1. health and fitness
2. disease
3. cholesterol

Lycopene
is more bioavailable
from fresh tomatoes13
Christine
Gartner,
ABSTRACT
fresh
with
Wilhelm
Lycopene
tomatoes
1 5 g corn
found
bioavailability
from
fraction.
The
fresh
tomatoes
response
after
Helmut
both
in
treatments.
Sies
a single
dose
ingested
carotenoid
of
together
concen-
lycopene
isomer
pattern
and tomato
paste. The
was not significantly
of tomato
paste
was
chylomicrons
Ingestion
to yield
2.5-fold
higher total and all-trans-lycopene
peak
concentrations
(P < 0.05 and P < 0.005, respectively)
and 3.8fold higher area under the curve (AUC) responses
(P < 0.001)
than ingestion
of fresh tomatoes.
The same was calculated
for
lycopene
cis-isomers,
but
only
the
AUC
response
for
the
cis-
isomers
was significantly
higher
after ingestion
of tomato
paste
(P < 0.005).
No difference
was observed
in the a- and 3-carotene
response.
Thus,
in humans,
the bioavailability
of lycopene
is
greater
Nutr
KEY
from
tomato
l997;66:
paste
from
fresh
Am J C/in
tomatoes.
116-22.
Carotenoids,
WORDS
cis-isomers,
tomato
than
a//-trans-lycopene,
chylomicrons,
bioavailability,
ences
in lycopene
bioavailability
products
might
account
for this
centrations
and
The
uptake
processed
tomato
juice
threefold
or
the
predominant
antioxidant
carotenoid
activity
all dietary
properties
in tomatoes,
was
proliferation
to
be
investigated
(4).
superior
to a-
in various
and
rat
human
progression
mammary
and
/3-cryptoxanthin,
in their study.
a-carotene
epithelial
and aLikewise,
in inhibiting
cancer
cell
of 7,l2-dimethyl-benz[a]anthratumors
were
suppressed
cell
lines
by
(6).
lyco-
pene but not by a-carotene
(7), and lycopene
has been shown
to protect
efficiently
against
mammary
tumorigenesis
in a
high-mammary-tumor
strain
of mice (8).
Few epidemiologic
data on the relation
between
cancer risk
and dietary intake of tomatoes
or tomato products
are available,
and these studies
have shown equivocal
results (9-15).
However, when serum concentrations
of lycopene
were investigated
in an oil medium
serum
juice.
resulted
from
heat-
Ingestion
of
in a two-
to
concentrations
1 d after
but an equivalent
consumption
of unprocessed
tocaused no rise in plasma concentrations
(20). Cookare
sturdy
we
believed
to
cell walls,
investigated
chylomicrons
toes and from
dietary
tomato
intake,
a lower
cancer
risk
was
ments
the
enhance
bioavailability
thus making
carotenoids
uptake
after a single
dose
tomato
paste.
AND
subjects,
Am
J Clin
Nutr
The
of lycopene
of lycopene
by
more
into
human
fresh
toma-
from
METHODS
three
signed
accord
females
and two males,
had
history
volunteers
and
minerals,
they
an informed
with
the
no
had
consent
Helsinki
in the
part
chronic
disease,
hyperlipoproteinemia,
did not use any supple-
or carotenoids
normal
took
of any
hypertriglyceridemia,
or diabetes.
They
of vitamins,
the study
in the
dietary
habits.
form.
The
Declaration
3 mo
before
All volunteers
study was conducted
of 1975
as revised
in
in
1983.
Study
design
The study was conducted
on 2 experimental
The volunteers
were instructed
to consume
tenoids
C
3 d before
From
the Institut
inisches
the experimental
days;
f#{252}r
Physiologische
Chemie
Forschungszentrum,
days 2 wk apart.
a diet low in carotomatoes
and tomato
I and Biologisch-Mediz-
Heinrich-Heine-Universitat
D#{252}sseldorf,
Germany.
2 The
tomato paste was supplied
by B de Boer, Unilever
Laboratory,
Vlaardingen,
Netherlands.
3 Address
reprint requests to H Sies, Institut f#{252}r
Physiologische
I, Heinrich-Heine-Universitat
D#{252}sseldorf, P0 Box 101007,
D#{252}sseldorf, Germany.
correlated
with higher serum lycopene
concentrations
throughout (16-19).
Giovannucci
et al (5) discussed
whether
differ116
cancer.
to be greater
tomato
in lycopene
bleeding
disorder,
lipid malabsorption,
exhibits
and singlet oxygen
quenching
( 1-3). Its potential cancer-
carotenoids
are beginning
tate cancer.
Other carotenoids,
lutein,
and a-carotene
showed
no correlation
of
cooked
down
Here
prostate
unprocessed
chopping
breaking
accessible.
study.
Giovannucci
et al (5) found
that the dietary
intake
of lycopene
is epidemiologically
correlated
with diminished
risk for pros-
instead
from
for
found
juice
con-
Subjects
Lycopene,
Initiation
cene-induced
risk
was
increase
ingestion,
mato juice
ing
diminished
of lycopene
than
Five
lycopene
tomatoes
and tomato
They
found
consump-
tion of tomato
sauce and not of fresh tomatoes
or tomato
to be the strongest
predictor
for higher
lycopene
serum
SUBJECTS
tomatoes,
INTRODUCTION
ability
of
preventing
from
effect.
lycopene
fresh
paste
the highest
paste than
1997:66:116-22.
E-mail:
Received
October
Accepted
for publication
Printed
Research
Chemie
D-40001
[email protected].
3, 1996.
in USA.
February
10, 1997.
© 1997 American
Society
for Clinical
Nutrition
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 11, 2014
triacylglycerol
and
or tomato
paste (23 mg lycopene)
oil was compared
by analyzing
trations
in the chylomicron
was the same
in both
different
Stahl,
from tomato
LYCOPENE
products
were
checked
by
fasting
to
be
daily
overnight,
matoes
(day
corn oil and
at 0830
consumed
A) or 40 g tomato
100 g bread.
The
it to be difficult
pene,
carbohydrate,
trans-lycopene
was
tomatoes
together
the
not
same
stirred
into
tomato
meal),
during
the
were
purchased
the
sample
span,
the
tomato
was
and
and
only
experiment.
from
paste.
On
at
black
coffee
Fresh
tomatoes,
local
had been
content
of lyco-
as tomato
salad
meal,
the corn oil
both
days,
1300
the
(4.5
and water
were
corn
same
h after
oil,
carotenoids
Chemical
were
either
obtained
J3-apo-8’-carotenal
and
from
from
internal
foods.
were
peak
Z Nir,
Ma-
Sheva,
Israel)
and
E Merck
according
other
from
Beer
Roche
(lutein,
zeaxanthin;
Basel,
from Sigma
(a-carotene;
Deisen((3-carotene,
ethyl-f3-apo-8’-caroteBuchs,
Switzerland).
All other
(Darmstadt,
height
carotefrom
Beecher
(24)
and
HPLC
system
were
in tomatoes,
tomato
concentrations
from
ratios
and
for our
contents
Carotenoid
calculated
Germany).
and chylomicron
was
synthesized
to Khachik
purified
by HPLC.
Response
factors
determined
used to calculate
the carotenoid
chylomicrons
a gift
(lycopene;
The internal
standard
used for serum
noid
analysis,
j3-apo-8’-carotenol,
ated
bread
were
Works
J Bausch,
Hoffmann-La
Switzerland),
or purchased
hofen, Germany)
or Fluka
noate,
f3-apo-8’-carotenal;
paste,
the
allowed
and
Reference
chemicals
of fresh
of total
and allmeals.
The fresh
served
paste
served
to-
we supposed
two batches
and fiber.
The amount
the same in both tomato
lunch
g fresh
117
khteshim
after
B) together
with 15 g
meals
were served
because
texture
was
study,
400
blood
were
cut into
slices
and
with corn oil. For the tomato
low-carotenoid
of
either
used
a 2-wk
Compliance
days
a fasting
was
over
exactly
the
paste (day
experimental
after
design
to find,
with
particular.
volunteers
A crossover
tomatoes
in
On
in the morning
drawn.
was
avoided
interview.
BIOAVAILABILITY
in serum
calibration
curves
of carotenoid
and
gener-
standards
to the
standard.
distributors.
Statistics
Blood
Results
samples
were
drawn
into
out anticoagulant
ingestion
of the
before
tomato
meal.
To
tenoids,
all further
evacuated
containers
with(0 h) and 2, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, and 12 h after
operations
avoid
were
isomerization
performed
(cmax)
of caro-
under
dim
fects
light.
are expressed
as means
± SDs.
were
calculated
[(AUC)
0-12
h] responses
after subtraction
of fasting
were
adjusted
of treatment,
fasting
and
under
Peak
and
time
rule
concentrations
concentrations
treatment
the curve
by trapeziodal
concentrations.
for
time,
Area
likewise.
Ef-
interactions
on
and carotenoid
response
were analyzed
by
After clotting,
serum was prepared
by centrifugation
at 16 #{176}C the triacylglycerol
two-factor
repeated-measures
analysis
of variance.
Differences
for 10 mm at 2000
X g. An aliquot
was frozen
at -70
#{176}C
until
in baseline
serum
concentrations,
AUC
responses,
and peak
analyzed,
and another
was used directly
for chylomicron
prepconcentrations
between
the 2 experimental
days were assessed
aration (21). Briefly,
2 mL serum was mixed carefully
with 50
by two-sided
paired Student’s
t test. All statistical
calculations
mg sucrose,
770 mg KBr, and 200 mL ethylene
glycol, resultwere done by using Excel 5.0 (Microsoft
Corp, Unterschleissing in a serum
density
of P20
1 .250 kgIL. The serum was
overlaid
with
solution
trifugation
(P20
rotor
2 mL
Munich,
on top of the
and immediately
Analysis
solution
(P20
1.225
=
kgIL),
4 mL
KBr
1.100
kg/L),
and 3 mL H2O.
at 20 #{176}C
for 40 mm at 155 000 X
(Beckman,
floating
pipette
KBr
and
gradient
frozen
and
available
GPO-PAP,
Germany).
Germany),
was collected
with
at -70
#{176}C.
RESULTS
were
colorimetric
test
measured
kits
by
using
(CHOD-PAP
and
Boehringer
content
and
concentrations
(23).
Extracts
in HPLC
from
solvent
TABLE
1
Characteristics
vegetable
samples
were
A (CH3OH:CH3CN:2-propanol,
diluted
appropriately
54:44:2
< 5.2
on both
cutoffs
mmollL
for
were
the
experimental
days.
solvent
450 nm.
extraction
A with
a flow
The same
HPLC
modified
gradient:
and
5-15
solvent
identified
(model
of 1 mlJmin
Dry carotenoid
residues
from serum
were redissolved
in HPLC
solvent
analysis.
slightly
100%
rate
168;
mm
A,
spectrophotometrically
Beckman)
and
carotenoids.
detection
at
and chylomicron
A directly
before
system
was used as above
with a
0-S mm 94.5% solvent
A and 5.5%
a linear
which
and
gradient
was
held
running
for
by
by coelution
12
diode
with
from
mm.
94.5%
Peaks
to
were
array
detection
synthetic
refer-
were
cholesterol).
around
the
The
Fasting
lower
higher
serum
nor-
serum
limit
of re-
was no signifconcentrations
serum
32.2
23.3
Age (y)
BMI (kg/rn2)
Fasting
serum
in the
experimental
days when
(< 2.3 mmol/L
for triac-
Fresh tomatoes
(Day A)
and
100%
1. Fasting
concentra-
of the volunteers’
by
analyzed
on a 5-p.m Suplex pKb 100 column
(250 X
4.6 mm) from Supelco
(Bellefonte,
PA), by using a step gradient:
0-10
mm 97% solvent
A and 3% H20 and 10-25
mm
in Table
concentrations
ported values in all volunteers
(Table
1). There
icant difference
in fasting
serum
carotenoid
described
ence
are given
cholesterol
carotenoid
between
H2O
and
ylglycerol
Mannheim,
Mannheim,
in tomatoes
and tomato
paste was analyzed
according
to Hart and Scott (22). Extraction
of carotenoids
from serum and chylomicrons
was performed
as
vol)
characteristics
triacylglycerol
mal range for all subjects
applying
generally
accepted
cholesterol
respectively,
The carotenoid
Germany).
Volunteer
a Pasteur
chromatography
Triacylglycerol
commercially
After ultraceng in an SW 41
the chylomicron
fraction
heim,
Tomato
(Day
paste
B)
± 7.3
± 4.0
concentrations
all-trans-Lycopene
(nmol/L)
Total lycopene (nmolIL)
a-Carotene
(nmol/L)
127
282
49
±
12
165
± 65
±
36
360
±
±
34
f3-Carotene
220
±
122
219
±
320
±
100
297
± 97
Lutein
(nmolIL)
(nmol/L)
Zeaxanthin
(nmol/L)
Triacylglycerol
(mmolIL)
Cholesterol
‘
±
SD; n
83
0.76
5.00
(mmol/L)
3 females
and
2 males:
day
± 42
±
±
76
81 ± 36
0. 16
0.54
A and day
148
48 ± 31
1 . 13 ± 0.25
5.03 ± 0.78
B were
2 wk apart.
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 11, 2014
preparation
Sample
GARTNER
118
of all-transand total
serum
concentrations
tions
higher
on both
2). No
paste
content
days
fresh
study
B were
due
in only
to
TABLE
2
Caotenoid
content
one
experimental
meals
was the
1, A and B, and Table
the
Tomatoes
the
tomato
tomatoes.
was
Biological
observed
variation
in
might
from
somewhat
higher
3-carotene
content
response
tomato
paste
that observed
(Figure
2C and
triacylglycerol
in
in chylomicrons
meal
after
Tables
was
not
was
seen
and peak
concentrations
(cmax)
(Figure
of
also
revealed
variance
after
consump-
significantly
different
22.2
21.1 ± 0.5
22.8 ± 0.2
cis-
1.16
± 0.12
0.78
± 0.05
a-Carotene
1.32
± 0.08
0.50
± 0.02
‘i
2 h after
ingestion
almost
±
SD; n
=
± 0.6
g)
23.6
± 0.2
3.
and cis-lycopene)
B, and Table 4).
tomatoes
AUC
as assessed
responses
2, A and
In
B, and
exclusively
present
predominantly
in
for the
tomatoes
total
and
lycopene
no
distinct
observed
tomato
(data
paste
showed
meal,
a slight
not significant,
0-h
serum
and
lutein,
tomato
both
but
After
and
of variance,
concentrations
of
the
concentrations
this
increase
was
different
from
consumption
of the
concentrations
with a tendency
a-
experimental
effect
of treatment
was observed
lycopene
(P < 0.005 and P <
response
concentrations
al/-trans-lycopene
the day of study
zeaxanthin,
on
confirmed
by analysis
effect
of time on serum
point.
2, A and
consumption
not significantly
time
total and
throughout
as did
lycopene
After
increase,
being
at each
(Figure
a//-trans-lycopene
time-dependent
concentrations
in
shown).
the values
concentrations
to decline,
of
changes
not
total
fresh tomato
meal,
remained
constant
Table
effect
serum,
were
by chy(0-12
h),
a combined
in chylomicrons
(all-trans-
of
treatment
and time on the chylomicron
lycopene
response
(Table
3). Because
of the small number
of volunteers,
these
data should
not be overemphasized.
a//-trans-Lycopene,
the
accounted
(40
and
days.
revealing
of all
f3-carotene
This
was
no significant
carotenoids.
An
only for all-trans0.05,
respectively).
and total
a)
C
a)
0.
B
A
C
0
-J
a)
c)
C
a)
0.
0
0
>
-j
P
0
CU
0
C
CU
U)
(U
E
E
a)
C
0
a)
C
a)
C’,
0
a)
(‘3
0
0
.
-a
0
(I)
>.CU
;;O
L-jco
IIE
I5
IC,)
10-J
I;
la5
0.
IlIC
tto
a
C
0
C
a)
0CU
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
I
10
20
30
0
10
20
30
0
10
Time
FIGURE
1. Carotenoid
of tomato paste.
(h)
pattern
Time
in fresh
tomatoes
(A),
in tomato
paste
(B),
(h)
and
i
20
Time
in the chylomicron
fraction
(C)
of one
volunteer
30
(h)
4 h after
consumption
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 11, 2014
consumption
of fresh
lycopene
concentrations,
paste,
paste
all-trans-
consumption
of the fresh tomato meal
4). An early peak in chylomicron
than after
lomicron
isomer
Tomato
3 and
concentrations
Analysis
(400 g)
Total
the
both tomato
meals, and a second,
higher peak again 1.5-2.5
h
after lunch (6-7 h after ingestion
of the experimental
meals).
After both experimental
meals, an increase
in lycopene
concentrations
was observed
in chylomicrons
but not in serum of
all volunteers.
This chylomicron
lycopene
response
was significantly
higher
(P < 0.05) after consumption
of tomato
paste
4).
paste per dose administered
Lycopene
tomatoes.
of the
and tomato
mg
fresh
The triacylglycerol
tion
in tomatoes
(Figure
isomerization
with
for
carotenoids
of the
of the
lycopene
compared
account
on day
of these
in this study’
volunteer.
The lycopene
same
lycopene
ET AL
LYCOPENE
BIOAVAILABILITY
TABLE
3
Effect of time and treatment
on the carotenoid
and triacylglycerol
response in chylomicrons
after ingestion of fresh tomatoes and tomato
paste as shown in Figure 2’
A
a)
C
ci
a.
40
-
30
-
0
0
>
-
119
Effect
60)
--I
C
20
-
0
10
-
Oo
Treatment
P
Triacylglycerol
Lycopene
Total
>,
0
NS
cis0
3
6
9
12
a-Carotene
3-Carotene
B
C
a.
0
0
Treatment
NS
<0.0001
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
NS
<0.05
<
0.05
<
0.05
NS
0.05
<
40
Results of two-factor
repeated-measures
ment: fresh tomatoes
versus tomato paste).
30
availability
NS
analysis
I
X time
P
< 0.005
<0.0001
< 0.0001
< 0.0001
NS
NS
all-trans-
0-
of
time
P
of variance
(treat-
>-
-r
C,)
oE
10
0
To
and
0
0
0
3
6
9
12
chylomicron
fraction
been
to be a more
have
0
a)
0
>%
0.5
--J
C
00
shown
of volunteers
because
appropriate
kinetics
25-28).
of carotenoids
In response
to single
carotenoid
attributed
0
liver as constituents
of other lipoproteins
than those of chylomicrons,
thus leading
>,
0
3
6
Time
9
concentrations
after
However,
mean
0.01) from the
effect
of tomato
of treatment
chylomicrons
have
than
are concentrations
studying
peak
paste
(data
not shown).
on
was
/3-carotene
concentrations
The
in
The
days
AUC
for
of tomato
not
significant,
and
which
did
f3-carotene
paste
(Table
and
not
tended
higher
change
to be
4). Neverthej3-carotene
might
lycopene
carotenoids
intes-
concentrations
be
due
(25,
27,
also been
to the
et al (23)
dose
with
in this
this order
carotenoids
short
31). The
reported
period
observed
was
23 mg.
of magnitude
interindividual
32,
doses,
33).
carotenoid
In studies
absorption,
sponders
to single
(23,
variation
or even
in the
that
used
except
increase
Single
a
doses
not yield
response
have
two
in
of
any
when derived
from
(29). In addition,
been
chylomicrons
for
lack
of
in other
6 h after
might
plasma
nonresponse,
longer
of the
investigated,
a clear
beginning
study
by the
with half-lives
to accumulation
effect
on carotenoid
plasma
concentrations
vegetables
and not from purified
supplements
29,
3).
was
not
absorbed
in plasma
which
has
Wingerath
carotenoid
in 3-carotene
by analysis
of variance
(Table
a small amount
of a-carotene
of all volunteers,
which
was
on both
3).
consumption
difference
increase
values were only significantly
different
(P <
0-h value at 6 h after the tomato
meal. No
different
after
a slight
ingestion
chylomicrons
was observed
On both experimental
days,
found
in the chylomicrons
(Table
fresh
tomatoes
response
in the
for
f3-cryptoxanthin
plasma
concentrations
single
dose of -cryptoxanthin.
large
we observed
(28),
although
(h)
of newly
carotenoids
in plasma,
studies
12
FIGURE
2. Total lycopene (A), all-trans-lycopene
(B), and triacylglycerol (C) concentrations
in the chylomicron
fraction before (0 h) and after
consumption
of fresh tomatoes (0, day A) and tomato paste (#{149},
day B). i
± SD: n = 5.
In chylomicrons
to resecretion
absorbed
response
0.0
0
time
by the
tool
doses,
5E
.
significantly
balanced
in plasma
are reached
24-48 h postdose
(25-27,
29), whereas
in chylomicrons
they occur
between
4-6 h and decline
to
near-basal
concentrations
within
12 h (23, 25-28,
30). Thus,
carotenoid
concentrations
in chylomicrons
mainly
reflect
absorption
kinetics.
A major part of the plasma
response
has been
C
significant
been
from
lycopene
tinal absorption
in plasma
(23,
1.0
-
the
might
in the paste.
compare
lycopene
bioavailability
tomato
paste
we measured
the
>
less,
paste
content
DISCUSSION
E
higher
tomato
20
C#{176}
over
from
a-carotene
(26,
to single
reported
(26,
to investigate
34),
no
nonre-
were reported,
as in the present study, and a response
carotenoid
doses sometimes
as low as 1 mg was seen
25-28,
30).
Constant
study conditions
on all days of the study are essential for investigating
influences
of different
treatments
on
carotenoid
bioavailability.
Recently,
van Vliet
et al (28) reported differences
in triacylglycerol
and carotenoid
responses
to the
same
study
and therefore
experimental
used
meal
between
the ratio
different
of carotenoid
days
AUC
of their
response
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 11, 2014
lower
120
GARTNER
TABLE
Area
ET
AL
4
under
the curve
(AUC)
responses
and
peak
concentrations
Fresh
AUC
(0-12
nmol
(Cmax)
tomat oes (day
in chylomicrons
after
ingestion
of fresh
tomatoes
A)
and
Tomato
h)
AUC
Cmax
nmol/L
.
(0-12
nmol
paste’
tomato
paste
(day
B)
h)
Cmax
nmol/L
.
Lycopene
Total
28.4
±
15.7
all-trans-
22.6
±
11.1
109.3
± 26.62
27.9
7.5
± 2.0
79.5
± 18.82
20.1
± 6.l
± 2.8
29.9
± 8.5
7.8
± 3.4
0.4
± 0.4
1 1.0 ± 3.6
± 933
cis-
7.3
± 4.9
3.4
a-Carotene
3-Carotene
0.8
7.0
0.6
0.4
±
± 5.6
3.2
± 3.3
10.9
± 6.7
2.8
1.22
± l.0l
±
1.38
± 0.7l
0.57
Triacylglycerol
,
SD; n
Significantly
±
2.3.4
5
mmol
6
mmol/L.
5. AUCs
different
=
and peak concentrations
from
day
AUC
different
days.
response
as a reproducible
In the present
sponse
was neither
necessary
performed
(data not shown).
Triacylglycerol
work,
the
observed
35).
and
to
response
fat-containing
A high
for
and
lomicron
concentrations
been
reported
5 h earlier
(35).
has
triacylglycerol
found
to be
more
kinetics
reported
observed
in the
(23,
for
28).
tomato
mato
paste
and
and
the
In the
meals
of
1 1 .0 nmollL,
tomato
paste
1 8.8
increments
3-carotene
present
was
(25-28)
mg
in
chy-
/3-cryp-
the
from
total
lycopene
fresh
tomatoes
consumption
concentrations
(Table
4). Thus,
1.9- to 2.5-fold
of
being
higher
fresh
of 27.9
ingestion
total
of
lycopene
peak concentrations
(P < 0.05),
whereas
the total
lycopene
AUC response
was even 3.8-fold
higher
after ingestion
of
tomato paste compared
with ingestion
of fresh tomatoes
(P <
0.001 ). The same
difference
is calculated
when comparing
all-trans-lycopene
parameters.
Thus,
with
ents,
cantly
imental
lycopene
lycopene
and
lycopene
a constant
content
bioavailability
cis-isomer
of fat
from
and
tomato
absorption
other
paste
higher
than that from fresh tomatoes.
This
support
to the epidemiologic
observation
bioavailability.
As
mentioned
above,
meal
was
kinetic
ingredisignifi-
lends experregarding
tomato
sauce
predictor
by fresh
in lycopene
The
after
to
be
matrix
cells,
of lycopene
tomatoes
serum
(5),
heating
increase
the juice
attributable
to
carotenoid
in two
with
in an oil
extraction
boiling
from
lipophilic
extraction
of carotenoids
amounts
in calves
(39).
been disrupted,
of dietary
ity. This
might
In vegetable
juice
the cell
rendering
any further
effect
fiber
namely
(33)
explain
‘=65%
of total
(41,
the observation
Clinton
et al (43),
all-trans-lycopene
of fat
correlated
not
shown).
who reported
in tomatoes,
(40).
et al (5)
with
lycopene
but
This
confirms
that 90% of total
32%
in serum,
only
for 45%
results
to that
in serum
Thus,
it appears
that
or even
lycopene
higher,
is absorbed
mainly
in the form
that it is present
in vivo
to yield
typical
the
eg,
pattern
into
in foods
found
60%
by
lycopene
was
and
17% in
benign
and malign
prostate
tissue.
In other tissues
(liver,
ney, and adrenal
gland)
the percentage
of all-trans-lycopene
similar
It
not consumed
bioavailabil-
in the study tomatoes
and
This isomer
accounted
in chylomicrons,
data
foods
of high
by Giovannucci
juice
was not
in their study.
lycopene
42,
coingestion
juice
is usually
in poor lycopene
About
95% of total lycopene
tomato
paste was a//-trans-lycopene.
from
by coingestion
or by
that tomato
fat, resulting
that intake
of tomato
plasma
concentrations
in serum
On the other
bioavailability
on the cell matrix unlikely.
matrix effects,
carotenoid
absorption
might
be assumed
together
with any
be
the food
yielding
the same
Poor et al (39)
from
steamed
than
carrot
juice
has already
factors,
(29, 38).
and mechanical
disruption
of
study.
Heat treatment
might
from
matrix
by other
the
are
might
from
raw carrot slurries
in preruminant
calves.
heat treatment
had no effect on /3-carotene
treatment
sug-
into
vegetables
from
hand,
of heat
con-
was
matrixes
from
into a lipophilic
phase
(20)
as was shown
in the present
of
serum
Carotenoids
bioavailability
ways:
ingestion
lycopene
process.
of
concenshowing
medium
of
con-
intake
in lycopene
also affect
the structure
of vegetable
tissue,
effect
as mechanical
disruption.
Accordingly,
reported
higher
carotenoid
bioavailability
for
plasma
whereas
concentrations
observed
lipophilic
phase
during
the
known
to be readily absorbed
Apart
from
is influenced
As shown
in Figure
2A,
of 35.6
nmollL
were
after consumption
of toafter
0-h
The
points
reached
and
centrations
enhanced
peak
major
followed
juice.
conhighly
with
to be the
juice
was not correlated
with lycopene
plasma
This is in line with data from our group
(20)
Therefore,
37).
were
in
carotenoid
doses
beof 30-50
nmol/L
study,
22.2
nmollL
over
respectively
resulted
tomato
trations.
gested
to
time
is in accordance
and 23.6 mg from
the tomato
paste.
total
lycopene
peak
concentrations
reached
in the chylomicron
fraction
tomatoes,
found
The
one
(36,
at most
toxanthin
(23).
In studies
using
single
tween
10 and 20 mg, peak
concentrations
reported
than
in chylomicrons
This
2-3
increase
sometimes
was
and 6 h postdose.
5
content
± 2.4
± 0.526
concentrations.
no increase
generally
of the
lunch
breakfast
concentrations
lycopene
rewhen
peaked
as has
proportion
high SD in chylomicron
triacylglycerols
might
be due to this effect.
were
I.1
±
0.005.
<
centrations,
experi-
the results
lunch,
in chylomicron
meals
was
subjects,
in triacylglycerol
it change
the
after
ingested
between
Peak
p
was
measure
the triacylglycerol
in chylomicrons
meal
fat
time-dependent
centrations
between
fasting
tomato
triacylglycerol
of
variable
tomato
(28,
chylomicron
consist
nor did
concentrations
both
been
0.336
were calculated
after subtracting
t test):
2 p
< 0.001,
‘ p
< 0.05,
A (Student’s
were
not significantly
different
on the two
days.
Therefore,
a correction
for triacylglycerol
h after
1.3
kidis
in testes
(41).
chylomicrons
and is isomerized
in serum
and
tissues.
Downloaded from ajcn.nutrition.org by guest on September 11, 2014
to the triacylglycerol
responses
mental
0.48
0.5
h/t..
.
between
±
LYCOPENE
The
biochemical
or physiologic
possibly
tissue-specific
consequences
remain
In conclusion,
paste
than
lycopene
from
ologically
fresh
defined
the factors
mechanisms
isomer
pattern
to be elucidated.
their
in light
from
of the
properties
bioavailability
to this
tomato
epidemi-
20.
of carotenoids,
should
be taken
A
We thank B de Boer and K van het Hof, Unilever
Netherlands,
Olga Briviba
institut,
for
helpful
discussions;
for the blood drawings;
D#{252}sseldorf,
Germany)
Research
Laboratory,
Clemens
Fritsch
and Ilka Rdmer(Diabetes
for
the
and
Forschungs-
triacylglycerol
and
Helzlsouer
1G. Comstock
cholesterol
Stahl
W,
greater
into
account.
Vlaardingen,
18.
121
Sies
from
21.
H. Uptake
of lycopene
heat-processed
than
Terpstra
AHM.
gradient
ultracentrifugation
Isolation
content
23.
Wingerath
human
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