1. health and fitness
2. disease

AIHce 2015
Student
Abstract Book
Poster Session 405
Author Attend Time
Wednesday June 3, 2015
10:00 a.m. – Noon
Student Poster Session Committee
Chair: James D. McGlothlin, Ph.D., MPH, CEP
Purdue University, West Lafayette IN
Renee Anthony, Ph.D., CIH
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Sandra S. Cole, Ph.D., AEP
Purdue University, West Lafayette IN
Lorraine Conroy, Sc.D.
University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
May 30 – June 4, 2015
Salt Lake City, UT | Salt Palace Convention Center
www.AIHce2015.org
www.AIHce2015.org
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AIHce 2015 Student Abstracts
Order of Presentation
1.
A Case Study on Controlling Formaldehyde Exposures
in a Teaching Lab, Melynda NNo. Listewman, California
State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA
(Undergraduate)
13. Permeation of Limonene through Disposable Nitrile
Gloves Using A Dynamic and Static Robotic Hand, Sean
Banaee, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los
Angeles, CA
2.
Indoor Hockey Officials’ Hearing Threshold Shifts and
Effect of Helmet Visor Length on Exposure to Whistle
Noise, Karin L. Adams, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO
14. Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Infiltration through
HVAC System, Calvin Wong, Department of Environmental
Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University
of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA
3.
Evaluation of Collection Effectiveness during Air Sampling
of Culturable Bioaerosols using SKC BioSamplers, Laura
Krause, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO
4.
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Bacterial and Fungal
Communities in Dairy Parlors through Pyrosequencing,
Riboprinting, and Microscopic Analysis Techniques,
Amanda VanDyke, Colorado State University Fort Collins,
CO
15. Integrating a Toxicological Approach for Mixtures in the
Estimation of Respirator Cartridge Service Life, Florence
Janvier, Institut de recherche en santé publique de
l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montréal, QC
5.
Exposure Assessment Of 3-D Printer Emissions, Chrisy
Chantarasopak, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health,
Boston, MA
6.
A Protocol for Real-Time Active Personal Exposure
Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an Active
Hydraulic Fracturing Site, Andrew Billon, Indiana University
of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
7.
Remote Sensor Piconet using Environmental Health
and Safety Instruments, Matthew Mougin, J Rodriguez, K
Tsui, J LaMantia, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL
(Undergraduate)
8.
Detection and Control of Pathogens in an Occupational
Setting, Michelle DeVilbiss, Claire Tighe, Purdue University,
West Lafayette IN (Undergraduate)
9.
The Effects of Different Levels of Ambient Oxygen on the
Production of Surgical Fires, Caitlin Eakins, Christopher
Galassi, Tanner Mitchell, Sally Romanek, David Putt,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Undergraduate)
10. Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials in
Human Lung Normal and Cancer Cell Line, Aparna Shinde,
Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
11. Assessment of Workers Exposure to Ammonia in Animal
Facilities, Ahmad Nasser, Stephen F. Austin State University
(SFASU), Nacogdoches, Texas
12. Workplace Exposures and Health Outcomes of South Los
Angeles Haircare Professionals in Black Hair Salons, T
Adewumi, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles,
CA.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
16. Evaluating Occupational Exposure Hazards on a Rural
Active Farm, Garrett Godsey, University of Alabama at
Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL
17. Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure in Truckers
Resting at Truck Stops, Gumi Mabvuta, University of
Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
18. Toluene Adsorption Efficiency of Fabricated Single-walled
Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Buckypaper, Jonghwa Oh,
University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL,
19. Worst Case Nail Salon Worker 8-hour Time Weighted
Average Exposure to Formaldehyde and Volatile
Organic Compounds During Nail Lacquer Applications,
Tasha Stanfield, University of Alabama at Birmingham,
Birmingham, AL
20. Evaluating an Office Ergonomics Program, Elizabeth
Dietzel, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
21. Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure
During Prescribed Fire, Kathleen Navarro, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
22. The Value of Prevention through Design (PtD) Interventions
in an Open Pit Coal Mine, Rayna Brown, University of
Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO
23. Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment in Anatomy
Laboratories, Meghna Dhawan, University of Illinois at
Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL
24. Assessment of PM Exposure In Relation To Traffic Density
in Chicago, Illinois, Hugh Fritz, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
25. A Trend Analysis of Hazardous Exposures in the United
States Electroplating Industry, Benjamin Lee, University of
Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
26. Do Correctional Facility Workers Injure differ in body sites
and do they receive excessive workers’ compensation?,
Mariana Lever, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
35. The Effects of a Sprinkler Cooling System on Dust
Concentrations in Broiler Chicken Production, Sarah
Williams, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
27. Use of Geospatial Analysis in Environmental and
Occupational Health: IEPA Brownfield Site Cluster
Identification, Frank Pagone, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
36. Combustion Gas Reduction in a Farrowing Barn, Anthony
Yuan-Jung Yang, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
28. Chicago Transit Authority Train Noise Exposure, Linh
Phan, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL
29. Cardiovascular Effects of work-related stress in working
women, Mark Wilson, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL
30. Development of a Personal Aerosol Collector and
Spectrometer (PACS): Part I: Design and Theory, Changjie
Cai, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
37. Effectiveness of Bayesian Decision Analysis to Correctly
Identify Noise Exposure Categories with Small Data Sets,
Nicole Gryska, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN
38. A Pilot Study of Assessing the Occupational Noise
Exposure of Bartenders in the Tampa Bay Area, Adrianna
Woltman, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL
39. Development Of Low-Cost Environmental Sensors With
Remote Real-Time Monitoring Of Indoor Particulates, Ben
Cryder, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
31. Comparison of Bioaerosol Collection Methods in the
Detection of Airborne Influenza Virus, Laura L. Kienlen,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
40. Evaluation of 1-Nitropyrene as a Surrogate Measure for
Diesel Exhaust: Assessment of Personal Air Monitoring
Data from an Underground Mine, Emily Carpenter,
University of Washington, Seattle, WA
32. Validating the Collection Efficiency of the Nanoparticle
Respiratory Deposition Sampler, Kathryn J Leonard,
University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
41. Waterborne Paint Exposure in the Auto Body Collision
Repair Industry, Grace Liao, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA
33. Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam as a Replacement
Particle Collection Substrate in a Nanoparticle Respiratory
Deposition Sampler, Levi Mines, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA
42. Evaluation of Metabolites of 1-Nitropyrene in Urine as
a Suitable Biomarker for Exposure to Diesel Exhaust,
Joemy Ramsay, University of Washington, Seattle, WA
34. Particle Penetration and Breathing Resistance Evaluation
of Uncertified Dust Masks, Joel Ramirez, University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA
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Abstract 1
for the whistle noise, resulting in increased noise exposure.
A Case Study on Controlling Formaldehyde Exposures
in a Teaching Lab
M. Newman and R.N. Phalen, California State University
San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA (Undergraduate)
Methods: Hearing thresholds of 29 hockey officials were
measured before and after officiating hockey games to
determine if there was a 10 dB or greater decrease in hearing
sensitivity. Pure-tone audiometry was conducted in both ears at
500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hertz. In addition,
noise from whistle blowing was measured using the Knowles
Electronic Manikin for Acoustic Research for each of three
helmet configurations: without visor, 2.75” visor, and 4.0” visor.
Objectives: The primary aims were to 1) assess formaldehyde
exposures during an anatomy laboratory in response to a
student complaint that resulted in nausea and 2) evaluate
three prototype local exhaust retrofits for an existing benchtop ventilation system, a central 33L x 10H inch slotted-vent
with no flanges. The prototypes included a tall-angled (I), lowhorizontal (II) and full open-top (III) hood designs.
Methods: Formaldehyde exposures were evaluated using
National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH)
Method 2016. The ventilation retrofits, all designed to partially
enclose the dissection tray while still allowing viewing by
multiple students, were evaluated using various techniques.
First, gel ethanol (62%), in a petri-dish 18” from the face of the
vent, was used as a surrogate for formaldehyde exposures.
Worst-case scenario breathing-zone readings (n=10) were
collected 10 inches above the ethanol source, using a calibrated
photoionization detector. Second, a thermal anemometer was
used to measure cross-sectional (n=9) face velocities at the
edge of the table, 22 inches from the vent inlet. Lastly, capture
distances and heights were determined visually using a smoke
tube.
Results: Formaldehyde area samples were all below the NIOSH
15-minute ceiling limit of 0.1 ppm; however, breathing zone
exposures were above at 0.14 ± 0.09 ppm. The prototype II hood
retrofit was most effective, in all cases, and resulted in a 100%
reduction (0 ppm) of the surrogate breathing-zone exposure,
an increase in face velocity from 19 to 82 fpm, and the capture
distance (horizontal) and height (vertical) were both increased
from 12 inches to 25 and 15 inches, respectively.
Conclusions: Installation of prototype II fume hood retrofits is
recommended to increase the effectiveness of the existing local
exhaust ventilation system and significantly reduce student and
faculty formaldehyde exposures. The retrofit will be tested with
students this spring.
Abstract 2
Indoor Hockey Officials’ Hearing Threshold Shifts and
Effect of Helmet Visor Length on Exposure to Whistle
Noise
K.L. Adams and W. Brazile, Colorado State University, Fort
Collins, CO
Introduction: Over 25,000 indoor hockey officials’ exposures
to hazardous levels of noise and the occurrences of temporary
threshold shifts (TTS) in hearing may increase their risk of
noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL).
Objectives: Hearing thresholds of hockey officials in amateur
and collegiate hockey leagues were measured to assess the
impact of hockey game noise on hearing sensitivity. In addition,
the effect that the hockey helmet visor length had on the level
of whistle noise to which hockey officials are exposed was
evaluated to determine if visors may introduce a reflective plane
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Results: Hearing threshold shifts of 10 dB or greater were
observed in 86% of sampled officials. Mean peak whistle noise
exposure levels of the manikin without a visor and with the 2.75”
and 4.0” length visors were 117 dB (SD<1), 117 dB (SD<1) and
121 dB (SD=1), respectively.
Conclusions: The results suggest that indoor hockey officials
experience temporary hearing losses after officiating games.
Further TTS research may identify hockey officials at larger
venues and those officiating other sports are at increased risk
of NIHL. Manikin study results suggest that longer visors may
act as a reflective plane for whistle noise and increase hockey
official’s noise exposure. Understanding that longer visors may
increase the noise exposure from whistle noise may provide
insight for better design of helmet visors in the future.
Abstract 3
Evaluation of Collection Effectiveness during Air
Sampling of Culturable Bioaerosols using SKC
BioSamplers
L. Krause, S. Reynolds, J. Schaeffer, A. VanDyke, and M.
Davidson, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; B.
Bisha, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY
Objectives: Agricultural workers experience increased
exposure to inhalable particulate matter, leading to a variety
of occupational lung diseases compared to non-agricultural
workers. Analyses of these bioaerosols are generally performed
using culture-based techniques, which only yield a 1% survival
rate for environmental bacteria. The objectives of this study were
to: 1. Compare bacterial collection between a novel resuscitation
buffer (RB) and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) using the SKC
BioSampler. 2. Assess the collection effectiveness of the SKC
BioSamplers.
Methods: The first experiment was conducted inside a bioaerosol
chamber nebulizing a known concentration of bacterium.
Duplicate biosamplers with PBS or RB as the collection media
were used to collect the bacteria. Ten trials were conducted
using Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The media
was then plated on TSA and colony growth was counted after
24 hours at 37°C. Additionally, 3 trials used an aerosol particle
sizer (APS) to measure particle size during nebulization of TSB
containing Antifoam A only, inoculated TSB+Antifoam A, and a
1:100 dilution of inoculated TSB+Antifoam A.
Results: PBS and RB had comparable collection effectiveness
and ability to grow bacteria after aerosolization. Colony counts
for Gram-positive bacteria for PBS versus RB ranged from
14.3 to 113 CFUs versus 0.67 to 66.7 CFUs. There was a range
of 126 to 255 CFUs for PBS versus 179 to 251 CFUs for RB
for Gram-negative bacteria. Each APS trial recorded particle
sizes from 0.523 to 19.81μm, with the majority between 0.523
and 1.037μm. Based on these particle sizes, the aerosolized
bacteria and particles found at Colorado dairies were consistent
with the capabilities of the SKC BioSampler. The concentration
of aerosolized bacteria was comparable with the CFUs/m3
collected with the biosampler.
Conclusion: RB offers a more cost efficient collection media
for agricultural bioaerosol sampling. The SKC BioSampler
collection capability is within the anticipated size range of
agricultural bioaerosols.
Abstract 4
Effect of Environmental Conditions on Bacterial
and Fungal Communities in Dairy Parlors through
Pyrosequencing, Riboprinting, and Microscopic
Analysis Techniques
A. VanDyke, S. Reynolds, J. Schaeffer, and M. Davidson
Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO; B. Bisha,
University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY J. Delton-Hanson,
Research and Testing Laboratory Lubbock, TX
Objectives: 1. Evaluate the effect of environmental factors on
isolation of bacteria and fungi from bioaerosols. 2. Compare
culturable bacterial and fungal species to those identified
through pyrosequencing and riboprinting.
Methods: SKC BioSamplers collected 116 air samples inside
five modern dairy parlors from May 2012-February 2015. An
experimental collection buffer was used to improve recovery
of airborne bacteria and fungi. Selective media were used for
culturing Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi.
Relative humidity, CO, CO2, and temperature were logged using
a TSI Q-Trak. Data analysis included Spearman correlations and
One-Way ANOVA, using SAS 9.3. An alpha value less than 0.05
was considered to be statistically significant.
Results: CO2 ranged from 299-1752 ppm and had a negative
correlation (-0.659) with Gram-positive bacteria concentrations
and a positive correlation (0.171) with Gram-negative bacteria
concentrations. Relative humidity ranged from 15.7-65.3% and
had a negative correlation (-0.464) with Gram-positive bacteria
concentrations. The average concentration of Gram-positive
bacteria on Dairy 1 was 4520 colony forming units (CFUs)/
m3, over two-times higher than concentrations observed at
Dairies 2 (1870 CFUs/m3) and 3 (2090 CFUs/m3).There was a
significant difference in Gram-positive bacterial concentrations
between Dairies 1 and 2 (p = 0.05) and Dairies 1 and 3 (p = 0.02).
Pyrosequencing reported higher abundance and diversity of
bacteria and fungi than cultured samples. The most commonly
identified fungi via microscopy were comparable to the top 20
genera identified by pyrosequencing. The majority of the bacterial
species identified by riboprinting were within the genus Bacillus.
Riboprinting identified the presence of pathogens Pseudomonas
aeruginosa and Escherichia coli O157:H7. No pathogenic fungal
species were identified through microscopy.
Conclusions: Based on this study, a possible intervention to
reduce exposures to airborne bacteria and fungi may include
manipulating environmental conditions (CO2, temperature,
relative humidity) inside the milking parlor.
Abstract 5
Exposure Assessment of 3-D Printer Emissions
C. Chantarasopak, R. Herrick, Harvard and T. H. Chan,
School of Public Health, Boston, MA
Objective: Research on exposures associated with 3-D printing
and potential health effects are scarce. This study assessed
airborne contamination generated from 3-D printers by
simultaneously evaluating fine particle (FP), ultrafine particle
(UFP), and volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures.
Methods: A standardized cube design was printed on one
stereolithography (SLA) printer, two fused deposition modeling
(FDM) printers, and one Multijet Modeling (MJM) printer to
represent the most commonly used printer technologies. A
photopolymer resin was used for SLA, acrylonitrile butadiene
styrene and polylactic acid used for FDM, and an acrylic
photopolymer utilized for MJM printing. FP, UFP, and VOC
concentrations were measured, using a TSI SidePak Personal
Aerosol Monitor (AM510), TSI Condensation Particle Counter
3007, and a MiniRae 2000 Handheld Monitor respectively,
during a period of no printer use (background) and for the
entire printing process of each printer. One background sample
and one printing sample were collected for each printer and
compared using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test.
Results: Statistically significantly elevated FP and VOC levels
were found for all four printers. The average background FP
level was 3.3 μg/m3, while the average concentration of 4.6
μg/m3, 5.5 μg/m3, and 4.4 μg/m3 were measured for the SLA,
FDM, and MJM printers respectively. The average printing cycle
resulted in 1.4 (SLA), 2.1 (FDMs), and 4.5 (MJM) times greater
VOC concentration levels than the background. Additionally,
statistically significantly elevated UFP levels were measured
for FDM printers (average range of 3531 – 6961 UFP counts per
cm3).
Conclusions: The rise in 3-D printer popularity makes it critical
to better understand the exposures and potential health risk
to users. Our data showing that 3-D printers can be significant
sources of particle and VOC exposures is part of the foundation
of future regulations, standards, and institution of engineering
controls such as local ventilation.
Abstract 6
A Protocol for Real-Time Active Personal Exposure
Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an Active
Hydraulic Fracturing Site
A. Billon, J. Slagley, and N. Iannacchione, Indiana University
of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA
Objectives:
Correlate
simultaneous
concentration
measurements taken with prototype Personal Ultrafine Particle
Counter (Enmont, OH), Optical Particle Counter (MetOne
Instruments, OR), and pDR-1500 nephelometer (Thermo
Scientific, CO). Develop a methodology for conducting Real-Time
Personal Exposure Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an
active hydraulic fracturing site.
Background: Respirable crystalline silica dust, once inspired,
can lead to irreversible respiratory diseases. Silica sand is
utilized in hydraulic fracturing operations often involving
www.AIHce2015.org
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many companies’ employees with short duration and crosscontamination silica exposures. Traditional gravimetric
methods integrate exposures over long time periods (8 hours).
Real-time monitoring methods allow for examination of taskspecific exposures leading to better control methods. The two
particle counters used in conjunction also give a particle size
distribution useful in developing a suite of aerosol controls not.
Methods: Sodium bicarbonate was dispersed in a 0.44m3 aerosol
chamber and data was collected using two real-time protocols.
The nephelometer offered the standard gravimetric reference
method as it utilized a 37 mm backup filter conforming to the
NIOSH 0600 respirable dust method. The filter may be sent
to labs for further content (silica) analysis during field use.
Filters were pre/post-weighed and the real-time results were
corrected for known mass. The second method combined
ultrafine particle counter and optical particle counter data to
estimate mass concentration. The two methods were compared
to test correlation.
Results: The two methods had a linear correlation coefficient (r)
of 0.899, (r2 = 0.808). The gravimetric-corrected nephelometer
range was 3.38 – 6.91 mg/m3, while the particle counter range
was 3.99 – 6.37 mg/m3. The average difference between
methods was 7.7%.
Conclusions: The two methods were well-correlated and can be
used for real-time measurement of silica exposures. Ultrafine
and optical particle counters can be used to describe the particle
size distribution and estimate mass concentration within 8% of
nephelometer/gravimetric result.
Abstract 7
Remote Sensor Piconet using Environmental Health
and Safety Instruments
M. Mougin, J. Rodriguez, K. Tsui, J. LaMantia, and W. Mills,
Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL (Undergraduate)
Objectives: The ultimate objective of this project is to develop
a system that will allow communication of data from selected
real-time sensors to an Android tablet, to display the data using
an open source program, and have the data displayed accessible
over the internet.
Methods: First, the group determined which environmental
health and safety (EHS) instruments to use in the system by
visual inspection and literature research. Once the instruments
were chosen, the group installed virtual machines (for Android
and Raspbian OS) onto a PC for prototyping, programming,
and data transmission demonstration. Physical systems were
created using both the Arduino (microcontroller) and Raspberry
Pi (microcomputer) platforms with various sensors with different
levels of sophistication.
Results: The group has successfully wired the Arduino UNO
system to a PC and communicated it with a sensor system using
an Android OS virtual machine. The group has also retrieved
real-time temperature sensor readings from the Arduino UNO
and Raspberry Pi systems. The group has captured and stored
images and videos with an infrared/visual camera using the
Raspberry Pi B+ system. The group was able to establish internet
connection and SSH communications with the Raspberry Pi B+
using Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections.
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Conclusions: Data communication with easily accessible (i.e.
Open Source) data formats is currently very uncommon in the
EHS instrumentation field. Wi-Fi Direct currently appears to
offer the best opportunity for wireless data transmission. Wi-Fi
Direct is not widely available among current EHS instruments.
Future work will focus on establishing wireless data streaming
and displaying the data in real-time on an internet accessible
site.
Abstract 8
Detection and Control of Pathogens in an Occupational
Setting
M. DeVilbiss, C. Tighe, H. Bentley, and J.D. McGlothlin,
BM Applegate Purdue University, West Lafayette IN
(Undergraduate)
Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the types of
bacteria present on Purdue university computer keyboards with
the aim of promoting public awareness of the need for improved
cleaning policies.
Methods: Five computer keyboards from ten computer labs
across campus were swabbed with a cotton ball and sterile
water, for a total of 50 samples. Each cotton ball was sub cultured
onto six different types of agar selecting for various types of
bacteria commonly found on the human flora, fecal matter,
and public surfaces, giving a total of 300 plates. To confirm the
presence of growth, swabs were sent to EM lab P&K (an indoor
air quality testing laboratory) through Purdue’s Radiological and
Environmental management department. Cultures from plates
that showed growth were run through 16S Polymerase Chain
Reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and ethanol precipitation in
preparation for further sequencing and identification.
Results: Sub culturing the bacteria on to the different agar plates
showed that each of the 50 keyboards showed the presence
of bacteria. Results from EM labs confirmed the presence of
gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci, and bacillus on the
keyboards. The process of 16s PCR, ethanol precipitation, and
Sanger Sequencing are still in process and pending results.
Conclusion: Bacterial growth indicates the need for routine
disinfection of university keyboards, In the future, various
sanitation methods will be evaluated, and the university will
be encouraged to implement sanitation in order to prevent the
transmission of bacteria and illnesses among students and
promote student health.
Abstract 9
The Effects of Different Levels of Ambient Oxygen on
the Production of Surgical Fires
C.K. Eakins, C.L. Galassi, T.J. Mitchell, S.L. Romanek,
D. Putt, and J.D. McGlothlin, Purdue University, West
Lafayette, IN, L.B. Rippy, J.E. Jones, B.J. Sanders, M.A.
Saxen, and J.F. Yepes, Indiana University-Purdue University
Indianapolis, IN (Undergraduate)
Objectives: 1. Determine the effect of different levels of ambient
oxygen on the onset of combustion and latency period of fires
during oral surgery; 2. Identify the oxygen concentration and
flow rate that produces smallest probabilities of surgical
combustion.
Methods: The oral cavity was modeled by a gutted, whole raw
chicken. Current oral surgery procedures recommend flow rates
of 4 L/min at 100% oxygen concentration. Oxygen was delivered
through the neck of a chicken using nasal cannula tubing at 4 L/
min at concentrations of 100%, 80%, and 60%.Thirty trials were
analyzed at both 100% and 80% oxygen concentrations at 4 L/
min. Ten trials were analyzed at 60% oxygen concentrations at
4 L/min. Six trials were performed at 10 L/min with 100% and
80% oxygen. For each trial, an electrocautery unit was used to
simulate oral surgery inside the cavity. A verbal signal was given
when a “pop,” “flash,” or “fire” occurred.
Results: Combustion occurred in 83% of the 6 trials conducted
at 10 L/min with 100% oxygen. One fire occurred at 4 L/min
and 100% oxygen. 100% to 80% oxygen concentration showed
a decrease in “fires”, “flashes”, and “pops” from 155 to 41 (73%
decrease) at 4 L/min with is significant (p=.0004). There was
further reduction of “flashes,” and “pops” from 41 to 0 at 80% to
60% at 4 L/min, which is also significant (p=.0041).
Conclusions: Fire remains a serious risk when sparks, fuel, and
oxygen coexist. As demonstrated, the oxygen flow rate of 4 L/
min at 100% oxygen concentration resulted in combustion when
the electrocautery tip was used in the oral cavity. Reduction of
concentrations from 100% to 80% showed significant reduction
in the number of “fires” “flashes” and “pops” and even more
so at 60%. This research may be used to prevent surgical fires,
preventing harm to patients and surgeons.
Abstract 10
Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials in
Human Lung Normal and Cancer Cell Line
A. Shinde and C. Tsai, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN
Objectives: 1. Characterize carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for
size, elemental composition and oxidation states. 2. Perform
cytotoxicity assays in human normal and cancer lung cells. 3.
Compare the cytotoxicity of CNMs between normal and cancer
cells with respect to time, concentration, and type of CNM with
respect to the presence of trace elements.
Methods: Two types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes
(MWCNTs) (industrial grade (IG) and research grade (RG)) and
two types of graphene (nano-flakes (GNF) and nano-platelets
(GNP)) were chosen for this study. CNMs were suspended into
water at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, sonicated for 10 min and
characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM)
and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Both normal and
cancer cells were incubated with different concentrations (1-20
μg/ml) of either MWCNTs or graphene for 24-72 h. We performed
two cytotoxicity assays, the calcein AM assay to determine the
cell viability and the Hoechst assay to study apoptosis.
Results: The MWCNT and graphene nanoparticles studied
here have a mobility diameter between 20-700 nm and 50-600
nm, respectively. XPS analysis of the two MWCNTs revealed
a difference in composition, with RG MWCNTs showing the
presence of MoS2. After 24 h incubation, RG MWCNTs showed
30% less cell viability in normal cells and 10% less in cancer
cells compared to IG MWCNTs. Incubation with GNP caused
40% less cell viability in normal cells and 9% less in cancer
cells at 24 h compared to GNF. Those cells treated with CNMs
showed markedly apoptotic cell features such as condensed and
fragmented nuclei.
Conclusions: The toxicity level shown by CNM-exposed cells
depends on CNM concentration, exposure time, composition,
the type of CNMs and type of cells. The dose and time dependent
toxic effects of CNMs, irrespective of type of CNMs, is significantly
higher in normal lung cells than in cancer lung cells.
Abstract 11
Assessment of Workers Exposure to Ammonia in
Animal Facilities
A. Nasser and S. Jerez, Stephen F. Austin State University
(SFASU), Nacogdoches, Texas
Objectives: 1. To measure and compare the exposure to
ammonia of workers at the poultry, equine, and swine facilities
at the Walter C. Todd Agricultural Research Center of SFASU in
Nacogdoches, Texas and 2. To apportion the workers’ inhaled
concentrations among their microenvironments by documenting
the workers’ activities.
Methods: Personal exposures to ammonia were assessed
for six workers in three animal facilities: poultry, swine, and
equine. Two workers from each facility wore passive badges
(Model 584, Assay Technologies, OH) once per day over 10
sampling days. Eleven microenvironments frequented by the
workers (stalls, barns, swine facility’s rooms, broiler houses)
were also monitored daily using color dosimeter tubes (Model
810-3DL, Gastec Corp., Japan). The passive badges were
analyzed in the laboratory following NIOSH Test Method 6015 to
determine the ammonia concentration. The concentrations in
the microenvironments were read directly from the dosimeter
tubes. An activity log was used to document the workers’
activities and locations during their shifts. A Repeated Measures
Three- Way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to test for the
differences among the personal-exposure concentrations.
Results: Mean 8-Hour TWA personal exposure concentrations
ranged from 0.05 to 8.25 ppm N-NH3. Poultry workers were
exposed to 127% and 91% higher concentrations than equine
and swine workers, respectively. Exposure of workers within the
poultry and the equine facilities varied significantly (P=0.0004
for poultry, P=0.0107 for equine), while workers at the swine
facility were exposed to similar concentrations (P=0.0802).
Workers’ activities varied during the sampling period. On the
average, about 72, 75, and 81 min/day were spent by the poultry,
equine, and swine workers, respectively in the environments
where ammonia was generated.
Conclusions: All workers were exposed to levels of ammonia
that were below OSHA’s PEL of 50 ppm. However, poultry
workers were the most exposed among all other workers during
the sampling period.
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Abstract 12
Workplace Exposures and Health Outcomes of South
Los Angeles Haircare Professionals in Black Hair
Salons
T. Adewumi, University of California Los Angeles, Los
Angeles, CA, and E. Ponce, Touro University California,
Vallejo, CA
Objectives: 1. To determine specific occupational health and
safety exposures faced by workers in Black hair salons; 2. To
determine occupational health outcomes faced by workers
from salon hazards; 3. To determine the prevalence of personal
protective equipment (PPE) and ventilation use in salons.
Methods: 63 salon workers in South Los Angeles were invited
to participate in the Healthy Hair Initiative Project survey. The
survey questions were designed to assess physical, ergonomic
and chemical workplace exposures encountered in salons. The
questions included years in the industry, past workplace health
and safety training, services provided, haircare products used,
frequency of PPE use, ventilation use, and health symptoms and
conditions experienced while working. Surveys were collected
from salon workers (n=22) and were analyzed using statistical
methods. The data collected was used to create a safety training
program.
Results: Analysis of the survey responses collected showed
that while 54% of hair care professionals had over 12 years of
experience in the field, fewer than 39% of workers had received
any health and safety training on workplace hazards. Analysis
of reported health outcomes showed that 65% of workers
experienced fatigue, 56% experienced pain in wrists and fingers,
and 48% experienced leg or foot problems. In addition reports
of physician diagnosed asthma, carpal tunnel, and reproductive
health disorders were documented. PPE use varied, with
protective aprons being the most used and face masks being
used the least.
Conclusions: The group surveyed had a wide array of health
concerns that may be attributed to work in the salon setting.
Implementation of a health and safety training program for hair
professionals may limit the exposures and health outcomes
faced by salon workers. These results help us to target future
work including training programs, policy recommendations, and
advocacy efforts on behalf of salon workers.
Abstract 13
Permeation of Limonene through Disposable Nitrile
Gloves Using A Dynamic and Static Robotic Hand
S. Banaee and S. Que Hee, UCLA Fielding School of Public
Health, Los Angeles, CA
Objectives: To compare the permeation of pure limonene as a
low volatile solvent through different disposable nitrile gloves
(blue, purple, sterling, and lavender from Kimberly Clark
Professional) in a dynamic and static robotic hand as a whole
glove permeation model.
Methods: A Yeager robotic hand was assembled to provide a
20-second clench cycle. A circulating water system using Viton
tubing connected to a peristaltic pump was used to transfer
water at 35oC from the glove to the sampling point. Experiments
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were in triplicate. Aliquots of 1 mL were taken at permeation
time intervals of 1.0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0,
and 8.0 h., and deposited into 1.5-mL vials. The analytical
method was based on capillary column gas chromatographymass spectrometry with temperature programing and the
internal standard method (4-bromophenol). The pre and postpermeation glove thicknesses were measured by a digital
micrometer.
Results: The average thicknesses after permeation for all
specific glove types were greater than 10% of the original ones
(P≤0.05). The average permeation rate for the lavender gloves
for the moving robotic hand (0.490 ± 0.031 μg/cm2/min) was
higher than for the non-moving hand (P≤0.05),unlike for the
other gloves. The average standardized breakthrough times
at 0.1 μg/cm2/min for the moving and static hands were not
different (P≤0.05). These times increased with glove thickness.
Conclusions: None of the gloves passed the Kimberly Clark
Professional permeation breakthrough time criteria or the
Ansell criteria. They should not be used as PPE for exposure
to limonene, even for very short exposure periods. Nitrile blue
gloves may be safe for short exposures of less than 20 minutes.
Abstract 14
Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Infiltration through
HVAC System
C. Wong, C.C. Fung, and Y. Zhu, Department of
Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public
Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E.
Young Drive South, 51-295B CHS, LA, USA.
Objective: To identify the correlation of diesel exhaust and indoor
air pollutants. Complaints of diesel exhaust odor within office
spaces at the Fielding School of Public Health raised suspicion
of infiltration through ventilation system, since diesel exhaust
can cause premature mortality and increased cancer risk
prompting administrative concern and scientific investigation.
This 7 story, 2 basement building has roughly 1,800 occupants
comprised of academic and administrative staff, and students.
Methods: DustTraks, SMPS, Q-Trak, and Aethalometer measured
simultaneously the indoor and outdoor air concentrations of
PM2.5, ultrafine particles, carbon dioxide, and black carbon,
respectively. Instruments placed inside offices measured indoor
air concentrations. Instruments placed through a sealed window
of the second floor office that faces the loading dock measured
outdoor air concentrations. Twenty-four hour sampling was
done from January 10–18, 2014. Time series of data and linear
regression of outdoor and indoor concentrations were graphed.
Results: Results indicate consistent infiltration of diesel
exhaust due to diesel truck traffic in the loading dock where the
HVAC is located. Spikes in indoor air pollutant concentrations
are observed throughout the day that correspond to outdoor air
pollutant concentration. Outdoor air concentrations and indoor
air concentrations have similar trends. R-squared analysis of
black carbon reached up to 0.63, PM2.5 peaked at 0.62, ultrafine
particles was up to 0.93, and carbon dioxide’s highest r-square
was 0.86. Differences in correlation is explained by chemical and
physical properties of ultrafine particles, PM2.5, black carbon,
and carbon dioxide. Peaks in concentrations occurred during the
presence of loading trucks and that the longer the trucks were
in the loading dock, the higher the concentrations were.
Conclusion: Administrative mitigation through stringent
enforcement of vehicles emission standards allowed in the
loading dock or controls implemented to change times that
freight trucks are loading. Engineering controls include
increasing ventilation and installing filters with higher MERV
scores.
Abstract 16
Evaluating Occupational Exposure Hazards on a Rural
Active Farm
G. Godsey, C. Lungu, S. Baker, C. Cholewa, and B. Marsh,
University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham,
AL; J. Ketzler, M. Sarratt, A. Sherman, and X. Zhang,
Auburn University, Auburn, AL.
Integrating a Toxicological Approach for Mixtures in the
Estimation of Respirator Cartridge Service Life
F. Janvier, J. Lara, and S. Haddad, Institut de recherche
en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM),
Montréal, QC, D Drolet, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé
en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, QC
Objective(s): Alabama has over 48,500 farms covering over
nine million acres, approximately 27% of Alabama’s land mass.
Agriculture creates 580,295 jobs in Alabama generating $70.4
billion making it the state’s largest industry. With farming being
such a large part of Alabama, a team of students from UAB and
Auburn consisting of students in industrial hygiene, occupational
nursing, and ergonomics examined potential risk factors
present in farming. Risk factors examined were noise due to
tractors, ergonomic risks in chicken farming, and hazards from
doors slamming in chicken houses due to pressure changes.
Objective: It is a complex task to estimate cartridge service
life (CSL) for mixtures of contaminants. OSHA-CPL-02-00-158
recommends the use of the additive principle where CSL
is determined from the sum up of the concentration of the
components in the mixture to the most volatile contaminant
breakthrough time (BT). This may lead to premature change
schedules and unnecessary costs. This study aims to integrate
a toxicological approach in estimating CSL.
Methods: The noise levels were obtained using a sound
pressure level meter to measure levels at 20ft and 1ft from
tractor, along with samples from inside the cab to determine the
noise reduction that occurs. The ergonomic risks of picking up
the deceased chicken (approximately 400/day) were determine
using the NIOSH Lifting Calculator. A vaneometer was used to
determine the velocity the door slammed, which was used to
determine the force exerted on the door.
Method: Simulations using the IAST-Langmuir model combined
with the modified Wheeler-Jonas equation allowed the prediction
of adsorption capacities and breakthrough curves. Acetone
was used as an example of a volatile organic contaminant with
m-xylene, styrene, and toluene. Simulations of exposures
to acetone (10-700 ppm) and the other contaminant of lower
volatility (500 ppm) through a respiratory cartridge with 50 g
of carbon at 25°C and a flow rate of 24 L/min were performed.
Outlet concentrations were used to determine the Hazard Index
(HI) throughout the exposure. The HI is defined as the sum of
concentrations for each mixture component normalized by its
threshold limit value (TLV) (value >1 indicates a health risk). The
CSL estimations based on the 10% BT of acetone and the 10% of
HI for the mixture were compared.
Results: The results of the noise sampling showed that a new
tractor can produce noise levels of 90dB at 20ft, 95dB at 1ft, and
70dB in the cab. A tractor from 1992 can produce noise levels
of 100dB at 20ft, 105dB at 1ft, and 83dB in the cab. The NIOSH
Lifting Calculator yielded a lifting index of 2.70. The vaneometer
showed that the amount of force exerted on the door was 54.4lbs.
Results: Simulations of BT curves were in agreement with
experimental data previously published. At lower acetone
concentrations (<50 ppm), the simulated CSL using 10% HI of
the vapor mixture were up to two times greater, than the 10% BT
approach. At higher concentrations of acetone, both approaches
gave similar results.
Abstract 17
Conclusions: The HI approach is a useful tool to characterize
the risk related to exposures to mixtures of contaminants. Its
use in combination with BT prediction models can assure a safe
use of respirator and optimize estimation CSL. To complete the
analysis, the type of respirator (full or half-facepiece) should be
considered.
Objectives: 1.To assess the concentration of diesel particulates
inside and outside of the truck by gravimetric analysis 2. To
take real time measurements of PM2.5 inside and outside of the
truck 3.To identify and evaluate covariates influencing levels of
diesel particulates and PM2.5, inside and outside of the truck
4. To ascertain an association between inside and outside
concentration of diesel particulates and PM2.5.
Abstract 15
Conclusions: Proper hearing protection should be utilized
by people operating older tractors, tractors without cabs,
and people standing near the tractors. There is a need for
engineering or administrative controls to be implemented for
the task of collecting the deceased chickens. The doors need to
be equipped with dampers to stop the slamming.
Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure in
Truckers Resting at Truck Stops
G. Mabvuta and C. Lungu, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
Methods: A diesel powered truck with a sleeper cab was parked
at a truck stop for 10-hour sampling periods with the engine
running. Two personal pumps were used simultaneously to
collect area samples of diesel particulates from inside and
outside of the truck for quantitative analysis using the NOISH
5040 method. Two TSI DustTrak™ aerosol monitors were used
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9
concurrently for real time measurements of PM2.5, inside and
outside of the truck. Selected meteorological parameters were
recorded as potential covariates. Twenty-one 10-hour samples
were collected between January and February, 2015. T-tests
were used to compare inside and outside concentrations. Linear
regression was used to assess the strength of association
between inside and outside concentrations and influence of
covariates was determined using backward linear regression.
Results: Diesel particulate concentration was significantly
higher inside than outside of the truck cab (geometric mean =
4.4 μg/m3, 2.0 μg/m3 respectively), p = 0.007. PM2.5 concentration
inside the truck was 30% higher than it was outside. There was
no clear association between diesel particulate concentration
inside and outside of the truck (R = 0.3, p = 0.217). Meteorological
parameters appear not to influence diesel particulate
concentration and PM2.5 inside the truck.
Conclusion: Diesel exhaust pollution in the truck stop
environment is not the prime source of the driver’s exposure
to diesel particulates inside the truck. Self-pollution by the
truck appears to contribute a greater proportion of the diesel
particulate concentration inside of the truck.
Abstract 18
Toluene Adsorption Efficiency of Fabricated Singlewalled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Buckypaper
J. Oh and C. T. Lungu, University of Alabama at
Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; E. Floyd, University of
Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK
Objectives – To compare fabrication methods of single-walled
carbon nanotube (SWNT) buckypaper by quantifying adsorption
efficiencies for use in volatile organic compound (VOC) passive
samplers.
Methods – Arc discharge SWNTs suspended in surfactants were
fabricated into a buckypaper with or without a cleaning process.
SWNT solution was suspended in acetone, vacuum-filtered
through a membrane filter, and buckypaper was obtained by
delaminating the layer of SWNTs from the filter (not-cleaned).
A cleaning process was added to the above fabrication process.
After SWNT solution was vacuum-filtered, SWNTs on the filter
were cleaned with deionized water and acetone (acetonecleaned). Methanol was also used to suspend and clean
SWNTs (methanol-cleaned). The fabricated buckypapers were
investigated for adsorption efficiency in terms of surface area and
pore size using physisorption analyzer, and toluene adsorption
isotherm through a laboratory adsorption experiment. In
the adsorption experiment, a known amount of toluene was
continuously injected into a chamber containing a sample and
the concentration was recorded with a photoionization detector
which was attached to the chamber. After the sample was
saturated (>150 ppm), the total amount of toluene adsorbed was
calculated.
Results – Not cleaned buckypapers had 45 m²/g Brunauer,
Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area (SA) with 15 nm average
pore width while acetone-cleaned buckypapers and methanolcleaned buckypapers exhibited 217 and 348 m²/g BET SAs with
9 and 8 nm average pore widths, respectively. The adsorption
capacities were 54 and 64 mg (toluene)/g (buckypaper) for
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acetone- and methanol-cleaned buckypapers, respectively
(data for not-cleaned buckypaper is not included because of
considerably lower SA).
Conclusions – The cleaning process increased BET SA and
decreased the average pore size. Adsorption capacity increased
with increasing SA of buckypapers. Methanol-cleaned
buckypapers were the most adsorptive, hinting for further
investigation in desorption efficiency for the application to VOC
passive samplers.
Abstract 19
Worst Case Nail Salon Worker 8-hour Time Weighted
Average Exposure to Formaldehyde and Volatile
Organic Compounds during Nail Lacquer Applications.
T. Stanfield, L. Hurst, and C. Lungu, University of Alabama
at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL
Objectives: 1. To quantify formaldehyde and volatile organic
compound (VOC) exposures obtained by the application of
popular nail lacquers inside a controlled-airflow chamber; 2.
To compare quantified sample results to OSHA permissible
exposure limits (PEL); 3. To identify if protective measures are
needed during application.
Methods: Worst Case exposures were defined as the worker
exposure to nail lacquer application to one set of fingernails,
simulated by paper plates, every 15 minutes for an 8 hour shift
(total nailsets=32) devoid of breaks or other salon procedures.
The application time and nail lacquers brands, O.P.I. and
China Glaze (2 colors each), and Finger Paints (1 color), were
determined based on observations made at a local salon.
Stanfield and Hurst collected passive air 8-hour time weighted
average (TWA) sample exposures inside a controlled-airflow lab
chamber, in approximation to the breathing zone of a worker
during nail lacquer application. Each of the 5 color shades were
sampled 3 times. Samples were sent to Advanced Chemical
Sensors for analysis of Formaldehyde (Modified NIOSH 2016)
and a full VOC scan (EPA TO-15) Comparisons were conducted
to identify any exceedance of PEL.
Results: Formaldehyde exposures did not exceed 0.26 ppm in
any sample. Ethyl acetate exceeded the PEL 8/15 times. Butyl
acetate exceeded the PEL 13/15 times. No other sampled
exposures exceeded the PELs.
Conclusions: At a worst case scenario, formaldehyde exposures
were well below the 0.75 ppm PEL. All brands and colors of nail
lacquer sampled exceeded the PELs for ethyl and butyl acetate
in at least one independent sample. Using this knowledge,
future studies should be conducted to determine practical daily
exposures.
Abstract 20
Evaluating an Office Ergonomics Program
E. Dietzel and T. Stobbe, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ
Objectives: 1. To determine if ergonomic interventions in the
workspace have produced noticeable outcomes for office
workers. 2. To determine if partnering with a disability advocate
made a significant difference in intervention response time.
Methods: Thirty-four office workers in a university setting
were asked to evaluate the outcomes of a previously conducted
ergonomic assessment of their workstation; fourteen agreed
to participate. The investigator conducted a symptoms survey
including a 10-point scale for pain perception, catalogued
furniture adjustments and purchases, and observed the
participants’ workstations for currently existing ergonomic
exposures. Statistical methods were used to determine
frequency of workstation changes made and time to implement
changes and to compare pre- and post-assessment pain
perceptions in the participants.
Results: Thirteen of the fourteen participants experienced a
decrease in the pain symptoms (from an average of 6.5 to 2.0) that
drove them to seek an intervention. There was an overall mean
response time of 8.3 weeks to fully implement recommended
changes, with no significant difference in the response time
between people who acted independently (11 people) and those
who worked with a disability advocate (3 people). The most
frequently observed changes to the workstation were monitor
adjustments, chair adjustments, and the addition of keyboard
trays. Twelve of the fourteen workstations still have negative
ergonomic exposures, with the most frequently observed
exposures including working surfaces too high or too low for the
workers’ seated postures and the inability to rest feet flat on the
floor or a footrest.
Conclusions: The office ergonomics program as it currently
exists has created a positive impact on the respondents’ general
health, but the potential for future musculoskeletal injury still
remains in the majority of workstations.
Abstract 21
Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure
during Prescribed Fire
K. Navarro, J. Balmes, and S.K. Hammond, University of
California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA
Background: Wildland firefighters work in high smoke exposure
conditions with little to no respiratory protection. Wood smoke
contains many hazardous air pollutants, including polycyclic
aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have been associated
with increased cancer risk and immune dysfunction. Past
studies have demonstrated that open-air burning of wood
generates more gas-phase PAHs such as naphthalene (NAP),
phenanthrene (PHE), and fluorene than particulate-phase PAHs.
Objective: To assess levels of gas phase PAHs during prescribed
burns in mixed conifer forests and chaparral near Orleans, CA.
Methods: Gas-phase PAHs were measured for five days in
duplicate on one individual while patrolling the fire perimeter
(holding), igniting the prescribed fire (firing), and extinguishing
burning material post-fire (mop-up) during prescribed burns.
Personal PAH air samples (N=10) were collected using activelysampled XAD sorbent tubes sampled at 0.2 L/min for 5 to 12
hours. Sorbent tubes were attached to the front shoulder strap of
a backpack that was worn during each prescribed fire. Samples
were analyzed for NAP, PHE, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene,
anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, pyrene, and retene. Sample
media was extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed on a
gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector.
Results: Of the 9 PAHs that were measured, mean concentrations
of NAP and PHE were consistently above detection limits. NAP
and PHE were highest while firing and holding on the same day
(NAP= 2280 μg/m3; PHE = 160 μg/m3). Mean concentrations
of NAP and PHE were higher during firing (NAP=1480 μg/m3;
PHE=110 μg/m3) compared to holding (NAP=760 μg/m3; PHE =
42 μg/m3) and lowest during mop-up (NAP=580 μg/m3; PHE=60
μg/m3).
Conclusion: The levels of NAP and PHE measured in this study
were significantly higher than those measured in previous
studies of wildland firefighters. It is important to characterize
exposures from wildland fires to better understand any potential
long-term health effects.
Abstract 22
The Value of Prevention through Design (PtD)
Interventions in an Open Pit Coal Mine
R. Brown and G. Popov, University of Central Missouri,
Warrensburg, MO; A. Luis Guillermo and A. Guillermo
Eduardo, CRP; Bogota, Colombia
Objective: 1. Developing a risk assessment (RA) and business
case (BC) methodology for occupational hazards in a Colombian
open pit coal mine. 2. Demonstrating the effectiveness of
Prevention through Design (PtD) interventions in mining
operations.
Methods: The following health hazards were selected for
evaluation: Dozers fleet operator’s crystalline silica exposure,
vibration and noise. A baseline exposure assessment
was conducted, followed by the PtD hierarchy of controls,
improvements, and risk reduction calculations. New RA and BC
tools were developed to assess the value of PtD intervention.
The severity and probability of occupational exposures before
and after the PtD intervention was calculated. Financial analysis
helped identify the value of more efficient hazard control
measures.
Results: The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS)
intervention resulted in significant reduction of crystalline
silica exposure to the operators. An effective filtration and
pressurization system was implemented resulting in a reduction
of silica dust exposure in enclosed cabs to <0.025 mg/m3.
The project achieved integration of business objectives and
occupational hygiene (OH) initiatives. The intervention resulted
in elimination of respirators for Dozers operators and significant
cost reduction. A 58.97% risk reduction of the selected hazards
was achieved. Based on these results, a business case for EHS
intervention was presented to open pit coal mine management.
Financial analysis showed a payback period of less than 5 years
and a positive internal rate of return.
Conclusions: EHS professionals must learn how to effectively
implement hazard assessment techniques, develop and
evaluate risk prioritization concepts, and calculate residual risk
for EHS interventions. Our case study provided strong evidence
that the newly developed risk assessment and business case
tools can be successfully used to demonstrate the value of EHS
interventions. Such tools can become an integral part of the new
AIHA Body of Knowledge (BoK) projects like IH Value/Business
case development.
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11
Abstract 23
Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment in Anatomy
Laboratories
M. Dhawan, S. Erdal, and L. Brosseau, University of Illinois
at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL
Background: Formaldehyde is used in embalming fluids to
preserve bodies. Acute exposure causes burning sensation
in the eyes, nose, and throat while chronic exposure causes
dermatitis and asthma. The International Agency for Research
on Cancer (IARC) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the
U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have classified
formaldehyde as a human carcinogen.
Objectives: This study seeks to characterize occupational
exposures to formaldehyde in order to assess whether harmful
exposures to formaldehyde occur and to evaluate the need for
exposure control methods to mitigate potential health risks.
Methods: Active and passive breathing zone samples were
taken from students and laboratory personnel in the Anatomical
Laboratories at the University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC) Medical
School. Samples were collected using ChromAir badges,
Dragger tubes, and XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. The ChromAir
exposure levels were assessed by interpreting the badge color
changes. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA)
Analytical Method 52 was used to analyze samples from XAD-2
adsorbent tubes.
Results: A total of 42 samples were obtained using 12 ChromAir
badges, 12 Drager Tubes, and 18 XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. All
measured Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) estimates ranged
from 0.2-4.5 parts per million (ppm). 17% (2/12) of samples
exceeded the STEL of 2.0 ppm for ChromAir badges and Drager
Tubes. The STEL was not exceeded in any of the XAD-2 adsorbent
tubes.
Conclusions: The exceeded TWA-C and STEL exposures were
due to an increased amount of formalin in the embalming
solution from the cadaver suppliers. In order to reduce inhaled
formaldehyde exposures, UIC’s Environmental Health and Safety
Office has increased monitoring and maintenance inspection
checks, while also following OSHA’s regulation 1910.1048 in
regards to employing correct signage, hygiene protection and
including formaldehyde in the hazard communication program.
Additional recommendations include personal protection and
increased local ventilation.
Abstract 24
Assessment of PM Exposure In Relation To Traffic
Density in Chicago, Illinois
H. Fritz, M. Sietsema, and L. Conroy, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
Objectives: Exhausts from tailpipes of automobiles are sources
of air pollutants, to which near-road workers such as police
officers, postal workers, or street vendors are exposed. This
study aims to: 1) assess PM exposure to bicyclists as a surrogate
for near-road workers with respect to traffic density; 2) explore
differences in traffic density between residential and major
streets.
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Methods: A Thermo Andersen MIE Model pDR-BP logged
respirable PM (d50=4 μm) every 10 seconds. The pDR was
zeroed prior to rides using a HEPA filter and drift was assumed
to be inconsequential. A milk crate affixed to the back of the
bike housed the pDR while a video camera was mounted to
the handlebars. Tailpipe counts were determined from the
footage and tallied when a vehicle passed in front of the video
camera, or when the bike passed a car. Tailpipe counts and pDR
concentrations were averaged in 10-min segments and were
compared using a spearman’s rank correlation. Route traffic
density was compared using boxplots of tailpipe counts and a
Wilcoxon rank sum test of pDR concentrations.
Results: Tailpipe counts ranged from 3 to 62 vehicles per
ten-minute increment. More than 90% were petrol vehicles
rather than diesel trucks or buses. Concentrations ranged
from 0-231 μg/m3 (average 6.1-28.1 μg/m3) with no correlation
found between tailpipe counts and measured concentration
of particulates (r=-0.047) identified. Major arterial streets in
Chicago have significantly higher traffic density (x = 51) than
residential streets (x = 14) (p=0.008).
Conclusion: These data suggest there are other factors
contributing to particulate concentrations in addition to on-road
vehicles. Future work should observe concentrations of specific
pollutants such as black carbon, or dust of smaller aerodynamic
diameter, and also include riding through a more diverse range
of street types and comparing other pollutants to tailpipe counts.
Abstract 25
A Trend Analysis of Hazardous Exposures in the United
States Electroplating Industry
B. Lee, B. Catalin, and S. Erdal, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL
Objective: Electroplating is a process that generates harmful
substances that can cause adverse health effects for workers.
Therefore, electroplating shops must operate within compliance
of regulations. The goal of this research is to evaluate hazardous
substance exposure over time in the U.S. electroplating industry.
We aim to establish temporal trends, and to delineate a pattern
of abatement effectiveness from 1985 to 2013.
Methods: An OSHA-developed national database of exposure
measurements performed during workplace inspections was
used. Exposure measurement data was selected for every five
years from 1985 to 2010, and for 2013, to create time points.
Mean concentrations were estimated for all substances at each
time point and were arranged in order from highest to lowest.
Substances were selected for analysis if they were within the top
20 highest mean concentrations and if they appeared in at least
three time points. A trend analysis was performed to determine
how concentrations of selected substances changed over time.
Results: Potential exposures to beryllium (Be) compounds
have decreased over time between 2005 and 2010. Mean
concentrations for Be in 1985, 1990, 2000, and 2010 were 9.3E5, 7.4E-6, 0, and 0 mg/m3 respectively. Hexavalent chromium
(CrVI) exposures also declined from 2010 to 2013, with mean
concentrations of 0.49 to 0.45 mg/m3 respectively. Exposures
to trichloroethylene (TCE) however show variability with no
pattern of decline in average concentrations over time. Mean
concentrations for TCE at time points 1985, 1990, 2005 and 2010
were 81.65, 74.29, 3.09, 7.33, 81.29, and 0.03 mg/m3 respectively.
Conclusions: While mean concentrations of some substances
have decreased over time, this was not the case for TCE. This
could be attributed to a change in process conditions or even
raw material usage. It is vital to evaluate exposures over time
to assess whether exposure conditions improved over time for
workers. Industries with stagnant conditions should be targeted
for further intervention.
Abstract 26
Do Correctional Facility Workers Injure differ in
body sites and do they receive excessive workers’
compensation?
M. Lever and L. Forst, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL; L. Friedman, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL
Objectives: In 2011, workers’ compensation laws in Illinois were
changed because of a purported excess in claims and payouts
to correctional officers in one particular facility. The objectives
of this study is to: compare the workers’ compensation costs
for CFWs in Illinois from 2002 to 2012 to a non-CFW reference
group.
Methods: Claims filed in the Illinois Workers Compensation
Commission (IWCC) were extracted to compare injuries/
illnesses and compensation (payouts, weeks off work) among
CFWs in Illinois (n=2,997) and a randomly selected reference
groups of non-CFW (n=2950) from the same database over
the same time period. Separate logistic models were analyzed
using total workers compensation (TWC), permanent partial
disability (PPD) percent, and number of weeks away from work
for temporary total disability (TTD).
Results: From 2002 to 2012 there were 2997 claims filled by
Illinois CFW’s. Distribution of most affected body parts by
injury/illness among CFW and reference group were: Upper
Extremities (33% vs. 36%; p <.05), Lower Extremities (21% vs.
20%; p>.05), and Multiple Body Parts/Unspecified (20% vs. 17%;
p<.05). Payouts for CFW were not significantly different form the
reference group (TWC; CI 95%: -907.95, 238.60); did not receive
more weeks off work (TTD; CI 95%: -0.05, 0.73); and did not
receive a higher percentage for PPD (PPD; CI 95% -1.59, 1.12).
Conclusion: Number of weeks of work, TWC, and PPD payment
did not differ between CFW and non-CFW cases. Human
Resources for the State is involved in assigning a claim number
and approving health care (including surgery) for workrelated injuries. Workers’ Compensation arbitrators decide
on % impairment (payouts) and time lost payments long after
surgery is approved/completed. Rational decision should be
made in assigning responsibility for workers’ compensation
costs. Surveillance data is an important resource and the IWCC
database should be improved and utilized to provide evidence
for policy changes and preventive efforts.
Abstract 27
Use of Geospatial Analysis in Environmental and
Occupational Health: IEPA Brownfield Site Cluster
Identification
F. Pagone, M. O’Hara, and S. Erdal, University of Illinois at
Chicago, Chicago, IL.
Objective: The goal of this study was to uncover clusters of
both brownfield sites and large brownfield sites throughout
Cook County using ArcGIS Hot Spot Analysis in order to guide
environmental, economical, and sustainable development
efforts of regulatory agencies and policy makers. ArcGIS Hot
Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) is a spatial statistical tool that,
when given a set of weighted features, can be used to uncover
statistically significant clusters of high values (hot spots) and
low values (cold spots). This study also presents the potential
benefits of hot spot analysis in environmental and occupational
health research as a research method.
Methods: Brownfield site information (i.e., location and size)
were downloaded from the Illinois EPA Bureau of Land Site
Remediation Program (SRP) website. The sites chosen for
analysis were those that have not yet been issued a “No Further
Remediation” (NFR) letter and are currently active sites. ArcGIS
Geospatial Statistical Software was used to determine if there
were clustering of Brownfield sites throughout Cook County.
More specifically, two Hot Spot Analyses were performed, one
using location and the other using location and size, in order to
determine high concentration of brownfield sites with a larger
hazard potential and occupational and environmental concern
for exposures and health risks.
Results: Geospatial statistics indicated that, when using only
location, clustering of sites is more significant in downtown
Chicago; however, when using both location and size, the
clustering shifts to southern portions of the city due to large
historical industrial sites in the Calumet Industrial Corridor.
Conclusions: It is important to examine both the location and
size of the Brownfield Sites when using this particular hot spot
analysis to assess hazard potential. Furthermore, geostatistical
techniques can be very effective in identifying geographic hot
spots to guide environmental research and development of
occupational health and safety plans prior to remediation.
Abstract 28
Chicago Transit Authority Train Noise Exposure
L. Phan and R. Jones, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL
Objectives: The goal of this study is to characterize the noise
exposure of riders on the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) trains.
Methods: Twenty-eight UIC students were recruited to
participate in this study. Participants were asked to ride a
specific train route while wearing a noise dosimeter and
complete a questionnaire about factors that might influence
noise levels. Participants rode in the first car, where the driver’s
cab is located. We used CEL-35x dBadge noise dosimeters, set
to integrate sound levels over 1-minute intervals with a 5 dB
exchange rate, an 80 dB threshold and a 90 dB criterion. Noise
measurements were taken in vehicle only. Noise levels were
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tabulated as: 1) 1-min peak (Lpeak) and average noise levels (Leq),
and 2) peak and average noise levels by train line segments
between stations.
Results: Train drivers have longer duration exposure than
riders. The estimated 8-hour noise doses, however, do not
exceed the exposure limits: The highest OSHA and ACGIH 8-h
projected doses were on Blue line, which were 13% and 25.24%
respectively.
The linear-mixed effect regression models showed that the
1-min and station-average noise levels of the Blue line, which
were about 78 dBA, were significantly higher than all the other
lines (p<0.05). The station-average noise level for segments
involving travel through tunnels (77dBA) was 2 dBA significantly
higher than elevated segments and 3 dBA higher than ground
segments (p<0.05). Occupancy and passing trains were not
associated with segment-average noise levels.
Conclusions: The Blue line had higher noise levels than other
train lines, but noise doses do not exceed occupational exposure
limits for ride or 8-hour durations. Train drivers may have
different exposures than riders, however, because they are in a
cab with operational windows. Future work should confirm that
drivers’ noise exposures are below exposure limits.
Abstract 29
Cardiovascular Effects of work-related stress in
working women
M. Wilson and L. Conroy, University of Illinois at Chicago,
Chicago, IL
Objectives: 1. Quantify various sources of work-related stress.
2. Describe the relationship between these sources of stress
and cardiovascular reactivity.
Methods: Stress attributed to the construct of the job was
assessed with the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire.
Irritations on the job were quantified with a list of work-related
daily hassles. Workplace harassment was quantified with
the Generalized Workplace Harassment Questionnaire. The
cardiovascular parameters included were heart rate variability
(HRV), blood pressure, and cardiac contractility index. A 3 lead
ECG was administered with HRV calculated using Kubios HRV
V2.2. Cardiac contractility was assessed by the ratio of S1
and S2 amplitudes, recorded via an electronic stethoscope.
Subjects completed a stressful task by pedaling a stationary
cycling machine while counting backwards by 7s from a four
digit number. Cardiovascular reactivity was calculated as the
pre- minus post-task cardiovascular measurements. The
relationship between the sources of stress and cardiovascular
reactivity was determined with linear regression analysis for
each cardiovascular parameter.
Results: Cross-section data were obtained from 11 participants.
A non-significant positive trend was noted between EffortReward Imbalance and cardiac contractility reactivity, while HRV
reactivity exhibited a non-significant negative relationship ( =
-5.73, p = 0.264). Work-related hassles showed a non-significant
inverse relationship with cardiac contractility reactivity, while a
significant positive relationship was found with HRV reactivity
( = 0.31, p = 0.021) and heart rate reactivity ( = 0.205, p =
0.024). Workplace harassment exhibited a significant negative
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relationship with mean blood pressure reactivity ( = -0.694, p
= 0.043).
Conclusions:
The cardiovascular effects of work-related
stress differ according to their source. Short-term stressful
job situations are associated with an elevated reactivity of the
cardiovascular system, while long-term organizational factors
do not show cardiovascular effects. Further research is needed
to determine the contribution of each source of work-related
stress to end-stage cardiovascular disease.
Abstract 30
Development of a Personal Aerosol Collector and
Spectrometer (PACS): Part I: Design and Theory
C. Cai, T.M. Peters, J.H. Park, and G.W. Thomas, University
of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, SP Gogineni, Spectral Energies, LLC,
Dayton, OH
Objectives: This abstract introduces the theory and algorithm
of developing a real-time personal exposure monitor – the
Personal Aerosol Collector and Spectrometer (PACS). The
device collects particles for subsequent chemical analysis and
measures aerosol number, surface area and mass concentration
by size from 10 nm to 10 μm.
Methods: The PACS’s impactors and diffusion screens separate
particles into six bins. It then measures the number and mass
concentration for each bin. These measurements are then used
to estimate particle size distributions. This abstract introduces
the theory and algorithm used to fit tri-modal, log-normal
distributions from these data. The algorithm combines three
methods—parallel computing, optimization method without
iteration, and low-resolution iteration with averaged values—
to greatly enhance computation efficiency. The algorithm was
tested with three pre-defined aerosols: clean background, urban
and freeway, and coal power-plant. The normalized mean bias
(NMB) provides an estimate of the algorithm’s tendency to overpredict or under-predict the parameter estimates. R squared
(R2) indicates how well data fit a statistical model.
Results: The combined algorithm fit a tri-modal, log-normal
distributions reasonably for the diverse pre-defined aerosols: (1)
for number concentration, all NMBs are 0% coupled with R2 of
0.98 to 0.99; (2) for surface area concentration, NMBs are from
0% to 7%, with R2 of 0.93 to 1.00; (3) for mass concentration, all
NMBs are 0% coupled with R2 of 0.85 to 0.95. The computation
time was decreased from several hours using iterations only to
around 110 seconds using the combined algorithm.
Conclusions: This study found that a combined algorithm
accurately reproduced particle size distributions in three modes
(ultrafine, fine and coarse mode) for three very different types
of particles, and resulted in substantial decrease in computing
time.
Abstract 31
Comparison of Bioaerosol Collection Methods in the
Detection of Airborne Influenza Virus
L.L. Kienlen, M. W. Nonnenmann, and T. Henry, University of
Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare
influenza virus collection of four bioaerosol samplers – the
SKC Biosampler, NIOSH Biosampler, Andersen N6 single stage
impactor containing a liquid media, and the newly developed
Next Generation Inhalable Aerosol Sampler (NGIAS) in a
bioaerosol chamber. The higher airflow rates of the Andersen
N6 and NGIAS are believed to increase the amount of influenza
virus collected when compared to the traditionally used SKC and
NIOSH Biosamplers.
Methods: Ten 30-minute laboratory trials were completed
by aerosolizing active influenza virus (H1N1) in a bioaerosol
chamber to compare the sampling efficiency of all four
bioaerosol samplers. Aliquots from each sampler for each trial
were analyzed in triplicate using RT-qPCR. RT-qPCR data was
converted to mean total virus particles per liter of sampled air
(TVP) through the use of a standard curve.
inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for
total iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr). Mass results from each stage
of the Nano-MOUDI were adjusted according to the collection
efficiency curve of the NRD, summed, and then converted to
concentrations to be compared to the results from the NRD
sampler using a paired t-test.
Results: Cr concentrations measured by the NRD (4.18 μg/
m³ ± 1.63 μg/m³) were not statistically different from the Cr
concentrations measured by the Nano-MOUDI (3.99 μg/m³ ±
0.38 μg/m³) (p=0.88). Fe concentrations measured with the NRD
sampler (8.56 μg/m³ ± 2.32 μg/m³) were significantly different
from Fe concentrations measured by the Nano-MOUDI (11.55
μg/m³ ± 1.54 μg/m³) (p<0.05). Levels of Cr and Fe approached
the limit of detection for this analytical method.
Conclusions: The Nano-MOUDI validated the collection efficiency
of the NRD sampler for Cr particles (<300 nm). The Nano-MOUDI
could not be used to validate the collection efficiency of the NRD
sampler for Fe particles (<300 nm). Additional trials should be
run for longer sampling time periods in order to ensure greater
concentrations of metal particles are collected for analysis.
Results: The TVP recovered with the NGIAS sampler was
significantly less than the TVP recovered by all other samplers
(p < 0.001). The TVP collected with the SKC Biosampler (111.41)
and Andersen N6 sampler (102.36) was substantially larger than
that collected with the NIOSH Biosampler (58.59), however the
difference in TVP between these samplers was not statistically
significant (p > 0.05).
Abstract 33
Conclusions: Presently, there is no gold standard bioaerosol
sampler for the measurement of virus particles in occupational
settings. Our results demonstrated that liquid based bioaerosol
samplers collected more TVP than dry collection samplers. The
high flow rate sampler, the Andersen N6, did not collect more
TVP, but had a lower limit of detection than other samplers.
Furthermore, the SKC Biosampler collected the most TVP.
Therefore, future investigators should design a liquid based
personal bioaerosol sampler at a middle flow rate to maximize
the likelihood of influenza virus detection.
Objective: To evaluate polyurethane foam as an alternative
to eight nylon meshes used in the nanoparticle respiratory
deposition (NRD) sampler.
Abstract 32
Validating the Collection Efficiency of the Nanoparticle
Respiratory Deposition Sampler
K.J. Leonard, T.M. Peters, J.H. Park, I.A. Mudunkotuwa, V.H.
Grassian, and T.R. Anthony, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Objective: To validate the collection efficiency of the Nanoparticle
Respiratory Deposition (NRD) sampler (ZNRD001, Zefon,
Ocala, FL) with an independent reference sampler, the NanoMicro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (Nano-MOUDI) in
laboratory trials.
Methods: Stainless steel fume particles were generated by spark
discharge and delivered to a sampling chamber. In triplicate,
the particles in the chamber were sampled simultaneously for
one hour using a Nano-MOUDI with polycarbonate substrates
operated at 10 liters per minute (Lpm), and an NRD operated
at 2.5 Lpm. The particle-laden substrates were then subjected
to microwave-assisted acid digestion and analyzed using
Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam as a Replacement
Particle Collection Substrate in a Nanoparticle
Respiratory Deposition Sampler
L. Mines, T. M. Peters, J. H. Park, I. A. Mudunkotuwa, T. R.
Anthony, and V. H. Grassian University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Methods: Foam and nylon meshes were evaluated for
background metals content, collection efficiency, pressure
drop, and performance under particle loading. Polyurethane
foam (110 pores per inch) cylinders (25-mm diameter by
40-mm depth) were placed in conductive cowls compatible
with the NRD sampler. Metals content was evaluated using
inductively coupled plasma optical emissions spectroscopy.
Collection efficiency was evaluated using salt and metal fume
aerosols in independent tests and compared to the proposed
nanoparticulate matter (NPM) criterion (established to reflect
total deposition in the human respiratory system for particles
smaller than 300 nm) and a model for particle deposition in
porous foam. To assess changes in collection efficiency and
pressure drop associated with particle loading, substrates
were loaded with metal fume typical of occupational exposure
samples to assess performance.
Results: The foam had low metals content, making it a suitable
material for the detection of all metals except cadmium.
The collection efficiency of salt particles was similar to the
NPM criterion (R2 = 0.98), and the model underestimated the
experimental efficiency (R2 = 0.38). Increased collection efficiency
of metal fume was observed for particles > 70 nm, presumably
due to increased interception of non-spherical, fractal particles.
Pristine foam substrates had pressure drops 12 times lower than
the nylon meshes. The pressure drop across the foam increased
by 13 Pa with 19 mg of particles loaded onto it, compared to 3800
Pa across the nylon meshes with 3 mg of particles.
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15
Conclusion: Polyurethane foam performed better than the
nylon meshes. Foam had low metal contamination and was
less sensitive to pressure drop compared to the nylon meshes
with moderate particle loading. Examination of the variation in
collection efficiency by foam manufacturer is warranted.
Abstract 34
Particle Penetration and Breathing Resistance
Evaluation of Uncertified Dust Masks
J. Ramirez, and P. O’Shaughnessy, University of Iowa, Iowa
City, IA
Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects
of particle size on the particle penetration of uncertified dust
masks (UDMs). In addition, we evaluated the increase in
breathing resistance (BR) with particle loading over time in an
attempt to compare BR between filtering face-piece respirators
(FFRs) and UDMs.
Methods: Five different models of commercially available UDMs
were selected for this study. All UDMs were tested against 2%
NaCl aerosol to evaluate particle penetration. A second test
was performed with Arizona road dust (ARD) to evaluate the BR.
These UDM properties were measured by sealing the UDMs on a
manikin face with rope caulk. The particle penetration test was
performed following NIOSH protocol described in 42 CFR 84.181
except the UDMs were not preconditioned. NaCl aerosol particle
penetration was measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer
(SMPS). Particle size distribution was measured within the range
of 10 – 700 nm. The BR test was evaluated at 55 L min-1 air flow
for 2 hours. In addition, two N95 FFRs were added to the BR test.
BR versus mass loading was plotted for all UDMs and FFRs.
Results: Particle penetration varied by particle size for all UDMs.
The most penetrating particle size (MPPS) varied between 50
and 300 nm. The maximum penetration for the tested UDMs
ranged between 3 - 75%. Initial BR did not vary between mask
types, ranging from 8 – 13 mm H2O. The increase in BR for the
tested UDMs and FFRs ranged an average between 5 - 35 mm
H2O after 2 hours.
Conclusions: A very wide range of particle penetrations was
observed between the UDMs tested in this study. Increase in BR
was different for the tested UDMs and FFRs.
Abstract 35
The Effects of a Sprinkler Cooling System on Dust
Concentrations in Broiler Chicken Production
S. Williams, and M. Nonnenmann, University of Iowa,
Iowa City, IA; M. Farnell, and T. Tabler, Mississippi State
University, Starkville, MS
Objectives: Limited research has been performed evaluating
engineering controls to reduce dust concentrations in broiler
chicken production. The purpose of this research is to evaluate
the effectiveness of a sprinkling system to reduce inhalable
dust and ammonia concentrations in a broiler chicken house.
The results should provide insight towards future engineering
interventions to reduce dust inhalation exposure during work in
broiler chicken production.
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Methods: Inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations were
measured daily for the entire production cycle of a flock of
broiler chickens (63 days). Inhalable dust was measured using
a Button sampler and ammonia was measured using a direct
reading instrument. Sampling was performed on a mannequin
inside two broiler chicken houses. One house used a sprinkler
cooling system to deliver a water mist throughout the house
and the second house was an untreated control. The sprinkler
system was activated from day 5 through day 63 of the boiler
chicken production cycle. The following sprinkler activation
program was used each hour from 6am to 10pm: days 5 – 9 five
seconds, days 10 – 14 ten seconds, and days 15-63 for fifteen
seconds.
Results: Dust concentrations in the house treated with the
sprinkling system (Geometric Mean =2.1; GSD=8.2) were
lower than dust concentrations in the control house (GM=2.1;
GSD=8.1). The observed difference approached statistical
significance (p = 0.071). Ammonia concentrations were very
similar in both houses and the difference was not statistically
significant (p=0.223).
Conclusions: Inhalable dust concentrations were reduced in
the sprinkler house. However, the difference between the two
houses was not significantly different and the observed reduction
in dust concentration was not sufficient to eliminate the use of
respiratory protection. Future research should evaluate the use
of a chemical amendment to reduce re-aerosolization of dust, in
addition to the use of a sprinkler system.
Abstract 36
Combustion Gas Reduction in a Farrowing Barn
A.Y. Yang, and T.R. Anthony, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA
Objectives: Clear evidence shows a relationship between
working in swine facilities and developing respiratory illnesses.
Effects have been related to exposures to the combination of
dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide (CO2). This study examined
whether room concentrations of combustion gases could be
improved by changing the in-room vented heaters common to
animal production operations.
Methods: Concentrations of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO)
were monitored during two winter seasons, with the 201314 season using the traditional gas-fired heater (Guardian
60, L.B. White Co.) and the 2014-15 winter using new heaters
(Effinity93, Modine Manufacturing Co.) Direct-reading CO (VRAE,
Rae Systems) and CO2 (ToxieRAE Pro, Rae Systems) monitors
were deployed at fixed stations throughout the farrowing
barn to measure gas concentrations. Differences in mean gas
concentrations between heater types, as well as the relationship
between CO2 and temperature, sow, and piglet count, were
evaluated using linear regression.
Results: Carbon dioxide exceeded industry recommended limits
(1540 ppm) on all sample days (N=18) with the standard in-room
vented heaters in operation: concentrations averaged half of the
TLV (2500 ppm). With the new vented heaters, 24-hour averaged
CO2 concentrations exceeded industry recommended limits on
only three out of 20 sample days: concentrations averaged 1400
ppm. The new heater significantly (p<0.001) reduced CO2 by 44%
and CO by 60% (2.0 to 0.8 ppm). Linear regression identified a
significant relationship (R2=0.75) between CO2 and production
factors for the new heater: CO2 (ppm) = 482 - 22.4(Temp oC)
+ 43(# sow) + 5.6(# piglet). Similar analysis for the old heater
identified similar trends but substantially different intercept
(1700 ppm) and temperature factor (-36.9).
Conclusions: While CO2 is still generated from swine respiration,
we found significant reductions in room concentrations with the
simple replacement of commonly used equipment. Future work
will include an assessment of the longevity of these heaters in
the swine barn environment.
Abstract 37
Effectiveness of Bayesian Decision Analysis to Correctly
Identify Noise Exposure Categories with Small Data
Sets
N. Gryska, P. Raynor, and Z. Xu, University of Minnesota,
Minneapolis, MN; P. Logan, 3M Company, Maplewood, MN
Objective: This research sought to determine how the distribution
of noise doses and number of samples affect the error rate of
identified exposure categories when using Bayesian Decision
Analysis (BDA) for noise exposures.
Methods: Simulated lognormal distributions of noise dose were
created from predetermined geometric means and geometric
standard deviations (GSD) representing one of five exposure
categories (Category 0-4) based on their 95th percentiles as
defined by IHDataAnalyst (EAS, Inc.) based on AIHA strategies.
From these distributions, n values were sampled (n = 2-10)
and analyzed using BDA methods. The output of the BDA
produced probabilities that the calculated exposure distribution
represented each of the five categories. This BDA output was
analyzed to determine if it’s predicted most probable Category
correctly matched the true most probable Category from the
distribution from which the n values were taken. An error was
defined as meeting one of the following conditions: (A) Greater
than 0.1 probability in Category 4 when the true Category was
0-3 (B) BDA output probability for the true Category is not the
maximum probability of all Categories by ≥ 0.1. Condition B
accounts for misclassifications of categories and includes false
negatives.
Results: Of the 40 simulated distributions, 12 (30%) achieved
error rates ≤10% with n ≤ 10. For the remaining distributions,
error rates at n=10 ranged from 17.2%-99.8%, increasing with
GSD and Category values. Generally, error rates decreased as n
increased and as GSD decreased within a Category. For Category
4, all error was due to Condition A, whereas for Categories 0-3,
the percent of total error associated with Condition A increased
and with Condition B decreased as the Category increased.
Conclusions: Error rates for 70% of the distributions sampled
were above 10%. This indicates that greater than 10 samples
are likely required to accurately assess noise exposure in typical
occupational settings.
Abstract 38
A Pilot Study of Assessing the Occupational Noise
Exposure of Bartenders in the Tampa Bay Area
A. Woltman and S. Mlynarek, University of South Florida,
Tampa, FL
Objectives: 1. To determine the average 8-hr TWA noise
exposure for bartenders for one work week; 2. To determine
sources of peak noise exposure within the establishment; 3.
Compare noise exposure data with business activity.
Methods: One bar establishment was identified as the study
site. A total of two bartenders volunteered to participate for
the duration of the study. Personal noise dosimeters outfitted
on the collars of the participants were used to collect personal
noise exposure data. Noise data was collected for a period
of one week (Thursday-Wednesday) during evening business
hours. The data were collected for an entire 8-hour work shift
for the Thursday-Sunday portion of the study and for 6 hours for
the Monday-Wednesday portion of the study. Area noise level
data was collected using a sound level meter for the ThursdaySaturday portion of the study. Due to equipment issues, area
noise data was not collected for the Sunday-Wednesday portion
of the study. All equipment was set to operate per OSHA Hearing
Conversation Act (HCA) Standard Guidelines.
Results: Bartender 1 average exposure was 86.4 dB (SD= 5.3)
and Bartender 2 average exposure was 73.3 dB (SD= 11.2).
Highest noise levels were Thursday-Saturday. The night with
the highest noise exposure was Saturday night when a live band
was performing in the establishment. Peak impact noises were
recorded on the personal noise dosimeter and were associated
with glass recycling being dumped into an indoor recycling bin.
There is limited published research available for this occupation
and the study parameters differ greatly from this study.
Conclusions: The bartenders in this establishment were
exposed to noise levels under the OSHA PEL of 90 dB for an 8-hr
shift. Future research using this study design should include
multiple study participants and multiple study sites that host
different genres of live music.
Abstract 39
Development of Low-Cost Environmental Sensors with
Remote Real-Time Monitoring Of Indoor Particulates.
B. Cryder, D. Sleeth, K. Min, and S. Collingwood, University
of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
OBJECTIVE: 1. To develop a low-cost environmental sensor with
remote real-time monitoring of indoor particulates and validate
it against current particulate monitoring methods, facilitating
the conversion of particle counts into exposure estimates. 2.
Concurrent development of software-based automated analysis
and summarization of the large volumes of data produced by
these low-cost instruments. 3. Development of interactive
mobile application for data delivery to user/patient/worker
METHODS: Researchers retrofitted three Dylos 1100 Pro particle
sensors with Linux-based microcomputers, a temperature/
humidity sensor, Wi-Fi, color display, and programs for data
logging and remote interface. A comparison of modified Dylos
units was conducted against a Grimm Model 1.109 Aerosol
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Spectrometer and 2.5μm cut point gravimetric impactor
samplers. Studies were conducted in a low-velocity wind tunnel
using a 4.9 μm mean aerodynamic diameter aluminum oxide
challenge aerosol at ten injection rates varying from 0.2 to 2.0%
of total injection system capacity.
RESULTS:
Dylos units demonstrated a linear response
when compared with Grimm and gravimetric results. Linear
regression of the Grimm unit vs. the three Dylos units yielded
regression equations of y = 0.1591x + 451.87, y = 0.2052x + 325.93,
and y = 0.1673x + 263.31, with R2 values of 0.37348, 0.19182,
and 0.69519. Comparison between the Grimm and gravimetric
systems yielded a regression equation of y = 1.7743X -100.01
with an R2 value of 0.9801. Correction factors for the modified
Dylos units appear to be in the range of 5 to 6 compared to the
Grimm’s output.
CONCLUSIONS: The capabilities of the modified Dylos combined
with its lower cost present potential to vastly increase the
observational capability of health research and occupational
monitoring where airborne particulates are of concern. More
testing with other aerosol materials is recommended to better
characterize real world performance.
Abstract 40
Evaluation of 1-Nitropyrene as a Surrogate Measure
for Diesel Exhaust: Assessment of Personal Air
Monitoring Data from an Underground Mine
E. Carpenter, S. Dhakal, C. Simpson, M. Paulsen, N. Seixas,
and L. Sheppard, University of Washington, Seattle, WA;
D. Stephenson, Boise State University, Boise ID; T. Spear,
Montana Tech, Butte MT
Objectives: We will investigate the hypothesis that 1-Nitropyrene
(1-NP) concentration in air is a viable surrogate measure of
diesel exhaust exposure, as compared with industry-standard
elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC) measurements.
1-NP content in personal air samples was measured for a
cohort of underground miners and compared with measures of
Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), and Total Carbon
(TC) in the same samples.
Methods: Personal exposure data were collected on a cohort
of 20 employees at a large underground metal mine during 4
different sample campaigns. Full-shift personal sampling was
conducted using both an MSHA compliant SKC DPM impactor
downstream of a GS-1 cyclone pre-filter, and a PTFE filter
downstream of a GS-3 cyclone. Each DPM filter element was
analyzed for EC and OC using NIOSH method 5040. Each PTFE
filter was extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed for
1-NP using an LC/MS/MS method. Additionally, after EC and OC
analysis each DPM filter was extracted with methylene chloride
and analyzed for 1-NP using the LC/MS/MS method.
Results: 1-NP analysis of data from nine cascade impactors
indicates that the smallest size fraction of particles, <0.25 μm,
contains a majority of 1-NP mass (90% average). Regression
analysis of 1-NP vs. EC yields an 8.7% increase in geometric
mean (GM) 1-NP for each 10% increase in GM EC (p<0.001), and
a 10.9% and 13.3% increase in GM 1-NP per 10% increase in GM
OC and TC (p=0.007 & p<0.001, respectively).
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
Conclusions: 1-NP is found primarily in the respirable particles
<0.25 μm, consistent with the known size distribution of diesel
exhaust particles. The MSHA compliant SKC DPM impactor has
a cut-point of 0.8 μm, and is expected to capture the majority
of 1-NP-containing particles present in the mine. Additionally,
1-NP was found to be associated with EC, OC, and TC in personal
air samples.
Abstract 41
Waterborne Paint Exposure in the Auto Body Collision
Repair Industry
G. Liao, N. Seixas, and M. Cohen, University of Washington,
Seattle, WA; S.G. Whittaker, Public Health-Seattle & King
County, Local Hazardous Waste Management Program.
Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize
workers’ exposure to emerging waterborne coatings used
in automotive refinishing systems and observe other work
practices associated with using these products.
Methods: Ten auto body shops in King County, Washington that
use waterborne coatings were recruited. Based on reviews of
(M)SDSs, 14 target compounds were selected to characterize
exposures to components of waterborne basecoats. Task-based
personal air sampling was conducted on 11 painters when
applying basecoats. Samples were collected at 100 and 400
ml/min, an attempt to achieve the limit of detection of sorbent
tubes and prevent breakthroughs. Painters’ work practices were
recorded, including the use of PPE, gun-cleaning procedures,
waste disposal, and paint booth maintenance.
Results:
Breathing zone concentrations of aromatic
hydrocarbons and polar volatile organic compounds were
typically below their respective limit of quantitation (LOQ),
defined by 5 times the SD of the laboratory-spike samples. On
average 16% (SD= 21%) of the aromatic hydrocarbon samples
and 23% (SD=21%) of the polar compound samples exceeded
their respective LOQs. Procedures for cleaning paint guns and
disposing of waterborne paint wastes varied between shops.
Several shops disposed of waste in the municipal solid waste
stream without chemical characterization. Painters were
observed using lacquer thinner to clean their waterborne paint
guns, which is not recommended by manufacturers. Painters
were also observed spraying the rinsate from gun cleaning
directly on to the mixing room floor, rather than collecting the
waste in an appropriate container. The flow rates in spray
booths typically failed to meet OSHA requirements.
Conclusions: Workers’ exposures to target compounds when
applying basecoats were typically below their respective LOQs
or were well below their respective regulatory limits. More
information is needed on the chemical composition of the
waste generated from waterborne paint systems to inform best
practices for spray gun cleaning and waste disposal.
Abstract 42
Evaluation of Metabolites of 1-Nitropyrene in Urine as a
Suitable Biomarker for Exposure to Diesel Exhaust
J. Ramsay, C. Simpson, L. Sheppard, M. Paulsen, and
N. Seixas, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; D.
Stephenson, Boise State University, Boise, ID; T. Spear,
Montana Tech, Butte, MT
Objectives: Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is common in
occupational and environmental settings and has been associated
with several adverse health outcomes. Therefore, the ability to
accurately quantify DE levels is crucial for understanding and
controlling exposures. A DE-specific chemical component,
1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), has been proposed as a potential marker
for exposure to DE in air and biological samples. In this study
the suitability of 1-NP urinary metabolites as biomarkers for
monitoring occupational exposure to DE was evaluated.
Methods: The study took place in a large underground metal
mine that uses diesel engines extensively. Air and urine samples
were collected from a cohort of 20 miners who performed a
variety of jobs located within the mine. Four sampling campaigns
were conducted, each 2-3 months apart. During each campaign
personal air samples, pre- and post-shift urine, and job task/
activity surveys were collected for each subject. Air samples
(n=140) were analyzed for Elemental Carbon (EC) and 1-NP. Urine
samples (n=170) were analyzed for 1-NP metabolites using an
HPLC-MS/MS assay. The association between 1-NP metabolites
in urine and exposure to 1-NP in air was assessed using a
regression model to determine if 1-NP urinary metabolites are a
suitable biomarker for DE. Additionally, the suitability of survey
data as a surrogate estimate for DE exposure was evaluated
using a predictive model for 1-NP metabolites based on job and
time-activity covariates.
Results: A range of EC and 1-NP exposures was observed (EC:
GM=8.3μg/m3, GSD=2.5μg/m3; 1-NP: GM=35pg/m3, GSD=5.1pg/
m3). A range of metabolite levels, consistent with the variability
in exposure, was also observed (8-OHNP: 0.05-0.44pg/mL;
6-OHNP: 0.06-1.13pg/mL). Very few workers reported offshift exposure to DE, suggesting that metabolite levels reflect
occupational exposures.
Conclusions: Levels of EC, 1-NP, and urinary metabolites in this
cohort were high relative to environmental exposures, but were
within the range of reported occupational levels.
www.AIHce2015.org
19
Presenter Contact List
Karin Lynn Adams
Emily Edith Carpenter
Caitlin K. Eakins
Colorado State University
Department of Environmental and
Radiological Health Sciences
Environmental Health Building
Fort Collins, CO 80523-1681
[email protected]
Research Advisor: William Brazile, PhD,
CIH
[email protected]
University of Washington, Seattle
Health Sciences Building, 1959 NE
Pacific Street, Box 357234
Seattle, WA, 98195
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Advisor: Christopher D.
Simpson
[email protected]
Purdue University, School of Health
Sciences
550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Civil
Engineering Building Rm 1285
West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
[email protected]
Research Advisor: James D. McGlothlin
MPH, Ph.D., CPE
[email protected]
Chrisy Chantarasopak
Teniope Adewumi
Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public
Health
677 Huntington Avenue
Boston, Massachusetts, 02115
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Robert Herrick
[email protected]
Hugh Ford Fritz
UCLA Fielding School of Public Health
640 Charles E Young Dr S
Los Angeles, CA, 90024
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Wendie Robbins
[email protected]
Sean Banaee
Benjamin Scott Cryder
Garrett M Godsey
UCLA School of Public Health
640 Charles E Young Dr S
Los
Angeles,
CA
90024
[email protected],
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Shane Que Hee
[email protected]
University of Utah
391 Chipeta Way, Suite C
Salt Lake City, UT 84108
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Darrah K. Sleeth
[email protected]
University of Alabama at Birmingham
1720 2nd Ave South
Birmingham, AL., 35294
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Claudiu T Lungu
[email protected]
Michelle DeVilbiss,
Nicole Gryska
Purdue University
550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Hall of
Engineering
West Lafayette, IN 47907
[email protected]
Research Advisor: James D. McGlothlin
[email protected]
University of Minnesota School of Public
Health
Mayo Bldg. A302, Mail Code 197
420 Delaware St. S.E.
Minneapolis, MN, 55455
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Peter Raynor
[email protected]
Andrew Michael Billon
Indiana University of Pennsylvania
College of Health and Human Services
Department of Safety Sciences
Johnson Hall, Room 117, 1010 Oakland
Avenue
Indiana, Pennsylvania, 15705
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Jeremy Slagley CIH,
CSP, PhD
[email protected]
Rayna D. Brown
University of Central Missouri
108 W South St
Warrensburg, MO 64093
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Georgi Popov, QEP
[email protected]
Changjie Cai
University of Iowa
Iowa City, Iowa, 52242
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Thomas M. Peters
[email protected]
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 West Taylor Street
Chicago, IL 60612
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Lorraine Conroy
[email protected]
Meghna Dhawan
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 West Taylor Street,
Chicago, IL, 60612
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Serap Erdal
[email protected]
Elizabeth Dietzel
University of Arizona
PO Box 210066
Tucson, AZ 85721
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Terry Stobbe, PhD
[email protected]
Florence Janvier
Institut de recherche en santé publique
de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM)
Pavillon 7101 avenue du Parc,
C.P.
6128,
Succ.
Centre-Ville
Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Jaime Lara
[email protected]
Laura Lucille Kienlen
University of Iowa
145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB
Iowa City, IA 52242
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Matt Nonnenmann
[email protected]
Laura Krause
Matthew Mougin
Joel A. Ramirez
Colorado State University
1681 Campus Delivery
Fort Collins, CO 80521
Email: [email protected]
Research Advisor: Stephen Reynolds
[email protected]
Northern Illinois University
1425 West Lincoln Highway
Dekalb, IL, 60115
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. William J. Mills III
[email protected]
Benjamin Lee
Ahmad Nasser
The University of Iowa
Department of Occupational and
Environmental Health – CPHB, Suite 300
- 145 N. Riverside Dr.
Iowa City, IA 52242
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Patrick O’Shaughnessy
[email protected]
University of Illinois at Chicago School of
Public Health
1603 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Serap Erdal
[email protected]
Stephen F. Austin State University
1936 North Street
Nacogdoches, TX, 75962
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Sheryll Jerez
[email protected]
Kathryn J Leonard
Kathleen McGuire Navarro
University of Iowa
145 N. Riverside Drive
Iowa City, IA, 52242
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Thomas Peters
[email protected]
University of California, Berkeley
50 University Hall #736
Berkeley, CA 94720
[email protected]
Research Advisor: John Balmes
[email protected]
Mariana J. Lever Ortiz
Melynda Joy Newman
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 W Taylor St.
Chicago, IL, 60612
E-mail: [email protected]
Research Advisor: Linda Forst
[email protected]
California
State
University
San
Bernardino
5500 University Pkwy
San Bernardino, CA, 92407
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Robert N. Phalen,
PhD, CIH
[email protected]
Grace Liao
University of Washington
Box 357234
Seattle, WA 98195
Email: [email protected]
Research Advisor: Steve Whittaker
[email protected]
Gumi Mabvuta
University of Alabama at Birmingham
1665 University Blvd, RPHB 530
Birmingham, AL 35294
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Claudiu Lungu
[email protected]
Levi Mines
University of Iowa
156A IREH
2420 Old Farmstead Road
Iowa City, IA, 52241
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Thomas M. Peters
[email protected]
Joemy Ramsay
University of Washington
1410 NE Campus Parkway
Seattle, WA 98195
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Christopher
Simpson
[email protected]
Aparna Shinde
Purdue University
610 Purdue Mall.
West Lafayette, IN 47907.
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Candace S-J Tsai
[email protected]
Tasha Stanfield
University of Alabama at Birmingham
1720 2nd Avenue South
Birmingham, AL 35233
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Claudiu Lungu
[email protected]
Jonghwa Oh
University of Alabama at Birmingham
530 Ryals Public Health Building, 1665
University Blvd.
Birmingham, AL 35294-0022
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Claudiu. T. Lungu
[email protected]
Amanda VanDyke
Frank Pagone M.Sc.
Sarah Ashlee Williams
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 W. Taylor
Chicago, IL 60612
[email protected]
Serap Erdal Ph.D.
[email protected]
Program: Graduate
University of Iowa
145 North Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB
Iowa City, Iowa 52242
[email protected]
Research
Advisor:
Dr.
Matthew
Nonnenmann
[email protected]
Linh Phan
University of Illinois at Chicago,
School of Public Health
2121 W. Taylor Street
Chicago, IL 60612
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Rachael Jones
[email protected]
Colorado State University
1681 Campus Delivery
Fort Collins, CO 80521
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Stephen Reynolds
[email protected]
Mark Wilson
University of Illinois at Chicago
2121 W. Taylor St.
Chicago, IL 60611
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Lorraine Conroy
[email protected]
www.AIHce2015.org
21
Adrianna Woltman
Calvin C Wong
Anthony Yuan-Jung Yang
University of South Florida, College of
Public Health
13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd
Tampa, FL, 33612-3805
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Steven Mlynarek, PhD
[email protected]
University of California, Los Angeles
(UCLA)
640 Charles E Young Dr S
Los Angeles, CA 90024
[email protected]
Research Advisor: Dr. Yifang Zhu
[email protected]
The University of Iowa
145 N. Riverside Drive
Iowa City, IA, 52242
[email protected]
Renée Anthony
[email protected]
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AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce