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International Journal on Applications in Science, Engineering & Technology
Volume.1, Issue.3, 2015, pp.35-38
www.ijaset.org
Optimization of Partial Replacement of Natural
Sand By Manufactured Sand In Concrete
N. NAVEENTH, G. SATHEESHKUMAR
Department of Civil Engineering, CMS College of Engineering, Namakkal, Tamil Nadu, India
Email: [email protected], [email protected]
This paper presents the results of experimental work
conducted on performance of concrete made with
manufactured sand as fine aggregate. The natural sand was
replaced with manufactured sand by four proportions (i.e.
20%, 40%, 60%, and 80%).The effect of concrete made with
different proportions of Manufactured sand has been
discussed.
Abstract- Sand is basic concrete making construction material
required in large quantities. Hence, in the Present scenario, it is
necessary to find the most suitable substitute for sand, easy to
produce and has all the required qualities for use in concrete.
Manufactured sand (M-sand) is one among such materials to
replace river sand, which can be used as an alternative fine
aggregate in mortars and concretes. Two basic mixes were selected
for natural sand to achieve M30 grade concrete. The equivalent
mixes were obtained by replacing natural sand by M-sand partially.
The test result indicates that M-sand can be used effectively to
replace natural sand in concrete. In the experimental study of
strength characteristics of concrete using M-sand as fine aggregate
it is found that there is increase in compressive strength of
concrete.
II. OBJECTIVE
To investigate the properties of manufactured sand and
comparing with the natural sand and using as a partial
replacement for fine aggregate. And to optimize replacement
percentage for natural sand by manufactured sand in concrete
by comparing the compressive strength result
Index Terms— Compressive strength, manufactured sand.
III. EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION
I. INTRODUCTION
3.1 Materials used
Due to rapid growth in construction activity, the consumption
of concrete is increasing every year. This results in excessive
extraction of natural aggregates. Ordinary concrete, typically,
contains about 12 percent cement, 8 percent mixing water, and
80 percent aggregate by mass. This means that, in addition to
1.5 billion tonnes of cement, the concrete industry is
consuming annually 9 billion tonnes of sand and rock together
with one billion tonnes of mixing water. The 11.5 billion
tonnes-a-year concrete industry is thus the largest user of
natural resources in the world.
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Sand is the one of main constituents of concrete making which
is about 35% of volume of concrete used in construction
industry. Fine particles below 600 microns must be atleast 30
% to 50% for making concrete will give good results
Normally particles are not present in river sand up to required
quantity. Digging sand, from river bed in excess quantity is
hazardous to environment. The deep pits dug in the river bed,
affects the ground water level.
Ordinary Portland Cement (OPC) 43 grade
conforming to IS 8112.
Locally available river sand was used as fine
aggregate.
Crushed granite coarse aggregate of size 12.5mm was
used.
Portable water was used for mixing of concrete and
curing purpose.
Manufactured Sand
3.1.1 Cement
Portland pozzolanic cement 53 grade conforming to IS 8112
– 1989, and specific gravity of cement is found to be 3.15. The
properties of cement given in Table 1.
Table -1 Properties Of Cement
Component
Fineness (m2/kg)
Initial setting
time (Minutes)
Final setting time.
(Minutes)
Standard consistency
Soundness
Erosion of nearby land is also due to excessive sand lifting.
Also, good quality sand may have to be transported from long
distance, which adds to the cost of construction. In order to
full fill the requirement of fine aggregate, some alternative
material must be found. The cheapest and the easiest way of
getting substitute for natural sand is by crushing natural stone
to get artificial sand of desired size and grade which would be
free from all impurities is known as Manufactured sand.
35
Results
4%
50mins
190mins
33%
1mm
Requirements
<10%
Minimum
30mins
Maximum
600hrs
---Maximum
10mm
International Journal on Applications in Science, Engineering & Technology, 1 (3), 2015, 35-38
5
6
Mechanical properties of cement
(Compressive strength, Mpa)
3-days
23
Minimum 16
7-days
30
Minimum 22
28-days
55
Minimum 33
0.3
0.15
5-20
0-10
17.5
5.4
25.5
7.9
3.1.4 Coarse Aggregate
Crushed angular aggregate with maximum grain size of 20mm
and downgraded was used and having bulk density
2770kg/m3. The specific gravity and fineness modulus was
found to be 2.88 and 2.75 respectively.
Chemical properties of cement
Oxide
composition
Cao
Sio2
Al2O3
Fe2O3
SO3
MgO
3.1.4 Water
Percent
63.3
21.64
5.97
3.85
1.66
0.78
Fresh potable water, which is free from acid and organic
substance, was used for mixing the concrete.
IV. EXPERIMENTAL PROCEDURE
3.1.2 Fine aggregate
The mix ratio is prepared for M30 grade concrete for both
conventional sand and also M-Sand. The Cube size of (150
x 150 x 150) mm Specimen is prepared for compressive
strength. The cylinder of height 30 cm and 15 cm diameter is
prepared for tensile strength. The specimens are tested for 7
days, 14 days and 28 days for M30 grade with varying
percentages of Manufactured sand (0%, 20%, 40%, 60%, and
80%.) of natural sand in concrete. The mix proportions
adopted are presented in Table 4.
Locally available river sand having bulk density 1762 kg/m3
is used and the specific gravity 2.52 and fineness modulus of
river sand is 3.65
3 .1.3Manufactured sand
Manufactured sand is a purpose-made, fine crushed aggregate
produced under controlled conditions from a suitable sound
source rock. It is designed for use in concrete, asphalt and
other specific products.
4.1 Concrete Mix Design for M30 Grade for one m 3 concrete
in ratio 1:1.48:3 at w/c: 0.45
General crusher fines (dust) and sand resulting from lightly
crushing (disaggregating) decomposed granite or weakly
cemented sandstone rocks are not considered to be
manufactured sand. The latter are usually classified as natural
sands of residual origin.
Table 4 Concrete Mix Proportions For One M 3
Material
Total
Quantity
Total
Proportion
M-Sand is replaced is fully replacement of river sand. The
bulk density of manufactured Sand 1790 kg/m2 and the
specific gravity 2.9 and fineness modulus of river Sand is
2.78. The comparision of natural sand and M-sand is shown in
table2 and table 3.
0% MSand(MS)
20% Msand(MS1)
40% M –
sand(MS2)
60% M –
Sand(MS3)
80% M –
Sand(MS4)
Table 2 Properties of Natural sand and manufactured
sand
S.N0
Property
1
2
3
Specific Gravity
Fineness modulus
Bulk Density KN/m3
Natural
Sand
2.6
2.78
Manufactured
Sand
2.9
2.97
17.9
15.6
Table 3 Sieve Analysis Of River Sand & M – Sand
S.NO
1
2
3
4
Sieve size
(mm)
4.75
2.36
1.18
0.6
%Passing
Zone-1 Natural Sand
90-100
98.7
60-95
91
30-70
73
15-34
49.3
Cement
kg
Water
Lit
Sand
Kg
Coarse
Aggregate
Kg
383
191.6
563
1130
1
0.45
Natural
MSand
Sand
1.48
3
383
191.6
569
-
1130
383
191.6
455.2
113.8
1130
383
191.6
341.4
227.6
1130
383
191.6
227.6
341.4
1130
383
191.6
113.8
455.2
1130
4.2 Compressive Strength Measurements
The concrete cubes of size 150 mm×150mm×150mm were
casted using 1:1.48: 3 mix with a W/C ratio of 0.5 with
manufactured sand. During casting the cubes were filled by
three layers and each layer is compacted by tamping rod by
giving 35 stocks. After 24 hours the specimens were remolded
and subjected to curing for 7, 14 and 28 days in portable
water.
M-Sand
95.4
88.5
65.2
40.3
36
International Journal on Applications in Science, Engineering & Technology, 1 (3), 2015, 35-38
It also stated in IS 516-1959 that the load was applied without
shock and increased continuously at the rate of approximately
140 Kg/sq cm/ min until the resistance of specimen to the
increasing loads breaks down and no greater load can be
sustained. The maximum load applied to the specimen was
then recorded as per IS: 516-1959. The testing of cube and
cylinders under compression were shown in figure 1. The
compressive strength was calculated as follows:
Compressive strength
50
Compressive strength (MPa) = Failure load / cross sectional
area.
40
MS
30
MS1
20
MS2
10
MS3
0
MS4
7th day
14th day 28th day
No of days
Fig.2 Compressive Strength Of Concrete
Compressive strength
50
Fig. 1 Compression Testing Machine For Cubes
14th
Day
28th
Day
1
MS
19.25
24.73
31.25
2
MS1
20.29
30.51
35.11
3
MS2
22.36
31.84
40.59
4
MS3
26.37
31.87
42.84
5
MS4
26.04
31.02
40.66
14 th day
10
28th day
Days
Fig.3 Compressive Strength Of Concrete
From the above graph, the 60% replacement shows the
maximum compression strength of 42.84 N/mm2 on 28th day
testing. So, the optimum percentage of replacement of natural
sand by manufactured sand is 60%.
COMPRESSIVE
STRENGTH
7th Day
7th day
20
MS MS1 MS2 MS3 MS4
Table 5 Compressive Strength on 7th, 14th and 28th Day
TYPE
30
0
After curing, the specimens were tested for compressive
strength using compression testing machine of 1000KN
capacity. The results and comparisons are shown in table 5,
fig2 and fig3.
S.NO
40
V. CONCLUSION
From the cube results, it is found that the compressive strength
for 7, 14 and 28 days of curing for the concrete cubes keeps
on increasing with the percentage of manufactured sand
replacement up to 60%, beyond 60%, the compressive
strength decreases.
The overall strength of concrete linearly increases from 0%,
20%, 40%, 60% and start decreasing above 80% replacement
of natural sand by manufactured sand.
From the above experimental results it is proved that,
manufactured sand can be used as partial replacement for the
natural sand, and the compressive strength are increased as the
percentage of manufactured sand is increased up to optimum
level. The optimum percentage of replacement of natural sand
by manufactured sand is 60%.
Considering, the acute shortage of river sand, huge short
coming on quality of river sand, high cost, greater impact on
road damages and environmental effects . The Construction
37
International Journal on Applications in Science, Engineering & Technology, 1 (3), 2015, 35-38
[8] IS 10269-2009, “Concrete Mix Proportioning Guidelines”.
Industry shall start using the manufactured sand to full extent
as alternative; reduce the impacts on environment by not using
the river sand.
[9] IS 1199- 1999, “Methods of Sampling and
Analysis of Concrete”.
Presently there is a need for 20,000 units of sand per day for
the private and public construction works. But the supply from
the currently functional sand quarries does not meet the
demand. In this situation, an alternative to the natural sand
gains significance.
[10] IS 516 - 1999, “Methods of Tests for strength of
Concrete”.
The requirement of cement is reduced considerably by using
the manufactured sand.
The Local Authorities/PWD/ Government, shall encourage the
use of Manufactured sand in Public Construction Works, if
possible, shall make mandatory to use Manufactured sand
wherever available with immediate effect.
The Government Shall come out with, Policy on Sand –
encourage the industry people to set up more number of Sand
crushing Units across the all Districts, States to meet the sand
requirements of the Construction Industry.
Manufactured Sand can be produced to fall in the desired
Zone according to our requirement. This can definitely ensure
the quality of concrete.
The utilization of manufactured sand leads to ecofriendly
construction and economic construction.
A capital investment in the range of Rs. 1 crore to 5 crore
becomes vital for the crushing units to buy the machinery. The
state government of TamilNadu grant of atleast 30% subsidy
for the purchase of the machinery.
REFERENCES
[1] Ramazan Demirbog, Rustem Gul, 2007,
“Production of high strength concrete by use of
industrial by-products”, Building and Environment,
Vol.41, pp.1124–1127.
[2] Shetty M.S, “Concrete Technology”, S.Chand
&company Limited, New Delhi, 2009.
[3] Gambhir M. L., “Concrete Technology,” Tata
Mcgraw Hill Publishing Co. Ltd, India (2006).
[4] IS 456-2000, “Plain And Reinforcement Code of
Practice”.
[5] IS383–1997, “Specification For Coarse and Fine
Aggregates From Natural Sources for Concrete”.
[6] IS 2386 – 1997, “Methods of Test For aggregates
For Concrete”.
[7] IS12269-1999, “Specification
Ordinary Portland Cement”.
for
53
Grade
38