,
•
•
EDERATED
ALAY STATES
------
----
,
•
IN THE
FEDERATED MAL Y
~TATES
,
,
ITS USE, MISUSE AND FUTURE
PROVISION
•
BY
,
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
G, E. S. CUBITT,
1265
JB
•
KLJAL_\
I 'C~ll'l
II :
~ ,
I'IlIN'rt~n
A'r Tn}: ff;O;)[t ,ITRn MAI,AI'
•
~TATF.S GOV}: RXMIiJX~ '
I'R I l'iTli'il:
'n'jo' rn:
[92
3007 ·20,
817034 /
- 7.
EP
... .
--,~ -
~~.-
•
•
•
•
•
OONTENTS.
•
Pllmgraph .
•
1.
•
...
.. .
, ..
.. .
."
• ••
• ••
...
.. .
1
2
...
"
.
3
(iii) Waste due to faul y metbod. of exploitation
4
(iv) Wa·t due to the u e of un 'easoned timber
5
WA 'TE
.. .
(i) NatuJ'fI,lwastf'
(ii) Wa. te due to extJ'::tv::tO'allce
•
(y) Wa 'te due to t be u. e ot unne eR arily good
timbe l~
."
...
...
...
. ..
6
(\7i) Wa .. te due to the non· localization of con·
snmption.. .
...
...
...
...
7
(vii) Wa te due to deliberate (or unanticipated)
destruction
...
...
...
...
II.
1II.-
THE CON UlI1PTION OF WOOD
...
...
.. .
9
.. .
.. .
...
.. .
13
·..
.. .
14
o
,
[V.
DEMAND ON 'fHE FORES'fS FOR WOOD
•
V.
THE FOREST AVAILABLE AND NEEDED
...
VT.
'ONDITIONS,
A
BETWEEN
LAND
••
AND
15
FOREST
OFFICERS, IN RELATION TO LAND ALIENA'fTON
AND FORE'T RESERVATION
'"
...
23
.. .
28
.. .
. A
.. A
PERPUSTA·K
N
3
·..
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
Y ll. -
DEF ECTS
OF'
'l'lfE
ALIENA'fION
VIlI.
PRE Ewr
•
•
•
YSTElIf
.
• • •
OF
LAND
~
PAST ACTION BY 'fHE FOREST DEPARTMENT
A.
DIRECT ACTION. -
(i) Tm[ rovee1 exploitation of the fore. ts
(ii) Op ning of inland re. erve.
...
(iii)
•
34 .
35
...
ti lization of natural waste in reserve. ' .. .
(iv) Localization of con umption
.
.. .
...
. ..
(v) E . tabli. hment of a central agency for the
olle ·tiOD and di. tribution of. wood fOI'
Government purpose.. . ..
.. .
...
(vi) Bxt.ension of fOJ'e. reo
en1 ~L
iOll
.. .
36
...
•
3
. ..
39
40
T"crea e of facilitie. [or the exploitation
of fore. t on tate land ...
...
41
(vii) Planting and improvement fel1ing.
...
•
•
..
n.
Pa.ragra ph.
B . -INDI RE C~ ACTION
-
."
...
(i) R esear ch :1TId education
.. .
.. -
.. .
- ..
44
...
45
.. -
46
...
.. .
( ii ) The use of coal and oil in t ead of wood ·..
(i ii ) The abandonmen t of rubber-smoking and
of the use of wooden caseR for packing
.. .
rubber
.. .
...
.. .
.. .
(iv) The discouragement of . hifting cultivation
47
(v ) '1'he modernizing of mining machiner'y...
51
(iii) E stablishmen t of a forest museum
•
S UGGE STIO N S F OTt '! 'HE F U'l 'U RE
( i) Th e ",idm' u.
•
43
· ..
(ii ) Dist ribut ion of timber . pecimens ...
I
42
· ..
· ..
...
.--
of wn.ter-powcl'
49
50
(vi) The complete extraction of tin in a sino'l
.. .
.. .
.. .
operation '"
.. .
.. .
52
53
.. _
54
(ix) The modernizing of me hods of exploitation
and conversioll ...
...
'"
...
55
( x) The provision of
to reserved lore.-tl';
througb alienated land .. .
...
.. _
56
.. .
.. .
(viii) The u e of a o'reatel' variety of tim bel"
(vii) Communal cooking .. .
•
•
(xi ) Planters to be made responsible for producing fuel for their own requirements
( xii) The prevention of nnnece. sary destruction
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
X. -
( xiii) '1'he cstabli hment of plantations on a
large scale
.. .
...
.. .
.. .
59
(xiy) The abolitioll of pecially favourable Conditions of land-alienation in Pahang...
60
STEPS
NECESSARY
Now
Xl.
C ON C LU
TO
GARRY
1L<\'DE INTO EFFECT
ION
...
.. .
.. .
THE
,UGGES'l'IONS
...
.. .
.. .
61
...
.. .
.. -
65
•
•
-
•
•
•
WOOD IN 11HE :FEDERATElJ MALAY ST ~TES.
rI.'S
SB, MISUSFJ. AND F l' HE .PROVI ION.
1.
IVA •. 'l'E.
During the last twenty yeal', more W(lOO hn,f'; heen wasted in
the ~"eclel'atecl {ala,"
.'b-de: tllall !tn . heell lI:p(l. WfI ,'ir or SIl(·11
,
mflguitnrlo mn.'t alIYfl,ni br a m,d trl' f!OI'I'('2'I'C't. hnt ii i" n "rl'inns
rv il wll e ll co mbill ocl, ns it is 111'1'(' . lI'itll fI Shlll'hlgl' Ill' l);Iei ei ist I'ihnti"n
or f';urrl ief'; . ,.va,·re olyl ill lLI'i ly frtllf'; into (lIlp or i Iw follolYillg'
categorie .
(i) - - NA',ruRAL WAS'I' E.
,
2. Natural ws, te includes fill wood not f';ub. eqnently uLilized
whose death can b atkibnted to natural causes, suc h fl,S 0le1 age,
,torm " lightning, i
or £ungu . attack lancl .. lielefi, et c. Uncl e l'
present conditions such wn,. te is £01' tlJe mosL p<Il'i', Imal'o idn,hl r,
h cause the forest in Iyllirlt it ocelll'S if'; ]rwgply ont of I' .atll.
(ii )
'ro EXTRAVAGANCE.
3. Into thi s categoI')' fall the IVa te caused not oli ly by I-he
u e of unnece, !"al'ily large or lIumerous fires, or by allowing' fil'ef';
to hUJ'l1 too long, 0 1' by using more timber t hall is l'eq uil.'ed fOl'
en)' stl'uctm'al or oth I' wOl'k, lmt by t,11e u, e on mines a,ncl elsew h ere
£ pngilles with an a.hnoprnn,lly hi!!'h fn 1 consnm l tiOll P I.' h orf';C'powel' prodLlcC'd.
(iii)
I
,
I
WA ''I'E D UB
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
VVA
TE D UE '1'U
FAUL'ry
METHOD,
O~' EXPL01TA'l'TON,
4. It is necessary hcl'c to eXl la il! li P fiysLrm 11llllel.' II'l1ieil
timber is usually oxploitrc1,
ca pitali, t, OJ' prohfl.bl:r mOt'p oftell
Rome p r, on 1,bo i, ~Lhle to hOl'eo\\' mOlley, tfl ke: ont :t li re ne from
t he Jj'orest Department. He. eldom goe, in to the forest him elf, but
engages a lcepala to collect t he coolie, and do nIL th e forest work foJ'
him; in many cia es h e contracts with hi · kepala for the 'upplyof
wooel at fixed rates, the l,;epaZa entering' into a imilar arrn.ugement
with hi coolies, Owing to the pre ent uudermanned state of the
./!'1ore&t D epartment close supervi ion i. jmpos, ible, so thfiL the coolies
naturally cut what pays t.h m best ; they take the best t-imbpr ont of
e,ery felled tree, 1 avin'" eYe1'ythinO' thflt take It litLle exh'fl tim 01'
trouble (and is therefore lesH profitabl ) either to lng, cOllvert, OJ'
trau port· similarly they reject entirely trees o£ fl,ny species which
offer difficulties and so would reduce their earning. Selection of
species is still fnrther encouraged by the fact that timb r traders tl.
It rule cut to order and not for
tuck, and that there is little or
no market for timbers however good, which fl,re not thoro un'hly well
•
Th.· wa!-;t
r"()1ll hnd log-goillg :lnd ('oll\'pl'sioll is at ollce
apparell t, bnt ttl(> wa. r.e ,'csulting' from . el ction il- pel'hap ' more
1-110\\"11.
seriou , £01' it so reduces the value of the fore t that no one can
ftfterwardR be induced to remo,p wbat iR left.
( iv) WASTE DUE TO 'l'RE
• E OF UNSEA ONED TIMBER.
3. It i. w 11 know]) t-ha.t unRpa. on c1 timbe,' i not .'0 durabl·
;t.', and is often more liabl
to in pct at tack alld de ay thaI .. ea. oned
mllterial: 11101'1' 0,(>1' it iH specially liabl E> to s111it, warp, and "hrink
anc1 thprefOl'p gin's lJJ1sati. fact(l]'Y "I', nUs iI, nsp: ypt K asollf'fl
timber i almo, t unprocl1rahl~',
TrV A5TE
UE TO 'l'RE
E OF - NEC
RoILY GOOD 'rIMBE&,
6. 1 refer here to the u e of. pecie, of unnece, sarily high grade.
Lt is unfortunate hat the mo t valuable of the commereial timber',
,'uch as '1ne'l'bau, of which thon, and. of ton bave been needles ly
utilized, are among t the mo t ,carce, but there i still a. con tant
demand £01' them for, for example, interior structural work, for
which half a dozen or mOl'e other tim bel. , ,ucll a. lcap11T or ~'eJ'niag,
would be equally erviceable.
(v
(vi)
WA TE DUE TO THE NON-LOCALIZATION OF
ONSU TPTION.
7. hI thi, ' ('a,' WaHlE'iR cau. I'd iudir ctly by tl,p l'OlJo'ulllptioJl
of woorl-£upl on railway. traosportill<Y tl1f' material. A ca'p has
com to my uotic of timbpl' h in, . ent from Trolak in Perak to
Kuala Lipi in Pahan<Y; man<Y]' ,(, firewood ha .. £01' ~ome years pa t
been ent jn enormOl1 quanti ie, from Port Weld to the Kinta
district; th Public ,York. Department u I' mangTovc for their
, t am-rollel's on inland road rnnnin<Y through beavy fore t; and
('onverted timber (mo tly umatl'an no donbt, but ometime from
Pahang and Johore) find it way from the ingapore, aw-mill to
nlmost all part of the Federated Malay, tate, ,
J
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
(vii) -
WASTE DUF; '1'0 DEUBERATE (OR UNAN~'ICIPATED)
•
DE TR
8.
TIO,
1 include ill t,hiA category:
(a) timber burnt in akai laclangs,
(b) tlmbel' killed by, ilt from rubber plantations and till mines.
(c) timbel' killecl in area. flooclC'cl for irJ'ig'htion pm'pose, , and
(d) timb l' bumt by the planter.
The wa, II' attrihutable to the 'akais i,' exten,'iv, but i
fortullately found chiefly in Ill, more di tant r rest · ; the damagC'
due to >;ilt alld flooding (of whieh a much largel' proportion than is
generally supposed is probably the 1'e ult of the cleau-weeding of
rubber plan Lations on .·teep hill lope) i comparatively unimportant;
the nre of the planter are deva tating, A uming that the area of
I'ubber plan tat io!1 ~ i, a m illion are,', 'wh ieh i.. H ppl'oximfLteLy
correct, and t hat ea·h acre held 50 tons of wood, we a.Te confron ted
with the following facts:
(a) the wood burnt would have made a stack five feet high,
two and a half feet thick, and thirty -six thousand mile
long ;
(b) such a stack at t he present
of consumption would
have kept the country upplied for about twenty yea,1'I;
with all the wood it required ;
(c) an area of natural for est equal in quality and size to t ba,t
burnt and similarly sit uated i sufficient, if properly
managed, to supply fo!' ever from one-ten t h to ouefifth (probably mor e n arly one-fifth) of the prese nt
demand for wood.
L1. THE CONS UMPTION OF WOOD.
9. It is estimated that in 1919 wood was used to t he extent of
about 3,000,000 tons, di. trihuted as shown in the following table:
1.
TABLE
ES'l'IMATED WOOD CO SUMPTION IN 1919 .
•
•
SeJa.nIgor.
Punk
How use l.
Ton s.
1. For dom estic pm'poses
Tons.
IN. tern . .
bil an.
I
Tons.
I
P ahang.
'.1'0t il,I.
•
Tons.
FIRE WOOD.
622,403 391.103
156,679 145,515
•
499,000 238,000
30,000
43,000
130,000 75,000
4,500
5
75,840
5,695
50,150
8,089
13,200
.. .
...
8, 00
27,200
6,400
17,100
6,900
] ,600
7,400
4,500
1,500
...
180
720
900
'['OilS .
1,315,700
8fO,000
210,000
219774
,
22,000
57,600
15,000
1,800
°
PERPUSTAKAAN
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
.
9.
For mining
...
.. .
On railways
.. .
.. .
In rubber facbories
...
By tin-smelters ...
.. .
By blacksmiths
.. .
In brick kilns .. .
.. .
In lime kilns ...
.. .
By Governm ent depar t.
ments (on land)
.. ,
10. By launches and other
steam vAssels
.. .
11. F or nth er purpose' .. .
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
23,375
34,000
10,U25
8,500
76,500
2,500
23,600
7,500
14,900
...
1500
,
5,500
11,500
50,000
262,454
224,684
2,789,87~
21 ,907
5,071
::lOU
25,4R4
6,429
1,330
172,904
30,tJOO
9,000
27,278
33,193
211 ,904
289,732
257,877
3,001,778
6,000
·1
'rotal firewood .. .
•
J 2. Governmen t
I
1,421,018
8 1,718
TIMBER.
a nd pllr-
chlls ... rs
. ..
13. Free by Malays ...
14. Free by Mines ...
.. .
.. .
.. .
93,315
14.143
4 ,990
32,248
4/157
2,3
•
Total Timber
...
°-
1l\!,448
•
•
Grand Total
.. .
1,533,466 920,703
•
•
4
10.
'I'll . e nO'lll"e .. [Jl' :wl'i,-ed a t a. {ollows:
Item I. - One tOll per head of the popnlatiOlI in tll middle
of 1919 a. estimated by the medical authoritieR.
2.-From information. upplied by the Senior 'Varden
"
of Mines and based on horse-power of steam and
O'a plant used in mining.
., :3.-'1'11e total is til actual conSll m ptiOll for open Ii lie.
with a mall addition for llgine 011 con. tructiOll
1\101·k: the allotment io ,ta s i. ba. ed 011 kllOWII
plll·cha. es of mallO'l'OVe fuel and a rou~h e. timat('
by t.h Locomoti '-e ,11 peri n teno nt, FE'C\f'l'ated
)Ialay , t,atE'. Rail wayl"', for othc]' fu 1.
4. -On(' tall £01'
1,
~
!)
lh
.
.
of
100.452.
8
tnn.,
of
•
"
rubber exported; rat
f cOII .. umption calcnlated
from actual reo nIt
on a rubbel' output of
5,075,576 Ih.. by• tb
ociete TnternAtionale de
P]ani3,tions et de ~'inan('e; allotmellt to Statc;;
propol'lional to lahour fm'c
mployecl.
, 5.- Estimatf' of • eniol' \Yc1l'rlf'lI of 1 1in 'Ii from (,Oil,
fid ntial lata.
6.- 0n thou. and two hnndred foPO'eR at four tom; 1'6'1'
"
mensem; allotment t
tatE'S on ba is of pOl>ulation .
7.- 1:'wenty-tiw' kiln at 500 ton . pel' :ll1nnm, \' itb all
"
addition of 2,: 00 jon. fOl' othe]' . ma,}]er kiln .. ;
n.llotment to • 'tatoo on bn.. is of population.
~.-Thirtj' kilns aj five ton. PCI' mPH. em ea('h ; no lim('
"
ill Negri , mbilall; allol menr to otll l' Rtate. a<;
estimated by • enim' \V arden of }ii
, 9.-·Ba. ed on hor. e-powCl' of ello-in " road-roller. , StOllf>C1'U. her, traction engines, etc., pIns con. umption
in incinerator..
lO.-Actual!" for all Gov J'Il mell t
(illclndi ngclreclgf»
"
and in Pe1·::tk £01' private ve. sels fl.l 0; pou"·])
e, timate (about 20 pel' cent. of total) fol' the re t.
11.rough e. timq,ie to covel' everythinO' n t previously
"
mcntioned .. u(' h a . engilleering work. , paddy mills
etC'.
, 12. -Act,nal~ as r cordell in Fore .. t D pal' ment annnal
reporl.
1H.- Half a t n per hou. eholc1 of .'C'"(,!l I PI.\ uns f01' a
"
l'ural population of abouL 4-20,000 (1'iile 'olnmn 4
of 'rable II on page 7).
, 14.- 0no pel' ent. of n.·p\vooc1 con umpLion by mines ill
PeJ.'ak, ,.'elango!' ~111c1 r egri • embilan . in Pn hang a
l'ouO'h e timate to ('ov r tho much heavier con urnptiot) fol' mine I rop, leeper., le., in th e Pahang
'on. olidated Company'. Conce . ion.
.
,'M"
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
11. 'I.'he 'e estimates are believed to be lowel' than the actuals.
Fu1' example, in BUl'ma, where t h e conditions al'e similar to tho 'e in
thi country, iL is con idel'ed that" one ton of timber is a sufficient
GLumHI.I gl'an t fOl' the l'epa,ir and maintenance of an agricultul'i ,t 's
house." "" It is almost cel'tain that. ome items have beeu ovel'looked
entirely. It will be noticed that the output of timbel' is lower in
, elangol' and hi gher in PahauO' than might have been expected,
the l'eason p1'obably being that a certain amount of timber shown
ag£Linst Pahang is exported to ingapol'e, and that ::L certain amount
imported into Selangor for consumption in that State does not
appear in the e timates at all. The e tim ate of tot~\.l consumption is
probably fair-ly accurate. Additional interest and importance will
perhaps be attached to the figul'es by a study of the following table
comparing the use of wood ill the Federated Malay States and in
certain othel' parts of thA wOl'ld.
Consumption in tons pCI' pCI' on
per ~\DnUm,
,
'o uutJ'Y,
I
Timber,
.I!'edel'ated Malay States
.. ,
G uited 'tate. ' of AmerictL
..
•
...
l~l1l'ope
12.
,II
Total.
-
--
,
I
Fue l.
.. ,
..
,
.. ,
..
,
I
.. .
1
0
-
2.!8
2,\
.
:)
:-3 ~
-:-J
'
..
..
-:JI
..,A
... R
. U
...S
PE
P
T
KAAN ...
- -----------------"'--NEGARAMALAYSI
A
.. .
,
..
•
,
,
.. ,
I
10
The estim ates already given must however be largely
lDcreased in considering the needs of the future. The population is
being swelled by immigration far beyond the natural incl'ease; t h e
output of rubber will probably rise to 250,000 tollS in the next
10 years; the railways will be enormo usly extended witll a more
than proportionate inOl'ease of traffic a,nd fuel consumption; and 11e,\'
industries will cedainly be . tarted, Assuming a continuation of
pre ent methods it therefore eems un afe to allow for an annual
wooel con ump tion of 1 s than 4,000,000 tons. Outside sources
cannot be relied on to maintain the neces ary supplies, which the
following paragraphs will show are already, in the case of one State
at least, beyond Lhe capacity of the nu. uJ'al f01'88liR Jmturally
regenerated to produce.
,
,
, .
*"
Burma
FUl'CSL ~Iatll1ld ,
,
•
,
6
III.
I
SOURCES OF
UPPLY.
13. Wood i at pre 'ent obtained from reserved fo rest, State
land, and alienated land, but it may be a serted with confidence that
at no very distant date we ·ball have to rely, except perhaps in
Pahang and Upper Perak, alma t en tirely on t he 1'8 erved forests.
Rural Malays still satisfy their requirements largely from State and
alienated land, but the fOl'est on such land in the prin cipal mining
and rubber-gTowing centre ' of Pera&-, Selangor and Negri Sembilan
have been wallowed up, and repeated applications are being received
for other tate land in the more acce ible localities. Alienated land
with very few except ions i exhau, ted of it · wood within five years
or alienation, or perhaps a little longer in t he ca e of mining land,
but rubber planters state t hat with proper management their
plan tations can be made to supply from tbinnings and from naturally
dead wood all th e domestic requirement · of their labom' force for
fuel in addition to the timber required for 'moking rubber, estimated
to amount in all to two ton per head of the labour force. It should
h owever be stated Lhat .'uch supplies are by no means always avail:l,ble,
and t hat ome planters are already finding difficulty and incuning
h eavy expendit ure in pUI'cbasing fuel for tbeil' ·moke -bouses. Pahang
is more favourably situated tban the other t.ates, aud the Pahang
Con olidated Conces. ion, T.Jimited, has more than enough wood on i
own land to supply it needs till the end of th e
. in 196 ,
LV. D}!;MAND ON THE .FORE T . .FOH. WOOD .
14. Table II gives an estimate of the present demand on the
for wood, after making allowance for supplies available from
alienated If.nd. The following assumptions are made:
(i) that the rural Malay population obtains 70 pel' cent. of
its domestic fuel from alienated land ;
eii ) that rubber plantations will yield 2 ton~ pel' head of the
labour force a very liberal estimate which allows
sufficient fuel both for t he domestic requirements of the
labour force :llld for u e in the rubber factories;
(iii) that Perak, Selangor a.n d Negri Sembilan obtain
5 pel' cent., and t hat Pahang obtains 80 per cent. of
its mining fuel and timber (items 2 and 14 of 'l.'able I)
from alienated land. No estimate can be made of
the amoLlDt of mining t imber included in item 12 of
the table, which is in any case small and is therefore
ignored. III Pahang, nhe Pahang Consolidated Concessiun Company, which is by far the largest mining
concern in the tate, obtains almost the whole of its
wood from its own land, and other Pahang companies
are almost equally favourably situated.
•
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
•
In the other three States, on t he other hand, alienated land
within easy reach of the mines is almost exh austed.
•
•
•
-
- - --
••
1
•
Statl·.
- --
•
-
... 1,315,700 3,001,778
3.
4.
5.
fl.
"
"
"
"
O~
TI:[Jt~
.
-a. . "':.
-
- -
.
.
.
•
420,000
90,000
71,000
61,000
198,000
4
1
I
92,462
I
•
237.128
. --
8,728
54,110
81.828
5
I
I
,
I
I•
-.
I
•
I
I•
-
I
•
lD
•
9.
,, 10.
,.
Col. 7.
" 8.
j
eM
~-
:
7
•
I
I
••
294,000
1 --
63,000
1-
49,700 I
42,700
138.600
•
-
474,256
-
] 7,456
108,220
184,924
163,656
8
'1'ous of fucl I 'rons of fuel
taken
bl'
d
d
~ .
'
pro li ce
rW'al Mala-:-s
bb
• •
on I"U er
from ahe·
t t
es a es.
na t e dId
an.
I
1
I
I
•
p M
·WOOD .
-
-
74.198
-
35464
,
] ,5] 5
12.019
25,200
1---
I
I
~l
-
'1'ous of
mi"ing fllel
from alieuated I" llel.
I
I
I
•
I
.
,
2,159,324
141,957
130,29 -
681,060
1,206,010
10
forl'~t~
1"I~~el''' e<l
fr01ll Rtate
laud an cl
I N t't « cmanf!
Seven-tenths of a ton for each rDrnl Malny (ride Col. 4).
Two tons per bead of t ho labollr forc e Oil I"\lbbC' 1" plnn tntious (vide Col. 5).
Five per cent. for P\ll"ak, Selnngor, and 1\ egri Sombi lan
and 80 per cent. for Pahang of fi g 'l!'es in Col. (i.
=Col. 3-(Col. 7 + Col. 8+ Col. 9),
819,000
44,330
30,300
240,380
503,990
G
ton~.
OD IlllnCS
a-
FOR
VIS · *,.
FORESTS
1'Anr.E IT.
...
~Estimated
,.
ILauoul' force
. ConSlllnptlOD
.
".
rural Mala,'
,
on
rubber
•
•
populatIOn
estates.
·
1
I
I
I
DEMAND
-.:;:
Population at the end of JUD e, 1919, as estimated by the
luedicnl authorities.
Taken f rom Table I.
As aseertuined from census of 1911. with all addition of
about 20,000 for natuTal increase.
Figures supplied by Labow' Departm en t.
Sum of ite ms 2 nnd 14 in Table r.
1 --
257,877
Total
145,515
289.732
...
156,679 :
920,703
3
ons.
... I 391,103
I
I
t
SlllU pion 0
d
.
woo 111
1,533,4(36
2
~
I Totalt' COD- f
~~
~ h'_
'J'H"E
...
Co!. 2.
P ttlmng
-
-~
'r0 tal
.
-
I
t'
llOpu a IOn.
0
622,403
.. .
I
I
I
I
Negri Sembilan ... I
delaugor ."
P et'a.k
-
\.!...
PERPUSTAKAAN
NEGARAMALAYSI
A
.... 1
•
•
•