NIS Diagnosis and STI Strategy Development
Country Presentation - Pakistan
Presentation at
Third Asia-Pacific NIS Forum
Diagnosis of NIS and Development of STI Strategies
in the Open Innovation Framework
8-9th April 2015
Bangkok, Thailand
Anwar-ul-Hassan Gilani
Chairman
Pakistan Council for Science and Technology
Islamabad
Key National Development Goals
(Vision 2025)

Universal primary education with 100% net primary enrolment

Increase in higher education coverage from 7% to 12 %

Increase in proportion of population with access to improved
sanitation from 48% to 90%

Modern performance driven public sector through adoption of
technology for efficient and effective delivery of services to
citizens

Become one of the 25 largest economies in the World, leading to
Upper Middle Income country status

Increase in annual exports from US$ 25 billion to US$ 150 billon

Place in the top 50th percentile for political stability (bottom 1
percentile), no violence/terrorism (bottom 1 percentile), and
control of corruption (bottom 13th percentile) as measured by the
World Bank’s Worldwide Governance Indicators
2
Key National Development Goals……2
(Vision 2025)

Energy: double power generation to 45,000 MW and provide
uninterrupted, affordable and clean ‘energy for all’ – electricity
access from 67% to 100%

Water: increase storage capacity and improve efficiency of usage in
agriculture by 20%

Food: Reduce food insecure population from 60% to 30%.

Rank in the top 50 countries on the World Bank’s ‘ease of doing
business rankings’

Increase Diaspora investment in private sector to $40 billion

Quadruple contribution of ‘total factor productivity, to growth

Improve Pakistan’s score on the Knowledge Economy Index
from 2.2 to 4.0

Make Pakistan a hub of regional trade and commerce
3
Ministry of Science and Technology
(MoST)

MoST is national focal point for planning, coordination
and providing direction to national STI efforts.

To initiate and launch S&T programmes and projects as
per national agenda for sound S&TR base for the socioeconomic development.

Working in diverse areas, the Ministry suggests
technological developments needed for higher growthrates and to improve standards of living.

Its principal focus is on building Pakistan's technological
competence, developing a larger pool of human
resources, integrating R&D efforts and enhancing
capacity of national innovation system.
4
Pakistan Council for Science and
Technology (PCST)

Established in 1961 as premier S&T policy and
coordinating organization

Advice and provide assistance to NCST / Government on
STI policy formulation and STI Planning

Collection of data and publication of nation-wide S&T
indicators

Assessment and evaluation of scientific research

Science, Technology & Innovation policy research

Secretariat of the National Commission for Science and
Technology (NCST)
5
National Commission
for Science and Technology (NCST)

NCST was constituted in 1984 as the apex body on S&T
matters headed by the Prime Minister of the country

It has 27 members

The main purpose of the establishment of NCST was:
● Acceleration of scientific and technological capacity
building for rapid and sustainable economic growth
● Consideration of major programmes of S&T sector and
establish guidelines
● Coordination of inter-ministerial and inter-provincial S&T
programmes
6
Membership of NCST
Chairman: Prime Minister of Pakistan
Vice Chairman: Minister for S&T
Member/Secretary: Chairman, PCST
 Minister for Finance
 Chairman, Pakistan Engineering Council
 Minister for Agriculture
 Chairman, Higher Education
Commission
 Minister for Industries
 Minister for Education
 Provincial Ministers for S&T (4)
 Deputy Chairman, Planning
Commission
 Secretary, Ministry of S&T
 Secretary, Ministry of
IT&Telecom
 Secretary, Ministry of Education
 President, Pakistan Academy of
Sciences
 Chairman, Pakistan Atomic Energy
Commission
 Chairman, Pakistan Council for
Scientific and Industrial Research
 Chairman, Pakistan Agricultural
Research Council
 President, Federation of Pakistan
Chambers and Commerce
 Scientists/Technologists nominated by
Prime Minister (3)
 Industrialists nominated by Prime
Minister (2)
7
National Institutional Mechanism for STI
Policy Making and Governance
N. Assembly Standing
Committee on S&T
Prime
Minister
Senate Standing
Committee on S&T
Ministry of S&T
NCST
Member Ministries*
PCST
(Secretariat of NCST)
Industry
Provinces
NCST Member
R&D Orgs
Other Ministries
Related S&T/R&D Organizations / HEIs
* Ministries which are member of NCST i.e. Ministries responsible for
IT&Telecom, Agriculture, Education & Industries
Main organizations responsible for STI policy making
(Arrows indicate flow of information for decision making for national STI policy) 8
Role of PCST in National Innovation
System of Pakistan
Industry
R&D
Organizations
Universities
PCST
Government
Innovation System
9
Methodologies Used for Diagnosing NIS

Periodic peer review of R&D organizations organized
by PCST

Special expert committees / commissions constituted
by the Ministry of S&T / government for reviewing
organizations

STI indicators (quantitative)
● PCST is the responsible agency for STI data collection and
analysis
● Data on STI indicators is collected on biennial basis
10
Quantitative STI Indicators

Human resources in R&D - number of researchers,
technicians, supporting staff (total & per million
population, headcount, full-time equivalence)

R&D expenditure - total & % of GDP (by source of funds,
sector of performance etc.)

Number of institutions (Universities and R&D
organizations)

Number of publications

Number of patents

ICT Indicators
11
Process of STI Indicators Development by PCST
Data Analysis
Compilation
Tabulation
S&T
Indicators
Data Entry
If data is
correct
Scrutiny of the
questionnaires received back
Follow-up
If data
needs
correction
Input Indicators
Human Resources
Financial Resources
Output Indicators
Publications
Patents




Phone
Fax
Email
Reminders by post
Dispatching Questionnaire
to Organizations
Preparation / Review of
the Questionnaire
R&D
Organizations
Updating Lists of
Organizations
Universities
12
Mainstreaming of Gender in STI

Development of database on women in science and
technology- PCST initiative

In Pakistan, 11 universities are devoted for female
education (along with equal opportunities in all other
universities)

The Protection Against Harassment of Women at
Workplace Act, 2010
● Federal Ombudsman Secretariat for protection against
harassment of Women has been established

Participation of females in STI is on the rise in Pakistan
13
Increasing Trend of Female Researchers
in Pakistan
World average of female researchers is about 27%
14
Funding for S & T
Mainly the Government of Pakistan
Private Sector ?

Pakistan Science Foundation

Higher Education Commission

Ministry of Science and Technology
(R & D Organizations)

Pakistan Medical Research Council

Pakistan Agriculture Research Council
15
Role of Incentives on R & D
1. HEIs –
linked with supervision of PhD Research
2.
PCST- RPA
Research output, PhD research
supervised, funding secured, Patents etc.
16
Impact of RPA on Researchers’ Output
Significant increase in ISI-indexed research publications
9200
9000
8000
7400
7000
6000
Pre-RPA
6000
Post-RPA
5000
4271
4000
3457
2964
2268
3000
2000
1000
0
338
382
400
523
446
427
488
564
525
688
547
580
593
864
1506
1079
812
1990
1991
1992
1993
1994
1995
1996
1997
1998
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
2011
2012
2013
No. of Publications
10000
Years
Source: ISI Web of Science database
17
Two Major Challenges for Pakistan
1.



Weak STI capacity as reflected below:
Publications per million population
● World Average (167 countries)
● Pakistan
466.01
42.34
H-Index of publications
● World Average (167 countries)
● Pakistan
163.76
130.00
Patents per million population
● World Average (158 countries)
● Pakistan
164.43
0.13
18
Two Major Challenges for Pakistan……2

High-tech exports % of manufactured exports
● World Average (158 countries)
● Pakistan

8.94
1.74
R&D expenditure as % of GDP
● World Average (117 countries)
● Pakistan

0.99
0.33
Researchers per million population
● World Average (111 countries)
● Pakistan
1638.36
164.00
19
Key National and International Institutions
in Pakistan Which Conduct STI Policy
Studies & Analysis
National organizations

PCST (Pakistan Council for Science and Technology)

MUISTD (Mehran University Institute of Science, Technology
and Development)
International organizations

COMSTECH (OIC Ministerial Standing Committee on
Scientific and Technological Cooperation)
● 57 members

COMSATS (Commission on Science and Technology for
Sustainable Development in the South)
● 21 members
20
Critical Issues and Challenges

Harmonization of sectoral policies (e.g., commerce & trade,
industrial, education, environment, energy etc.) with the STI
policy

Gaining political will for implementation of STI policies

Building trust between industrialists and researchers

Involving private sector in R&D

Creation of demand in industry for technology and innovation

Translating research into socioeconomic benefits

Capacity building of universities and R&D organizations to
provide solutions to the local industry

Inadequate STI policy expertise

Lack of funding for baseline / benchmarking studies needed
for formulating appropriate STI policies
21
Specific Capacity Building Needs and
Cooperation Proposals

Capacity building of MoST and PCST for STI policy
making & strategy development

Capacity building of PCST as an STI policy think tank

Joint STI policy research projects

Assistance in conducting industrial innovation surveys,
baseline / bench marking studies for developing STI
policy

Joint workshops, conferences on STI policy issues of
mutual interest

Exchange of STI policy professionals
22
Proposal for Study on NIS Diagnosis in
Asian & Pacific Countries

Formation of a joint expert group consisting of professionals
from relevant organizations of the countries who wish to be part
of the of activity

Expert group may jointly develop the methodology and
evaluating parameters for NIS diagnosis

Using the mutually accepted methodology and evaluating
parameters, similar studies may be carried out by the experts of
the group in their own counties

Finally, a consolidated report may be produced and
disseminated among all Asian & Pacific countries for their
benefit

APCTT may itself fund or arrange funding from donors for the
purpose
23
Potential Areas for Asia-Pacific Regional
Cooperation in STI

Energy / alternative energy

Climate change

Agriculture / food security

Water

ICTs

Biotechnology

Nanotechnology

Traditional Medicine- Drug Discovery/Development
–
24
EXAMPLE OF A TRADITIONAL MEDICINE
LAB TO CLINIC RESEARCH
Combination of Black seeds
and Turmeric showed enhanced
effect in Metabolic syndrome
25
Combination
Side effect
neutralizing
Synergistic/
additive
effects
Lower dose
effective
Animal study and Clinical trial
Amin et al. Co-administration of Black seeds and Turmeric shows 26
enhanced efficacy in preventing metabolic syndrome in fructose-fed
rats. Journal of Cardiovascular Pharmacology 2015; 65:176-83.
Metabolic Syndrome
1.5 g/
2.5g/
TG, TC, LDL, Glucose, BF%
TC, LDL, CRP, BF%
Black Seeds (0.9g) + Turmeric (1.6g)
TC, TG, LDL, HDL, Glucose, CRP, BF %, weight
Amin et al., 2015. Clinical efficacy of the co-administration of turmeric and black
seeds (Kalongi) in metabolic syndrome - A double blind randomized controlled trialTAK-MetS Tria Complementary Therapies in Medicine http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ctim.2015.01.008
Thank You
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