Business of Waste Recycling
Dr. Prasad Modak
Waste Generation - India
• MSW generated in India 2012 – 68.8
million TPY
• 50% increase in last decade
• BAU scenario for 2041 – 160.5
million TPY
• Class I cities contribute 72% to MSW
in urban area
• In 2021 towns will contribute 60%
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Governance
• MSW rules (Management & Handling)
came in 2000
• ULBs to follow the rules
• No ULB is compliant
• Special rules for Biomedical waste, Ewaste and Plastics with regulatory
guidelines framed for recycling of
batteries and waste oil.
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Waste Recycling
• Waste recycling as prime strategy in
sustainable waste management
• Establishes waste-resource linkage
• Recycling reduces operating and
transport costs, emissions; creates
green jobs, substitutes virgin materials
and yields economic benefits.
• Recycling takes place majorly in mega
cities which needs to be taken to small
towns and cities
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
New waste streams
• E-Waste, biomedical or health-care
waste, construction demolition waste
and plastic waste
• E-Waste - high generation, high value
• Plastic recycling - 1777 units
• C&D waste – Conversion to low cost
construction materials
• Problem of household hazardous waste
and composting
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Informal waste pickers
• Informal sector recycles 70% of plastic waste
and up to 56% of all recyclable waste
• The informal sector in Delhi alone employs
about 150,000 people
• Delhi – Informal sector transports 1088TPD.
Thus, ULB saves INR 795 million/year and
avoids 1Million tons of CO2Eq
• However waste pickers – exposed to high
risk condition
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Recycling of Inerts
• Extent of waste segregation is
low between 30 to 60%
• Recycling
– India 56%
– Europe and US 30%
• Separation of waste however needs space that is
not made available as the informal sector is not
recognized by the ULBs
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Formal
collection
(mixed)
Informal
system
(recyclables)
Dhalaos
Dustbins
Waste
pickers
Municipal
truck
Small
Kabaris
Landfill
Big
kabaris
Thiawalas
Recyclers
Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003
SWM system - India
Houses
Offices
Market
Hierarchy of Stakeholders in
Hierarchy Informal SWM
Recyclers
Big Kabaris
Small Kabaris
Thiawalas
Waste pickers
Source: CHINTAN. "Space for Waste:Planning for the Informal Recycling Sector." New Delhi, 2003
Formal and Informal SWM systems
Municipal
activities
Value chain
activities
Municipal
activities
Value chain
activities
Generator
/ end user
Processor
Generator
/ end user
Processor
Collection
Junk shop
Collection
Junk shop
Disposal
Waste
picker
Disposal
Waste
picker
Cash flow
Cash flow
Material flow
Material flow
Partial Material flow
Partial Material flow
Waste recycling in developing countries
Waste recycling in high-Income countries
Adopted from Anne Scheinberg, WIEGO, Informal Sector Integration and High Performance Recycling: Evidence from 20
Cities, Working Paper (Urban Policies) No. 23, 2012
Economic Aspects of the Informal Sector
(GIZ Study)
City
Number Average
of waste earnings
pickers (Euro
per
day)
Child
Women earnings
earnings (as % of men’s
(%
of earnings)
adult)
Total
Total
recycled recycled
(formal) (informal)
%
%
Total avoided costs
for collection plus
avoided costs for
disposal for waste
system (x Euro
1000/year)
Cairo (Egypt)
40,000
4,3
-
13%
66%
14,473
Cluj
–Napoca 3,226
(Romania)
6,28
-
5%
9%
63
Lima (Peru)
5,4
25%
60% of the Informal Sector
0.3%in Solid20%
15,758
Source: GTZ/CWG,
Economic Aspects
Waste 2007, Agnes
2009; WATSAN 2010
17,643
87%
City with No Landfill
Weigh bridge
Inert Storage
Sorting
Organic storage
Bio-methanation
or Composting
plants
Waste
Generators/
Users
Waste Sorting Centre
Innovation centre
Street
lights
Waste Sorting Centres
Material
Recycling
Hub
Gardens
Methane gas for street lights and
to fuel transport vehicles
Processed materials for users
Compost to gardens
Solid waste management in Bangladesh
1995
Waste
Concern
starts pilot
community
based
resource
recovery
project in
Dhaka
1997
1998
Regional
Urban
Developmen
t Office
(RUDO)South Asia
supports to
increase the
capacity of
the project
and to
further test
the model
With support
from MoEF,
UNDP, Waste
Concern
under SEMP
selected to
replicate the
model in 5
(five)
communities
of Dhaka City
1999
Partnership
agreement
signed
between
public-private
sectorcommunity to
implement
the project
2000
Replication
of the model
in Dhaka,
Khulna&
Sylhet cities.
2004
38
replications of
this model in
more than 18
cities/ towns
of Bangladesh
Source: Solid Waste Management system in Bangladesh,
http://www.unescap.org/pdd/prs/ProjectActivities/Ongoing/Best%20practice/Bangladesh.pdf
Composting
• Organic compost - Nitrogen, Phosphorous and
Potassium, and other essential micro nutrients.
• India – centralized and decentralized
• Potential - 4.3 million tons of compost each year
from MSW
• Compost sold to city gardens and residential
areas
• 70 centralized plants in India
• Decentralized plants are getting implemented
but need to be promoted
• Segregation at source is the key
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Waste to energy
• Waste to energy business in India looks at four
routes
–
–
–
–
Biomethanation focusing on organic fraction
Refuse Derived Fuels (RDFs)
Direct combustion or Mass burn
Landfill Gas (LFG) Recovery
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Biomethanation
• Decentralized – cooking fuel
• Fuel – to – electricity for commercial units -Business models
not still attractive
• Bio-gas used to “fuel” buses – Swedish technology – Pilots
proposed in Mysore
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
RDF
• RDF an alternative to coal
• India – 2.48 million TPY of RDF,
8 RDF facilities (Four not in
working conditions)
• Hyderabad & Vijaywada – Electricity generation
• Jaipur & Chandigarh – Fuel for cement kilns
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Mass – burn plants
• Not present in India
• Use of high temperature technologies such as
Plasma Arc
• Barriers
– high capital costs,
– need of auxiliary fuel
– high costs of emission control and monitoring and
resistance from local neighborhood and
environmental groups
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
LFG
• LFG recovery – Ahmedabad,
Delhi, Mumbai, Kolkata
• 7 LGFs potential in India - 7.4
million tons of CO2 equivalent
emission reduction
• Gorai - GHG emissions reduction
of 2.2 million tons of CO2
equivalents by 2028
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Landfill mining
• Recovering valuable materials from
land filled MSW – Landfill mining
• Prime objective – To clear space or
incoming land
• Still an untapped resource of
economic gains, resource saving,
generating employment, reduce risks
to neighborhood environment
• Business models not yet established
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
Observation
• India - WTE market not yet mature, High
capital costs, environmental and social
concerns
• Biomethanation – attractive choice
• LFG – Still unexplored on larger scale,
attractive with accrual of carbon credits
Source: Environmental Management Centre, LLP, Promoting Recycling in Municipal Solid Waste Management through
Sustainable Business Models, Project Preparation Support for Livable Cities in Asia, 2012
40 waste Recycling Companies contacted
E-coli Waste
1. Profile
E-coli waste is a profit organization deals with E-waste and Biomedical waste in Ahmadabad.
They follow collect-segregate-process-sell operation. E.coli Waste Management Company has signed MOU
with Government of Gujarat for recycling the e-waste generated by corporate¸ small entities and
individuals due to dumping of electric and electronic equipments like mobiles, computers¸ ACs etc. ..
Photo
Highlight
2. Impact
At E-Coli waste management system the collection of Bio-medical waste is done in accordance with
direction contained in the notification of BMW rules as per the provisions of the BMW rules '98 - BY
(GPCB).
They provides technical as well as legal guidelines to institute for safe collection, storage & disposal of
biomedical waste as well as necessary statutory requirement of State Pollution Control Board as per BMW
rules.
3. Contact
Website
http://www.ecoliwaste.com
Email
[email protected]
Number
079-27556348
9825494049
Place:
Contact Person
They claim as the only company
of Gujarat which is actively
involved in recycling of e-waste
in a systematic & eco-friendly
manner following the safety
norms set by the pollution
control board.
THANK YOU…