AIHce 2015 Student Abstract Book Poster Session 405 Author Attend Time Wednesday June 3, 2015 10:00 a.m. – Noon Student Poster Session Committee Chair: James D. McGlothlin, Ph.D., MPH, CEP Purdue University, West Lafayette IN Renee Anthony, Ph.D., CIH University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Sandra S. Cole, Ph.D., AEP Purdue University, West Lafayette IN Lorraine Conroy, Sc.D. University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL May 30 – June 4, 2015 Salt Lake City, UT | Salt Palace Convention Center www.AIHce2015.org www.AIHce2015.org 1 AIHce 2015 Student Abstracts Order of Presentation 1. A Case Study on Controlling Formaldehyde Exposures in a Teaching Lab, Melynda NNo. Listewman, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA (Undergraduate) 13. Permeation of Limonene through Disposable Nitrile Gloves Using A Dynamic and Static Robotic Hand, Sean Banaee, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA 2. Indoor Hockey Officials’ Hearing Threshold Shifts and Effect of Helmet Visor Length on Exposure to Whistle Noise, Karin L. Adams, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 14. Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Infiltration through HVAC System, Calvin Wong, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 3. Evaluation of Collection Effectiveness during Air Sampling of Culturable Bioaerosols using SKC BioSamplers, Laura Krause, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO 4. Effect of Environmental Conditions on Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Dairy Parlors through Pyrosequencing, Riboprinting, and Microscopic Analysis Techniques, Amanda VanDyke, Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO 15. Integrating a Toxicological Approach for Mixtures in the Estimation of Respirator Cartridge Service Life, Florence Janvier, Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montréal, QC 5. Exposure Assessment Of 3-D Printer Emissions, Chrisy Chantarasopak, Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA 6. A Protocol for Real-Time Active Personal Exposure Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an Active Hydraulic Fracturing Site, Andrew Billon, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA 7. Remote Sensor Piconet using Environmental Health and Safety Instruments, Matthew Mougin, J Rodriguez, K Tsui, J LaMantia, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL (Undergraduate) 8. Detection and Control of Pathogens in an Occupational Setting, Michelle DeVilbiss, Claire Tighe, Purdue University, West Lafayette IN (Undergraduate) 9. The Effects of Different Levels of Ambient Oxygen on the Production of Surgical Fires, Caitlin Eakins, Christopher Galassi, Tanner Mitchell, Sally Romanek, David Putt, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN (Undergraduate) 10. Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials in Human Lung Normal and Cancer Cell Line, Aparna Shinde, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN 11. Assessment of Workers Exposure to Ammonia in Animal Facilities, Ahmad Nasser, Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU), Nacogdoches, Texas 12. Workplace Exposures and Health Outcomes of South Los Angeles Haircare Professionals in Black Hair Salons, T Adewumi, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA. 2 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce 16. Evaluating Occupational Exposure Hazards on a Rural Active Farm, Garrett Godsey, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL 17. Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure in Truckers Resting at Truck Stops, Gumi Mabvuta, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 18. Toluene Adsorption Efficiency of Fabricated Single-walled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Buckypaper, Jonghwa Oh, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, 19. Worst Case Nail Salon Worker 8-hour Time Weighted Average Exposure to Formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds During Nail Lacquer Applications, Tasha Stanfield, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 20. Evaluating an Office Ergonomics Program, Elizabeth Dietzel, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ 21. Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure During Prescribed Fire, Kathleen Navarro, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 22. The Value of Prevention through Design (PtD) Interventions in an Open Pit Coal Mine, Rayna Brown, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO 23. Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment in Anatomy Laboratories, Meghna Dhawan, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL 24. Assessment of PM Exposure In Relation To Traffic Density in Chicago, Illinois, Hugh Fritz, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 25. A Trend Analysis of Hazardous Exposures in the United States Electroplating Industry, Benjamin Lee, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 26. Do Correctional Facility Workers Injure differ in body sites and do they receive excessive workers’ compensation?, Mariana Lever, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 35. The Effects of a Sprinkler Cooling System on Dust Concentrations in Broiler Chicken Production, Sarah Williams, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 27. Use of Geospatial Analysis in Environmental and Occupational Health: IEPA Brownfield Site Cluster Identification, Frank Pagone, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 36. Combustion Gas Reduction in a Farrowing Barn, Anthony Yuan-Jung Yang, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 28. Chicago Transit Authority Train Noise Exposure, Linh Phan, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 29. Cardiovascular Effects of work-related stress in working women, Mark Wilson, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL 30. Development of a Personal Aerosol Collector and Spectrometer (PACS): Part I: Design and Theory, Changjie Cai, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 37. Effectiveness of Bayesian Decision Analysis to Correctly Identify Noise Exposure Categories with Small Data Sets, Nicole Gryska, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 38. A Pilot Study of Assessing the Occupational Noise Exposure of Bartenders in the Tampa Bay Area, Adrianna Woltman, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 39. Development Of Low-Cost Environmental Sensors With Remote Real-Time Monitoring Of Indoor Particulates, Ben Cryder, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah 31. Comparison of Bioaerosol Collection Methods in the Detection of Airborne Influenza Virus, Laura L. Kienlen, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 40. Evaluation of 1-Nitropyrene as a Surrogate Measure for Diesel Exhaust: Assessment of Personal Air Monitoring Data from an Underground Mine, Emily Carpenter, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 32. Validating the Collection Efficiency of the Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition Sampler, Kathryn J Leonard, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 41. Waterborne Paint Exposure in the Auto Body Collision Repair Industry, Grace Liao, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 33. Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam as a Replacement Particle Collection Substrate in a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition Sampler, Levi Mines, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA 42. Evaluation of Metabolites of 1-Nitropyrene in Urine as a Suitable Biomarker for Exposure to Diesel Exhaust, Joemy Ramsay, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 34. Particle Penetration and Breathing Resistance Evaluation of Uncertified Dust Masks, Joel Ramirez, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA www.AIHce2015.org 3 Abstract 1 for the whistle noise, resulting in increased noise exposure. A Case Study on Controlling Formaldehyde Exposures in a Teaching Lab M. Newman and R.N. Phalen, California State University San Bernardino, San Bernardino, CA (Undergraduate) Methods: Hearing thresholds of 29 hockey officials were measured before and after officiating hockey games to determine if there was a 10 dB or greater decrease in hearing sensitivity. Pure-tone audiometry was conducted in both ears at 500, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 6000 and 8000 Hertz. In addition, noise from whistle blowing was measured using the Knowles Electronic Manikin for Acoustic Research for each of three helmet configurations: without visor, 2.75” visor, and 4.0” visor. Objectives: The primary aims were to 1) assess formaldehyde exposures during an anatomy laboratory in response to a student complaint that resulted in nausea and 2) evaluate three prototype local exhaust retrofits for an existing benchtop ventilation system, a central 33L x 10H inch slotted-vent with no flanges. The prototypes included a tall-angled (I), lowhorizontal (II) and full open-top (III) hood designs. Methods: Formaldehyde exposures were evaluated using National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) Method 2016. The ventilation retrofits, all designed to partially enclose the dissection tray while still allowing viewing by multiple students, were evaluated using various techniques. First, gel ethanol (62%), in a petri-dish 18” from the face of the vent, was used as a surrogate for formaldehyde exposures. Worst-case scenario breathing-zone readings (n=10) were collected 10 inches above the ethanol source, using a calibrated photoionization detector. Second, a thermal anemometer was used to measure cross-sectional (n=9) face velocities at the edge of the table, 22 inches from the vent inlet. Lastly, capture distances and heights were determined visually using a smoke tube. Results: Formaldehyde area samples were all below the NIOSH 15-minute ceiling limit of 0.1 ppm; however, breathing zone exposures were above at 0.14 ± 0.09 ppm. The prototype II hood retrofit was most effective, in all cases, and resulted in a 100% reduction (0 ppm) of the surrogate breathing-zone exposure, an increase in face velocity from 19 to 82 fpm, and the capture distance (horizontal) and height (vertical) were both increased from 12 inches to 25 and 15 inches, respectively. Conclusions: Installation of prototype II fume hood retrofits is recommended to increase the effectiveness of the existing local exhaust ventilation system and significantly reduce student and faculty formaldehyde exposures. The retrofit will be tested with students this spring. Abstract 2 Indoor Hockey Officials’ Hearing Threshold Shifts and Effect of Helmet Visor Length on Exposure to Whistle Noise K.L. Adams and W. Brazile, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO Introduction: Over 25,000 indoor hockey officials’ exposures to hazardous levels of noise and the occurrences of temporary threshold shifts (TTS) in hearing may increase their risk of noise-induced hearing loss (NIHL). Objectives: Hearing thresholds of hockey officials in amateur and collegiate hockey leagues were measured to assess the impact of hockey game noise on hearing sensitivity. In addition, the effect that the hockey helmet visor length had on the level of whistle noise to which hockey officials are exposed was evaluated to determine if visors may introduce a reflective plane 4 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce Results: Hearing threshold shifts of 10 dB or greater were observed in 86% of sampled officials. Mean peak whistle noise exposure levels of the manikin without a visor and with the 2.75” and 4.0” length visors were 117 dB (SD<1), 117 dB (SD<1) and 121 dB (SD=1), respectively. Conclusions: The results suggest that indoor hockey officials experience temporary hearing losses after officiating games. Further TTS research may identify hockey officials at larger venues and those officiating other sports are at increased risk of NIHL. Manikin study results suggest that longer visors may act as a reflective plane for whistle noise and increase hockey official’s noise exposure. Understanding that longer visors may increase the noise exposure from whistle noise may provide insight for better design of helmet visors in the future. Abstract 3 Evaluation of Collection Effectiveness during Air Sampling of Culturable Bioaerosols using SKC BioSamplers L. Krause, S. Reynolds, J. Schaeffer, A. VanDyke, and M. Davidson, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, CO; B. Bisha, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY Objectives: Agricultural workers experience increased exposure to inhalable particulate matter, leading to a variety of occupational lung diseases compared to non-agricultural workers. Analyses of these bioaerosols are generally performed using culture-based techniques, which only yield a 1% survival rate for environmental bacteria. The objectives of this study were to: 1. Compare bacterial collection between a novel resuscitation buffer (RB) and Phosphate Buffered Saline (PBS) using the SKC BioSampler. 2. Assess the collection effectiveness of the SKC BioSamplers. Methods: The first experiment was conducted inside a bioaerosol chamber nebulizing a known concentration of bacterium. Duplicate biosamplers with PBS or RB as the collection media were used to collect the bacteria. Ten trials were conducted using Gram-positive or Gram-negative bacteria. The media was then plated on TSA and colony growth was counted after 24 hours at 37°C. Additionally, 3 trials used an aerosol particle sizer (APS) to measure particle size during nebulization of TSB containing Antifoam A only, inoculated TSB+Antifoam A, and a 1:100 dilution of inoculated TSB+Antifoam A. Results: PBS and RB had comparable collection effectiveness and ability to grow bacteria after aerosolization. Colony counts for Gram-positive bacteria for PBS versus RB ranged from 14.3 to 113 CFUs versus 0.67 to 66.7 CFUs. There was a range of 126 to 255 CFUs for PBS versus 179 to 251 CFUs for RB for Gram-negative bacteria. Each APS trial recorded particle sizes from 0.523 to 19.81μm, with the majority between 0.523 and 1.037μm. Based on these particle sizes, the aerosolized bacteria and particles found at Colorado dairies were consistent with the capabilities of the SKC BioSampler. The concentration of aerosolized bacteria was comparable with the CFUs/m3 collected with the biosampler. Conclusion: RB offers a more cost efficient collection media for agricultural bioaerosol sampling. The SKC BioSampler collection capability is within the anticipated size range of agricultural bioaerosols. Abstract 4 Effect of Environmental Conditions on Bacterial and Fungal Communities in Dairy Parlors through Pyrosequencing, Riboprinting, and Microscopic Analysis Techniques A. VanDyke, S. Reynolds, J. Schaeffer, and M. Davidson Colorado State University Fort Collins, CO; B. Bisha, University of Wyoming, Laramie, WY J. Delton-Hanson, Research and Testing Laboratory Lubbock, TX Objectives: 1. Evaluate the effect of environmental factors on isolation of bacteria and fungi from bioaerosols. 2. Compare culturable bacterial and fungal species to those identified through pyrosequencing and riboprinting. Methods: SKC BioSamplers collected 116 air samples inside five modern dairy parlors from May 2012-February 2015. An experimental collection buffer was used to improve recovery of airborne bacteria and fungi. Selective media were used for culturing Gram-positive, Gram-negative bacteria, and fungi. Relative humidity, CO, CO2, and temperature were logged using a TSI Q-Trak. Data analysis included Spearman correlations and One-Way ANOVA, using SAS 9.3. An alpha value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: CO2 ranged from 299-1752 ppm and had a negative correlation (-0.659) with Gram-positive bacteria concentrations and a positive correlation (0.171) with Gram-negative bacteria concentrations. Relative humidity ranged from 15.7-65.3% and had a negative correlation (-0.464) with Gram-positive bacteria concentrations. The average concentration of Gram-positive bacteria on Dairy 1 was 4520 colony forming units (CFUs)/ m3, over two-times higher than concentrations observed at Dairies 2 (1870 CFUs/m3) and 3 (2090 CFUs/m3).There was a significant difference in Gram-positive bacterial concentrations between Dairies 1 and 2 (p = 0.05) and Dairies 1 and 3 (p = 0.02). Pyrosequencing reported higher abundance and diversity of bacteria and fungi than cultured samples. The most commonly identified fungi via microscopy were comparable to the top 20 genera identified by pyrosequencing. The majority of the bacterial species identified by riboprinting were within the genus Bacillus. Riboprinting identified the presence of pathogens Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Escherichia coli O157:H7. No pathogenic fungal species were identified through microscopy. Conclusions: Based on this study, a possible intervention to reduce exposures to airborne bacteria and fungi may include manipulating environmental conditions (CO2, temperature, relative humidity) inside the milking parlor. Abstract 5 Exposure Assessment of 3-D Printer Emissions C. Chantarasopak, R. Herrick, Harvard and T. H. Chan, School of Public Health, Boston, MA Objective: Research on exposures associated with 3-D printing and potential health effects are scarce. This study assessed airborne contamination generated from 3-D printers by simultaneously evaluating fine particle (FP), ultrafine particle (UFP), and volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures. Methods: A standardized cube design was printed on one stereolithography (SLA) printer, two fused deposition modeling (FDM) printers, and one Multijet Modeling (MJM) printer to represent the most commonly used printer technologies. A photopolymer resin was used for SLA, acrylonitrile butadiene styrene and polylactic acid used for FDM, and an acrylic photopolymer utilized for MJM printing. FP, UFP, and VOC concentrations were measured, using a TSI SidePak Personal Aerosol Monitor (AM510), TSI Condensation Particle Counter 3007, and a MiniRae 2000 Handheld Monitor respectively, during a period of no printer use (background) and for the entire printing process of each printer. One background sample and one printing sample were collected for each printer and compared using the Wilcoxon Rank-Sum test. Results: Statistically significantly elevated FP and VOC levels were found for all four printers. The average background FP level was 3.3 μg/m3, while the average concentration of 4.6 μg/m3, 5.5 μg/m3, and 4.4 μg/m3 were measured for the SLA, FDM, and MJM printers respectively. The average printing cycle resulted in 1.4 (SLA), 2.1 (FDMs), and 4.5 (MJM) times greater VOC concentration levels than the background. Additionally, statistically significantly elevated UFP levels were measured for FDM printers (average range of 3531 – 6961 UFP counts per cm3). Conclusions: The rise in 3-D printer popularity makes it critical to better understand the exposures and potential health risk to users. Our data showing that 3-D printers can be significant sources of particle and VOC exposures is part of the foundation of future regulations, standards, and institution of engineering controls such as local ventilation. Abstract 6 A Protocol for Real-Time Active Personal Exposure Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an Active Hydraulic Fracturing Site A. Billon, J. Slagley, and N. Iannacchione, Indiana University of Pennsylvania, Indiana, PA Objectives: Correlate simultaneous concentration measurements taken with prototype Personal Ultrafine Particle Counter (Enmont, OH), Optical Particle Counter (MetOne Instruments, OR), and pDR-1500 nephelometer (Thermo Scientific, CO). Develop a methodology for conducting Real-Time Personal Exposure Monitoring for Respirable Silica Dust on an active hydraulic fracturing site. Background: Respirable crystalline silica dust, once inspired, can lead to irreversible respiratory diseases. Silica sand is utilized in hydraulic fracturing operations often involving www.AIHce2015.org 5 many companies’ employees with short duration and crosscontamination silica exposures. Traditional gravimetric methods integrate exposures over long time periods (8 hours). Real-time monitoring methods allow for examination of taskspecific exposures leading to better control methods. The two particle counters used in conjunction also give a particle size distribution useful in developing a suite of aerosol controls not. Methods: Sodium bicarbonate was dispersed in a 0.44m3 aerosol chamber and data was collected using two real-time protocols. The nephelometer offered the standard gravimetric reference method as it utilized a 37 mm backup filter conforming to the NIOSH 0600 respirable dust method. The filter may be sent to labs for further content (silica) analysis during field use. Filters were pre/post-weighed and the real-time results were corrected for known mass. The second method combined ultrafine particle counter and optical particle counter data to estimate mass concentration. The two methods were compared to test correlation. Results: The two methods had a linear correlation coefficient (r) of 0.899, (r2 = 0.808). The gravimetric-corrected nephelometer range was 3.38 – 6.91 mg/m3, while the particle counter range was 3.99 – 6.37 mg/m3. The average difference between methods was 7.7%. Conclusions: The two methods were well-correlated and can be used for real-time measurement of silica exposures. Ultrafine and optical particle counters can be used to describe the particle size distribution and estimate mass concentration within 8% of nephelometer/gravimetric result. Abstract 7 Remote Sensor Piconet using Environmental Health and Safety Instruments M. Mougin, J. Rodriguez, K. Tsui, J. LaMantia, and W. Mills, Northern Illinois University, Dekalb, IL (Undergraduate) Objectives: The ultimate objective of this project is to develop a system that will allow communication of data from selected real-time sensors to an Android tablet, to display the data using an open source program, and have the data displayed accessible over the internet. Methods: First, the group determined which environmental health and safety (EHS) instruments to use in the system by visual inspection and literature research. Once the instruments were chosen, the group installed virtual machines (for Android and Raspbian OS) onto a PC for prototyping, programming, and data transmission demonstration. Physical systems were created using both the Arduino (microcontroller) and Raspberry Pi (microcomputer) platforms with various sensors with different levels of sophistication. Results: The group has successfully wired the Arduino UNO system to a PC and communicated it with a sensor system using an Android OS virtual machine. The group has also retrieved real-time temperature sensor readings from the Arduino UNO and Raspberry Pi systems. The group has captured and stored images and videos with an infrared/visual camera using the Raspberry Pi B+ system. The group was able to establish internet connection and SSH communications with the Raspberry Pi B+ using Ethernet and Wi-Fi connections. 6 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce Conclusions: Data communication with easily accessible (i.e. Open Source) data formats is currently very uncommon in the EHS instrumentation field. Wi-Fi Direct currently appears to offer the best opportunity for wireless data transmission. Wi-Fi Direct is not widely available among current EHS instruments. Future work will focus on establishing wireless data streaming and displaying the data in real-time on an internet accessible site. Abstract 8 Detection and Control of Pathogens in an Occupational Setting M. DeVilbiss, C. Tighe, H. Bentley, and J.D. McGlothlin, BM Applegate Purdue University, West Lafayette IN (Undergraduate) Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the types of bacteria present on Purdue university computer keyboards with the aim of promoting public awareness of the need for improved cleaning policies. Methods: Five computer keyboards from ten computer labs across campus were swabbed with a cotton ball and sterile water, for a total of 50 samples. Each cotton ball was sub cultured onto six different types of agar selecting for various types of bacteria commonly found on the human flora, fecal matter, and public surfaces, giving a total of 300 plates. To confirm the presence of growth, swabs were sent to EM lab P&K (an indoor air quality testing laboratory) through Purdue’s Radiological and Environmental management department. Cultures from plates that showed growth were run through 16S Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), gel electrophoresis, and ethanol precipitation in preparation for further sequencing and identification. Results: Sub culturing the bacteria on to the different agar plates showed that each of the 50 keyboards showed the presence of bacteria. Results from EM labs confirmed the presence of gram-negative rods, gram-positive cocci, and bacillus on the keyboards. The process of 16s PCR, ethanol precipitation, and Sanger Sequencing are still in process and pending results. Conclusion: Bacterial growth indicates the need for routine disinfection of university keyboards, In the future, various sanitation methods will be evaluated, and the university will be encouraged to implement sanitation in order to prevent the transmission of bacteria and illnesses among students and promote student health. Abstract 9 The Effects of Different Levels of Ambient Oxygen on the Production of Surgical Fires C.K. Eakins, C.L. Galassi, T.J. Mitchell, S.L. Romanek, D. Putt, and J.D. McGlothlin, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN, L.B. Rippy, J.E. Jones, B.J. Sanders, M.A. Saxen, and J.F. Yepes, Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis, IN (Undergraduate) Objectives: 1. Determine the effect of different levels of ambient oxygen on the onset of combustion and latency period of fires during oral surgery; 2. Identify the oxygen concentration and flow rate that produces smallest probabilities of surgical combustion. Methods: The oral cavity was modeled by a gutted, whole raw chicken. Current oral surgery procedures recommend flow rates of 4 L/min at 100% oxygen concentration. Oxygen was delivered through the neck of a chicken using nasal cannula tubing at 4 L/ min at concentrations of 100%, 80%, and 60%.Thirty trials were analyzed at both 100% and 80% oxygen concentrations at 4 L/ min. Ten trials were analyzed at 60% oxygen concentrations at 4 L/min. Six trials were performed at 10 L/min with 100% and 80% oxygen. For each trial, an electrocautery unit was used to simulate oral surgery inside the cavity. A verbal signal was given when a “pop,” “flash,” or “fire” occurred. Results: Combustion occurred in 83% of the 6 trials conducted at 10 L/min with 100% oxygen. One fire occurred at 4 L/min and 100% oxygen. 100% to 80% oxygen concentration showed a decrease in “fires”, “flashes”, and “pops” from 155 to 41 (73% decrease) at 4 L/min with is significant (p=.0004). There was further reduction of “flashes,” and “pops” from 41 to 0 at 80% to 60% at 4 L/min, which is also significant (p=.0041). Conclusions: Fire remains a serious risk when sparks, fuel, and oxygen coexist. As demonstrated, the oxygen flow rate of 4 L/ min at 100% oxygen concentration resulted in combustion when the electrocautery tip was used in the oral cavity. Reduction of concentrations from 100% to 80% showed significant reduction in the number of “fires” “flashes” and “pops” and even more so at 60%. This research may be used to prevent surgical fires, preventing harm to patients and surgeons. Abstract 10 Comparison of Cytotoxicity of Carbon Nanomaterials in Human Lung Normal and Cancer Cell Line A. Shinde and C. Tsai, Purdue University, West Lafayette, IN Objectives: 1. Characterize carbon nanomaterials (CNMs) for size, elemental composition and oxidation states. 2. Perform cytotoxicity assays in human normal and cancer lung cells. 3. Compare the cytotoxicity of CNMs between normal and cancer cells with respect to time, concentration, and type of CNM with respect to the presence of trace elements. Methods: Two types of multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) (industrial grade (IG) and research grade (RG)) and two types of graphene (nano-flakes (GNF) and nano-platelets (GNP)) were chosen for this study. CNMs were suspended into water at a concentration of 1 μg/ml, sonicated for 10 min and characterized using Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS). Both normal and cancer cells were incubated with different concentrations (1-20 μg/ml) of either MWCNTs or graphene for 24-72 h. We performed two cytotoxicity assays, the calcein AM assay to determine the cell viability and the Hoechst assay to study apoptosis. Results: The MWCNT and graphene nanoparticles studied here have a mobility diameter between 20-700 nm and 50-600 nm, respectively. XPS analysis of the two MWCNTs revealed a difference in composition, with RG MWCNTs showing the presence of MoS2. After 24 h incubation, RG MWCNTs showed 30% less cell viability in normal cells and 10% less in cancer cells compared to IG MWCNTs. Incubation with GNP caused 40% less cell viability in normal cells and 9% less in cancer cells at 24 h compared to GNF. Those cells treated with CNMs showed markedly apoptotic cell features such as condensed and fragmented nuclei. Conclusions: The toxicity level shown by CNM-exposed cells depends on CNM concentration, exposure time, composition, the type of CNMs and type of cells. The dose and time dependent toxic effects of CNMs, irrespective of type of CNMs, is significantly higher in normal lung cells than in cancer lung cells. Abstract 11 Assessment of Workers Exposure to Ammonia in Animal Facilities A. Nasser and S. Jerez, Stephen F. Austin State University (SFASU), Nacogdoches, Texas Objectives: 1. To measure and compare the exposure to ammonia of workers at the poultry, equine, and swine facilities at the Walter C. Todd Agricultural Research Center of SFASU in Nacogdoches, Texas and 2. To apportion the workers’ inhaled concentrations among their microenvironments by documenting the workers’ activities. Methods: Personal exposures to ammonia were assessed for six workers in three animal facilities: poultry, swine, and equine. Two workers from each facility wore passive badges (Model 584, Assay Technologies, OH) once per day over 10 sampling days. Eleven microenvironments frequented by the workers (stalls, barns, swine facility’s rooms, broiler houses) were also monitored daily using color dosimeter tubes (Model 810-3DL, Gastec Corp., Japan). The passive badges were analyzed in the laboratory following NIOSH Test Method 6015 to determine the ammonia concentration. The concentrations in the microenvironments were read directly from the dosimeter tubes. An activity log was used to document the workers’ activities and locations during their shifts. A Repeated Measures Three- Way ANOVA statistical analysis was used to test for the differences among the personal-exposure concentrations. Results: Mean 8-Hour TWA personal exposure concentrations ranged from 0.05 to 8.25 ppm N-NH3. Poultry workers were exposed to 127% and 91% higher concentrations than equine and swine workers, respectively. Exposure of workers within the poultry and the equine facilities varied significantly (P=0.0004 for poultry, P=0.0107 for equine), while workers at the swine facility were exposed to similar concentrations (P=0.0802). Workers’ activities varied during the sampling period. On the average, about 72, 75, and 81 min/day were spent by the poultry, equine, and swine workers, respectively in the environments where ammonia was generated. Conclusions: All workers were exposed to levels of ammonia that were below OSHA’s PEL of 50 ppm. However, poultry workers were the most exposed among all other workers during the sampling period. www.AIHce2015.org 7 Abstract 12 Workplace Exposures and Health Outcomes of South Los Angeles Haircare Professionals in Black Hair Salons T. Adewumi, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, and E. Ponce, Touro University California, Vallejo, CA Objectives: 1. To determine specific occupational health and safety exposures faced by workers in Black hair salons; 2. To determine occupational health outcomes faced by workers from salon hazards; 3. To determine the prevalence of personal protective equipment (PPE) and ventilation use in salons. Methods: 63 salon workers in South Los Angeles were invited to participate in the Healthy Hair Initiative Project survey. The survey questions were designed to assess physical, ergonomic and chemical workplace exposures encountered in salons. The questions included years in the industry, past workplace health and safety training, services provided, haircare products used, frequency of PPE use, ventilation use, and health symptoms and conditions experienced while working. Surveys were collected from salon workers (n=22) and were analyzed using statistical methods. The data collected was used to create a safety training program. Results: Analysis of the survey responses collected showed that while 54% of hair care professionals had over 12 years of experience in the field, fewer than 39% of workers had received any health and safety training on workplace hazards. Analysis of reported health outcomes showed that 65% of workers experienced fatigue, 56% experienced pain in wrists and fingers, and 48% experienced leg or foot problems. In addition reports of physician diagnosed asthma, carpal tunnel, and reproductive health disorders were documented. PPE use varied, with protective aprons being the most used and face masks being used the least. Conclusions: The group surveyed had a wide array of health concerns that may be attributed to work in the salon setting. Implementation of a health and safety training program for hair professionals may limit the exposures and health outcomes faced by salon workers. These results help us to target future work including training programs, policy recommendations, and advocacy efforts on behalf of salon workers. Abstract 13 Permeation of Limonene through Disposable Nitrile Gloves Using A Dynamic and Static Robotic Hand S. Banaee and S. Que Hee, UCLA Fielding School of Public Health, Los Angeles, CA Objectives: To compare the permeation of pure limonene as a low volatile solvent through different disposable nitrile gloves (blue, purple, sterling, and lavender from Kimberly Clark Professional) in a dynamic and static robotic hand as a whole glove permeation model. Methods: A Yeager robotic hand was assembled to provide a 20-second clench cycle. A circulating water system using Viton tubing connected to a peristaltic pump was used to transfer water at 35oC from the glove to the sampling point. Experiments 8 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce were in triplicate. Aliquots of 1 mL were taken at permeation time intervals of 1.0, 10, 20, 40, 60, and 80 min, 2.0, 4.0, 6.0, and 8.0 h., and deposited into 1.5-mL vials. The analytical method was based on capillary column gas chromatographymass spectrometry with temperature programing and the internal standard method (4-bromophenol). The pre and postpermeation glove thicknesses were measured by a digital micrometer. Results: The average thicknesses after permeation for all specific glove types were greater than 10% of the original ones (P≤0.05). The average permeation rate for the lavender gloves for the moving robotic hand (0.490 ± 0.031 μg/cm2/min) was higher than for the non-moving hand (P≤0.05),unlike for the other gloves. The average standardized breakthrough times at 0.1 μg/cm2/min for the moving and static hands were not different (P≤0.05). These times increased with glove thickness. Conclusions: None of the gloves passed the Kimberly Clark Professional permeation breakthrough time criteria or the Ansell criteria. They should not be used as PPE for exposure to limonene, even for very short exposure periods. Nitrile blue gloves may be safe for short exposures of less than 20 minutes. Abstract 14 Black Carbon and Ultrafine Particle Infiltration through HVAC System C. Wong, C.C. Fung, and Y. Zhu, Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Fielding School of Public Health, University of California, Los Angeles, 650 Charles E. Young Drive South, 51-295B CHS, LA, USA. Objective: To identify the correlation of diesel exhaust and indoor air pollutants. Complaints of diesel exhaust odor within office spaces at the Fielding School of Public Health raised suspicion of infiltration through ventilation system, since diesel exhaust can cause premature mortality and increased cancer risk prompting administrative concern and scientific investigation. This 7 story, 2 basement building has roughly 1,800 occupants comprised of academic and administrative staff, and students. Methods: DustTraks, SMPS, Q-Trak, and Aethalometer measured simultaneously the indoor and outdoor air concentrations of PM2.5, ultrafine particles, carbon dioxide, and black carbon, respectively. Instruments placed inside offices measured indoor air concentrations. Instruments placed through a sealed window of the second floor office that faces the loading dock measured outdoor air concentrations. Twenty-four hour sampling was done from January 10–18, 2014. Time series of data and linear regression of outdoor and indoor concentrations were graphed. Results: Results indicate consistent infiltration of diesel exhaust due to diesel truck traffic in the loading dock where the HVAC is located. Spikes in indoor air pollutant concentrations are observed throughout the day that correspond to outdoor air pollutant concentration. Outdoor air concentrations and indoor air concentrations have similar trends. R-squared analysis of black carbon reached up to 0.63, PM2.5 peaked at 0.62, ultrafine particles was up to 0.93, and carbon dioxide’s highest r-square was 0.86. Differences in correlation is explained by chemical and physical properties of ultrafine particles, PM2.5, black carbon, and carbon dioxide. Peaks in concentrations occurred during the presence of loading trucks and that the longer the trucks were in the loading dock, the higher the concentrations were. Conclusion: Administrative mitigation through stringent enforcement of vehicles emission standards allowed in the loading dock or controls implemented to change times that freight trucks are loading. Engineering controls include increasing ventilation and installing filters with higher MERV scores. Abstract 16 Evaluating Occupational Exposure Hazards on a Rural Active Farm G. Godsey, C. Lungu, S. Baker, C. Cholewa, and B. Marsh, University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB), Birmingham, AL; J. Ketzler, M. Sarratt, A. Sherman, and X. Zhang, Auburn University, Auburn, AL. Integrating a Toxicological Approach for Mixtures in the Estimation of Respirator Cartridge Service Life F. Janvier, J. Lara, and S. Haddad, Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM), Montréal, QC, D Drolet, Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvé en santé et en sécurité du travail (IRSST), Montréal, QC Objective(s): Alabama has over 48,500 farms covering over nine million acres, approximately 27% of Alabama’s land mass. Agriculture creates 580,295 jobs in Alabama generating $70.4 billion making it the state’s largest industry. With farming being such a large part of Alabama, a team of students from UAB and Auburn consisting of students in industrial hygiene, occupational nursing, and ergonomics examined potential risk factors present in farming. Risk factors examined were noise due to tractors, ergonomic risks in chicken farming, and hazards from doors slamming in chicken houses due to pressure changes. Objective: It is a complex task to estimate cartridge service life (CSL) for mixtures of contaminants. OSHA-CPL-02-00-158 recommends the use of the additive principle where CSL is determined from the sum up of the concentration of the components in the mixture to the most volatile contaminant breakthrough time (BT). This may lead to premature change schedules and unnecessary costs. This study aims to integrate a toxicological approach in estimating CSL. Methods: The noise levels were obtained using a sound pressure level meter to measure levels at 20ft and 1ft from tractor, along with samples from inside the cab to determine the noise reduction that occurs. The ergonomic risks of picking up the deceased chicken (approximately 400/day) were determine using the NIOSH Lifting Calculator. A vaneometer was used to determine the velocity the door slammed, which was used to determine the force exerted on the door. Method: Simulations using the IAST-Langmuir model combined with the modified Wheeler-Jonas equation allowed the prediction of adsorption capacities and breakthrough curves. Acetone was used as an example of a volatile organic contaminant with m-xylene, styrene, and toluene. Simulations of exposures to acetone (10-700 ppm) and the other contaminant of lower volatility (500 ppm) through a respiratory cartridge with 50 g of carbon at 25°C and a flow rate of 24 L/min were performed. Outlet concentrations were used to determine the Hazard Index (HI) throughout the exposure. The HI is defined as the sum of concentrations for each mixture component normalized by its threshold limit value (TLV) (value >1 indicates a health risk). The CSL estimations based on the 10% BT of acetone and the 10% of HI for the mixture were compared. Results: The results of the noise sampling showed that a new tractor can produce noise levels of 90dB at 20ft, 95dB at 1ft, and 70dB in the cab. A tractor from 1992 can produce noise levels of 100dB at 20ft, 105dB at 1ft, and 83dB in the cab. The NIOSH Lifting Calculator yielded a lifting index of 2.70. The vaneometer showed that the amount of force exerted on the door was 54.4lbs. Results: Simulations of BT curves were in agreement with experimental data previously published. At lower acetone concentrations (<50 ppm), the simulated CSL using 10% HI of the vapor mixture were up to two times greater, than the 10% BT approach. At higher concentrations of acetone, both approaches gave similar results. Abstract 17 Conclusions: The HI approach is a useful tool to characterize the risk related to exposures to mixtures of contaminants. Its use in combination with BT prediction models can assure a safe use of respirator and optimize estimation CSL. To complete the analysis, the type of respirator (full or half-facepiece) should be considered. Objectives: 1.To assess the concentration of diesel particulates inside and outside of the truck by gravimetric analysis 2. To take real time measurements of PM2.5 inside and outside of the truck 3.To identify and evaluate covariates influencing levels of diesel particulates and PM2.5, inside and outside of the truck 4. To ascertain an association between inside and outside concentration of diesel particulates and PM2.5. Abstract 15 Conclusions: Proper hearing protection should be utilized by people operating older tractors, tractors without cabs, and people standing near the tractors. There is a need for engineering or administrative controls to be implemented for the task of collecting the deceased chickens. The doors need to be equipped with dampers to stop the slamming. Assessing Potential Diesel Exhaust Exposure in Truckers Resting at Truck Stops G. Mabvuta and C. Lungu, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Methods: A diesel powered truck with a sleeper cab was parked at a truck stop for 10-hour sampling periods with the engine running. Two personal pumps were used simultaneously to collect area samples of diesel particulates from inside and outside of the truck for quantitative analysis using the NOISH 5040 method. Two TSI DustTrak™ aerosol monitors were used www.AIHce2015.org 9 concurrently for real time measurements of PM2.5, inside and outside of the truck. Selected meteorological parameters were recorded as potential covariates. Twenty-one 10-hour samples were collected between January and February, 2015. T-tests were used to compare inside and outside concentrations. Linear regression was used to assess the strength of association between inside and outside concentrations and influence of covariates was determined using backward linear regression. Results: Diesel particulate concentration was significantly higher inside than outside of the truck cab (geometric mean = 4.4 μg/m3, 2.0 μg/m3 respectively), p = 0.007. PM2.5 concentration inside the truck was 30% higher than it was outside. There was no clear association between diesel particulate concentration inside and outside of the truck (R = 0.3, p = 0.217). Meteorological parameters appear not to influence diesel particulate concentration and PM2.5 inside the truck. Conclusion: Diesel exhaust pollution in the truck stop environment is not the prime source of the driver’s exposure to diesel particulates inside the truck. Self-pollution by the truck appears to contribute a greater proportion of the diesel particulate concentration inside of the truck. Abstract 18 Toluene Adsorption Efficiency of Fabricated Singlewalled Carbon Nanotube (SWNT) Buckypaper J. Oh and C. T. Lungu, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL; E. Floyd, University of Oklahoma, Oklahoma City, OK Objectives – To compare fabrication methods of single-walled carbon nanotube (SWNT) buckypaper by quantifying adsorption efficiencies for use in volatile organic compound (VOC) passive samplers. Methods – Arc discharge SWNTs suspended in surfactants were fabricated into a buckypaper with or without a cleaning process. SWNT solution was suspended in acetone, vacuum-filtered through a membrane filter, and buckypaper was obtained by delaminating the layer of SWNTs from the filter (not-cleaned). A cleaning process was added to the above fabrication process. After SWNT solution was vacuum-filtered, SWNTs on the filter were cleaned with deionized water and acetone (acetonecleaned). Methanol was also used to suspend and clean SWNTs (methanol-cleaned). The fabricated buckypapers were investigated for adsorption efficiency in terms of surface area and pore size using physisorption analyzer, and toluene adsorption isotherm through a laboratory adsorption experiment. In the adsorption experiment, a known amount of toluene was continuously injected into a chamber containing a sample and the concentration was recorded with a photoionization detector which was attached to the chamber. After the sample was saturated (>150 ppm), the total amount of toluene adsorbed was calculated. Results – Not cleaned buckypapers had 45 m²/g Brunauer, Emmett and Teller (BET) surface area (SA) with 15 nm average pore width while acetone-cleaned buckypapers and methanolcleaned buckypapers exhibited 217 and 348 m²/g BET SAs with 9 and 8 nm average pore widths, respectively. The adsorption capacities were 54 and 64 mg (toluene)/g (buckypaper) for 10 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce acetone- and methanol-cleaned buckypapers, respectively (data for not-cleaned buckypaper is not included because of considerably lower SA). Conclusions – The cleaning process increased BET SA and decreased the average pore size. Adsorption capacity increased with increasing SA of buckypapers. Methanol-cleaned buckypapers were the most adsorptive, hinting for further investigation in desorption efficiency for the application to VOC passive samplers. Abstract 19 Worst Case Nail Salon Worker 8-hour Time Weighted Average Exposure to Formaldehyde and Volatile Organic Compounds during Nail Lacquer Applications. T. Stanfield, L. Hurst, and C. Lungu, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL Objectives: 1. To quantify formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) exposures obtained by the application of popular nail lacquers inside a controlled-airflow chamber; 2. To compare quantified sample results to OSHA permissible exposure limits (PEL); 3. To identify if protective measures are needed during application. Methods: Worst Case exposures were defined as the worker exposure to nail lacquer application to one set of fingernails, simulated by paper plates, every 15 minutes for an 8 hour shift (total nailsets=32) devoid of breaks or other salon procedures. The application time and nail lacquers brands, O.P.I. and China Glaze (2 colors each), and Finger Paints (1 color), were determined based on observations made at a local salon. Stanfield and Hurst collected passive air 8-hour time weighted average (TWA) sample exposures inside a controlled-airflow lab chamber, in approximation to the breathing zone of a worker during nail lacquer application. Each of the 5 color shades were sampled 3 times. Samples were sent to Advanced Chemical Sensors for analysis of Formaldehyde (Modified NIOSH 2016) and a full VOC scan (EPA TO-15) Comparisons were conducted to identify any exceedance of PEL. Results: Formaldehyde exposures did not exceed 0.26 ppm in any sample. Ethyl acetate exceeded the PEL 8/15 times. Butyl acetate exceeded the PEL 13/15 times. No other sampled exposures exceeded the PELs. Conclusions: At a worst case scenario, formaldehyde exposures were well below the 0.75 ppm PEL. All brands and colors of nail lacquer sampled exceeded the PELs for ethyl and butyl acetate in at least one independent sample. Using this knowledge, future studies should be conducted to determine practical daily exposures. Abstract 20 Evaluating an Office Ergonomics Program E. Dietzel and T. Stobbe, University of Arizona, Tucson, AZ Objectives: 1. To determine if ergonomic interventions in the workspace have produced noticeable outcomes for office workers. 2. To determine if partnering with a disability advocate made a significant difference in intervention response time. Methods: Thirty-four office workers in a university setting were asked to evaluate the outcomes of a previously conducted ergonomic assessment of their workstation; fourteen agreed to participate. The investigator conducted a symptoms survey including a 10-point scale for pain perception, catalogued furniture adjustments and purchases, and observed the participants’ workstations for currently existing ergonomic exposures. Statistical methods were used to determine frequency of workstation changes made and time to implement changes and to compare pre- and post-assessment pain perceptions in the participants. Results: Thirteen of the fourteen participants experienced a decrease in the pain symptoms (from an average of 6.5 to 2.0) that drove them to seek an intervention. There was an overall mean response time of 8.3 weeks to fully implement recommended changes, with no significant difference in the response time between people who acted independently (11 people) and those who worked with a disability advocate (3 people). The most frequently observed changes to the workstation were monitor adjustments, chair adjustments, and the addition of keyboard trays. Twelve of the fourteen workstations still have negative ergonomic exposures, with the most frequently observed exposures including working surfaces too high or too low for the workers’ seated postures and the inability to rest feet flat on the floor or a footrest. Conclusions: The office ergonomics program as it currently exists has created a positive impact on the respondents’ general health, but the potential for future musculoskeletal injury still remains in the majority of workstations. Abstract 21 Gas-Phase Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon Exposure during Prescribed Fire K. Navarro, J. Balmes, and S.K. Hammond, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA Background: Wildland firefighters work in high smoke exposure conditions with little to no respiratory protection. Wood smoke contains many hazardous air pollutants, including polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs). PAHs have been associated with increased cancer risk and immune dysfunction. Past studies have demonstrated that open-air burning of wood generates more gas-phase PAHs such as naphthalene (NAP), phenanthrene (PHE), and fluorene than particulate-phase PAHs. Objective: To assess levels of gas phase PAHs during prescribed burns in mixed conifer forests and chaparral near Orleans, CA. Methods: Gas-phase PAHs were measured for five days in duplicate on one individual while patrolling the fire perimeter (holding), igniting the prescribed fire (firing), and extinguishing burning material post-fire (mop-up) during prescribed burns. Personal PAH air samples (N=10) were collected using activelysampled XAD sorbent tubes sampled at 0.2 L/min for 5 to 12 hours. Sorbent tubes were attached to the front shoulder strap of a backpack that was worn during each prescribed fire. Samples were analyzed for NAP, PHE, acenaphthene, acenaphthylene, anthracene, fluoranthene, fluorene, pyrene, and retene. Sample media was extracted with dichloromethane and analyzed on a gas chromatograph with a mass selective detector. Results: Of the 9 PAHs that were measured, mean concentrations of NAP and PHE were consistently above detection limits. NAP and PHE were highest while firing and holding on the same day (NAP= 2280 μg/m3; PHE = 160 μg/m3). Mean concentrations of NAP and PHE were higher during firing (NAP=1480 μg/m3; PHE=110 μg/m3) compared to holding (NAP=760 μg/m3; PHE = 42 μg/m3) and lowest during mop-up (NAP=580 μg/m3; PHE=60 μg/m3). Conclusion: The levels of NAP and PHE measured in this study were significantly higher than those measured in previous studies of wildland firefighters. It is important to characterize exposures from wildland fires to better understand any potential long-term health effects. Abstract 22 The Value of Prevention through Design (PtD) Interventions in an Open Pit Coal Mine R. Brown and G. Popov, University of Central Missouri, Warrensburg, MO; A. Luis Guillermo and A. Guillermo Eduardo, CRP; Bogota, Colombia Objective: 1. Developing a risk assessment (RA) and business case (BC) methodology for occupational hazards in a Colombian open pit coal mine. 2. Demonstrating the effectiveness of Prevention through Design (PtD) interventions in mining operations. Methods: The following health hazards were selected for evaluation: Dozers fleet operator’s crystalline silica exposure, vibration and noise. A baseline exposure assessment was conducted, followed by the PtD hierarchy of controls, improvements, and risk reduction calculations. New RA and BC tools were developed to assess the value of PtD intervention. The severity and probability of occupational exposures before and after the PtD intervention was calculated. Financial analysis helped identify the value of more efficient hazard control measures. Results: The Environmental, Health and Safety (EHS) intervention resulted in significant reduction of crystalline silica exposure to the operators. An effective filtration and pressurization system was implemented resulting in a reduction of silica dust exposure in enclosed cabs to <0.025 mg/m3. The project achieved integration of business objectives and occupational hygiene (OH) initiatives. The intervention resulted in elimination of respirators for Dozers operators and significant cost reduction. A 58.97% risk reduction of the selected hazards was achieved. Based on these results, a business case for EHS intervention was presented to open pit coal mine management. Financial analysis showed a payback period of less than 5 years and a positive internal rate of return. Conclusions: EHS professionals must learn how to effectively implement hazard assessment techniques, develop and evaluate risk prioritization concepts, and calculate residual risk for EHS interventions. Our case study provided strong evidence that the newly developed risk assessment and business case tools can be successfully used to demonstrate the value of EHS interventions. Such tools can become an integral part of the new AIHA Body of Knowledge (BoK) projects like IH Value/Business case development. www.AIHce2015.org 11 Abstract 23 Formaldehyde Exposure Assessment in Anatomy Laboratories M. Dhawan, S. Erdal, and L. Brosseau, University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicago, IL Background: Formaldehyde is used in embalming fluids to preserve bodies. Acute exposure causes burning sensation in the eyes, nose, and throat while chronic exposure causes dermatitis and asthma. The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and National Toxicology Program (NTP) of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services have classified formaldehyde as a human carcinogen. Objectives: This study seeks to characterize occupational exposures to formaldehyde in order to assess whether harmful exposures to formaldehyde occur and to evaluate the need for exposure control methods to mitigate potential health risks. Methods: Active and passive breathing zone samples were taken from students and laboratory personnel in the Anatomical Laboratories at the University of Illinois-Chicago (UIC) Medical School. Samples were collected using ChromAir badges, Dragger tubes, and XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. The ChromAir exposure levels were assessed by interpreting the badge color changes. Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) Analytical Method 52 was used to analyze samples from XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. Results: A total of 42 samples were obtained using 12 ChromAir badges, 12 Drager Tubes, and 18 XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. All measured Short Term Exposure Limit (STEL) estimates ranged from 0.2-4.5 parts per million (ppm). 17% (2/12) of samples exceeded the STEL of 2.0 ppm for ChromAir badges and Drager Tubes. The STEL was not exceeded in any of the XAD-2 adsorbent tubes. Conclusions: The exceeded TWA-C and STEL exposures were due to an increased amount of formalin in the embalming solution from the cadaver suppliers. In order to reduce inhaled formaldehyde exposures, UIC’s Environmental Health and Safety Office has increased monitoring and maintenance inspection checks, while also following OSHA’s regulation 1910.1048 in regards to employing correct signage, hygiene protection and including formaldehyde in the hazard communication program. Additional recommendations include personal protection and increased local ventilation. Abstract 24 Assessment of PM Exposure In Relation To Traffic Density in Chicago, Illinois H. Fritz, M. Sietsema, and L. Conroy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Objectives: Exhausts from tailpipes of automobiles are sources of air pollutants, to which near-road workers such as police officers, postal workers, or street vendors are exposed. This study aims to: 1) assess PM exposure to bicyclists as a surrogate for near-road workers with respect to traffic density; 2) explore differences in traffic density between residential and major streets. 12 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce Methods: A Thermo Andersen MIE Model pDR-BP logged respirable PM (d50=4 μm) every 10 seconds. The pDR was zeroed prior to rides using a HEPA filter and drift was assumed to be inconsequential. A milk crate affixed to the back of the bike housed the pDR while a video camera was mounted to the handlebars. Tailpipe counts were determined from the footage and tallied when a vehicle passed in front of the video camera, or when the bike passed a car. Tailpipe counts and pDR concentrations were averaged in 10-min segments and were compared using a spearman’s rank correlation. Route traffic density was compared using boxplots of tailpipe counts and a Wilcoxon rank sum test of pDR concentrations. Results: Tailpipe counts ranged from 3 to 62 vehicles per ten-minute increment. More than 90% were petrol vehicles rather than diesel trucks or buses. Concentrations ranged from 0-231 μg/m3 (average 6.1-28.1 μg/m3) with no correlation found between tailpipe counts and measured concentration of particulates (r=-0.047) identified. Major arterial streets in Chicago have significantly higher traffic density (x = 51) than residential streets (x = 14) (p=0.008). Conclusion: These data suggest there are other factors contributing to particulate concentrations in addition to on-road vehicles. Future work should observe concentrations of specific pollutants such as black carbon, or dust of smaller aerodynamic diameter, and also include riding through a more diverse range of street types and comparing other pollutants to tailpipe counts. Abstract 25 A Trend Analysis of Hazardous Exposures in the United States Electroplating Industry B. Lee, B. Catalin, and S. Erdal, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Objective: Electroplating is a process that generates harmful substances that can cause adverse health effects for workers. Therefore, electroplating shops must operate within compliance of regulations. The goal of this research is to evaluate hazardous substance exposure over time in the U.S. electroplating industry. We aim to establish temporal trends, and to delineate a pattern of abatement effectiveness from 1985 to 2013. Methods: An OSHA-developed national database of exposure measurements performed during workplace inspections was used. Exposure measurement data was selected for every five years from 1985 to 2010, and for 2013, to create time points. Mean concentrations were estimated for all substances at each time point and were arranged in order from highest to lowest. Substances were selected for analysis if they were within the top 20 highest mean concentrations and if they appeared in at least three time points. A trend analysis was performed to determine how concentrations of selected substances changed over time. Results: Potential exposures to beryllium (Be) compounds have decreased over time between 2005 and 2010. Mean concentrations for Be in 1985, 1990, 2000, and 2010 were 9.3E5, 7.4E-6, 0, and 0 mg/m3 respectively. Hexavalent chromium (CrVI) exposures also declined from 2010 to 2013, with mean concentrations of 0.49 to 0.45 mg/m3 respectively. Exposures to trichloroethylene (TCE) however show variability with no pattern of decline in average concentrations over time. Mean concentrations for TCE at time points 1985, 1990, 2005 and 2010 were 81.65, 74.29, 3.09, 7.33, 81.29, and 0.03 mg/m3 respectively. Conclusions: While mean concentrations of some substances have decreased over time, this was not the case for TCE. This could be attributed to a change in process conditions or even raw material usage. It is vital to evaluate exposures over time to assess whether exposure conditions improved over time for workers. Industries with stagnant conditions should be targeted for further intervention. Abstract 26 Do Correctional Facility Workers Injure differ in body sites and do they receive excessive workers’ compensation? M. Lever and L. Forst, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL; L. Friedman, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Objectives: In 2011, workers’ compensation laws in Illinois were changed because of a purported excess in claims and payouts to correctional officers in one particular facility. The objectives of this study is to: compare the workers’ compensation costs for CFWs in Illinois from 2002 to 2012 to a non-CFW reference group. Methods: Claims filed in the Illinois Workers Compensation Commission (IWCC) were extracted to compare injuries/ illnesses and compensation (payouts, weeks off work) among CFWs in Illinois (n=2,997) and a randomly selected reference groups of non-CFW (n=2950) from the same database over the same time period. Separate logistic models were analyzed using total workers compensation (TWC), permanent partial disability (PPD) percent, and number of weeks away from work for temporary total disability (TTD). Results: From 2002 to 2012 there were 2997 claims filled by Illinois CFW’s. Distribution of most affected body parts by injury/illness among CFW and reference group were: Upper Extremities (33% vs. 36%; p <.05), Lower Extremities (21% vs. 20%; p>.05), and Multiple Body Parts/Unspecified (20% vs. 17%; p<.05). Payouts for CFW were not significantly different form the reference group (TWC; CI 95%: -907.95, 238.60); did not receive more weeks off work (TTD; CI 95%: -0.05, 0.73); and did not receive a higher percentage for PPD (PPD; CI 95% -1.59, 1.12). Conclusion: Number of weeks of work, TWC, and PPD payment did not differ between CFW and non-CFW cases. Human Resources for the State is involved in assigning a claim number and approving health care (including surgery) for workrelated injuries. Workers’ Compensation arbitrators decide on % impairment (payouts) and time lost payments long after surgery is approved/completed. Rational decision should be made in assigning responsibility for workers’ compensation costs. Surveillance data is an important resource and the IWCC database should be improved and utilized to provide evidence for policy changes and preventive efforts. Abstract 27 Use of Geospatial Analysis in Environmental and Occupational Health: IEPA Brownfield Site Cluster Identification F. Pagone, M. O’Hara, and S. Erdal, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL. Objective: The goal of this study was to uncover clusters of both brownfield sites and large brownfield sites throughout Cook County using ArcGIS Hot Spot Analysis in order to guide environmental, economical, and sustainable development efforts of regulatory agencies and policy makers. ArcGIS Hot Spot Analysis (Getis-Ord Gi*) is a spatial statistical tool that, when given a set of weighted features, can be used to uncover statistically significant clusters of high values (hot spots) and low values (cold spots). This study also presents the potential benefits of hot spot analysis in environmental and occupational health research as a research method. Methods: Brownfield site information (i.e., location and size) were downloaded from the Illinois EPA Bureau of Land Site Remediation Program (SRP) website. The sites chosen for analysis were those that have not yet been issued a “No Further Remediation” (NFR) letter and are currently active sites. ArcGIS Geospatial Statistical Software was used to determine if there were clustering of Brownfield sites throughout Cook County. More specifically, two Hot Spot Analyses were performed, one using location and the other using location and size, in order to determine high concentration of brownfield sites with a larger hazard potential and occupational and environmental concern for exposures and health risks. Results: Geospatial statistics indicated that, when using only location, clustering of sites is more significant in downtown Chicago; however, when using both location and size, the clustering shifts to southern portions of the city due to large historical industrial sites in the Calumet Industrial Corridor. Conclusions: It is important to examine both the location and size of the Brownfield Sites when using this particular hot spot analysis to assess hazard potential. Furthermore, geostatistical techniques can be very effective in identifying geographic hot spots to guide environmental research and development of occupational health and safety plans prior to remediation. Abstract 28 Chicago Transit Authority Train Noise Exposure L. Phan and R. Jones, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Objectives: The goal of this study is to characterize the noise exposure of riders on the Chicago Transit Authority (CTA) trains. Methods: Twenty-eight UIC students were recruited to participate in this study. Participants were asked to ride a specific train route while wearing a noise dosimeter and complete a questionnaire about factors that might influence noise levels. Participants rode in the first car, where the driver’s cab is located. We used CEL-35x dBadge noise dosimeters, set to integrate sound levels over 1-minute intervals with a 5 dB exchange rate, an 80 dB threshold and a 90 dB criterion. Noise measurements were taken in vehicle only. Noise levels were www.AIHce2015.org 13 tabulated as: 1) 1-min peak (Lpeak) and average noise levels (Leq), and 2) peak and average noise levels by train line segments between stations. Results: Train drivers have longer duration exposure than riders. The estimated 8-hour noise doses, however, do not exceed the exposure limits: The highest OSHA and ACGIH 8-h projected doses were on Blue line, which were 13% and 25.24% respectively. The linear-mixed effect regression models showed that the 1-min and station-average noise levels of the Blue line, which were about 78 dBA, were significantly higher than all the other lines (p<0.05). The station-average noise level for segments involving travel through tunnels (77dBA) was 2 dBA significantly higher than elevated segments and 3 dBA higher than ground segments (p<0.05). Occupancy and passing trains were not associated with segment-average noise levels. Conclusions: The Blue line had higher noise levels than other train lines, but noise doses do not exceed occupational exposure limits for ride or 8-hour durations. Train drivers may have different exposures than riders, however, because they are in a cab with operational windows. Future work should confirm that drivers’ noise exposures are below exposure limits. Abstract 29 Cardiovascular Effects of work-related stress in working women M. Wilson and L. Conroy, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL Objectives: 1. Quantify various sources of work-related stress. 2. Describe the relationship between these sources of stress and cardiovascular reactivity. Methods: Stress attributed to the construct of the job was assessed with the Effort-Reward Imbalance Questionnaire. Irritations on the job were quantified with a list of work-related daily hassles. Workplace harassment was quantified with the Generalized Workplace Harassment Questionnaire. The cardiovascular parameters included were heart rate variability (HRV), blood pressure, and cardiac contractility index. A 3 lead ECG was administered with HRV calculated using Kubios HRV V2.2. Cardiac contractility was assessed by the ratio of S1 and S2 amplitudes, recorded via an electronic stethoscope. Subjects completed a stressful task by pedaling a stationary cycling machine while counting backwards by 7s from a four digit number. Cardiovascular reactivity was calculated as the pre- minus post-task cardiovascular measurements. The relationship between the sources of stress and cardiovascular reactivity was determined with linear regression analysis for each cardiovascular parameter. Results: Cross-section data were obtained from 11 participants. A non-significant positive trend was noted between EffortReward Imbalance and cardiac contractility reactivity, while HRV reactivity exhibited a non-significant negative relationship ( = -5.73, p = 0.264). Work-related hassles showed a non-significant inverse relationship with cardiac contractility reactivity, while a significant positive relationship was found with HRV reactivity ( = 0.31, p = 0.021) and heart rate reactivity ( = 0.205, p = 0.024). Workplace harassment exhibited a significant negative 14 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce relationship with mean blood pressure reactivity ( = -0.694, p = 0.043). Conclusions: The cardiovascular effects of work-related stress differ according to their source. Short-term stressful job situations are associated with an elevated reactivity of the cardiovascular system, while long-term organizational factors do not show cardiovascular effects. Further research is needed to determine the contribution of each source of work-related stress to end-stage cardiovascular disease. Abstract 30 Development of a Personal Aerosol Collector and Spectrometer (PACS): Part I: Design and Theory C. Cai, T.M. Peters, J.H. Park, and G.W. Thomas, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, SP Gogineni, Spectral Energies, LLC, Dayton, OH Objectives: This abstract introduces the theory and algorithm of developing a real-time personal exposure monitor – the Personal Aerosol Collector and Spectrometer (PACS). The device collects particles for subsequent chemical analysis and measures aerosol number, surface area and mass concentration by size from 10 nm to 10 μm. Methods: The PACS’s impactors and diffusion screens separate particles into six bins. It then measures the number and mass concentration for each bin. These measurements are then used to estimate particle size distributions. This abstract introduces the theory and algorithm used to fit tri-modal, log-normal distributions from these data. The algorithm combines three methods—parallel computing, optimization method without iteration, and low-resolution iteration with averaged values— to greatly enhance computation efficiency. The algorithm was tested with three pre-defined aerosols: clean background, urban and freeway, and coal power-plant. The normalized mean bias (NMB) provides an estimate of the algorithm’s tendency to overpredict or under-predict the parameter estimates. R squared (R2) indicates how well data fit a statistical model. Results: The combined algorithm fit a tri-modal, log-normal distributions reasonably for the diverse pre-defined aerosols: (1) for number concentration, all NMBs are 0% coupled with R2 of 0.98 to 0.99; (2) for surface area concentration, NMBs are from 0% to 7%, with R2 of 0.93 to 1.00; (3) for mass concentration, all NMBs are 0% coupled with R2 of 0.85 to 0.95. The computation time was decreased from several hours using iterations only to around 110 seconds using the combined algorithm. Conclusions: This study found that a combined algorithm accurately reproduced particle size distributions in three modes (ultrafine, fine and coarse mode) for three very different types of particles, and resulted in substantial decrease in computing time. Abstract 31 Comparison of Bioaerosol Collection Methods in the Detection of Airborne Influenza Virus L.L. Kienlen, M. W. Nonnenmann, and T. Henry, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Objectives: The purpose of this study was to compare influenza virus collection of four bioaerosol samplers – the SKC Biosampler, NIOSH Biosampler, Andersen N6 single stage impactor containing a liquid media, and the newly developed Next Generation Inhalable Aerosol Sampler (NGIAS) in a bioaerosol chamber. The higher airflow rates of the Andersen N6 and NGIAS are believed to increase the amount of influenza virus collected when compared to the traditionally used SKC and NIOSH Biosamplers. Methods: Ten 30-minute laboratory trials were completed by aerosolizing active influenza virus (H1N1) in a bioaerosol chamber to compare the sampling efficiency of all four bioaerosol samplers. Aliquots from each sampler for each trial were analyzed in triplicate using RT-qPCR. RT-qPCR data was converted to mean total virus particles per liter of sampled air (TVP) through the use of a standard curve. inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy for total iron (Fe) and chromium (Cr). Mass results from each stage of the Nano-MOUDI were adjusted according to the collection efficiency curve of the NRD, summed, and then converted to concentrations to be compared to the results from the NRD sampler using a paired t-test. Results: Cr concentrations measured by the NRD (4.18 μg/ m³ ± 1.63 μg/m³) were not statistically different from the Cr concentrations measured by the Nano-MOUDI (3.99 μg/m³ ± 0.38 μg/m³) (p=0.88). Fe concentrations measured with the NRD sampler (8.56 μg/m³ ± 2.32 μg/m³) were significantly different from Fe concentrations measured by the Nano-MOUDI (11.55 μg/m³ ± 1.54 μg/m³) (p<0.05). Levels of Cr and Fe approached the limit of detection for this analytical method. Conclusions: The Nano-MOUDI validated the collection efficiency of the NRD sampler for Cr particles (<300 nm). The Nano-MOUDI could not be used to validate the collection efficiency of the NRD sampler for Fe particles (<300 nm). Additional trials should be run for longer sampling time periods in order to ensure greater concentrations of metal particles are collected for analysis. Results: The TVP recovered with the NGIAS sampler was significantly less than the TVP recovered by all other samplers (p < 0.001). The TVP collected with the SKC Biosampler (111.41) and Andersen N6 sampler (102.36) was substantially larger than that collected with the NIOSH Biosampler (58.59), however the difference in TVP between these samplers was not statistically significant (p > 0.05). Abstract 33 Conclusions: Presently, there is no gold standard bioaerosol sampler for the measurement of virus particles in occupational settings. Our results demonstrated that liquid based bioaerosol samplers collected more TVP than dry collection samplers. The high flow rate sampler, the Andersen N6, did not collect more TVP, but had a lower limit of detection than other samplers. Furthermore, the SKC Biosampler collected the most TVP. Therefore, future investigators should design a liquid based personal bioaerosol sampler at a middle flow rate to maximize the likelihood of influenza virus detection. Objective: To evaluate polyurethane foam as an alternative to eight nylon meshes used in the nanoparticle respiratory deposition (NRD) sampler. Abstract 32 Validating the Collection Efficiency of the Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition Sampler K.J. Leonard, T.M. Peters, J.H. Park, I.A. Mudunkotuwa, V.H. Grassian, and T.R. Anthony, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Objective: To validate the collection efficiency of the Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition (NRD) sampler (ZNRD001, Zefon, Ocala, FL) with an independent reference sampler, the NanoMicro-Orifice Uniform Deposition Impactor (Nano-MOUDI) in laboratory trials. Methods: Stainless steel fume particles were generated by spark discharge and delivered to a sampling chamber. In triplicate, the particles in the chamber were sampled simultaneously for one hour using a Nano-MOUDI with polycarbonate substrates operated at 10 liters per minute (Lpm), and an NRD operated at 2.5 Lpm. The particle-laden substrates were then subjected to microwave-assisted acid digestion and analyzed using Evaluation of Polyurethane Foam as a Replacement Particle Collection Substrate in a Nanoparticle Respiratory Deposition Sampler L. Mines, T. M. Peters, J. H. Park, I. A. Mudunkotuwa, T. R. Anthony, and V. H. Grassian University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Methods: Foam and nylon meshes were evaluated for background metals content, collection efficiency, pressure drop, and performance under particle loading. Polyurethane foam (110 pores per inch) cylinders (25-mm diameter by 40-mm depth) were placed in conductive cowls compatible with the NRD sampler. Metals content was evaluated using inductively coupled plasma optical emissions spectroscopy. Collection efficiency was evaluated using salt and metal fume aerosols in independent tests and compared to the proposed nanoparticulate matter (NPM) criterion (established to reflect total deposition in the human respiratory system for particles smaller than 300 nm) and a model for particle deposition in porous foam. To assess changes in collection efficiency and pressure drop associated with particle loading, substrates were loaded with metal fume typical of occupational exposure samples to assess performance. Results: The foam had low metals content, making it a suitable material for the detection of all metals except cadmium. The collection efficiency of salt particles was similar to the NPM criterion (R2 = 0.98), and the model underestimated the experimental efficiency (R2 = 0.38). Increased collection efficiency of metal fume was observed for particles > 70 nm, presumably due to increased interception of non-spherical, fractal particles. Pristine foam substrates had pressure drops 12 times lower than the nylon meshes. The pressure drop across the foam increased by 13 Pa with 19 mg of particles loaded onto it, compared to 3800 Pa across the nylon meshes with 3 mg of particles. www.AIHce2015.org 15 Conclusion: Polyurethane foam performed better than the nylon meshes. Foam had low metal contamination and was less sensitive to pressure drop compared to the nylon meshes with moderate particle loading. Examination of the variation in collection efficiency by foam manufacturer is warranted. Abstract 34 Particle Penetration and Breathing Resistance Evaluation of Uncertified Dust Masks J. Ramirez, and P. O’Shaughnessy, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effects of particle size on the particle penetration of uncertified dust masks (UDMs). In addition, we evaluated the increase in breathing resistance (BR) with particle loading over time in an attempt to compare BR between filtering face-piece respirators (FFRs) and UDMs. Methods: Five different models of commercially available UDMs were selected for this study. All UDMs were tested against 2% NaCl aerosol to evaluate particle penetration. A second test was performed with Arizona road dust (ARD) to evaluate the BR. These UDM properties were measured by sealing the UDMs on a manikin face with rope caulk. The particle penetration test was performed following NIOSH protocol described in 42 CFR 84.181 except the UDMs were not preconditioned. NaCl aerosol particle penetration was measured with a scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS). Particle size distribution was measured within the range of 10 – 700 nm. The BR test was evaluated at 55 L min-1 air flow for 2 hours. In addition, two N95 FFRs were added to the BR test. BR versus mass loading was plotted for all UDMs and FFRs. Results: Particle penetration varied by particle size for all UDMs. The most penetrating particle size (MPPS) varied between 50 and 300 nm. The maximum penetration for the tested UDMs ranged between 3 - 75%. Initial BR did not vary between mask types, ranging from 8 – 13 mm H2O. The increase in BR for the tested UDMs and FFRs ranged an average between 5 - 35 mm H2O after 2 hours. Conclusions: A very wide range of particle penetrations was observed between the UDMs tested in this study. Increase in BR was different for the tested UDMs and FFRs. Abstract 35 The Effects of a Sprinkler Cooling System on Dust Concentrations in Broiler Chicken Production S. Williams, and M. Nonnenmann, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA; M. Farnell, and T. Tabler, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS Objectives: Limited research has been performed evaluating engineering controls to reduce dust concentrations in broiler chicken production. The purpose of this research is to evaluate the effectiveness of a sprinkling system to reduce inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations in a broiler chicken house. The results should provide insight towards future engineering interventions to reduce dust inhalation exposure during work in broiler chicken production. 16 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce Methods: Inhalable dust and ammonia concentrations were measured daily for the entire production cycle of a flock of broiler chickens (63 days). Inhalable dust was measured using a Button sampler and ammonia was measured using a direct reading instrument. Sampling was performed on a mannequin inside two broiler chicken houses. One house used a sprinkler cooling system to deliver a water mist throughout the house and the second house was an untreated control. The sprinkler system was activated from day 5 through day 63 of the boiler chicken production cycle. The following sprinkler activation program was used each hour from 6am to 10pm: days 5 – 9 five seconds, days 10 – 14 ten seconds, and days 15-63 for fifteen seconds. Results: Dust concentrations in the house treated with the sprinkling system (Geometric Mean =2.1; GSD=8.2) were lower than dust concentrations in the control house (GM=2.1; GSD=8.1). The observed difference approached statistical significance (p = 0.071). Ammonia concentrations were very similar in both houses and the difference was not statistically significant (p=0.223). Conclusions: Inhalable dust concentrations were reduced in the sprinkler house. However, the difference between the two houses was not significantly different and the observed reduction in dust concentration was not sufficient to eliminate the use of respiratory protection. Future research should evaluate the use of a chemical amendment to reduce re-aerosolization of dust, in addition to the use of a sprinkler system. Abstract 36 Combustion Gas Reduction in a Farrowing Barn A.Y. Yang, and T.R. Anthony, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA Objectives: Clear evidence shows a relationship between working in swine facilities and developing respiratory illnesses. Effects have been related to exposures to the combination of dust, ammonia, and carbon dioxide (CO2). This study examined whether room concentrations of combustion gases could be improved by changing the in-room vented heaters common to animal production operations. Methods: Concentrations of CO2 and carbon monoxide (CO) were monitored during two winter seasons, with the 201314 season using the traditional gas-fired heater (Guardian 60, L.B. White Co.) and the 2014-15 winter using new heaters (Effinity93, Modine Manufacturing Co.) Direct-reading CO (VRAE, Rae Systems) and CO2 (ToxieRAE Pro, Rae Systems) monitors were deployed at fixed stations throughout the farrowing barn to measure gas concentrations. Differences in mean gas concentrations between heater types, as well as the relationship between CO2 and temperature, sow, and piglet count, were evaluated using linear regression. Results: Carbon dioxide exceeded industry recommended limits (1540 ppm) on all sample days (N=18) with the standard in-room vented heaters in operation: concentrations averaged half of the TLV (2500 ppm). With the new vented heaters, 24-hour averaged CO2 concentrations exceeded industry recommended limits on only three out of 20 sample days: concentrations averaged 1400 ppm. The new heater significantly (p<0.001) reduced CO2 by 44% and CO by 60% (2.0 to 0.8 ppm). Linear regression identified a significant relationship (R2=0.75) between CO2 and production factors for the new heater: CO2 (ppm) = 482 - 22.4(Temp oC) + 43(# sow) + 5.6(# piglet). Similar analysis for the old heater identified similar trends but substantially different intercept (1700 ppm) and temperature factor (-36.9). Conclusions: While CO2 is still generated from swine respiration, we found significant reductions in room concentrations with the simple replacement of commonly used equipment. Future work will include an assessment of the longevity of these heaters in the swine barn environment. Abstract 37 Effectiveness of Bayesian Decision Analysis to Correctly Identify Noise Exposure Categories with Small Data Sets N. Gryska, P. Raynor, and Z. Xu, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN; P. Logan, 3M Company, Maplewood, MN Objective: This research sought to determine how the distribution of noise doses and number of samples affect the error rate of identified exposure categories when using Bayesian Decision Analysis (BDA) for noise exposures. Methods: Simulated lognormal distributions of noise dose were created from predetermined geometric means and geometric standard deviations (GSD) representing one of five exposure categories (Category 0-4) based on their 95th percentiles as defined by IHDataAnalyst (EAS, Inc.) based on AIHA strategies. From these distributions, n values were sampled (n = 2-10) and analyzed using BDA methods. The output of the BDA produced probabilities that the calculated exposure distribution represented each of the five categories. This BDA output was analyzed to determine if it’s predicted most probable Category correctly matched the true most probable Category from the distribution from which the n values were taken. An error was defined as meeting one of the following conditions: (A) Greater than 0.1 probability in Category 4 when the true Category was 0-3 (B) BDA output probability for the true Category is not the maximum probability of all Categories by ≥ 0.1. Condition B accounts for misclassifications of categories and includes false negatives. Results: Of the 40 simulated distributions, 12 (30%) achieved error rates ≤10% with n ≤ 10. For the remaining distributions, error rates at n=10 ranged from 17.2%-99.8%, increasing with GSD and Category values. Generally, error rates decreased as n increased and as GSD decreased within a Category. For Category 4, all error was due to Condition A, whereas for Categories 0-3, the percent of total error associated with Condition A increased and with Condition B decreased as the Category increased. Conclusions: Error rates for 70% of the distributions sampled were above 10%. This indicates that greater than 10 samples are likely required to accurately assess noise exposure in typical occupational settings. Abstract 38 A Pilot Study of Assessing the Occupational Noise Exposure of Bartenders in the Tampa Bay Area A. Woltman and S. Mlynarek, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL Objectives: 1. To determine the average 8-hr TWA noise exposure for bartenders for one work week; 2. To determine sources of peak noise exposure within the establishment; 3. Compare noise exposure data with business activity. Methods: One bar establishment was identified as the study site. A total of two bartenders volunteered to participate for the duration of the study. Personal noise dosimeters outfitted on the collars of the participants were used to collect personal noise exposure data. Noise data was collected for a period of one week (Thursday-Wednesday) during evening business hours. The data were collected for an entire 8-hour work shift for the Thursday-Sunday portion of the study and for 6 hours for the Monday-Wednesday portion of the study. Area noise level data was collected using a sound level meter for the ThursdaySaturday portion of the study. Due to equipment issues, area noise data was not collected for the Sunday-Wednesday portion of the study. All equipment was set to operate per OSHA Hearing Conversation Act (HCA) Standard Guidelines. Results: Bartender 1 average exposure was 86.4 dB (SD= 5.3) and Bartender 2 average exposure was 73.3 dB (SD= 11.2). Highest noise levels were Thursday-Saturday. The night with the highest noise exposure was Saturday night when a live band was performing in the establishment. Peak impact noises were recorded on the personal noise dosimeter and were associated with glass recycling being dumped into an indoor recycling bin. There is limited published research available for this occupation and the study parameters differ greatly from this study. Conclusions: The bartenders in this establishment were exposed to noise levels under the OSHA PEL of 90 dB for an 8-hr shift. Future research using this study design should include multiple study participants and multiple study sites that host different genres of live music. Abstract 39 Development of Low-Cost Environmental Sensors with Remote Real-Time Monitoring Of Indoor Particulates. B. Cryder, D. Sleeth, K. Min, and S. Collingwood, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah OBJECTIVE: 1. To develop a low-cost environmental sensor with remote real-time monitoring of indoor particulates and validate it against current particulate monitoring methods, facilitating the conversion of particle counts into exposure estimates. 2. Concurrent development of software-based automated analysis and summarization of the large volumes of data produced by these low-cost instruments. 3. Development of interactive mobile application for data delivery to user/patient/worker METHODS: Researchers retrofitted three Dylos 1100 Pro particle sensors with Linux-based microcomputers, a temperature/ humidity sensor, Wi-Fi, color display, and programs for data logging and remote interface. A comparison of modified Dylos units was conducted against a Grimm Model 1.109 Aerosol www.AIHce2015.org 17 Spectrometer and 2.5μm cut point gravimetric impactor samplers. Studies were conducted in a low-velocity wind tunnel using a 4.9 μm mean aerodynamic diameter aluminum oxide challenge aerosol at ten injection rates varying from 0.2 to 2.0% of total injection system capacity. RESULTS: Dylos units demonstrated a linear response when compared with Grimm and gravimetric results. Linear regression of the Grimm unit vs. the three Dylos units yielded regression equations of y = 0.1591x + 451.87, y = 0.2052x + 325.93, and y = 0.1673x + 263.31, with R2 values of 0.37348, 0.19182, and 0.69519. Comparison between the Grimm and gravimetric systems yielded a regression equation of y = 1.7743X -100.01 with an R2 value of 0.9801. Correction factors for the modified Dylos units appear to be in the range of 5 to 6 compared to the Grimm’s output. CONCLUSIONS: The capabilities of the modified Dylos combined with its lower cost present potential to vastly increase the observational capability of health research and occupational monitoring where airborne particulates are of concern. More testing with other aerosol materials is recommended to better characterize real world performance. Abstract 40 Evaluation of 1-Nitropyrene as a Surrogate Measure for Diesel Exhaust: Assessment of Personal Air Monitoring Data from an Underground Mine E. Carpenter, S. Dhakal, C. Simpson, M. Paulsen, N. Seixas, and L. Sheppard, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; D. Stephenson, Boise State University, Boise ID; T. Spear, Montana Tech, Butte MT Objectives: We will investigate the hypothesis that 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP) concentration in air is a viable surrogate measure of diesel exhaust exposure, as compared with industry-standard elemental carbon (EC) and total carbon (TC) measurements. 1-NP content in personal air samples was measured for a cohort of underground miners and compared with measures of Elemental Carbon (EC), Organic Carbon (OC), and Total Carbon (TC) in the same samples. Methods: Personal exposure data were collected on a cohort of 20 employees at a large underground metal mine during 4 different sample campaigns. Full-shift personal sampling was conducted using both an MSHA compliant SKC DPM impactor downstream of a GS-1 cyclone pre-filter, and a PTFE filter downstream of a GS-3 cyclone. Each DPM filter element was analyzed for EC and OC using NIOSH method 5040. Each PTFE filter was extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed for 1-NP using an LC/MS/MS method. Additionally, after EC and OC analysis each DPM filter was extracted with methylene chloride and analyzed for 1-NP using the LC/MS/MS method. Results: 1-NP analysis of data from nine cascade impactors indicates that the smallest size fraction of particles, <0.25 μm, contains a majority of 1-NP mass (90% average). Regression analysis of 1-NP vs. EC yields an 8.7% increase in geometric mean (GM) 1-NP for each 10% increase in GM EC (p<0.001), and a 10.9% and 13.3% increase in GM 1-NP per 10% increase in GM OC and TC (p=0.007 & p<0.001, respectively). 18 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce Conclusions: 1-NP is found primarily in the respirable particles <0.25 μm, consistent with the known size distribution of diesel exhaust particles. The MSHA compliant SKC DPM impactor has a cut-point of 0.8 μm, and is expected to capture the majority of 1-NP-containing particles present in the mine. Additionally, 1-NP was found to be associated with EC, OC, and TC in personal air samples. Abstract 41 Waterborne Paint Exposure in the Auto Body Collision Repair Industry G. Liao, N. Seixas, and M. Cohen, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; S.G. Whittaker, Public Health-Seattle & King County, Local Hazardous Waste Management Program. Objectives: The purpose of this study was to characterize workers’ exposure to emerging waterborne coatings used in automotive refinishing systems and observe other work practices associated with using these products. Methods: Ten auto body shops in King County, Washington that use waterborne coatings were recruited. Based on reviews of (M)SDSs, 14 target compounds were selected to characterize exposures to components of waterborne basecoats. Task-based personal air sampling was conducted on 11 painters when applying basecoats. Samples were collected at 100 and 400 ml/min, an attempt to achieve the limit of detection of sorbent tubes and prevent breakthroughs. Painters’ work practices were recorded, including the use of PPE, gun-cleaning procedures, waste disposal, and paint booth maintenance. Results: Breathing zone concentrations of aromatic hydrocarbons and polar volatile organic compounds were typically below their respective limit of quantitation (LOQ), defined by 5 times the SD of the laboratory-spike samples. On average 16% (SD= 21%) of the aromatic hydrocarbon samples and 23% (SD=21%) of the polar compound samples exceeded their respective LOQs. Procedures for cleaning paint guns and disposing of waterborne paint wastes varied between shops. Several shops disposed of waste in the municipal solid waste stream without chemical characterization. Painters were observed using lacquer thinner to clean their waterborne paint guns, which is not recommended by manufacturers. Painters were also observed spraying the rinsate from gun cleaning directly on to the mixing room floor, rather than collecting the waste in an appropriate container. The flow rates in spray booths typically failed to meet OSHA requirements. Conclusions: Workers’ exposures to target compounds when applying basecoats were typically below their respective LOQs or were well below their respective regulatory limits. More information is needed on the chemical composition of the waste generated from waterborne paint systems to inform best practices for spray gun cleaning and waste disposal. Abstract 42 Evaluation of Metabolites of 1-Nitropyrene in Urine as a Suitable Biomarker for Exposure to Diesel Exhaust J. Ramsay, C. Simpson, L. Sheppard, M. Paulsen, and N. Seixas, University of Washington, Seattle, WA; D. Stephenson, Boise State University, Boise, ID; T. Spear, Montana Tech, Butte, MT Objectives: Exposure to diesel exhaust (DE) is common in occupational and environmental settings and has been associated with several adverse health outcomes. Therefore, the ability to accurately quantify DE levels is crucial for understanding and controlling exposures. A DE-specific chemical component, 1-Nitropyrene (1-NP), has been proposed as a potential marker for exposure to DE in air and biological samples. In this study the suitability of 1-NP urinary metabolites as biomarkers for monitoring occupational exposure to DE was evaluated. Methods: The study took place in a large underground metal mine that uses diesel engines extensively. Air and urine samples were collected from a cohort of 20 miners who performed a variety of jobs located within the mine. Four sampling campaigns were conducted, each 2-3 months apart. During each campaign personal air samples, pre- and post-shift urine, and job task/ activity surveys were collected for each subject. Air samples (n=140) were analyzed for Elemental Carbon (EC) and 1-NP. Urine samples (n=170) were analyzed for 1-NP metabolites using an HPLC-MS/MS assay. The association between 1-NP metabolites in urine and exposure to 1-NP in air was assessed using a regression model to determine if 1-NP urinary metabolites are a suitable biomarker for DE. Additionally, the suitability of survey data as a surrogate estimate for DE exposure was evaluated using a predictive model for 1-NP metabolites based on job and time-activity covariates. Results: A range of EC and 1-NP exposures was observed (EC: GM=8.3μg/m3, GSD=2.5μg/m3; 1-NP: GM=35pg/m3, GSD=5.1pg/ m3). A range of metabolite levels, consistent with the variability in exposure, was also observed (8-OHNP: 0.05-0.44pg/mL; 6-OHNP: 0.06-1.13pg/mL). Very few workers reported offshift exposure to DE, suggesting that metabolite levels reflect occupational exposures. Conclusions: Levels of EC, 1-NP, and urinary metabolites in this cohort were high relative to environmental exposures, but were within the range of reported occupational levels. www.AIHce2015.org 19 Presenter Contact List Karin Lynn Adams Emily Edith Carpenter Caitlin K. Eakins Colorado State University Department of Environmental and Radiological Health Sciences Environmental Health Building Fort Collins, CO 80523-1681 [email protected] Research Advisor: William Brazile, PhD, CIH [email protected] University of Washington, Seattle Health Sciences Building, 1959 NE Pacific Street, Box 357234 Seattle, WA, 98195 E-mail: [email protected] Research Advisor: Christopher D. Simpson [email protected] Purdue University, School of Health Sciences 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Civil Engineering Building Rm 1285 West Lafayette, Indiana 47907 [email protected] Research Advisor: James D. McGlothlin MPH, Ph.D., CPE [email protected] Chrisy Chantarasopak Teniope Adewumi Harvard T. H. Chan School of Public Health 677 Huntington Avenue Boston, Massachusetts, 02115 [email protected] Research Advisor: Robert Herrick [email protected] Hugh Ford Fritz UCLA Fielding School of Public Health 640 Charles E Young Dr S Los Angeles, CA, 90024 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Wendie Robbins [email protected] Sean Banaee Benjamin Scott Cryder Garrett M Godsey UCLA School of Public Health 640 Charles E Young Dr S Los Angeles, CA 90024 [email protected], [email protected] Research Advisor: Shane Que Hee [email protected] University of Utah 391 Chipeta Way, Suite C Salt Lake City, UT 84108 [email protected] Research Advisor: Darrah K. Sleeth [email protected] University of Alabama at Birmingham 1720 2nd Ave South Birmingham, AL., 35294 [email protected] Research Advisor: Claudiu T Lungu [email protected] Michelle DeVilbiss, Nicole Gryska Purdue University 550 Stadium Mall Drive, Hampton Hall of Engineering West Lafayette, IN 47907 [email protected] Research Advisor: James D. McGlothlin [email protected] University of Minnesota School of Public Health Mayo Bldg. A302, Mail Code 197 420 Delaware St. S.E. Minneapolis, MN, 55455 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Peter Raynor [email protected] Andrew Michael Billon Indiana University of Pennsylvania College of Health and Human Services Department of Safety Sciences Johnson Hall, Room 117, 1010 Oakland Avenue Indiana, Pennsylvania, 15705 [email protected] Research Advisor: Jeremy Slagley CIH, CSP, PhD [email protected] Rayna D. Brown University of Central Missouri 108 W South St Warrensburg, MO 64093 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Georgi Popov, QEP [email protected] Changjie Cai University of Iowa Iowa City, Iowa, 52242 [email protected] Research Advisor: Thomas M. Peters [email protected] 20 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 West Taylor Street Chicago, IL 60612 [email protected] Research Advisor: Lorraine Conroy [email protected] Meghna Dhawan University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 West Taylor Street, Chicago, IL, 60612 [email protected] Research Advisor: Serap Erdal [email protected] Elizabeth Dietzel University of Arizona PO Box 210066 Tucson, AZ 85721 [email protected] Research Advisor: Terry Stobbe, PhD [email protected] Florence Janvier Institut de recherche en santé publique de l’Université de Montréal (IRSPUM) Pavillon 7101 avenue du Parc, C.P. 6128, Succ. Centre-Ville Montréal, QC, H3C 3J7 Canada [email protected] Research Advisor: Jaime Lara [email protected] Laura Lucille Kienlen University of Iowa 145 N. Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB Iowa City, IA 52242 [email protected] Research Advisor: Matt Nonnenmann [email protected] Laura Krause Matthew Mougin Joel A. Ramirez Colorado State University 1681 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80521 Email: [email protected] Research Advisor: Stephen Reynolds [email protected] Northern Illinois University 1425 West Lincoln Highway Dekalb, IL, 60115 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. William J. Mills III [email protected] Benjamin Lee Ahmad Nasser The University of Iowa Department of Occupational and Environmental Health – CPHB, Suite 300 - 145 N. Riverside Dr. Iowa City, IA 52242 [email protected] Research Advisor: Patrick O’Shaughnessy [email protected] University of Illinois at Chicago School of Public Health 1603 W. Taylor Street, Chicago, IL 60612 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Serap Erdal [email protected] Stephen F. Austin State University 1936 North Street Nacogdoches, TX, 75962 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Sheryll Jerez [email protected] Kathryn J Leonard Kathleen McGuire Navarro University of Iowa 145 N. Riverside Drive Iowa City, IA, 52242 [email protected] Research Advisor: Thomas Peters [email protected] University of California, Berkeley 50 University Hall #736 Berkeley, CA 94720 [email protected] Research Advisor: John Balmes [email protected] Mariana J. Lever Ortiz Melynda Joy Newman University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 W Taylor St. Chicago, IL, 60612 E-mail: [email protected] Research Advisor: Linda Forst [email protected] California State University San Bernardino 5500 University Pkwy San Bernardino, CA, 92407 [email protected] Research Advisor: Robert N. Phalen, PhD, CIH [email protected] Grace Liao University of Washington Box 357234 Seattle, WA 98195 Email: [email protected] Research Advisor: Steve Whittaker [email protected] Gumi Mabvuta University of Alabama at Birmingham 1665 University Blvd, RPHB 530 Birmingham, AL 35294 [email protected] Research Advisor: Claudiu Lungu [email protected] Levi Mines University of Iowa 156A IREH 2420 Old Farmstead Road Iowa City, IA, 52241 [email protected] Research Advisor: Thomas M. Peters [email protected] Joemy Ramsay University of Washington 1410 NE Campus Parkway Seattle, WA 98195 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Christopher Simpson [email protected] Aparna Shinde Purdue University 610 Purdue Mall. West Lafayette, IN 47907. [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Candace S-J Tsai [email protected] Tasha Stanfield University of Alabama at Birmingham 1720 2nd Avenue South Birmingham, AL 35233 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Claudiu Lungu [email protected] Jonghwa Oh University of Alabama at Birmingham 530 Ryals Public Health Building, 1665 University Blvd. Birmingham, AL 35294-0022 [email protected] Research Advisor: Claudiu. T. Lungu [email protected] Amanda VanDyke Frank Pagone M.Sc. Sarah Ashlee Williams University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 W. Taylor Chicago, IL 60612 [email protected] Serap Erdal Ph.D. [email protected] Program: Graduate University of Iowa 145 North Riverside Drive, 100 CPHB Iowa City, Iowa 52242 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Matthew Nonnenmann [email protected] Linh Phan University of Illinois at Chicago, School of Public Health 2121 W. Taylor Street Chicago, IL 60612 [email protected] Research Advisor: Rachael Jones [email protected] Colorado State University 1681 Campus Delivery Fort Collins, CO 80521 [email protected] Research Advisor: Stephen Reynolds [email protected] Mark Wilson University of Illinois at Chicago 2121 W. Taylor St. Chicago, IL 60611 [email protected] Research Advisor: Lorraine Conroy [email protected] www.AIHce2015.org 21 Adrianna Woltman Calvin C Wong Anthony Yuan-Jung Yang University of South Florida, College of Public Health 13201 Bruce B. Downs Blvd Tampa, FL, 33612-3805 [email protected] Research Advisor: Steven Mlynarek, PhD [email protected] University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA) 640 Charles E Young Dr S Los Angeles, CA 90024 [email protected] Research Advisor: Dr. Yifang Zhu [email protected] The University of Iowa 145 N. Riverside Drive Iowa City, IA, 52242 [email protected] Renée Anthony [email protected] 22 AIHce 2015 | May 30 – June 4 | #AIHce
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