FOREST STEWARDSHIP COACHED PLANNING THE CARE AND FEEDING OF YOUR FOREST A.K.A. SILVICULTURE! Julie Sackett Western Washington Stewardship Forester Department of Natural Resources March 2015 What We’ll Cover Tonight Paying Attention to What Your Forest Environment Is Telling You A Plan You Say? How Do You Feel About Risk? Finally! The GOOD Stuff – Silvicultural Practices 1 Silviculture The practice of controlling the establishment, growth, composition, health, and quality of forests to meet diverse needs and values. The name comes from the Latin silvi- (forest) + culture (as in growing). Silviculture also focuses on making sure that the treatment(s) of forest stands are used to preserve and to better their productivity. Hawley, R.C. and D.M. Smith. The Practice of Silviculture. 6th edition. New York: John Wiley & Sons Inc., 1954. Forest Environment What’s the Story? SOILS Site Class, Moisture, Compaction, Mycorrhizal Health etc… TOPOGRAPHY Unstable, Aspect, Frost Pocket, Equipment Limitations etc… WATER Presence of Wetlands and/or Streams, Depth to Water Table etc… WEATHER Wind, Precipitation, Temperature etc… ANIMALS Deer, Elk, Beaver, Livestock etc… PEOPLE Management History etc… FOREST HEALTH Disease, Insects, Invasive Species, Wildfire etc… 2 Planning What do you want? What are your objectives? Planning Where are you starting from? Disturbance Event Stand Initiation Stem Exclusion Understory Reinitiation Complex TIME 3 Planning Where are you Going? Risk Tolerance Low? Moderate? High? 4 Silvicultural Practices Site Preparation Reforestation Vegetation Management Pre-commercial thinning Pruning Commercial thinning Fertilization Silvicultural Practices – Site Preparation Mechanical • Hazard Abatement • Piling • Windrows Chemical Prescribed Burning • Piles • Unit 5 Silvicultural Practices – Site Preparation Mechanical •Hazard Abatement •Piling http://www.ysc.nb.ca/selfsufftaskforce.html http://perljam.net/bronze4922/5thanniversary/lgthumb/img_0180.jpg http://www.pgfreepress.com/residents-worriedslash-piles-near-residential-area-a-fire-hazard/ Silvicultural Practices – Site Preparation Chemical Photo - Chris Rasor 6 Silvicultural Practices – Site Preparation Burning •Piles •Unit http://www.dnr.wa.gov/RecreationEduc ation/Topics/FireBurningRegulations/Pa ges/rp_burn_silvicultural_burning.aspx http://www.wildfireinterface.ca/content/slash-and-pile-burning Silvicultural Practices – Site Preparation KEY POINTS Minimize Adverse Soil Disturbance Protect downed wood debris Meet Forest Practices requirements 7 Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation Natural Artificial Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation SHADE WET SOILS DROUGHT FROST BROWSE Alder (100 yrs.) SPECIES 1 4 1 2 2 Bigleaf Maple (300 years) 4 4 3 5 1 Black Cottonwood (200 yrs.) 1 5 1 5 1 Douglas-fir (600+ years) 2 2 3 3 2 Grand fir (250+ years) 4 3 2 3 4 Lodgepole Pine (100+ years) 1 3 3 4 4 Noble Fir (300 years) 2 2 2 3 3 Oregon Ash (250 years) 3 5 2 5 2 Oregon White Oak (500 years) 2 4 5 5 4 Pacific Silver Fir (500+ years) 5 2 1 2 4 Ponderosa Pine (Westside) (700 years) 1 5 5 5 4 Sitka Spruce (300-400 years) 4 3 1 1 5 Western Hemlock (800+ years) 5 3 1 1 3 Western Red Cedar (1000+ years) 5 4 1 4 1 Western White Pine (300-400 years) 2 4 2 5 4 Most Tolerant = 5 Intermediate = 3 Least Tolerant = 1 8 Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation STOCK TYPE Plug 2+ 0 Plug + 1 1+ 1 2+ 1 Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation STOCKING DENSITY Trees per Acre 8' x 8' = 681 10' x 10' = 431 12' x 12' = 303 13' x 13' = 258 9 Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation SEEDLING CARE Protect from Physical Damage Keep Moist (90% to 95% humidity) Keep Cool (34 to 36 degrees Fahrenheit) See http://www.dnr.wa.gov/Publications/lm_webster_seedling_vigor.pdf for Webster Nursery’s Maintaining Tree Seedling Vigor Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation PLANTING WATCH-OUTS Too deep Too Air “L” shallow pockets rooted Compacted Not Roots Vertical “J” rooted Poor Properly Too Planting Planted Tree Loose Soil 10 Silvicultural Practices – Reforestation KEY POINTS Know what you’re going to plant prior to timber harvest Order your seedlings early! Meet Forest Practices requirements Silvicultural Practices – Vegetation Management Chemical Hand Slashing Mechanical Lost Growth is Never Regained 11 Silvicultural Practices – Vegetation Management Silvicultural Practices – Vegetation Management 12 Silvicultural Practices – Vegetation Management Bigleaf Maple Stump Sprouts Can Dominate – Photo by Alison Hitchcock Photo by Allison Hitchcock Silvicultural Practices Vegetation & Animal Management ANIMAL MANAGEMENT Physical Barriers Vexar Mesh or Tubing Bud caps Repellants Plantskydd Seadust 13 Silvicultural Practices Vegetation & Animal Management KEY POINTS Anticipate challenges up front Cannot just walk away after the trees have been planted Be honest and realistic Meet Forest Practices requirements Silvicultural Practices – Thinning Reallocates limited resources Maintains tree vigor Favors dominant trees Maintains understory plant community 14 Silvicultural Practices – Pre commercial Thinning CONIFER • Typically occurs when trees are young – 10-15 years old depending on site conditions • Spacing will be dependent upon species and existing live trees per acre – usually between 12’ – 15’ apart Silvicultural Practices – Pre commercial Thinning RED ALDER Needs to occur between age 5-8 years √ √ √ √ Self pruning height is 8’-12’ Live crown to tree height ratio of 60% DBH 4”-5” Tree height between 25’-35’ If planning to CT/275-300 TPA (12’x12’ – 13’x13’) If not planning to CT/230-250 TPA (14’x14’ – 13’x13’) Photo - Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative 15 Silvicultural Practices – Pre commercial Thinning Photo by John Keller Silvicultural Practices – Pre commercial Thinning 600 TPA Photo by John Keller 275-300 TPA Photo by John Keller 16 Silvicultural Practices – Pre commercial Thinning Favor Vigorous and full-crowned Well formed (no significant sweep, crooks, broken-tops, or other deformities) Disease and insect free Live dominant and co-dominant trees to remain as crop trees Cut trees should not be allowed to hang up in crop trees. Slash should be left as close to the ground as possible Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning CONIFER Typically occurs 20 years and older – dependent upon species, site conditions and market conditions 17 Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning GROWTH RINGS Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning LIVE CROWN TO HEIGHT RATIO 18 Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning D+ THINNING SPACING GUIDE SPECIES GROUP THIN WHEN: THIN TO: VERY SHADE TOLERANT D+1 D+4 SHADE TOLERANT D+2 D+5 SOMEWHAT SHADE TOLERANT D+3 D+6 SHADE INTOLERANT D+4 D+7 VERY SHADE INTOLERANT D+5 D+8 Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning THINNING SCENARIO Stand has 300 trees per acre (12’x12’ spacing) and was precommercially thinned 10 years ago (25 years old now) Trees average 11 inches so thinning by D+5 you would space trees 16 feet apart on average leaving + 170 trees per acre 15 years later the trees average 15 in. DBH you thin to 20’ spacing leaving about 109 trees per acre at age 50 At age 50 you can thin or do a final harvest 19 Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning Photo – Steve Teitzel Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning Stand was thinned down to 300 trees per acre. Photo – Sandy Sandman 20 Silvicultural Practices – Commercial Thinning RED ALDER Needs to occur no later than 15 years Thin to 200 – 225 trees per acre Final Harvest age 35-40 years Photo - Hardwood Silviculture Cooperative Silvicultural Practices – Variable Density Thinning “...findings suggest that greater diversity in stand structures and plant communities can be accelerated by thinning with skips and gaps.” LET’S MIX IT UP! THE BENEFITS OF VARIABLE-DENSITY THINNING, PNW Research Station 21 Silvicultural Practices – Thinning KEY POINTS Timing! Selection of Crop Trees Visual Expectations Use of Contract Silvicultural Practices – Pruning Improve wood quality Increase understory vegetation for wildlife or special forest products Reduce fuel ladders and fire prevention Improve visual aesthetics Improve access into the forest Reduce incidence of disease in Western White Pine 22 Silvicultural Practices – Pruning Prune flush to the branch collar Do not leave long stubs or jagged cuts Choose the best trees to prune Correct Incorrect Photo – Ken Bevis Silvicultural Practices – Pruning KEY POINTS Keep your feet on the ground! Keep record of when trees were pruned 23 Silvicultural Practices – Fertilization Increase Growth/Wood Fiber Not all Forest Soils Respond to Fertilization Water Quality Protection is an Important Consideration In Conclusion Always start with a forest stewardship plan that ties activities to your objectives. Regularly monitor the health and condition of your forest. Keep your trees growing and healthy. Use the best practices at an affordable cost to get the result you want. Don’t be afraid to get help. 24
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