, • • EDERATED ALAY STATES ------ ---- , • IN THE FEDERATED MAL Y ~TATES , , ITS USE, MISUSE AND FUTURE PROVISION • BY , PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A G, E. S. CUBITT, 1265 JB • KLJAL_\ I 'C~ll'l II : ~ , I'IlIN'rt~n A'r Tn}: ff;O;)[t ,ITRn MAI,AI' • ~TATF.S GOV}: RXMIiJX~ ' I'R I l'iTli'il: 'n'jo' rn: [92 3007 ·20, 817034 / - 7. EP ... . --,~ - ~~.- • • • • • OONTENTS. • Pllmgraph . • 1. • ... .. . , .. .. . ." • •• • •• ... .. . 1 2 ... " . 3 (iii) Waste due to faul y metbod. of exploitation 4 (iv) Wa·t due to the u e of un 'easoned timber 5 WA 'TE .. . (i) NatuJ'fI,lwastf' (ii) Wa. te due to extJ'::tv::tO'allce • (y) Wa 'te due to t be u. e ot unne eR arily good timbe l~ ." ... ... ... . .. 6 (\7i) Wa .. te due to the non· localization of con· snmption.. . ... ... ... ... 7 (vii) Wa te due to deliberate (or unanticipated) destruction ... ... ... ... II. 1II.- THE CON UlI1PTION OF WOOD ... ... .. . 9 .. . .. . ... .. . 13 ·.. .. . 14 o , [V. DEMAND ON 'fHE FORES'fS FOR WOOD • V. THE FOREST AVAILABLE AND NEEDED ... VT. 'ONDITIONS, A BETWEEN LAND •• AND 15 FOREST OFFICERS, IN RELATION TO LAND ALIENA'fTON AND FORE'T RESERVATION '" ... 23 .. . 28 .. . . A .. A PERPUSTA·K N 3 ·.. NEGARAMALAYSI A Y ll. - DEF ECTS OF' 'l'lfE ALIENA'fION VIlI. PRE Ewr • • • YSTElIf . • • • OF LAND ~ PAST ACTION BY 'fHE FOREST DEPARTMENT A. DIRECT ACTION. - (i) Tm[ rovee1 exploitation of the fore. ts (ii) Op ning of inland re. erve. ... (iii) • 34 . 35 ... ti lization of natural waste in reserve. ' .. . (iv) Localization of con umption . .. . ... . .. (v) E . tabli. hment of a central agency for the olle ·tiOD and di. tribution of. wood fOI' Government purpose.. . .. .. . ... (vi) Bxt.ension of fOJ'e. reo en1 ~L iOll .. . 36 ... • 3 . .. 39 40 T"crea e of facilitie. [or the exploitation of fore. t on tate land ... ... 41 (vii) Planting and improvement fel1ing. ... • • .. n. Pa.ragra ph. B . -INDI RE C~ ACTION - ." ... (i) R esear ch :1TId education .. . .. - .. . - .. 44 ... 45 .. - 46 ... .. . ( ii ) The use of coal and oil in t ead of wood ·.. (i ii ) The abandonmen t of rubber-smoking and of the use of wooden caseR for packing .. . rubber .. . ... .. . .. . (iv) The discouragement of . hifting cultivation 47 (v ) '1'he modernizing of mining machiner'y... 51 (iii) E stablishmen t of a forest museum • S UGGE STIO N S F OTt '! 'HE F U'l 'U RE ( i) Th e ",idm' u. • 43 · .. (ii ) Dist ribut ion of timber . pecimens ... I 42 · .. · .. ... .-- of wn.ter-powcl' 49 50 (vi) The complete extraction of tin in a sino'l .. . .. . .. . operation '" .. . .. . 52 53 .. _ 54 (ix) The modernizing of me hods of exploitation and conversioll ... ... '" ... 55 ( x) The provision of to reserved lore.-tl'; througb alienated land .. . ... .. _ 56 .. . .. . (viii) The u e of a o'reatel' variety of tim bel" (vii) Communal cooking .. . • • (xi ) Planters to be made responsible for producing fuel for their own requirements ( xii) The prevention of nnnece. sary destruction PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A X. - ( xiii) '1'he cstabli hment of plantations on a large scale .. . ... .. . .. . 59 (xiy) The abolitioll of pecially favourable Conditions of land-alienation in Pahang... 60 STEPS NECESSARY Now Xl. C ON C LU TO GARRY 1L<\'DE INTO EFFECT ION ... .. . .. . THE ,UGGES'l'IONS ... .. . .. . 61 ... .. . .. - 65 • • - • • • WOOD IN 11HE :FEDERATElJ MALAY ST ~TES. rI.'S SB, MISUSFJ. AND F l' HE .PROVI ION. 1. IVA •. 'l'E. During the last twenty yeal', more W(lOO hn,f'; heen wasted in the ~"eclel'atecl {ala," .'b-de: tllall !tn . heell lI:p(l. WfI ,'ir or SIl(·11 , mflguitnrlo mn.'t alIYfl,ni br a m,d trl' f!OI'I'('2'I'C't. hnt ii i" n "rl'inns rv il wll e ll co mbill ocl, ns it is 111'1'(' . lI'itll fI Shlll'hlgl' Ill' l);Iei ei ist I'ihnti"n or f';urrl ief'; . ,.va,·re olyl ill lLI'i ly frtllf'; into (lIlp or i Iw follolYillg' categorie . (i) - - NA',ruRAL WAS'I' E. , 2. Natural ws, te includes fill wood not f';ub. eqnently uLilized whose death can b atkibnted to natural causes, suc h fl,S 0le1 age, ,torm " lightning, i or £ungu . attack lancl .. lielefi, et c. Uncl e l' present conditions such wn,. te is £01' tlJe mosL p<Il'i', Imal'o idn,hl r, h cause the forest in Iyllirlt it ocelll'S if'; ]rwgply ont of I' .atll. (ii ) 'ro EXTRAVAGANCE. 3. Into thi s categoI')' fall the IVa te caused not oli ly by I-he u e of unnece, !"al'ily large or lIumerous fires, or by allowing' fil'ef'; to hUJ'l1 too long, 0 1' by using more timber t hall is l'eq uil.'ed fOl' en)' stl'uctm'al or oth I' wOl'k, lmt by t,11e u, e on mines a,ncl elsew h ere £ pngilles with an a.hnoprnn,lly hi!!'h fn 1 consnm l tiOll P I.' h orf';C'powel' prodLlcC'd. (iii) I , I WA ''I'E D UB PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A VVA TE D UE '1'U FAUL'ry METHOD, O~' EXPL01TA'l'TON, 4. It is necessary hcl'c to eXl la il! li P fiysLrm 11llllel.' II'l1ieil timber is usually oxploitrc1, ca pitali, t, OJ' prohfl.bl:r mOt'p oftell Rome p r, on 1,bo i, ~Lhle to hOl'eo\\' mOlley, tfl ke: ont :t li re ne from t he Jj'orest Department. He. eldom goe, in to the forest him elf, but engages a lcepala to collect t he coolie, and do nIL th e forest work foJ' him; in many cia es h e contracts with hi · kepala for the 'upplyof wooel at fixed rates, the l,;epaZa entering' into a imilar arrn.ugement with hi coolies, Owing to the pre ent uudermanned state of the ./!'1ore&t D epartment close supervi ion i. jmpos, ible, so thfiL the coolies naturally cut what pays t.h m best ; they take the best t-imbpr ont of e,ery felled tree, 1 avin'" eYe1'ythinO' thflt take It litLle exh'fl tim 01' trouble (and is therefore lesH profitabl ) either to lng, cOllvert, OJ' trau port· similarly they reject entirely trees o£ fl,ny species which offer difficulties and so would reduce their earning. Selection of species is still fnrther encouraged by the fact that timb r traders tl. It rule cut to order and not for tuck, and that there is little or no market for timbers however good, which fl,re not thoro un'hly well • Th.· wa!-;t r"()1ll hnd log-goillg :lnd ('oll\'pl'sioll is at ollce apparell t, bnt ttl(> wa. r.e ,'csulting' from . el ction il- pel'hap ' more 1-110\\"11. seriou , £01' it so reduces the value of the fore t that no one can ftfterwardR be induced to remo,p wbat iR left. ( iv) WASTE DUE TO 'l'RE • E OF UNSEA ONED TIMBER. 3. It i. w 11 know]) t-ha.t unRpa. on c1 timbe,' i not .'0 durabl· ;t.', and is often more liabl to in pct at tack alld de ay thaI .. ea. oned mllterial: 11101'1' 0,(>1' it iH specially liabl E> to s111it, warp, and "hrink anc1 thprefOl'p gin's lJJ1sati. fact(l]'Y "I', nUs iI, nsp: ypt K asollf'fl timber i almo, t unprocl1rahl~', TrV A5TE UE TO 'l'RE E OF - NEC RoILY GOOD 'rIMBE&, 6. 1 refer here to the u e of. pecie, of unnece, sarily high grade. Lt is unfortunate hat the mo t valuable of the commereial timber', ,'uch as '1ne'l'bau, of which thon, and. of ton bave been needles ly utilized, are among t the mo t ,carce, but there i still a. con tant demand £01' them for, for example, interior structural work, for which half a dozen or mOl'e other tim bel. , ,ucll a. lcap11T or ~'eJ'niag, would be equally erviceable. (v (vi) WA TE DUE TO THE NON-LOCALIZATION OF ONSU TPTION. 7. hI thi, ' ('a,' WaHlE'iR cau. I'd iudir ctly by tl,p l'OlJo'ulllptioJl of woorl-£upl on railway. traosportill<Y tl1f' material. A ca'p has com to my uotic of timbpl' h in, . ent from Trolak in Perak to Kuala Lipi in Pahan<Y; man<Y]' ,(, firewood ha .. £01' ~ome years pa t been ent jn enormOl1 quanti ie, from Port Weld to the Kinta district; th Public ,York. Department u I' mangTovc for their , t am-rollel's on inland road rnnnin<Y through beavy fore t; and ('onverted timber (mo tly umatl'an no donbt, but ometime from Pahang and Johore) find it way from the ingapore, aw-mill to nlmost all part of the Federated Malay, tate, , J PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A (vii) - WASTE DUF; '1'0 DEUBERATE (OR UNAN~'ICIPATED) • DE TR 8. TIO, 1 include ill t,hiA category: (a) timber burnt in akai laclangs, (b) tlmbel' killed by, ilt from rubber plantations and till mines. (c) timbel' killecl in area. flooclC'cl for irJ'ig'htion pm'pose, , and (d) timb l' bumt by the planter. The wa, II' attrihutable to the 'akais i,' exten,'iv, but i fortullately found chiefly in Ill, more di tant r rest · ; the damagC' due to >;ilt alld flooding (of whieh a much largel' proportion than is generally supposed is probably the 1'e ult of the cleau-weeding of rubber plan Lations on .·teep hill lope) i comparatively unimportant; the nre of the planter are deva tating, A uming that the area of I'ubber plan tat io!1 ~ i, a m illion are,', 'wh ieh i.. H ppl'oximfLteLy correct, and t hat ea·h acre held 50 tons of wood, we a.Te confron ted with the following facts: (a) the wood burnt would have made a stack five feet high, two and a half feet thick, and thirty -six thousand mile long ; (b) such a stack at t he present of consumption would have kept the country upplied for about twenty yea,1'I; with all the wood it required ; (c) an area of natural for est equal in quality and size to t ba,t burnt and similarly sit uated i sufficient, if properly managed, to supply fo!' ever from one-ten t h to ouefifth (probably mor e n arly one-fifth) of the prese nt demand for wood. L1. THE CONS UMPTION OF WOOD. 9. It is estimated that in 1919 wood was used to t he extent of about 3,000,000 tons, di. trihuted as shown in the following table: 1. TABLE ES'l'IMATED WOOD CO SUMPTION IN 1919 . • • SeJa.nIgor. Punk How use l. Ton s. 1. For dom estic pm'poses Tons. IN. tern . . bil an. I Tons. I P ahang. '.1'0t il,I. • Tons. FIRE WOOD. 622,403 391.103 156,679 145,515 • 499,000 238,000 30,000 43,000 130,000 75,000 4,500 5 75,840 5,695 50,150 8,089 13,200 .. . ... 8, 00 27,200 6,400 17,100 6,900 ] ,600 7,400 4,500 1,500 ... 180 720 900 '['OilS . 1,315,700 8fO,000 210,000 219774 , 22,000 57,600 15,000 1,800 ° PERPUSTAKAAN 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. . 9. For mining ... .. . On railways .. . .. . In rubber facbories ... By tin-smelters ... .. . By blacksmiths .. . In brick kilns .. . .. . In lime kilns ... .. . By Governm ent depar t. ments (on land) .. , 10. By launches and other steam vAssels .. . 11. F or nth er purpose' .. . NEGARAMALAYSI A 23,375 34,000 10,U25 8,500 76,500 2,500 23,600 7,500 14,900 ... 1500 , 5,500 11,500 50,000 262,454 224,684 2,789,87~ 21 ,907 5,071 ::lOU 25,4R4 6,429 1,330 172,904 30,tJOO 9,000 27,278 33,193 211 ,904 289,732 257,877 3,001,778 6,000 ·1 'rotal firewood .. . • J 2. Governmen t I 1,421,018 8 1,718 TIMBER. a nd pllr- chlls ... rs . .. 13. Free by Malays ... 14. Free by Mines ... .. . .. . .. . 93,315 14.143 4 ,990 32,248 4/157 2,3 • Total Timber ... °- 1l\!,448 • • Grand Total .. . 1,533,466 920,703 • • 4 10. 'I'll . e nO'lll"e .. [Jl' :wl'i,-ed a t a. {ollows: Item I. - One tOll per head of the popnlatiOlI in tll middle of 1919 a. estimated by the medical authoritieR. 2.-From information. upplied by the Senior 'Varden " of Mines and based on horse-power of steam and O'a plant used in mining. ., :3.-'1'11e total is til actual conSll m ptiOll for open Ii lie. with a mall addition for llgine 011 con. tructiOll 1\101·k: the allotment io ,ta s i. ba. ed 011 kllOWII plll·cha. es of mallO'l'OVe fuel and a rou~h e. timat(' by t.h Locomoti '-e ,11 peri n teno nt, FE'C\f'l'ated )Ialay , t,atE'. Rail wayl"', for othc]' fu 1. 4. -On(' tall £01' 1, ~ !) lh . . of 100.452. 8 tnn., of • " rubber exported; rat f cOII .. umption calcnlated from actual reo nIt on a rubbel' output of 5,075,576 Ih.. by• tb ociete TnternAtionale de P]ani3,tions et de ~'inan('e; allotmellt to Statc;; propol'lional to lahour fm'c mployecl. , 5.- Estimatf' of • eniol' \Yc1l'rlf'lI of 1 1in 'Ii from (,Oil, fid ntial lata. 6.- 0n thou. and two hnndred foPO'eR at four tom; 1'6'1' " mensem; allotment t tatE'S on ba is of pOl>ulation . 7.- 1:'wenty-tiw' kiln at 500 ton . pel' :ll1nnm, \' itb all " addition of 2,: 00 jon. fOl' othe]' . ma,}]er kiln .. ; n.llotment to • 'tatoo on bn.. is of population. ~.-Thirtj' kilns aj five ton. PCI' mPH. em ea('h ; no lim(' " ill Negri , mbilall; allol menr to otll l' Rtate. a<; estimated by • enim' \V arden of }ii , 9.-·Ba. ed on hor. e-powCl' of ello-in " road-roller. , StOllf>C1'U. her, traction engines, etc., pIns con. umption in incinerator.. lO.-Actual!" for all Gov J'Il mell t (illclndi ngclreclgf» " and in Pe1·::tk £01' private ve. sels fl.l 0; pou"·]) e, timate (about 20 pel' cent. of total) fol' the re t. 11.rough e. timq,ie to covel' everythinO' n t previously " mcntioned .. u(' h a . engilleering work. , paddy mills etC'. , 12. -Act,nal~ as r cordell in Fore .. t D pal' ment annnal reporl. 1H.- Half a t n per hou. eholc1 of .'C'"(,!l I PI.\ uns f01' a " l'ural population of abouL 4-20,000 (1'iile 'olnmn 4 of 'rable II on page 7). , 14.- 0no pel' ent. of n.·p\vooc1 con umpLion by mines ill PeJ.'ak, ,.'elango!' ~111c1 r egri • embilan . in Pn hang a l'ouO'h e timate to ('ov r tho much heavier con urnptiot) fol' mine I rop, leeper., le., in th e Pahang 'on. olidated Company'. Conce . ion. . ,'M" PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A 11. 'I.'he 'e estimates are believed to be lowel' than the actuals. Fu1' example, in BUl'ma, where t h e conditions al'e similar to tho 'e in thi country, iL is con idel'ed that" one ton of timber is a sufficient GLumHI.I gl'an t fOl' the l'epa,ir and maintenance of an agricultul'i ,t 's house." "" It is almost cel'tain that. ome items have beeu ovel'looked entirely. It will be noticed that the output of timbel' is lower in , elangol' and hi gher in PahauO' than might have been expected, the l'eason p1'obably being that a certain amount of timber shown ag£Linst Pahang is exported to ingapol'e, and that ::L certain amount imported into Selangor for consumption in that State does not appear in the e timates at all. The e tim ate of tot~\.l consumption is probably fair-ly accurate. Additional interest and importance will perhaps be attached to the figul'es by a study of the following table comparing the use of wood ill the Federated Malay States and in certain othel' parts of thA wOl'ld. Consumption in tons pCI' pCI' on per ~\DnUm, , 'o uutJ'Y, I Timber, .I!'edel'ated Malay States .. , G uited 'tate. ' of AmerictL .. • ... l~l1l'ope 12. ,II Total. - -- , I Fue l. .. , .. , .. , .. , I .. . 1 0 - 2.!8 2,\ . :) :-3 ~ -:-J ' .. .. -:JI ..,A ... R . U ...S PE P T KAAN ... - -----------------"'--NEGARAMALAYSI A .. . , .. • , , .. , I 10 The estim ates already given must however be largely lDcreased in considering the needs of the future. The population is being swelled by immigration far beyond the natural incl'ease; t h e output of rubber will probably rise to 250,000 tollS in the next 10 years; the railways will be enormo usly extended witll a more than proportionate inOl'ease of traffic a,nd fuel consumption; and 11e,\' industries will cedainly be . tarted, Assuming a continuation of pre ent methods it therefore eems un afe to allow for an annual wooel con ump tion of 1 s than 4,000,000 tons. Outside sources cannot be relied on to maintain the neces ary supplies, which the following paragraphs will show are already, in the case of one State at least, beyond Lhe capacity of the nu. uJ'al f01'88liR Jmturally regenerated to produce. , , , . *" Burma FUl'CSL ~Iatll1ld , , • , 6 III. I SOURCES OF UPPLY. 13. Wood i at pre 'ent obtained from reserved fo rest, State land, and alienated land, but it may be a serted with confidence that at no very distant date we ·ball have to rely, except perhaps in Pahang and Upper Perak, alma t en tirely on t he 1'8 erved forests. Rural Malays still satisfy their requirements largely from State and alienated land, but the fOl'est on such land in the prin cipal mining and rubber-gTowing centre ' of Pera&-, Selangor and Negri Sembilan have been wallowed up, and repeated applications are being received for other tate land in the more acce ible localities. Alienated land with very few except ions i exhau, ted of it · wood within five years or alienation, or perhaps a little longer in t he ca e of mining land, but rubber planters state t hat with proper management their plan tations can be made to supply from tbinnings and from naturally dead wood all th e domestic requirement · of their labom' force for fuel in addition to the timber required for 'moking rubber, estimated to amount in all to two ton per head of the labour force. It should h owever be stated Lhat .'uch supplies are by no means always avail:l,ble, and t hat ome planters are already finding difficulty and incuning h eavy expendit ure in pUI'cbasing fuel for tbeil' ·moke -bouses. Pahang is more favourably situated tban the other t.ates, aud the Pahang Con olidated Conces. ion, T.Jimited, has more than enough wood on i own land to supply it needs till the end of th e . in 196 , LV. D}!;MAND ON THE .FORE T . .FOH. WOOD . 14. Table II gives an estimate of the present demand on the for wood, after making allowance for supplies available from alienated If.nd. The following assumptions are made: (i) that the rural Malay population obtains 70 pel' cent. of its domestic fuel from alienated land ; eii ) that rubber plantations will yield 2 ton~ pel' head of the labour force a very liberal estimate which allows sufficient fuel both for t he domestic requirements of the labour force :llld for u e in the rubber factories; (iii) that Perak, Selangor a.n d Negri Sembilan obtain 5 pel' cent., and t hat Pahang obtains 80 per cent. of its mining fuel and timber (items 2 and 14 of 'l.'able I) from alienated land. No estimate can be made of the amoLlDt of mining t imber included in item 12 of the table, which is in any case small and is therefore ignored. III Pahang, nhe Pahang Consolidated Concessiun Company, which is by far the largest mining concern in the tate, obtains almost the whole of its wood from its own land, and other Pahang companies are almost equally favourably situated. • PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A • In the other three States, on t he other hand, alienated land within easy reach of the mines is almost exh austed. • • • - - - -- •• 1 • Statl·. - -- • - ... 1,315,700 3,001,778 3. 4. 5. fl. " " " " O~ TI:[Jt~ . -a. . "':. - - - . . . • 420,000 90,000 71,000 61,000 198,000 4 1 I 92,462 I • 237.128 . -- 8,728 54,110 81.828 5 I I , I I• -. I • I I• - I • lD • 9. ,, 10. ,. Col. 7. " 8. j eM ~- : 7 • I I •• 294,000 1 -- 63,000 1- 49,700 I 42,700 138.600 • - 474,256 - ] 7,456 108,220 184,924 163,656 8 '1'ous of fucl I 'rons of fuel taken bl' d d ~ . ' pro li ce rW'al Mala-:-s bb • • on I"U er from ahe· t t es a es. na t e dId an. I 1 I I • p M ·WOOD . - - 74.198 - 35464 , ] ,5] 5 12.019 25,200 1--- I I ~l - '1'ous of mi"ing fllel from alieuated I" llel. I I I • I . , 2,159,324 141,957 130,29 - 681,060 1,206,010 10 forl'~t~ 1"I~~el''' e<l fr01ll Rtate laud an cl I N t't « cmanf! Seven-tenths of a ton for each rDrnl Malny (ride Col. 4). Two tons per bead of t ho labollr forc e Oil I"\lbbC' 1" plnn tntious (vide Col. 5). Five per cent. for P\ll"ak, Selnngor, and 1\ egri Sombi lan and 80 per cent. for Pahang of fi g 'l!'es in Col. (i. =Col. 3-(Col. 7 + Col. 8+ Col. 9), 819,000 44,330 30,300 240,380 503,990 G ton~. OD IlllnCS a- FOR VIS · *,. FORESTS 1'Anr.E IT. ... ~Estimated ,. ILauoul' force . ConSlllnptlOD . ". rural Mala,' , on rubber • • populatIOn estates. · 1 I I I DEMAND -.:;: Population at the end of JUD e, 1919, as estimated by the luedicnl authorities. Taken f rom Table I. As aseertuined from census of 1911. with all addition of about 20,000 for natuTal increase. Figures supplied by Labow' Departm en t. Sum of ite ms 2 nnd 14 in Table r. 1 -- 257,877 Total 145,515 289.732 ... 156,679 : 920,703 3 ons. ... I 391,103 I I t SlllU pion 0 d . woo 111 1,533,4(36 2 ~ I Totalt' COD- f ~~ ~ h'_ 'J'H"E ... Co!. 2. P ttlmng - -~ 'r0 tal . - I t' llOpu a IOn. 0 622,403 .. . I I I I Negri Sembilan ... I delaugor ." P et'a.k - \.!... PERPUSTAKAAN NEGARAMALAYSI A .... 1 • • •
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