1. No category

2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate and its
Effect on General Aviation
National Training Aircraft Symposium
Monday, March 16, 2015
Stephanie Smith
Ph.D. in Aviation student, Embry-Riddle Aeronautical University
Senior Aircraft Systems Engineer, Garmin, International
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Overview
¤  The History of ADS-B and GA
¤  A Brief Technical Overview of ADS-B
¤  Successes and Challenges of Meeting the ADS-B
Mandate
¤  Missing the ADS-B Mandate
¤  Concluding Thoughts
2
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
ADS-B
Automatic Dependent Surveillance-Broadcast (ADS-B) is
FAA's satellite-based successor to radar. ADS-B makes use of
GPS technology to determine and share precise aircraft
location information, and streams additional flight
information to the cockpits of properly equipped aircraft.
(Reproduced from http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/programs/)
3
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
ADS-B
ADS-B Out
ADS-B In
¤  Mandate for 1/1/2020
¤  Optional
¤  Transmits position, velocity, altitude
information
¤  Information received is dependent
on link and whether the aircraft is
equipped with ADS-B Out
¤  Two links:
¤  1090 MHz (1090ES)
¤  Required above 18,000 ft
¤  978 MHz (UAT)
¤  Required to receive TIS-B from
ground stations
¤  No portable options for P23 aircraft
¤  Two links:
¤  1090 MHz (1090ES) TIS-B only
¤  978 MHz (UAT)
¤  FIS-B
¤  TIS-B, if ADS-B Out
equipped
¤  Portable or installed options for P23
aircraft
4
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
The History of ADS-B and GA
From Capstone to Today
5
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Key Milestones
¤  Alaska’s Capstone Program (began 1999)
¤  Research and development opportunity in Alaska, addressing
high aviation accident rate in communities dependent on
aviation
¤  Alaska’s challenging terrain made conventional radar
placement impractical
¤  Provided a test environment for ADS-B technology, including
ground station infrastructure and avionics
¤  From 1999 to 2006, 47% decrease in accidents
¤  Vision 100 – Century of Aviation Reauthorization Act (12/12/2003)
¤  Amended federal law to transform the NAS
¤  Set the stage for planning and funding activities, with goals related to
safety and efficiency
6
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Key Milestones
¤  Integrated Plan for the Next Generation Air Transportation
System (12/15/2004)
¤  Introduced the NextGen concept, core transformation
technologies
¤  Amendment to 14 CFR Part 91 General Operating and Flight
Rules (5/28/2010)
¤  14 CFR 91.225 ADS-B Out Equipment and use (airspace
requirements)
¤  14 CFR 91.227 Equipment performance requirements
¤  “Rule Compliant” ADS-B Out Equipment Approvals for GA
(began in 2012)
7
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Proven Technology
¤  Activities in other parts of the country further proved safety
and efficiency benefits
¤  UPS operations in Louisville
¤  Gulf of Mexico
¤  Influential in development of the concept of NextGen
¤  Applicability to GA and commercial aircraft
¤  To fully realize the benefits of the technology
¤  Aircraft in the most affected airspace need to be equipped
¤  Performance standards need to be maintained to ensure the
integrity of the system
8
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
2020 ADS-B Out Mandate
14 CFR Part 91 Automatic Dependent SurveillanceBroadcast (ADS-B) Out Performance Requirements to
Support Air Traffic Control (ATC) Service; Final Rule
¤  Issued May 28, 2010, Compliance required by January 1,
2020
¤  Amended Part 91 to include airspace requirements and
equipment performance requirements for ADS-B Out
¤  Contains extensive background and discussion of the
final rule
9
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
A Brief Technical Overview of
ADS-B
10
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
ADS-B, TIS-B and FIS-B
Reproduced from http://www.qsl.net/py4zbz/adsb.htm; original from http://www.faa.gov
11
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Altitude and Equipment
Requirements
Altitude Requirements
Equipment Requirements
A
All aircraft
TSO-C166b (1090ES)
B
All aircraft
TSO-C166b (1090ES)
or TSO-C154c (UAT)
C
All aircraft
TSO-C166b (1090ES)
or TSO-C154c (UAT)
D
N/A
N/A
Airspace
At/above 10,000 ft MSL
Not below 2,500 ft AGL
E
G
At/above 3,000 ft MSL
Over Gulf of Mexico, U.S.
coastline to 12 nm out
N/A
TSO-C166b (1090ES)
or TSO-C154c (UAT)
N/A
12
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Overview of ADS-B Out System
Reproduced from http://www.faa.gov/documentLibrary/media/Advisory_Circular/AC%2020-165A.pdf
13
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Successes and Challenges of
Meeting the ADS-B Mandate
Identification of some that may affect GA and the mandate
14
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Ground Station Infrastructure
¤  Successes
¤ 
634 stations operational, on
time
¤ 
Extensive coverage across
the US
¤  Challenges
¤ 
Ground stations contracted
through Exelis
¤ 
Coverage gaps identified
¤ 
Approximately 200 additional
stations are required
The infrastructure is in place to
realize benefits today, in most
areas of the US
ADS-B Coverage as of February 2015
(Reproduced from
http://www.faa.gov/nextgen/update/
progress_and_plans/adsb/)
15
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
System Monitor
¤  Success
¤  Allows evaluation of the ADS-B system
¤  Identifies non-compliant aircraft and reports ground station
outages
¤  Real-time observations allow issues to be identified and
addressed quickly
¤  Eliminates the need for periodic checks (such as the 24calendar month transponder check)
¤  Challenge
¤  Not enough aircraft are equipped to fully test the system
monitor
16
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Equipment Approvals
¤  Challenge
¤  3 Options for ADS-B Out Installation Approvals
¤ 
¤ 
¤ 
Type Certificate
Supplemental Type Certificate
¤  Single or Multi Model
¤  Approved Model List
Field Approval
¤  Initially, no field approvals were allowed (per guidance in AC 20-165)
¤  Now allowed, under very specific circumstances (memo published by the
FAA)
¤  Concerns about field approval methodology being universally applied by
FSDOs
¤  Restrictions addressed concerns related to installation of an ADS-B Out system
¤ 
Each system needs to perform as intended to maintain the integrity of the NAS
17
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Missing the ADS-B Mandate
What if:
-  The mandate is delayed beyond January 1, 2020
-  The mandate holds and GA does not equip
18
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Economics and General Aviation
Cost to equip for ADS-B Out
¤  Equipment and installation costs
vary depending on what
required interfacing equipment
is already installed
¤  e.g. position source,
antennas
¤  “What’s in it for me?”
perspective with ADS-B Out only
solution
¤  Flight schools can
experience a unique benefit,
even when equipping with
only ADS-B Out
Reproduced from
https://static.garmincdn.com/en/products/
010-00860-00/g/cf-lg.jpg
19
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Economics and General Aviation
Decision to add ADS-B In
¤  Costs vary depending on the
features desired
¤  Low cost portable units
limited to display on portable
devices, such as iPads
¤  More features available on
certified displays
¤  Limited options for certified ADSB In displays
¤  Older displays more
challenging to adapt with
ADS-B In
Image reproduced from
https://buy.garmin.com/en-US/US/in-the-air/avionicssafety/gps-nav-comm/gtn-750/
prod67886.html#gallery-dialog
20
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Economics and General Aviation
¤  Planning effort related to ensuring aircraft are equipped
in time
¤  Recognize the installation approval options
¤  e.g. STC, field approval
¤  Understand the extent of modifications to the aircraft
¤  For example
¤  How many antennas must be installed?
¤  How many equipment interfaces are intended?
¤  How many aircraft need to be upgraded?
21
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
ADS-B Out Equipment and Position
Source Costs
ADS-B Equipment
Approved Position Source
Total Cost
Avidyne AXP340
$3,579
FreeFlight Model 1201
$2,889
$6,468
Bendix/King KT-74
$2,595
FreeFlight Model 1201
$2,889
$5,484
FreeFlight FDL-978-TX
$2,995
FreeFlight WAAS 1201
$2,889
$5,884
FreeFlight FDL-978-TX/G
$4,595
(Built-In WAAS GPS Receiver)
-
$4,595
FreeFlight FDL-978-XVR/G
$3,475
(Built-In WAAS GPS Receiver)
-
$3,475
Garmin GDL 88
$3,479
Garmin GTN 650
$10,295
$13,774
Garmin GTX 330ES
$3,469
Garmin GTN 650
$10,295
$13,764
Trig-Avionics TT-31
$2,895
$2,889
$5,784
FreeFlight WAAS 1201
Includes
ADS-B In
X
- Equipment costs were recorded from Pacific Coast Avionics Corporation, Sarasota Avionics, on November 8, 2014,
(https://www.pacificcoastavionics.com/ads-b.aspx and http://sarasotaavionics.com/manufacturers)
- ADS-B In available on panel mount display product.
22
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Options
¤  GA misses the Mandate as published, the FAA holds with 1/1/2020
¤  Aviation will not proceed like today unless more people are equipped
¤  The FAA delays the Mandate
¤  How many times will this happen?
¤  At what point do the aviation industry and consumers stop paying
attention to deadlines?
¤  How will this affect other NextGen transitions?
¤  The FAA amends the Mandate to offer alternate options
¤  Approach similar to experimental aircraft (must meet performance
requirements but not have TSOA)
¤  Compromise with reduced performance requirements
23
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
Concluding Thoughts
Considering the big picture and the flight training environment
24
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
The Big Picture
¤  ADS-B is one of the core technologies of NextGen
¤  NextGen affects safety and efficiency for all uses of the
NAS
¤  Global effort to improve efficiency in air transportation
25
2020 and Beyond: The ADS-B Out Mandate
and its Effect on General Aviation
3/16/15
ADS-B in the Flight Training
Environment
¤  Safety and human factors with advanced technologies
¤  Understand the role of advisory services in the aviation
environment
¤  Differentiate between strategic and tactical decisionmaking
¤  Opportunity for enhanced situation awareness
¤  Preparation for professional careers
¤  Transitioning between advanced technology states during
flight training
¤  Learn to manage the technology
26