Neonatal Mortality (NN) Rates in Assam in
comparison to some selected states of
India – A study of NFHS Data
Gobinda Pathak
Research Investigator
2006
Population Research Centre
Department of Statistics
Gauhati University
1
PREFACE
Neonatal mortality rate indicate the dying of children in the first month of
life. Like infant mortality rates it also reflect the country’s level of socioeconomic development, quality of life.
The Present study entitled “Neonatal Mortality (NN) Rate in Assam in
comparison to some selected states of India – A study of NFHS Data” is one of
the series of annual action plan studies to be under taken by the Population
Research Centre, Gauhati University.
The aim of the study is to find out the level, trend, socio-economic and
demographic different in neonatal mortality rates in Assam in comparison to some
selected state and Assam and the country as a whole.
The present report has been prepared by Mr. Gobinda Pathak, Research
Investigator of PRC, Gauhati University under the guidance of Mr. D.C.
Choudhury, Dy. Director of the centre.
It is hoped that the analysed information and conclusion will help the
Government, policy maker and researcher in their needs.
Hemanta K. Baruah
Hony. Director
Population Research Centre
Gauhati University
2
INTRODUCTION
Neonatal Mortality Rate shows the number of death of children under 4th
week of month of age per thousand live births occurring in a year. Like infant and
child mortality rates it also reflect a country’s level of socio-economic
development and quality of life and is used for monitoring and evaluating
population and health Programmes and Policies. National Family Health Survey 1
and 2 asked all ever married women age 15-49 to provide a complete history of
their births- including, for each life birth, the sex, month and year of births,
survival status, and age at the time of survey or age at death. Age at death is
recorded in days for children dying in first month of life.
The study on Neonatal Mortality in India including Assam is not more. In
this study an attempt has been made to see the differences of Neonatal Mortality
in Assam in comparison with India and some other selected states of India. It is
hopped that the study will help the health personnel, demographers and
policymakers in policy making.
Objectives : The main objectives of the study are as follows :
(i)
to see the level and differences of Neonatal mortality among selected states
of India in comparison with Assam.
(ii)
to see the socio-economic differences in Neonatal mortality in selected
states of India and
(iii)
demographic differences in neonatal mortality in the selected state of India
and in India as a whole.
Source of data : The data used in the study have been taken from the National
Family Health Survey 1 and 2.
3
Methodology : The study is a comparison of Neonatal mortality rates of Assam
with selected states of India. The selected states are taken porposily from different
parts of India. From the south eastern part Andra Pradesh has been taken, from the
middle part Madhya Pradesh, from the western part Gujarat, from the northern
part Jammu and Kashmir and the southern part of the country Tamilnadu has been
taken for the study. The comparison of the states of Assam has also been
considered along with the country as a whole.
4
CHAPTER-I
LEVELS, TRENDS AND DIFFERENTIALS IN NEONATAL
MORTALITY
Table-1.1 depicts the neonatal mortality (NN) for the five years periods
preceding the survey by residence in selected states of India, for NFHS-1 &
NFHS-2. In urban areas, according to NFHS-1, in 0-4 years periods preceding the
survey, the Neonatal mortality rates have been found highest in Assam (48.5) and
lowest in Madhya Pradesh (35.0). In country as a whole this present has been
found lowest (34.1) in comparison with the selected states. But in NFHS-2 this
rates comes down to 36.0 in Assam. In Tamilnadu this rate comes down to lowest
level 28.5 percent among the selected states. But in NFHS-2 this rate comes down
to 36.0 in Assam. In Tamilnadu this rate comes down to lowest 28.5 among the
selected states. In India as whole it comes down to 31.7, according to NFHS-1,
for the years period 5-9 proceeding the survey this rate has also been found
highest in Assam (59.6). The lowest has been found in Tamilnadu (30.4). In the
country as a whole the rate has been found 36.8. In NFHS-2, this rate has been
found much lower (29.5) than NFHS-1. Among the states the lowest rate has been
found 25.5 in Tamilnadu and the highest has been found in Jammu & Kashmir
(49.1). In the country as a whole this rate has been found slight lower than NFHS1. In NFHS-1, proceeding the survey period 10-14 years the rate of Assam has
been found higher (49.5). In this period, the neonatal mortality rates has been
found the highest in Madhya Pradesh (65.0) and the lowest in Tamilnadu (29.2%).
In the country as a whole it is found 42.5. In NFHS-2 the neonatal mortality rate
has been found the lowest in Assam (18.1) and the highest in Madhya Pradesh
(71.4). In Tamilnadu also this rate of neonatal mortality has been found lower
(20.7).
5
Table-1.1
Neonatal Mortality (NN) for five years period preceding the survey by Residence in
selected states in India, NFHS-I & II.
India/State
India
Assam
Andhra
Pradesh
Madhya
Pradesh
Gujarat
Tamilnadu
Jammu &
Kashmir
India
Assam
Andhra
Pradesh
Madhya
Pradesh
Gujarat
Tamilnadu
Jammu &
Kashmir
India
Assam
Andhra
Pradesh
Madhya
Pradesh
Gujarat
Tamilnadu
Jammu &
Kashmir
Year Preceding the Survey
0-4
5-9
10-14
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
URBAN
34.1
31.7
36.8
35.1
42.5
42.1
48.5
36.0
59.6
29.5
49.5
18.1
39.7
36.6
33.9
29.7
37.0
47.9
35.0
44.0
34.6
40.0
65.0
71.4
39.3
41.6
28.6
28.5
39.0
30.4
38.2
25.5
40.7
29.2
45.5
20.7
NA
41.6
NA
49.1
NA
42.6
57.9
51.1
46.7
45.2
RURAL
62.2
59.8
56.3
30.4
65.1
66.0
58.4
38.0
47.2
46.1
54.9
56.9
63.7
60.3
57.7
57.8
66.5
70.8
66.7
74.9
43.6
48.9
46.0
38.1
55.1
54.2
47.7
42.8
59.2
59.9
65.9
44.6
NA
40.0
NA
32.8
NA
41.2
48.6
50.9
45.3
43.4
44.6
43.8
TOTAL
56.4
59.8
49.7
51.7
30.3
50.6
59.5
64.3
56.5
54.5
36.5
57.5
53.2
54.9
59.7
64.1
66.4
71.1
42.3
46.2
NA
39.6
34.8
40.3
49.9
46.5
NA
44.2
37.1
35.5
52.9
50.2
NA
58.1
36.8
41.4
In rural areas both in NFHS-1 & 2 the rate of neonatal mortality have been
found higher in all selected states and India. In the years 0-4 proceeding the
survey, in Assam the rate of neonatal mortality has been found 51.1. In Gujarat
6
the rate has been found lowest (43.6) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (57.7).
About 58.0 have been found in India as a whole. In NFHS-2 this rate has been
decreased to 45.2 in Assam. In NFHS-2 also the rates of neonatal mortality have
been found highest in Madhya Pradesh (57.8) and lowest in Tamilnadu (38.1). In
country as a whole this rate has come down to 11.0 in NFHS-2. In Jammu and
Kashmir also this rate has been found lower. In the years 5-9 Preceding the
survey, the rate of neonatal mortality in Assam is in second position (59.8) after
Madhya Pradesh (66.5). In Tamilnadu and Gujarat the rate of neonatal mortality
have found lower. In India as a whole the rate has also been found higher (62.2).
In NFHS-2, among the selected states the rate of neonatal mortality have been
found the lowest in Assam (30.4) and the highest in Madhya Pradesh (70.8).
Neonatal mortality in the period has been found the lowest in Jammu & Kashmir
(32.8). In Tamilnadu (42.8) and Gujarat (47.7) have also been found lower
neonatal mortality. In the country as a whole the, rate comes down to about 8 in
NFHS-2. In NFHS-1 during 10-14 years period preceding the survey, neonatal
mortality has found second highest in Assam (66.0) just after Madhya Pradesh
(66.7). In Gujarat and Tamilnadu the rates of neonatal mortality are lower than the
other selected states. In India as a whole this rate is much higher (65.1). In the
same period in rural areas the rate of neonatal mortality have been found lower in
the NFHS-2. In NFHS-2 in the concerned period neonatal mortality rate comes
down in Assam to near about fifty from NFHS-I. Highest rate has been found in
Madhya Pradesh (74.9) followed by Gujarat (65.9) and Andhra Pradesh (60.3). In
Jammu & Kashmir and Tamilnadu the rate have been found some extent lower. In
India as a whole the rate has come down to 58.4 in NFHS-2 from 65.1 in NFHS-1.
In total (NFHS-1) in the years 0-4 preceding the survey Neonatal mortality
rate in Assam has been found about 51 while in Madhya Pradesh it has been
found highest (53.2) and lowest in Gujarat (42.3). In India it is found 48.6. In
NFHS-2 the rate of neonatal mortality in Assam has comes down to 44.6. In this
period in Tamilnadu it has been found lowest 34.8 and in India as a whole it has
found 43.4. In the years 5-9 preceding the survey (NFHS-1) in Assam neonatal
mortality rate have been found highest (59.8) just before Madhya Pradesh (59.7).
7
In Tamilnadu Neonatal mortality rate has been found lowest (46.5) followed by
Andhra Pradesh (49.7) and Gujarat (49.9). In India also neonatal mortality rate
has been found higher (56.4). According to NFHS-2 in the period 5-9 years
preceding the survey, neonatal mortality has been found lowest 30.3 in Assam
among the selected states and highest have been found in Madhya Pradesh (64.1).
In Jammu and Kashmir the rate has been found 35.5 of neonatal mortality
followed Tamilnadu (37.1). In the country as whole this rate has been found 51.7.
In the preceding period of survey 10-14 years (NFHS-1) Neonatal mortality rate
in Assam has been found 64.3 just after highest rate of Madhya Pradesh (66.4).
Tamilnadu has the lowest neonatal mortality rate (50.2) followed by Gujarat
(52.9). In India as a whole neonatal mortality rate has been found much lower
than Assam. In NFHS-2 the neonatal mortality rate comes down to 36.5 in Assam
which is lowest rate among the selected states. Madhya Pradesh has been found
highest 71.1 of neonatal mortality rate while in India as a whole it has been found
54.5.
8
CHAPTER-II
SOCIO-ECONOMIC DIFFERENTIALS IN NEONATAL
MORTALITY
Neonatal Mortality rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by
residence have been shown in table-2.1. In urban areas (NFHS-1) Neonatal
mortality rate have been found highest in Assam (54.5) and lowest in Madhya
Pradesh (34.8). On the other hand in NFHS-2 the rates have been found lowest in
Tamilnadu (27.0) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (41.9). In Assam the rate is 32.5
and in India as a whole it has been found 35.6.
In rural areas both in NFHS-1 and NFHS-2, the Neonatal mortality rates
have been found higher than urban areas. In rural areas of Assam (NFHS-1) the
rate has been found 55.8. Among the selected states the rate has been found
highest in Madhya Pradesh and lowest in Gujarat (49.5). In the country as a whole
the rate has been found 57.7. In NFHS-2, in Assam the rate has been found 37.5
just after the lowest rates 36.1. In Jammu & Kashmir. Highest rate has been found
in Madhya Pradesh (64.6) and in India as a whole the rate has been found 51.7.
Table-2.1
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by residence
in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Residence
India/States
Urban
Rural
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
India
35.5
33.6
57.7
51.7
Assam
54.5
32.5
55.8
37.3
Andhra Pradesh
36.6
33.1
51.4
52.0
Madhya Pradesh
34.8
41.9
62.3
64.6
Gujarat
39.1
35.5
49.5
46.9
Tamilnadu
36.1
27.0
51.7
40.6
Jammu & Kashmir
NA
45.7
NA
36.1
Table-2.2 shows the neonatal mortality rates for the 10 years period
preceding the survey by mother’s education in selected states of India in NFHS-1
9
and NFHS-2. Among illiterate women (NFHS-1) neonatal mortality rate has been
found 60.5 in Assam. Lowest rate has been found in Andhra Pradesh (51.6) and
highest in Madhya Pradesh (63.7). In India the rate has been found 60.6.
Table-2.2
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by residence
in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Mothers Education
Illiterate
Literate<Middle Middle School
High School
Country/
School
and above
and above
States
NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHSI
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
India
60.6
44.1
38.8
38.8
37.6
29.5
25.3
22.2
Assam
60.5
37.1
50.5
30.0
40.9
43.9
33.5
47.7
Andhra
51.6
54.3
40.2
NA
45.9
32.9
24.9
40.5
Pradesh
Madhya
63.7
65.3
38.5
52.1
24.7
42.7
17.5
28.5
Pradesh
Gujarat
57.1
48.5
35.0
38.4
27.3
27.1
18.1
30.5
Tamilnadu
59.6
44.9
38.4
41.7
42.0
19.7
15.9
15.6
Jammu &
NA
39.3
NA
44.3
NA
28.3
NA
26.9
Kashmir
Among the illiterate women in selected states in NFHS-2, Neonatal
mortality rate has been found lowest (37.1) in Assam, while highest in Madhya
Pradesh (65.3). In the country as a whole the rate is moderate (44.1). In NFHS-1,
it is found that among the literates women below middle school completed the
neonatal mortality rate has been found highest in Assam (50.5) and lowest in
Gujarat (35.0). In all India also the rate has been found lower (38.8) than Assam.
In the same education level in NFHS-2 the neonatal mortality rate comes down to
the lowest in Assam (30.0) among the selected states and highest in Madhya
Pradesh (52.1). In all India the rate is found 38.8. Among the Middle school
completed women in NFHS-1, neonatal mortality rate has been found lowest in
Madhya Pradesh (24.7) followed by Gujarat (27.3). In Assam this rate is 40.9 and
India it is 37.6. Highest neonatal mortality rate has been found in Andhra Pradesh
(45.9). In NFHS-2, in Assam the rate has been found highest (43.9). The lowest
rate has been found in Tamilnadu (19.7) and in India as a whole it has been found
29.5. Among the High school completed women in NFHS-1, the neonatal
10
mortality rate has been found highest in Assam (33.5) in comparison with the
selected states of India. Lowest rate has been found in Tamilnadu (15.9). In
NFHS-2 also the rate is found highest in Assam (47.7) and lowest in Tamilnadu
(15.6).
Table-2.3
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by religion in
selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Religion
India/States
Hindu
Muslim
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
India
55.0
36.6
47.1
25.9
Assam
52.8
35.2
66.6
39.1
Andhra Pradesh
50.3
50.6
15.4
24.2
Madhya Pradesh
58.3
61.1
39.4
42.4
Gujarat
48.3
43.9
32.9
26.9
Tamilnadu
NA
35.7
NA
32.2
Jammu & Kashmir
NA
37.8
NA
37.8
Table-2.3 shows neonatal mortality rates for the 10 years period preceding
the survey by religion in the selected states of India, NFHS-1 & NFHS-2. Among
the Hindu (NFHS-1) the highest neonatal mortality rate has been found in Madhya
Pradesh (58.3) and lowest in Gujarat (48.3). In Assam the rate has been found
52.8 but in NFHS-2 the rate comes down to the lowest 35.2 among the selected
states. In NFHS-2 the rates has been found highest in Madhya Pradesh (61.1). In
all India rates also sharp decline has been found in neonatal mortality rate in
NFHS-2. Among the Muslims in NFHS-1 highest (66.6) neonatal mortality rate
has been found in Assam which comes down from 66.6 in NFHS-1 to 39.1 in
NFHS-2. In NFHS-2 also the rate of neonatal mortality rate has been found
highest in Assam and lowest in Andhra Pradesh (24.2). In India this rate has come
down to 25.9 (NFHS-2) from 47.1 in NFHS-1.
Table-2.4 shows the neonatal mortality rates for the 10 years period
preceding the survey by caste/Tribe in selected states in India. According to
NFHS-1 among the schedule castes highest neonatal mortality rate (69.7) has been
found in Andhra Pradesh and lowest has been found in Gujarat (37.0). In Assam it
11
is found 47.6 and in India as a whole it has been found 63.1 . In NFHS-2 the rates
comes down in Assam to 32.7. But in NFHS-2 the lowest neonatal mortality rates
has been found in Jammu and Kashmir (21.8). In India it comes down to 40.1 in
NFHS-2.
Table-2.4
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by
caste/Tribe in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Caste/Tribe
India/
Schedule Caste Schedule Tribe
OBC
Others
States
NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHSI
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
India
63.1
40.1
54.6
35.3
--50.6
29.6
Assam
47.6
32.7
58.2
32.8
----Andhra
69.7
69.4
56.4
57.7
42.5
42.9
-35.7
Pradesh
Madhya
64.0
68.2
60.2
69.4
54.0
58.0
-42.2
Pradesh
Gujarat
37.0
49.1
60.7
31.1
-51.7
43.8
39.2
Tamilnadu
59.1
29.2
42.1
-NA
37.1
NA
NA
Jammu &
-21.8
-43.3
---39.9
Kashmir
In Andhra Pradesh, among schedule castes neonatal mortality rate has been found
almost same both in NFHS-1 and NFHS-2. According to NFHS-1 among the
schedule tribe neonatal mortality rate has been found 58.2 in Assam while highest
neonatal mortality has been found in Gujrat (60.7) and lowest in Tamilnadu (42.1)
In India as a whole the rate has been found lower (54.6) than Assam. In NFHS-2,
among the Tribals neonatal mortality rate has been found 32.8 in Assam while in
Madhya Pradesh the rates is highest 69.4 and lowest in Gujarat (31.1).
12
CHAPTER-III
DEMOGRAPHIC DIFFERENCE IN NEONATAL MORTALITY
Table-3.1 shows neonatal mortality rates for the 10 years period precding
the survey by sex of child in the selected states of India, NFHS-1 and NFHS-2.
According to NFHS-1 male neonatal mortality rate in Assam has been found 63.0
next to highest in Madhya Pradesh (63.1). In Gujarat male neonatal mortality rate
has been found lowest (47.8). Interestingly in the country as a whole this rate is
39.7 only. In NFHS-2 the rate is lowest (35.3) in Tamilnadu. In Assam this rate
has been found 41.1. Highest male neonatal mortality rate has been found in
Madhya Pradesh (67.3). In the country as a whole the rate has also been found
higher (50.7). According to NFHS-2 in Assam female neonatal mortality rate has
been found 47.9 while highest rate has been found in Madhya Pradesh (49.5) and
lowest in Tamilnadu (38.9). In the country as a whole this rate is very low (31.1)
in comparision with the selected states. NFHS-2 reveals that the female neonatal
mortality rate in Assam is lowest (31.5) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (51.7). In
India this rate has been found 44.6.
Table-3.1
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by sex of
child in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Neonatal Mortality by Sex of child
India/States
Male
Female
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
India
39.7
50.7
31.1
44.6
Assam
63.0
41.1
47.9
31.2
Andhra Pradesh
54.4
45.0
40.9
50.2
Madhya Pradesh
63.1
67.3
49.5
51.7
Gujarat
47.8
46.6
44.6
37.0
Tamilnadu
53.5
35.5
38.9
36.6
Jammu & Kashmir
NA
40.6
NA
34.6
13
Table-3.2 shows the neonatal mortality rate for 10 years period preceding
the survey by Mothers age at birth in selected states of India, NFHS-1 and NFHS2. According to NFHS-1, at mother’s age at birth below 20 in Assam neonatal
mortality rate has been found 70.5. This rate is highest in Gujarat 34.2) and lowest
in Tamilnadu (50.6). In India this is lowest (48.0) than all the selected states. In
NFHS-2 this rate comes down to 46.8 in Assam. In Madhya Pradesh this is
highest (84.2) and lowest in Tamilnadu. In the country this rates has been found
higher in NFHS-2 than NFHS-1, Mother’s age at birth in between 20-29 (NFHS1) neonatal mortality rate in Assam has been found highest (48.9) and lowest in
Tamilnadu (37.3). In the country as a whole the rates is lower than the selected
states. In the same age in NFHS-2 lowest neonatal mortality rate has been found
in Assam (31.4) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (51.7). In the country this rate has
been found medium (40.7). In the mother’s age at birth 30-29 in NFHS-1 the rate
of neonatal mortality rate in Assam has been found 54.2. Highest rate has been
found in Tamilnadu (66.0) and lowest rate in Gujarat (35.0), In the country the
rate has been found lower (36.4). In the same age group, in NFHS-2 the neonatal
mortality rate has been found 51.6 in Assam. Among the states highest rate have
been found highest in Andhra Pradesh (52.3) and lowest in Gujarat (29.0). In the
country the rate is 48.7.
Table-3.2
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by mothers
age at birth in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Mother age at birth
< 20
20-29
30-39
India/States
NFHS-I NFHS- NFHS- NFHS-II NFHS-I NFHS-II
II
I
India
48.0
63.1
31.4
40.7
36.4
48.7
Assam
70.5
46.8
48.4
31.4
54.2
51.6
Andhra Pradesh
63.4
52.1
34.8
42.9
55.1
52.3
Madhya Pradesh
79.1
84.2
48.2
51.7
44.6
38.0
Gujarat
84.2
62.2
37.3
37.0
35.0
29.0
Tamilnadu
50.6
43.2
41.1
33.8
66.0
35.5
Jammu &
NA
49.4
NA
36.4
NA
33.3
Kashmir
14
Table-3.3 shows neonatal mortality rates for 10 years period preceding the
survey by birth order in the selected states of India. According to NFHS-1 in
Assam neonatal mortality rate is 71.1 in first birth order. This rates in highest in
Madhya Pradesh (77.9) than the selected states. According to NFHS-2 neonatal
mortality rate in 1st birth order has been found 39.4 in Assam. Highest rate has
been found in Madhya Pradesh (80.4) and lowest in Tamilnadu (32.3). Neonatal
Mortality rate in 2nd birth order (NFHS-1) has been found highest in Assam
(53.7). In the country as a whole the rate is found much lower (31.0). Data for
Gujarat, Tamilnadu and Jammu and Kashmir are not available. In the same birth
order in NFHS-2 highest neonatal mortality rate has been found in Madhya
Pradesh (64.4) and lowest in Jammu and Kashmir (35.6). In Assam the rate is
comparatively lower (37.8). In third birth order neonatal mortality rate (NFHS-1)
has been found highest in Madhya Pradesh (4.7). In Assam this rate is 44.0. In
NFHS-2 this rate is found highest in Andhra Pradesh (40.8) and lowest in
Tamilnadu (28.7). In Assam this rate is some extend lower (31.9).
Table-3.3
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by Birth
Order in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Birth Order
India/
1
2
3
4
States
NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHS- NFHSI
II
I
II
I
II
I
II
India
40.9
52.4
31.0
43.8
29.1
38.5
36.9
44.7
Assam
71.1
39.4
53.7
37.8
44.0
31.9
64.2
37.3
Andhra
66.2
48.7
40.8
35.2
31.6
40.8
-64.7
Pradesh
Madhya
77.9
80.4
48.5
64.4
47.0
46.2
63.7
50.5
Pradesh
Gujarat
61.5
45.0
-49.6
-37.1
41.3
33.4
Tamilnadu
47.4
32.3
-41.8
-28.7
58.8
42.2
Jammu &
-42.8
-35.6
-35.3
-36.9
Kashmir
15
Table-3.4 shows the neonatal mortality rates for the 10 years preceding the
survey by previous birth interval in the selected state of India. Below 24 month of
birth interval (NFHS-1) neonatal mortality rate has been found highest in Madhya
Pradesh (84.0) and lowest in Andhra Pradesh (52.4). In Assam this rate age has
been found much higher (69.8) and in the country as whole this rate has been
found much lower (45.5) in comparision with the selected states. In NFHS-2 in
the same birth interval lowest neonatal mortality rate has been found in Assam
(48.7) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (81.1). In between 24-47 months birth
interval (NFHS-1) neonatal mortality rate has been found lowest in Gujarat (30.4)
and highest in Assam (38.8). In NFHS-2 the rate has been found lowest in Gujarat
(30.6) and highest in Madhya Pradesh (39.0). The rate of Assam has been found
38.8. In NFHS-2 lowest rate has found in Gujarat (30.6) and highest in Madhya
Pradesh (39.0). The rate of Assam is reasonable (31.5) in comparision with the
other states. Neonatal mortality rate in 48 or above 48 months birth interval
(NFHS-2) has been found lowest in Jammu and Kashmir (15.7) and highest in
Madhya Pradesh (37.0. In Assam the rate has been found 19.3.
Table-3.4
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by previous
birth internal in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Previous birth internal
< 24 months
24-47 months
48+ months
India/States
NFHS-I NFHS- NFHS- NFHS-II NFHS-I NFHS-II
II
I
India
45.5
71.7
27.4
35.5
23.0
24.1
Assam
69.8
48.7
38.8
31.5
49.5
19.3
Andhra Pradesh
52.4
77.6
35.4
35.0
29.3
20.3
Madhya Pradesh
84.0
81.1
37.3
39.0
18.3
37.0
Gujarat
59.5
62.0
30.4
30.6
18.6
20.2
Tamilnadu
61.3
53.8
38.6
35.4
33.1
18.8
Jammu &
NA
49.5
NA
34.6
NA
15.7
Kashmir
Table-3.5 shows neonatal mortality rate for the 10 years preceding the
survey by Medical care in selected states of India. In spite of no medical care
(NFHS-2) neonatal mortality rate has been found lowest in Tamilnadu (24.0). The
16
highest rate has been found in Madhya Pradesh (72.3). In Assam also the rate is
some extent lower (44.0). According to NFHS-1 neonatal mortality rate which got
medical care has been found lowest in Gujarat (29.1) and highest in Madhya
Pradesh (35.8). In Assam this rate is 34.3. On the other hand, in NFHS-2 highest
neonatal mortality rate has been found in Assam (44.1) and lowest in Andhra
Pradesh (14.1).
Table-3.5
Neonatal Mortality Rates for the 10 years period preceding the survey by medical
care in selected states of India, NFHS-I & NFHS-2.
Medical Care
India/States
No care
One or two types of care
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
NFHS-I
NFHS-II
India
57.5
53.6
29.8
35.8
Assam
63.4
44.0
34.3
44.1
Andhra Pradesh
59.3
49.0
32.6
14.1
Madhya Pradesh
60.9
72.3
35.8
42.5
Gujarat
51.3
41.9
29.1
21.9
Tamilnadu
98.6
24.0
35.6
30.7
Jammu & Kashmir
NA
NA
NA
NA
17
CHAPTER-IV
CONCLUSION
Chapter IV gives the conclusion on the result of the analysis. The chapter
shows that the difference of neonatal mortality level are not inform. There vast
differences are found among the selected stated in comparision with Assam.
In 0-4 years preceding the survey of NFHS-1 neonatal mortality rate in
urban areas of Assam has been found highest in comparison with the other
selected states and India as whole. It has come down to 36 in NFHS-2. In the
developed states like Tamilnadu and Gujarat the rates have been found much
lower. In rural areas of Assam both in NFHS-1 and NFHS-2 the rates are also
found much higher. In total also the rates are found higher in Assam
In urban areas in Assam the rate has been found much higher in NFHS-1
than NFHS-2. The rate come down to 33 from 54.5 in NFHS-1. In rural area also
the rate have been found higher in NFHS-1 than NFHS-2.
Among the illiterate women in NFHS-1 the neonatal market rates have
been found much higher than other selected states except Andhra Pradesh. In
NFHS-2 the rate come down to in Assam 37.1, the lowest rate among the selected
states and India as a whole. Among the literate<middle school, in NFHS-2 the
neonatal mortality rates have been found lowest (30.0) In been middle school
completed and high school and above, the rate of neonatal mortality rates have
been found higher in NFHS-2 than NFHS-2. In Tamilnadu the rates in both
NFHS-1 and NFHS-2 have found lower than other selected states of India.
Among the Hindus in NFHS-1 the neonatal mortality rates has been found
comparatively lower in Assam than others states and the rate is lowest in Assam
in NFHS-2. Among the Muslims in the NFHS-1 the neonatal mortality rate has
been found highest in Assam (66.6) and lowest has been found in Andhra Pradesh
(15.0). In NFHS-2 in respect of Assam the rate has come down sharply to 39.1.
But among the selected states the rate is highest in Madhya Pradesh (NFHS-2).
18
In respect of schedule castes neonatal mortality rate has been found some
extent lower in Assam than other selected status. In NFHS-2 it rate has been
found much lower in Assam (32.7). Among the schedule Tribes in Assam (NFHS1) the rate are has been found moderate than other states like Madhya Pradesh and
Gujarat.
Female neonatal mortality rates have been found lower than male both in
NFHS-1 and NFHS-2. Male neonatal mortality rate has been found higher NFHS1 in Assam in comparison with the other slates, Of course the rate has come down
to 41.1 in NFHS-2, In Assam female mortality rate has also been found higher. In
NFHS-2, it come down to 31.8.
Among the women’s age below 20 years and above 30 years the neonatal
mortality rate have been found higher. Both in NFHS-1 and NFHS-2 neonatal
mortality rate have been found lower in between 20-29 years of mother’s age at
birth.
Neonatal mortality in 1st birth order have been found higher while in 2nd
birth order it has been found lower. In Assam (NFHS-1) as well as in Andhra
Pradesh, Madhya Pradesh and Gujarat the neonatal mortality have been found
much higher in 1st birth order. In NFHS-2 the rate has found some extent lower.
Medical care has as important role in the neonatal mortality. In NFHS-1, in
all the selected state the rates of neonatal mortality without medical care have
been found higher. It has comes down in all the status in NFHS-2. In Assam
neonatal mortality rate without medical care (NFHS-1) has been found highest
(63.4) but comes down in NFHS-2 to 44.0.
From the study it may come to conclusion that the neonatal mortality rate
is moderate in Assam, lowest in Tamilnadu, Andhra Pradesh and Gujarat and
highest in Madhya Pradesh Jammu and Kashmir. The variation among the states
have been found depending the variation of socio economic development of the
concerned selected states.
*****
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