Scholarly publication patterns in the SSH
Books Indexed journals 100% 90% 80% Scopus Web of Science 70% Journals and series 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Health Sciences Natural Sciences Engineering Social Sciences Humanities Specific requirements of the social sciences and humanities (SSH) Gunnar Sivertsen Nordic Institute for Studies in Innovation, Research and Education, Oslo, Norway Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Neo-Latin was the international language of the SSH for several centuries Thomas More (1478-1535) and Erasmus Roterodamus (1466-1536) communicated in Latin Why did the SSH turn from Latin to the native languages? The enlightenment The building of the nation state Democracy Democratization of higher education The knowledge-based society The IANLS conference has six official languages: Latin English French German Italian Spanish The IANLS conference has six official languages: Latin English French German Italian Spanish “Papers can be given in any of the official IANLS languages, but please be aware that at this meeting, papers not delivered in English attract a much smaller audience than those that are.” However, at the IANLS conference in 2012 at Westfälische WilhelmsUniversität Münster, the President of IANLS, Minna Skafte Jensen, addressed the conference in all six official languagues in her welcoming speech Which language(s) is (are) international in the SSH today? Which language(s) is (are) international in the SSH today? From a Norwegian point of view: The social sciences: Only English is regarded as the international language Most older scholars will read German, and a few of them will publish scholarly in German as well Most younger scholars will not read or write German Which language(s) is (are) international in the SSH today? From a Norwegian point of view: The humanities: English is regarded as the international language – with these exceptions: In philological disciplines, the language of the study object is practiced as an international language in addition to English (z.B. Deutsch in Germanistik) In some specializations within philosophy, musicology, history, etc., German is regarded as a second international language Generally, most older scholars will read German, and a few of them will publish scholarly in German as well Generally, most young scholars will not read or write German Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Why did the SSH turn from Latin to the native languages? The enlightenment The building of the nation state Democracy Democratization of higher education The knowledge-based society How do the social sciences and humanities speak to society? How do the sciences «speak» to society? The research leading to the contraceptual pill 1915-1960 Physiology of Reproduction Hormone Research 1920 Steroid Chemistry In scientific journals in unconnected fields 1930 1940 Non-Mission Research Mission-Oriented research Development & Application 1950 1960 The Oral Contraceptive Figure 6 : Events Leading to the Development of the Oral Contraceptive The research leading to the contraceptual pill 1915-1960 Physiology of Reproduction Hormone Research 1920 Steroid Chemistry In scientific journals in unconnected fields 1930 Also in applied journals and in mission oriented research programmes 1940 Non-Mission Research Mission-Oriented research Development & Application 1950 1960 The Oral Contraceptive Figure 6 : Events Leading to the Development of the Oral Contraceptive The research leading to the contraceptual pill 1915-1960 Physiology of Reproduction Hormone Research 1920 Steroid Chemistry In scientific journals in unconnected fields 1930 Also in applied journals and in mission oriented research programmes 1940 Non-Mission Research Mission-Oriented research Development & Application 1950 Fields are united, implementation 1960 The Oral Contraceptive Figure 6 : Events Leading to the Development of the Oral Contraceptive The research on the social and cultural effecs of the contraceptual pill Physiology of Reproduction Hormone Research 1920 Steroid Chemistry 1930 1940 Non-Mission Research Mission-Oriented research Development & Application 1950 Cultural and social impact Research into cultural and social effects 1960 The Oral Contraceptive Figure 6 : Events Leading to the Development of the Oral Contraceptive Publications for a general audience Shares of researchers at Norwegian universities with at least one such publication during three years. Publications contributing to public debate Shares of researchers at Norwegian universities with at least one such publication during three years. Non-scholarly output is normally included in evalutions in the social sciences and humanities Example: The standard evaluation protocols of KNAW, the Netherlands Internationalization and societal impact: Conclusions The re-internationalization of the SSH: Provides international scholarly communication and stimulates research quality among specialists Selects English as the international language in most fields Enhances research themes of international relevance The societal impact of the SSH: Depends largely on the researchers themselves as generalists, educators and communicators Selects the native language for scholarly and nonscholarly publications Enhances research themes of national or regional relevance Researchers in the SSH need to publish in at least two languages Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH Language Publication types Referencing and citations An option for Open Access Productivity and visibility 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Scholarly publications in Norway’s higher education sector 2005-2014 Based on 125,950 scholarly publications in Cristin (Current Research Information System in Norway) 18000 16000 14000 12000 10000 8000 6000 4000 2000 0 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Percentage publications in the national language Based on 125,950 scholarly publications in Cristin (Current Research Information System in Norway) 100% Humanities 90% Social Sci Health Sci Nat Sci Engineering 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Percentage publications in the national language History Linguistics Sociology Economics 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of researchers publishing in international and native languages. Based on 1,895 researchers in the humanities and 3,229 researchers in the social sciences publishing in 2010-2013. Int lang Nat lang 83.2 % 78.2 % 64.8 % 53.4 % HUMANITIES SOC SCI Percentage publications in international languages. Based on age cohorts of 1,895 researchers in the humanities and 3,229 researchers in the social sciences publishing in 2010-2013. Up to 45 years old Over 55 years old 75.4 % 69.1 % 64.5 % 56.3 % HUMANITIES SOC SCI Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH Language Publication types Referencing and citations An option for Open Access Productivity and visibility 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Publication types Based on 125,950 scholarly publications in Cristin (Current Research Information System in Norway) Articles in journals/series Articles in books Books Humanities Social Sci Health Sci Nat Sci Eng Sci 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Articles in journals/series as share of all publications Based on 125,950 scholarly publications in Cristin (Current Research Information System in Norway) 100% 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% Natural Sci Health Sci Engineering Soc Sci Humanities 10% 0% 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 Articles in journals/series as share of all publications Based on 4,600 scholarly publications from the higher education sector in Norway 2005-2011. History Linguistics Sociology Economics 0% 20% 40% 60% 80% 100% Percentage of researchers publishing in books, articles in books, and articles in journals/series Based on 1,895 researchers in the humanities and 3,229 researchers in the social sciences publishing in 2010-2013. Books Articles in books Articles in journals/series 85.9 % 81.1 % 62.6 % 51.9 % 15.7 % 8.5 % HUMANITIES SOC SCI Percentage publications in journals/series Based on age cohorts of 1,895 researchers in the humanities and 3,229 researchers in the social sciences publishing in 2010-2013. Up to 45 years old Over 55 years old 72.4 % 69.1 % 64.5 % 52.2 % HUMANITIES SOC SCI Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH Language Publication types Referencing and citations An option for Open Access Productivity and visibility 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions References and WoS coverage: Sampled articles History Linguistics Sociology Economics Gastroenterology 41 55 64 31 57 Average age of cited work 23 years 14 years 13 years 12 years 10 years References to journals 17 % 27 % 56 % 74 % 96 % References to WoS journals 2% 20 % 50 % 68 % 93 % Average citation rate in field (5 yrs) 0,27 1,69 1,90 2,36 6,78 References Percentage of references citing other publications in WoS Thed van Leeuwen, CWTS, 2013 Clinical Medicine Economics Sociology Linguistics History Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH Language Publication types Referencing and citations An option for Open Access Productivity and visibility 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Scholarly journal articles on the national level will be concentrated in a few journals. Example: Sociology Based on 435 scholarly journal articles in sociology from the higher education sector in Norway 2005-2011. Sosiologisk Tidsskrift Sosiologi i dag Sosiologisk Årbok Journal of Risk Research Acta Sociologica European Sociological Review Social Indicators Research Sociological Review Journal of Critical Realism Journal of Youth Studies Ethnic and Racial Studies Sociology Sociologisk forskning Leisure Studies Qualitative Sociology Review Asian Journal of Social Science European Journal of Social Theory Procedia - Social and Behavioral Sciences International Journal of Social Research Methodology International Journal of Sociology Journal of Classical Sociology Qualitative Inquiry Comparative Sociology Sociologia Ruralis Pakistan Journal of Criminology European Societies: The Official Journal of the European… Work, Employment and Society Dansk Sociologi 53 other journals 0 20 40 60 80 Publications in the native language as shares of all journals and as shares of all articles 48% Journals Articles 39% 12% 11% 5% HUM SOC 1% HEALTH 1% 2% NAT 0% 0% ENG An option for opening up national journals in the SSH Free reading on the internet Subscriptions replaced by institutional funding (not by individual author payment) Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH Language Publication types Referencing and citations An option for Open Access Productivity and visibility 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Productivity in the SSH compared to the sciences Average number of publications in two years Researchers A B C Humanities 1074 3,7 3,9 4,6 Soc Sci 1882 4,5 3,1 4,7 Health Sci 2216 6,3 1,5 4,5 Nat Sci 2048 6,3 1,5 4,5 Eng Sci 2157 5,5 2,1 4,4 A. Publications – whole counts B. Publications – fractionized C. Publications – fractionized with the square root of fractions Productivity in the SSH compared to the sciences Average number of publications in two years Researchers A B C Humanities 1074 3,7 3,9 4,6 Soc Sci 1882 4,5 3,1 4,7 Health Sci 2216 6,3 1,5 4,5 Nat Sci 2048 6,3 1,5 4,5 Eng Sci 2157 5,5 2,1 4,4 A. Publications – whole counts B. Publications – fractionized C. Publications – fractionized with the square root of fractions Productivity in the SSH compared to the sciences Average number of publications in two years Researchers A B C Humanities 1074 3,7 3,9 4,6 Soc Sci 1882 4,5 3,1 4,7 Health Sci 2216 6,3 1,5 4,5 Nat Sci 2048 6,3 1,5 4,5 Eng Sci 2157 5,5 2,1 4,4 A. Publications – whole counts B. Publications – fractionized C. Publications – fractionized with the square root of fractions Scholarly publications in Norway’s higher education sector Based on balanced publication counts 28.0 % 26.2 % 18.1 % 15.3 % 12.4 % HUMANITIES SOC SCI HEALTH SCI NAT SCI ENG SCI Scholarly publication patterns in the SSH: Conclusions Researchers in the SSH are normally bilingual in their scholarly publishing Journal publishing and book publishing supplement each other because they represent different methodologies and forms of organization in research Citation indicators are not valid, except for in a few fields of research Scholarly publications in the native language are concentrated in a few publication channels – that could be opened up. The productivity and visibility of the SSH can be compared to the sciences – it depends on the data source and counting method. Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases Coverage in Scopus and Web of Science Alternative data sources Current Research Information System (CRIS) ERIH PLUS 5. Conclusions Books Indexed journals Journals and series Coverage of 70,500 scholarly publications from the higher education sector in Norway 2005-2012. 100% Scopus Web of Science 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Health Sciences Natural Sciences Engineering Social Sciences Humanities Incomplete coverage of international journals in the SSH. Books Very limited coverage of books. Indexed journals Random or no coverage of the national level (books and journals) Journals and series Coverage of 70,500 scholarly publications from the higher education sector in Norway 2005-2012. 100% Scopus Web of Science 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Health Sciences Natural Sciences Engineering Social Sciences Humanities Österreichische Zeitschrift für Politikwissenschaft is covered … But Österreichische Zeitschrift für Soziologie is not covered Swedish Journal of Sociology is covered … But Swedish Journal of Political Science is not covered Coverage in WoS and Scopus of scholarly journal publishing Based on complete data from the Norwegian HE sector 2005-2012 Subfield Classical Studies Theatre and Drama Linguistics Ethnology Literature Archaeology and Conservation Slavonic Studies Architecture and Design Philosophy and History of Ideas Art History Musicology Theology and Religion History Media and Communication Asian and African Studies Germanic Studies Romance Studies Scandinavian Studies English Studies Total humanities Total social sciences All publications Total % in journals 259 66 % 129 66 % 1057 61 % 392 57 % 764 57 % 765 56 % 231 56 % 424 54 % 1121 54 % 278 54 % 403 50 % 2126 50 % 1645 45 % 1073 39 % 237 39 % 238 38 % 304 35 % 1777 35 % 329 32 % 13551 49 % 17903 58 % Journal publications % in int. language % in WoS 48 % 23 % 61 % 14 % 93 % 39 % 47 % 12 % 31 % 16 % 52 % 26 % 84 % 17 % 38 % 11 % 45 % 28 % 45 % 21 % 43 % 28 % 42 % 16 % 44 % 40 % 73 % 19 % 99 % 42 % 100 % 39 % 100 % 47 % 17 % 2% 100 % 39 % 52 % 23 % 66 % 42 % % in Scopus 26 % 29 % 41 % 16 % 18 % 30 % 43 % 24 % 33 % 25 % 26 % 34 % 44 % 47 % 49 % 37 % 55 % 2% 60 % 32 % 54 % Coverage in WoS and Scopus of scholarly book publishing Based on complete data from the Norwegian HE sector 2005-2012 Subfield Library and Information Science Psychology Geography Economics Business & Administration Law Anthropology Gender Studies Sociology Political Science Education & Educational Research Total social sciences All publications Total % in books 389 17 % 1940 21 % 853 22 % 1081 25 % 2904 37 % 2108 39 % 597 47 % 358 52 % 1157 54 % 1655 55 % 4861 57 % 17903 42 % Total humanities 13551 51 % Book publications % in the Book Citation Index 14 % 28 % 33 % 48 % 35 % 20 % 29 % 14 % 23 % 40 % 8% 22 % 17 % % in Scopus 5% 8% 8% 22 % 12 % 9% 9% 4% 5% 7% 3% 7% 5% A data source as a norm: A source of tensions instead? Subfield Library and Information Science Psychology Geography Economics Business & Administration Law Anthropology Gender Studies Sociology Political Science Education & Educational Research Total All publications Total % in journals 389 83 % 1940 79 % 853 78 % 1081 75 % 2904 63 % 2108 61 % 597 53 % 358 48 % 1157 46 % 1655 45 % 4861 43 % 17903 58 % Journal publications % in int. language % in WoS 98 % 56 % 79 % 66 % 86 % 72 % 83 % 73 % 76 % 39 % 31 % 6% 65 % 32 % 38 % 19 % 60 % 40 % 76 % 64 % 51 % 22 % 66 % 42 % % in Scopus 80 % 72 % 78 % 77 % 57 % 13 % 82 % 37 % 48 % 73 % 35 % 54 % Specialized bibliographic data sources in the SSH may have broader coverage, but do not include citations and address information Google Scholar is of great help to the SSH scholar but not to the bibliometrician: No control over data and methods Google Scholar is of great help to the SSH scholar but not to the bibliometrician: No control over data and methods What is beyond coverage? Is comprehensive coverage feasible? Both Elsevier and Thomson Reuters are now integrating the citation databases with research management tools and CRIS-systems Books Indexed journals 100 per cent? Journals and series Coverage of 70,500 scholarly publications from the higher education sector in Norway 2005-2012. 100% Scopus Web of Science 90% 80% 70% 60% 50% 40% 30% 20% 10% 0% Health Sciences Natural Sciences Engineering Social Sciences Humanities Principles behind the use of institutional data in a shared national Current Research Information System • Completeness: All scholarly publications and other results from research are included • Transparency: Every institution can see and check all other institutions’ data. The national database is also online and open to society at large. • Multiple use of the data: CV’s, applications, evaluations, annual reports, internal administration, bibliography for Open Archives, links to full text, etc. Definition of scholarly publications Definition A scientific or scholarly publication must: 1. present new insight 2. in a form that allows the research findings to be verified and/or used in new research activity 3. in a language and with a distribution that makes the publication accessible for a relevant audience 4. in a publication channel with peer review*) *) In addition: Publication channels with authors coming mainly from only one institution are not included. All peer-reviewed channels can be searched, and new channels can be suggested 1351-510 References imported from WoS References imported from WoS References to book and article in book added by me Now called ERIH PLUS, the European Reference Index for the Humanities and Social Sciences Has moved to Bergen, Norway (The Norwegian Social Science Data Services) Becomes a dynamic register, new journals will be included continuously on certain (strict) criteria The “quality tiers” (INT1, INT2, NAT) will not be used any more Overview of this lecture 1. Internationalization in the SSH 2. Societal impact in the SSH 3. The scholarly publication patterns of the SSH 4. Coverage of the SSH in bibliographic databases 5. Conclusions Conclusions I The re-internationalization and the societal responsibilities of the SSH should be combined in practice and not set up against each other. Conclusions I-II The re-internationalization and the societal responsibilities of the SSH should be combined in practice and not set up against each other. Researchers in the SSH normally publish in more than one language and in more than one publication format, thereby realizing: Specific research methodologies Specific standards for international scholarly communication Specific forms of societal impact Conclusions I-III The re-internationalization and the societal responsibilities of the SSH should be combined in practice and not set up against each other. Researchers in the SSH normally publish in more than one language and in more than one publication format, thereby realizing: Specific research methodologies Specific standards for international scholarly communication Specific forms of societal impact The coverage of the SSH in international bibliographic databases is: Variable among the disciplines and very limited in some of them Causing a notion of “visibility” and “research quality” which depends on commercial investments in large companies Leaving the SSH with limited tools for information retrieval in the libraries Conclusions I-IV The re-internationalization and the societal responsibilities of the SSH should be combined in practice and not set up against each other. Researchers in the SSH normally publish in more than one language and in more than one publication format, thereby realizing: Specific research methodologies Specific standards for international scholarly communication Specific forms of societal impact The coverage of the SSH in international bibliographic databases is: Variable among the disciplines and very limited in some of them Causing a notion of “visibility” and “research quality” which depends on profit-oriented decisions in large companies Leaving the SSH with limited tools for information retrieval in the libraries Visibility for the SSH would mean a comprehensive acknowledgement and documentation of: All the specific forms of societal impact All the peer-reviewed scholarly publications in different formats and languages
© Copyright 2024