walls) or Si Sara (lighting and ventilation from the yard floor), and delay
penetration phenomenon of seasons in the ground was used. The temperature of one or even two
seasons ago can be observed in such depth. Sohvadans have practically no decorations and often
no specific pattern can be observed in them, but they have disembowelled or cross patterns in
great examples [4, 7].
Shanashil: overall direction of building was specified using suitable wide direction. To this end,
enteral paths were placed so that they direct pleasant wind. One of the elements in natural
ventilation in architecture of Bushehr houses is Shanashil (Shanashel). Considering its structure,
Shanashil prevents from penetration of direct sunlight and warmth and considering its tracks,
pleasant air enters the space [2].
Fig 25. Shanashil in Boshehr
Application and Mogharnas: in spaces where lighting and space lighting is provided through the
roof, the light enters directly into the space and only one part of it is lighted. Application and
Mogharnas is used for utilization of sun light as much as possible in addition to its beauty. Thus,
the light is distorted in various directions and it enters the space in scattered manner. In this case,
there would be uniform and decentralized lighting inside building, which covers higher space [1].
Fig 26. Isfahan Masque (author)
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Lovjanak: it is used on the rood of northern houses (Gilan province) which has two applications;
for air ventilation and access to roofs in gable roofs. Placement of Lovjanak is in two-side slope
of roof and it has door and its door is often open for air ventilation. Warm air is directed upward
in various seasons of the year and especially in summer, and Lovjanak has inverse function. The
air enters roof and porch (hall) through Lovjanak.
Also Lovjanak enters sun light into roof and porch of the house in daytime through its opening,
which plays significant role in lighting of different parts of the building (interview with local
people of the region).
Fig 27. Lovjanak in Gilan-Rasht (author)
Fridges: one type of fridges was those without arch made in Isfahan, and they were used until 30
– 40 years ago like other traditional fridges. This type of fridge was in 4-5 m height and 12 m
length. In the Nesar (northern) side of this wall, a pool in 5-6 m depth and 12 * 5 m length and
width were built and it was used for cooling due to coolness and securing from sun light. High
height of the wall and the way of placement and its structure had suitable performance against
sun light radiation [9].
Picture
Conclusion
Traditional Iranian houses are samples of provision of comfort and regional design in different
climatic conditions. Designing houses with application of natural elements represent proper
understanding of architects of these buildings about environmental conditions.
Iranian traditional architecture, with reliance on placement of building direction and non-fossil
fuels and renewable energies such as solar energy for warmth in winter and using various
elements considering climatic conditions in internal space, attempted to minimize use of nonfossil fuels.
Materials with high thermal capacity and thermal resistance such as brick, clay, and mud were
used in building of desert houses, which are every effective in providing warmth and cooling in
internal space. In addition, since local materials were used in traditional architecture, these
materials were recyclable and renewable and this is very influential in sustainability of Iranian
traditional houses.
Iranian traditional houses were constructed considering all climatic, cultural, social, etc. factors
and they were designed aligned with respect to environment due to using non-fossil fuels and
organic development and attention to the site, and they are considered as suitable model for
modern architecture.
According to the descriptions in the table, most solar systems were made for moderate
shadowing and natural ventilation so that warm conditions are adjusted and local ventilation is
aided by changing temperature.
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Table 1: investigation of solar systems in terms of shadowing
Solar system &
structure
Light &
temperatur Low Moderat
Ventilator
e
shad
e
performance
performanc
ow
shadow
e
Light controllers
Radiation blockage


Porch




Shade


Sardaq

Sabat



Ceiling light absorbents
Curtain
Jamkhaneh



Opening



Roshandan



Horno



Sash
Booth
Pachang
Pachelaqi
Persiana
Persin
Palkaneh
Building body light absorbents
















Khafang


Lattice door &
window
Shabak




Fakhromadin


Friezkhoun
Goljam






Separate elements
Roof (box walling)


129

Sever shadow
Bhu.J.RNR. Vol 3.1, 116-130: 2015
Orangery yard
Shovadan
Shanashil
Application &
Mogharnas
Lovjanak



Houtan Iravani et al












Fridges


References
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