1. health and fitness
2. disease

Name: _______________________________________Period: ____________
Review for Animal Systems Test II - KEY
Questions 1-9: Write the main functions of the following body systems in the spaces below. Then, write the
levels of organization for each body system.
Give specific examples of each level of organization for each system
SYSTEM
Nervous:
Cells
Tissues
Organs
Organ
systems
Organisms
neuron
nervous tissue
nerves
nervous system
organism
The nervous system maintains homeostasis by controlling and regulating all other parts of
the body.
excretory
renal cell
nephron
kidney
organism
Excretory:
system
The excretory system helps regulate the concentration of water and other components of
body fluids. The Excretory System Maintains Homeostasis In 3 Steps:
a. Filtration- Filters substances from the blood
2. Function:
b. Reabsorption- Regulate the chemical composition of body fluids by retaining the
proper amounts of water, salts, and nutrients
c. Secretion- Elimination of wastes in the form of urine
epidermis and
integumentary
epithelial cell
skin
organism
Integumentary:
dermis
system
1. Acts as a protective barrier for internal organs and tissues. 2. Prevents pathogens like
bacteria and viruses from entering the body. 3. Helps to regulate the body’s temperature
by sweating or forming “goose bumps”. 4. Makes vitamin D when exposed to UV light. 5.
3. Function:
Prevents the body from becoming dehydrated due to excess water loss.
6. Aids in excretion of wastes, like urea and salts. 7. Acts as a sensory organ by detecting
heat, cold, pressure, and pain.
skeletal, smooth
biceps and
muscular
muscle fiber
and cardiac
organism
Muscular:
triceps
system
muscle tissue
coordinates with the nervous system to help animals respond to their environment.
4. Function:
1. Function:
bone marrow
femur, skull
skeletal system
organism
and cartilage
and ribs
Produces immune cells to protect against disease causing bacteria and viruses. Bones help
produce new blood cells in addition to storing minerals transported by the circulatory
5. Function:
system. Bones protect many vital organs of the nervous system – Skull (brain), Vertebrae
(spinal cord).
lymph nodes
immune
white blood cells;
and bone
spleen and liver
organism
Immune:
system
marrow;
The main function of the immune system is to fight off pathogens. This is the job of the
6. Function: white blood cells and the antibodies they create.
Skeletal:
Lymphatic:
7. Function:
osteocyte
lymphatic
organism
system
Plays a critical role in the immune system by producing, storing, and circulating white blood
cells. Collects fluid lost by the blood and returns it to the circulatory system.
spleen and liver
Give specific examples of each level of organization for each system
SYSTEM
Cells
Tissues
Organs
endocrine
glands
Endocrine:
Organ
systems
Endocrine
system
Organisms
organism
1. The endocrine system regulates long-term changes in the body such as growth and
8. Function: development. It is made up of glands that release their products into the bloodstream. 2. It
also controls many of your body’s daily activities.
reproductive
gametes
uterine lining
ovaries, testes
organism
Reproductive:
system
The reproductive system combines genetic information from both parents (in most animals)
9. Function: to produce new life forms. This system produces sex cells (gametes), delivers them, and
protects a developing fetus until birth.
Excretory System: Label the following terms next to the lines in the provided diagram of your excretory system:
kidney, ureter, urethra, urinary bladder.
Kidney
Questions 11 - 15. Write the functions of the following structures
in the excretory system.
11. Kidney: wastes are filtered out of the blood and reabsorption
of nutrients
Ureter
12.
13.
14.
15.
Bladder
Ureter: tube that leads from kidney to bladder
Skin: excretes wastes in the form of sweat
Lungs: excretes CO2 from the body
Urethra: tube that leads to the outside of the body where urine
is excreted
Urethra
16. What is the order of the flow of urine through the excretory system?
ureter → kidney → bladder → urethra
17. How do the following organisms eliminate (excrete) waste?
a. simple invertebrates (sponges) diffusion through cells
b. arthropods (insects and spiders) Malphigian tubules
c. vertebrates (mammals) Excretory system
18. The kidneys help to maintain homeostasis by eliminating what types of wastes in the urine?
Urea, salts, and excess water
Immune System/Lymphatic System:
19. The most important first line of defense against pathogens is the skin.
20. What is the function of the following:
a.
Helper T cell These white blood cells actually attack the body’s cells which contain virus or bacteria. They
also target and destroy tumor cells which are the root of all cancer.
b. Macrophages These cells kill bacteria by engulfing them (process known as phagocytosis).
c. B cells These cells make antibodies.
d. Memory B cells These cells are also responsible for “remembering” a specific bacteria or virus. This causes
your body to recognize to them in the future.
21. Which of the above are most affected by HIV? Helper T cells
22. How does the immune system work with the integumentary system to protect against disease? Your skin is
your first line of defense. The skin works to keep pathogens out, then the immune system will attack them if they get
in.
23. Which type of cell produces antibodies? B cells
Skeletal System:
24. How does the skeletal system function as part of the defense response? What other system does it work
with for this response? The skeletal system produces immune cells (immune system) to protect against disease
causing bacteria and viruses. These immune cells(white blood cells) are then carried by the circulatory system for the
immune response when needed.
25. Ligaments connect
bone
to
bone.
26. Tendons connect muscle to bone .
27. What is the function of bone marrow? Produces blood cells and platelets.
28. What systems does the skeletal system work with to produce movement? Bones and muscles work in
opposing pairs to perform body movement. Muscles and bones support, protect, and maintain posture for the human
body.
Muscular System:
29. List the three types of muscle tissue. Skeletal, cardiac and smooth muscle tissue
30. Where is each type of tissue found? Skeletal is attached to bones for movement; smooth is found lining the
blood vessels, stomach, small intestine and diaphragm; cardiac muscle is only found in the heart.
31. How does the muscular system work with the following systems to maintain homeostasis?
Digestive smooth muscle found in the stomach and intestinal tract helps move digested food through the body.
b. Circulatory/Respiratory products of cellular respiration (CO2, lactic acid) from the muscular system are
a.
removed via the blood stream.
c. Nervous signals muscles to contract for movement and response to environmental stimuli.
32. The muscles, such as a bicep, require a larger than usual amount of mitochondria because they
require large amounts of energy.
Integumentary System:
33. What is the largest organ of the integumentary system? Skin
34. What are the 3 layers of the skin? Epidermis, Dermis, Subcutaneous (fat) layer
35. Where are the blood vessels located in the skin? Nerves? The blood vessels and nerve endings are found in
the dermis
36. In what layer of the skin is melanin found? Epidermis
37. Define homeostasis. The process by which organisms maintain relatively constant internal conditions.
What are 3 ways that the integumentary system helps the other systems maintain homeostasis? Acts as
a protective barrier; helps prevent excess water loss; helps regulate body temperature (sweating
and shivering).
38. Label the following on the diagram below: epidermis, dermis, subcutaneous layer, sebaceous gland, sweat
gland
epidermis
dermis
Sebaceous gland
Subcutaneous (fat) layer
Sweat gland
Nervous System:
39. What are the cells of the Nervous System called? Neurons
40. What are the three types of neurons?
3 Types: Sensory neurons; motor neurons; interneurons
41. Label the parts of the brain.
42. How does the nervous system work with the other
systems to maintain homeostasis? Bones of the skeletal system protect
the spinal cord and brain. The brain controls heart rate, blood pressure,
and breathing via the circulatory and respiratory systems. Glands in the
brain control the release of hormones of the endocrine and reproductive
systems.The brain controls muscles both in digestion and movement.
brain
cerebellum
Medulla oblongota
Spinal cord
43. Label the parts of the neuron.
Parts of the neuron: A. Dendrites B. Cell Body C and D. Axon
E. Cell nucleus F. Axon terminal
44. What is an impulse and how does it travel down
the neuron?
Path of Impulse: Dendrite
Axon
Axon terminal
Neurotransmitters
45. What is the name of the chemical released from the terminal
to continue the impulse to the next neuron? neurotransmitters
46. Sensory neurons carry impulses to the brain and motor
neurons carry impulses to the muscles. Both of these are part of the
Peripheral Nervous System, while the interneurons of the brain
and spinal cord make up the Central Nervous System.
F--
Endocrine System:
46. Hormones are the chemical substances called that are released by the endocrine system to signal target
cells.
47. What hormones are released by each organ and what effects do the hormones have:
a. Pituitary gland: controls other endocrine glands and regulates growth rate, reproduction, and metabolism
b. Ovaries: The female reproductive glands release sex hormones that regulate egg maturation and control changes
in a female’s body at puberty (estrogen, progesterone)
c. Testes: The male reproductive glands release a sex hormone that regulates sperm production and controls changes
in a male’s body at puberty (testosterone)
d. Adrenal Glands: These glands release several hormones such as adrenaline, which triggers the body’s response to
sudden stress (fight or flight). Other hormones affect salt and water balance in the kidneys and general metabolism
48. Describe fight-or-flight. How is this response controlled by the endocrine system? adrenaline, which
triggers the body’s response to sudden stress (fight or flight)
Reproductive System:
49. What are the female reproductive organs? What are the female gametes called and where are they
produced? ovaries- produce female gametes (ova or egg)
50. What is internal fertilization? Where does fertilization occur in the human female? internal fertilization:
The eggs are fertilized within the reproductive tract of the female, and then are covered with egg shells and/or remain
within the body of the female during their development. In human females, fertilization occurs in the fallopian tube.
51. What are the male reproductive organs? What are the male gametes called and where are they
produced? produces male gametes (sperm)
52. Gametes contain genetic information, which can be passed on to the next generation.