SouthgEastgAustraliangProgram Preparinggfisheriesgforgclimategchange BLUEgGRENADIER fact sheet OceangtemperaturesgobservedgaroundgsouthqeastgAustraliagshowg warminggsignificantlygabovegthegglobalgaveragePgTemperaturesg recordedgoffgthegeastgcoastgofgTasmaniagovergtheglastg–jgyearsg demonstratinggwarminggatgFP4gtimesgthegglobalgaveragePg OvergthegnextgcenturyHgthegmarinegsystemsgofgsouthqeastgAustraliag aregexpectedgtogcontinuegexhibitinggsomegofgtheglargestgclimateq drivengchangesgingthegSoutherngHemisphereHgwithgsubstantialg changesgtogecosystemsPgThegsubsequentgflowqongeffectsgtog communitiesgandgbusinessesgwillgdependHgingpartHgonghowgwellg fishinggindustriesgandgresourcegmanagersgcangadaptgtogtheseg challengesPg Blueggrenadiergwasgonegofgfourgcaseqstudygfisheriesgselectedgtogidentifyglikelygeffectsgofgclimategchangeg andghighlightghowgfisherygassessmentgandgmanagementgframeworksgcouldgbegadjustedgtogbettergconsiderg climategchangeP g The fishery gggggBlueggrenadierg8Macruronus novaezelandiaexgsupportgthegmostg valuablegcommercialgfinqfishgfisheryging thegSoutherngandgEasterngScalefishgandg SharkgFisheryPgTheglandedgfisherygmarketg valuegisgapproximatelygT()–($gmilliong AustraliangdollarsPgThegAustraliangblueg grenadiergfisherygisgagsolelyg Commonwealthgmanagedgfisherygandgtheg AustraliangFisherygManagementg Authorityg8AFMAxgisgresponsiblegforgitsg managementg8assessmentgandgsettinggofg thegtotalgallowablegcatchgorgTACxP Blueggrenadiergaregfoundgfromgsoutherng NewgSouthgWalesgaroundgsoutherng AustraliagtogWesterngAustraliaHgincludingg aroundgthegcoastgofgTasmaniaPgMostgofg thegcatchgisgtakengfromgaroundgwesterng Tasmaniagwithgsmallergcatchesgoffg easterngTasmaniagandgeasterngBassg StraitPg Blueggrenadiergaregtypicallygtargetedg alonggthegshelfgslopegatgdepthsgbetweeng Fjjgandg2jjgmHgbutgcangoccurgtogdepthsg ofgatgleastg(jjjgmPgThegspeciesgisgcaughtg bygdemersalgtrawlinggandgthegannualg TACgrangedgbetweengapproximatelyg $Fjjgtog1)jjgtonnesgbetweeng)jj4g andg)j()Hgbutgwasgasglargegasg(jHjjjgtg betweeng(CC$gandg)jj)Pg Thegfisherygisgdividedgintogagsmallerg summerg8nonqspawningxgfisheryHgwhereg blueggrenadiergisgcaughtgingmixedgbagsg withgothergfishgstocksgbygsmallgboatsHg andgthegmajorgwinterg8spawningxgfisheryg thatgisgfocusedgoffgwesterngTasmaniaHg wheregmostgofgthegcatchgisgtakengbygag factorygtrawlerPg ThisgfisherygisgratherguniquegingAustraliag asgagsmallgnumbergofglargegoperatorsg takegthegvastgmajoritygofgthegTACPgTheg fisherygisghighlygrecruitmentgdrivenHgiPePg dependentgupongyearsgwheregtheregareg largegnumbersgofgjuvenilesgsurvivingHg interspersedgwithgextendedgperiodsgofg poorglevelsgofgreproductivegsuccessPg Currentgestimatesgofgthegstrongestgyearq classesgovergtheglastgFjgyearsgareg (C–CHg(C4–Hg(CC$Hg)jjFgandg)jjCP About the case study ))))The)Blue)grenadier)fishery)depends)on)infrequent)large)recruitment) pulses)that)produce)strong)year9classes)that)support)fishery) production)for)many)years%)These)recruitment)pulses)are)driven)by) inter9annual)variation)in)spawning)success)that)is)thought)to)be)related) to)variation)in)the)survival)rates)of)the)early)life)stages)Si%e%)larvae)or) small)juveniles5)in)their)first)few)weeks)to)months)of)lifeI% ) Little)is)known)about)the)processes)influencing)variable)survival)of) larvae)and)small)juveniles)in)Australian)blue)grenadier)stocks5)but) earlier)studies)suggest)that)climatic)factors)are)likely)important%) Changes)to)either)the)average)magnitude)and3or)frequency)of)these) strong)year)classes)would)have)a)major)impact)on)the)fishery)and)is) seen)as)a)key)vulnerability)of)this)fishery)to)climate)change%) This)case)study)explored)the)relationship)between)blue)grenadier) year–class)strength)SYCSI)and)climatic)variables)that)could)be) influenced)by)climate)change%)It)also)conducted)a)preliminary)analysis) of)how)variation)in)larval)dispersal)trajectories)may)influence)year9 class)strength%) Finally5)given)that)any)potential)climate)change)impacts)on) recruitment)are)likely)to)be)difficult)to)forecast)with)high)confidence5)it) is)important)that)the)harvest)strategy)for)this)fishery)can)deal)with)a) variety)of)possible)recruitment)scenarios)and)continue)to)recommend) appropriate)catch)levels%)This)case)study)therefore)also)looked)at)the) performance)of)the)current)harvest)strategy)framework)in)protecting) the)stock)from)collapse)under)various)recruitment)regimes% Key effects of climate change ))))We)found)that)blue)grenadier)YCS)was)related)to)winds)and)sea) surface)temperatures%)Wind)strength)during)the)autumn)period)just) prior)to)the)blue)grenadier)spawning)season)and)mean)annual)sea) surface)temperature)together)explained)89x)of)the)variation)in)the) YCS)estimates)for)the)24)years)from)19P29766H5)and)P0x)for)the) 74)years)from)19H29766H)when)recruitment)estimates)are)more) confident%)Strong)autumn)winds)may)be)more)conducive)to)retention)of) larval)stages)in)the)spawning)region5)as)preliminary)analysis)of)larval) dispersal)modelling)indicated)that)years)with)greater)retention)of) larval)stages)along)the)west)Tasmanian)shelf)region)had)higher)YCS% Together)with)analysis)of)a)range)of)other)climatic)variables5)our) results)suggest)that)windy)autumns5)where)there)is)greater)vertical) mixing)of)the)water)column)and)more)nutrient)supply)to)surface) waters)just)prior)to)spawning5)and)colder)winter)to)spring)periods5)are) conducive)to)higher)YCS)of)blue)grenadier)off)western)Tasmania% ) Projections)of)future)wind)conditions)for)western)Tasmania)under) climate)change)scenarios)suggest)that)changes)to)winds)will)have)only) a)minor)effect)on)average)YCS%)However5)sea)surface)temperatures) are)predicted)to)increase)by)792)˚C)by)7686%)The)predicted)increase) in)temperature)may)have)a)major)negative)impact)on)blue)grenadier) spawning)and)recruitment)success)off)western)Tasmania)if)the)water) temperatures)experienced)by)the)egg)and)larval)stages)are)beyond) their)tolerance)levels%)) Key unknowns in regard to climate change Key unknown is the upper temperature tolerances of the eggs and larvae. There also remains high uncertainty around how climate change will influence changes in sea temperatures at depths below 400 m where blue grenadier spend a large portion of their lives. This hinders our ability to predict if there will be changes in migratory patterns or distribution. Poor understanding of the juvenile (first year of life) ecology and distribution is a key knowledge gap limiting understanding of how climate change may influence blue grenadier fishery production. Improving the capabilities of our models to conduct modelling of larval dispersal under future climate scenarios will be important for assessing implications of climate change. While it is clearly difficult to predict changes to the dynamics of YCS due to climate change, simulation testing of the current assessment framework indicated that the harvest strategy is capable of protecting the stock from long-term decline under a range of potential recruitment dynamics. However, the exercise clearly demonstrated that changes to recruitment dynamics could have a major impact on how the fishery operates under the current harvest control rule, due in large part to a greater uncertainty in the catch dynamics. Responding to change Existing capacity for the fishery to adapt The most likely effects of climate change on the blue grenadier fishery are changes in frequency and or magnitude of the strong year classes that drive fishery production. This may mean that the dynamics of fishery production (catches) may change from the industries contemporary experiences. Distribution and seasonal migratory patterns, such as for spawning, may also be influenced by climate change. The tractable adaptations to such changes are limited but include changes in areas, times or depths fished, and changes to fleet size or gear used. Options for improving assessment frameworks It is possible that blue grenadier growth, mortality or other parameters might be affected by changes in surrounding environmental conditions (e.g. water temperature, prey availability). While this was not considered specifically in this work, the key assumptions used in the stock assessment model are reviewed and agreed upon by fishery and biology experts prior to their implementation. This allows frequent opportunity for observed or inferred changes to a parameter to be incorporated within the stock assessment model. In addition, more episodic recruitment could lead to major cycles in fishery production with intermittent periods of low or even zero TAC (catches). Under such scenarios, a review of control rules and fishery management plans/ objectives may be required to ensure the economic performance of the fishery is maximised. Possible planned adaptations to consider in the future Possible adaptation actions were elicited from stakeholders in response to the potential climate change impacts. The main impacts were listed as: changes in location, timing and intensity of the spawning aggregation; lower productivity through changes in recruitment dynamics; increased interactions with protected species, and reduced availability of the stock. Potential adaptations included reducing catch quotas and/or effort, moving fishing season dates, removal of restrictions on fishing depths, changing target species and shifting areas fished. IIIII Barriers to change IIIIWeIfoundIveryIfewIpotentialIbarriersItoIadaptationIforItheIblueIgrenadierI fishery.ITheIfisheryIcoversIaIsingleIjurisdiction,IandItheIgoalsIandIobjectivesIofI fisheryImanagementIareIclearlyIdefined.ITheIfisheryIisIalsoIconfinedItoIaIsmallI numberIofIlargeIoperatorsIsoItheIdemographicsIofItheIfisheryIareInotIasIdiverseI asIsomeIlargerIfisheriesIandIthereforeIitIappearsItheIopinionsIregardingI managementIchangeIareIquiteIsimilar.ITheImainIbarriersIhighlightedIincluded:I costsIassociatedIwithIalteringIfishingIpractices,ItimingIorIquota,IlimitedIoptionsIforI diversification,IimpactsIonIotherIstocksIifIchangesIinItargetIspecies.III Knowledge/data requirements into the future TheIkeyIknowledge/dataIrequirementsIidentifiedIwere: IncreasedIcollectionIofIwaterItemperatureIdepthIprofilesItoIhelpIimproveI forecastingImodels. ImprovedImonitoringIofIreproductiveIaggregationIbehaviourIbyIcollectingI timeIseriesIofIreproductiveIconditionIofIfishIinItrawlIshots,IwithIassociatedI dataIonIdepthIofIcapture,IwaterItemperatureIatIdepthIofIcaptureIandIatI theIsurface,IsexIratioIetc. ImprovedImodellingIofIlarvalIdispersal,IparticularlyItheIspatialIresolutionI andIabilityItoIinvestigateIrealisticIfutureIclimateIchangeIscenariosIofIlarvalI dispersal. UseIofIotolithsItoIstudyIhowIclimateIregimeIchangesImightIrelateIto/ influenceIgrowthIrateIvariationIandIimplicationsIforIassessmentImodelling. http:33frdc0com0au3environment3climate_change3F DataIonIjuvenileIabundanceIandIdistributionItoIvalidateImodelIYCSI estimatesIandIimproveIunderstandingIofIjuvenileIecology. ControlledIstudiesIofIeggIandIlarvalItemperatureItolerances. Ensuring that the fisheries of south-east Australia adapt effectively to climate change will require robust scientific understanding and the development of management systems that will allow negative impacts to be mitigated and opportunities that arise to be seized. PaulFHamer5FFisheriesFVictoria paul0hamer@ecodev0vic0gov0au 86_F8FwMw8F/M88 http:33www0redmap0org0au3 GeoffFTuck5FCSIRO Geoff0Tuck@csiro0au 86_FAF6MAMFwMMM GrettaFPecl5FIMAS Gretta0Pecl@utas0edu0au 86_FAF6MM7F7M77 PhotoFcredits:F BruceFBarker5F ElsaFGärtner5F RickFStuart2 Smith5FGeoffF Tuck5FCSIROFandF FisheriesFVictoria
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