1. science
2. ecology
3. pollution

The place, people, things and nature that surround any living
organism is called environment. Geography deals with the various
components of the environment . It also studies the interrelationship
between human beings and their environment.
Environment
Natural
element
Biotic
(plants,animal)
Human Made
(settlement,road,dam)
Abiotic
(air,water,land)
The natural environment includes both biotic and abiotic
components. The biotic components comprise plant and animal
whereas abiotic component comprise air, water and soil.
Four major domain of earth are• Lithosphere
• Hydrosphere
• Atmosphere
• Biosphere
The rocky outmost layer of the earth is called the lithosphere
.The term lithosphere means the rocky crust.it include the
crust and upper part of mantle. It is an irregular surface with
various landforms such as mountains, plateaus, plains,
valleys, etc. Landforms are found over the continents
and also on the ocean floors.
Lithosphere is very important because it provider land for
building houses ,roads, factories and for agriculture.
The water present on
the earth’s surface is
referred to as the
hydrosphere . The
different sources of
water such as oceans,
seas, bays ,lakes ,river
,etc. form hydrosphere.
Along with the ground
water.
•The gases that envelope and surround the Earth make up
our atmosphere
•Protects us from UV rays
•Balances the global temperature on the Earth
•Made up of various gases (Nitrogen, oxygen, water vapour,
Carbon dioxide, Ozone, etc...)
The narrow zone where
the lithosphere,
hydrosphere and
atmosphere meet and
interact is called the
biosphere.
It is the regions in which
life can exist, thus called
the ‘living world’.
All plants, animals and human beings depend on their immediate
surroundings. Often they are also interdependent on each other.
This relation between the living organisms, as well as the
relation between the organisms and their surroundings form an
ecosystem.
There could be an ecosystem of large rain forest, grassland,
desert, mountains, lake, river, ocean and even a small pond
Human beings interact with the environment and modify
it according to their need. Early humans adapted
themselves to the natural surroundings. They led a
simple life and fulfilled their requirements from the
nature around them. With time needs grew and became
more varied. Humans learn new ways to use and change
environment. They learn to grow crops, domesticate
animals and lead a settled life. The wheel was invented,
surplus food was produced, barter system emerged, trade
started and commerce developed. Industrial revolution
enabled large scale production. Transportation became
faster. Information revolution made communication
easier and speedy across the world.
Question And Answer
Ques1.What is the importance of ecosystem?
Ans 1. The complex system of interaction between
the organism and their physical environment in a
particular area is referred to as an ecosystem.
Ques2.why did the Chipko movement take place?
Ans 2.The Chipko movement took place to protest
against the indiscriminate cutting down of tree.They
did so by hugging the tree in order to save them
from being cut down.
Ques 3. what are the reason for environment
pollution?
Ans 3. the reason for the environment pollution are• Due to technology and scientific development
• Overpopulation ,urbanization and industrialization
• Unplanned & unwise use of technology is also the
cause of environmental pollution.
Ques 4. Explain the relationship between geography
and environment.
Ans 4. Geography deals with the various components
of the environment . It also studies the
interrelationship between human beings and their
environment.
Ques 5. how can natural environment be managed properly?
Ans 5. a perfect balance is needed between the nature and
human environment. A number of organization with the help of
scientists ,technologists and planner are working to solve the
environmental problems facing the world.
Ques6. describe the main features of natural and human made
environment .
Ans. 6 the natural element such as mountains ,river, vegetation
,animals, are created this is called natural environment by
nature .This is called natural environment.it include biotic and
abiotic components.
The human –made element such as agriculture ,industries ,
settlement are created by humans being therefore ,it is called
human-made environment.
Ques7.how have human needs undergone changes with the
passage if time and technology development?
Ans. 7
Early human- early human adjusted themselves with the
surrounding in which they lived.
Raw Materials – gradually, humans started processing various
raw material to meet their needs.
Industrial revolution- the industrial revolution in Europe enabled
large scale production of goods.
Transport and communication- the means of transport and
communication improved and the world became a family.
Thus many changes took place in our environment.
Ques. 8 Why do you think earth is home to human and
other organism?
Ans. 8 The earth is the home of human beings and other
organism. This is possible due to the presence of favorable
living condition which make up their environment.
Ques. 9 Why is the lithosphere very important for the
progress of human beings?
Ans. 9 Lithosphere is very important because it provide
land for building house ,roads , factories and for agriculture
. It is also an important source of mineral and power
resources.
Ques.10 Why do plants and animals depend on each
other?
Ans. 10 All organism ,whether belonging to the plants or
animal kingdoms , interact with each other and are
interdependent on one another. They also interact with their
physical environment .the complex system of interaction
between the organism and their physical environment in a
particular area is referred to as an ecosystem.
Multiple choice question
(i) Which is not a natural ecosystem?
(a) Desert (b) Aquarium (c) Forest
(ii) Which is not a component of human environment?
(a) Land (b) Religion (c) Community
(iii) Which is a human made environment?
(a) Mountain (b) Sea (c) Road
(iv) Which is a threat to environment?
(a) Growing plant
(b) Growing population
(c) Growing crops