1. health and fitness
2. incest and abuse support

Running head: IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
Intimate Partner Violence: Prevention through Education
Ernesto Guerrero ll
California State University San Marcos
Committee:
Luis Terrazas, Ph.D., Chair
Jacky Thomas, Ph.D.
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IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Abstract
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the most serious problems on college and university
campuses throughout the United States. Intimate Partner Violence is defined as physical,
emotional, psychological, or sexual harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse but it is
also used to describe dating violence. According to the U.S. Department of Justice, women who
are at the greatest risk of becoming victims of IPV are between the ages of 18-24 years.
Nineteen percent of college women have reported experiencing completed or attempted sexual
assault since their freshman year of college, with the majority of those assaults coming from
someone the victim knew. Various mental health issues are associated with intimate partner
violence including, but not limited to: depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem,
and substance use. Being the victim of intimate partner violence can also have severe
consequences directly related to physical injury. The purpose of this capstone project was to
explore the issues of IPV, and to write a grant proposal to fund an expert speaker on intimate
partner violence to speak at California State University San Marcos via a partnership with the
CSUSM Office of Arts and Lectures. Educating and raising awareness on intimate partner
violence is a crucial step in the elimination and prevention of domestic violence.
Keywords: Intimate partner violence, sexual assault, dating violence, domestic violence,
depression, posttraumatic stress disorder, physical injury, education, prevention, victim,
perpetrator
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Acknowledgments
First and foremost, I would like to thank my mother, father, sisters, and girlfriend for supporting
me and my decisions these past two years in the Masters of Social Work program. These past
four months in particular were extremely difficult and without their encouragement and support,
I would not have been as successful. My parents have been supporting me and my education for
as long as I can remember and have always encouraged me to follow my dreams and for that I
will always be grateful. I will also forever be grateful to my sisters for always supporting me
and always allowing me to vent on my journey throughout the Master’s program. I would also
like to thank my wonderful girlfriend because without her love and support, this journey would
not have been possible. This program was a big part of my life the past two years and you being
able to understand that and still support me 100% are something that I will never forget. I would
also like to thank my peers and soon-to-be colleagues. We are the first cohort at California State
University San Marcos to go through the social work program and I have learned so much from
each and every one of you. I am grateful to have you guys in my life and hope that we continue
this friendship we started two years ago. Lastly, I would like to thank my Chair, Dr. Luis
Terrazas, Ph.D., and committee member, Dr. Jacky Thomas, Ph.D., for their guidance and
encouragement throughout this process. Your hard work and dedication to ensure my success in
this capstone project were unbelievable and I could not have asked for a better committee.
Thank you for an amazing experience and I cannot wait to become colleagues as well.
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Table of Contents
Abstract ........................................................................................................................................... 2
Acknowledgments........................................................................................................................... 3
Chapter
1. Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 6
Purpose of Project ................................................................................................................ 6
Definition of Terms.............................................................................................................. 7
2. Literature Review..................................................................................................................... 10
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence ....................................................................... 10
Prior abuse history and trauma .......................................................................................... 10
Mental health ..................................................................................................................... 12
Depression ......................................................................................................................... 12
Posttraumatic stress disorder ............................................................................................. 13
Low self-esteem ................................................................................................................. 15
Substance use ..................................................................................................................... 16
Effects and Consequences ................................................................................................. 18
Physical injury ................................................................................................................... 18
Reproductive issues ........................................................................................................... 19
Prevention and Education .................................................................................................. 20
Conclusion ......................................................................................................................... 22
3. Methods.................................................................................................................................... 23
Project Selection ................................................................................................................ 23
Speaker Selection .............................................................................................................. 23
Submission Process ........................................................................................................... 24
Target Population .............................................................................................................. 24
Venue Selection ................................................................................................................. 25
Data Collection .................................................................................................................. 25
4. Grant Proposal ......................................................................................................................... 26
Executive Summary........................................................................................................... 26
Relationship to Funder’s Mission ...................................................................................... 26
Efforts Toward Policy ....................................................................................................... 27
Goals and Objectives ......................................................................................................... 29
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Budget ................................................................................................................................ 30
Project Relevance .............................................................................................................. 30
5. Discussion ................................................................................................................................ 32
Limitations of Research ..................................................................................................... 32
Strengths of Research ........................................................................................................ 33
Further Research ................................................................................................................ 34
Social Work Relevance ..................................................................................................... 34
References ................................................................................................................................ 36
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Intimate Partner Violence: Prevention through Education
Chapter 1
Intimate partner violence is a serious public health problem that affects millions of people
in America (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2014). Research suggests there
are certain risk factors people have that make them vulnerable and more likely to become victims
of intimate partner violence (Wong & Mellor, 2013). Risk factors may be strong predictors of
domestic violence; however, they may not necessarily be direct causes of intimate partner
violence (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), 2015-a). This means that some
people can have some of the risk factors such as prior trauma, history of abuse, and mental health
issues, and yet may not become victims of additional abuse.
Perhaps the most important component related to this capstone project is the education
and prevention section. According to Pomeroy et al. (2011), educating and raising awareness on
intimate partner violence is a crucial step in the elimination and prevention of domestic violence.
The following sections of the capstone project will explore the problem of intimate partner
violence and give a better understanding of risk factors, consequences of intimate partner
violence, and prevention and education strategies that can best eliminate this form of abuse.
Purpose of Project
The purpose of this project was to write a grant proposal to fund an expert speaker on
intimate partner violence to speak at California State University San Marcos via a partnership
with the CSUSM Office of Arts and Lectures department. The expert speaker would come to
campus to raise awareness and educate students on several different components related to
domestic and sexual assault. As the following chapters of this capstone project will explain in
further detail, research shows that by raising awareness and educating college students through
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trainings and community outreach, students get a better understanding of what intimate partner
violence is, how to prevent it, what signs to look for, and what options victims and perpetrators
have to live better lives. The proposed speaker, Alyce LaViolette, LMFT, is considered an
expert in the field of domestic violence, intimate partner violence, and sexual assault. It is
anticipated that her presentation would be highly informative about these forms of violence and
very motivating. It would also be very helpful for students who may be struggling with these
types of abuse.
Definition of Terms
Intimate Partner Violence: The term Intimate Partner Violence involves physical,
emotional, psychological, or sexual harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse (CDC,
2014).
Domestic Violence: This can be defined as a pattern of abusive behaviors in any
relationship that is used by one partner to gain or maintain power and control over another
partner. Domestic violence can be categorized in many forms such as physical, sexual,
emotional, economic, or psychological actions or threats of actions that influence another person.
This includes behaviors such as intimidation, manipulation, humiliation, isolation, frightening,
terrorizing, coercing, threatening, blaming, hurting, injuring, or wounding someone (U.S.
Department of Justice, 2015).
Teen Dating Violence: “The physical, sexual, psychological, or emotional violence
within a dating relationship, including stalking.” It often occurs in person but can also be done
electronically and might occur between a current or former dating partner (CDC, 2014, para. 1).
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
Sexual Assault: Sexual assault is any type of sexual contact or behavior that occurs
without the explicit consent of the recipient. Some of the more common forms of sexual assault
are activities such as forced sexual intercourse, forcible sodomy, child molestation, incest,
fondling, and attempted rape (U.S. Department of Justice, 2015).
Psychological/emotional violence: “This type of abuse involves trauma to the victim
caused by acts, threats of acts, or coercive tactics. Psychological/emotional abuse can include,
but is not limited to, humiliating the victim, controlling what the victim can and cannot do,
withholding information from the victim, deliberately doing something to make the victim feel
diminished or embarrassed, isolating the victim from friends and family, and denying the victim
access to money or other basic resources. It is considered psychological/emotional violence
when there has been prior physical or sexual violence or prior threat of physical or sexual
violence” (Help Guide, 2015, p. 1).
Intimidation: Intimidation tactics are designed to scare the victim into submission. Such
tactics include making threatening looks or gestures, smashing things in front of the victim,
destroying property, hurting pets, or putting weapons on display. The clear message is that if
you do not obey, there will be violent consequences (Help Guide, 2015).
Victim: This is a person who has been attacked, injured, robbed, or killed by someone
else (Merriam-Webster’s, 2015).
Perpetrator: Someone planning to produce, perform, or execute something likened to a
crime (Merriam-Webster’s, 2015).
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Posttraumatic Stress Disorder: “Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) can occur after
you have been through a traumatic event. A traumatic event is something terrible and scary that
you see, hear about, or that happens to you,” such as: combat exposure, a sexual or physical
assault, or a serious accident, among others (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015, para. 3).
Major Depressive Disorder: Severe symptoms of sadness that interfere with your ability
to work, sleep, study, eat, and enjoy life. It is a problem when it affects your daily functioning.
An episode, which lasts at least two weeks, can occur only once in a person’s lifetime, but more
often, a person has several episodes (National Institute of Mental Health, 2015).
Comorbid Condition: “When two disorders or illnesses occur in the same person,
simultaneously or sequentially, they are described as comorbid. Comorbidity also implies
interactions between the illnesses that affect the course and prognosis of both” (National Institute
of Drug Abuse, 2015, para. 1).
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Chapter 2
Literature Review
Intimate Partner Violence (IPV) is one of the biggest and most serious problems on
college and university campuses throughout the United States (U.S. Department of Justice,
2014). The term Intimate Partner Violence involves physical, emotional, psychological, or
sexual harm caused by a current or former partner or spouse (Centers for Disease Control and
Prevention (CDC), 2015-b), but is also used to describe dating violence. According to the U.S.
Department of Justice (2014), women who are at the greatest risk of becoming victims of IPV
are between the ages of 18-24 years. For example, approximately 70% of all college students
have reported that at some point in their life, they have been sexually coerced, meaning they
were pressured or forced into having sex (Love is Respect, 2015). Nineteen percent of college
women have also reported experiencing completed or attempted sexual assault since their
freshman year of college, with the majority of those assaults coming from someone the victim
knew (U.S. Department of Justice, 2014). The majority of these cases involve the female being
the victim and male being the perpetrator; however, research also shows that men have also been
victims of IPV where the female is the perpetrator (CDC, 2015-a).
Risk Factors for Intimate Partner Violence
Prior abuse history and trauma. Much of the current research has begun to explore the
relationship between previous histories of sexual and physical abuse in childhood and
experiencing intimate partner violence as an adult (National Center on Domestic Violence,
2011). According to the National Center on Domestic Violence (2011), it appears that women
who have witnessed their mothers being abused are at a higher risk for being victims themselves
of domestic violence compared to those who did not witness the same abuse. Similarly, the U.S.
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Department of Health and Human Services (2003) found that there is a co-occurrence between
domestic violence and child maltreatment. It was also found that children who are exposed to
domestic violence are at a greater risk for becoming victims themselves (U.S. Department of
Health and Human Services, 2003). The National Institute of Justice (2011) also examined the
relationship between child abuse and neglect and intimate partner violence. The findings stated
that 45% of children who were in families involved in domestic violence experienced abuse
throughout their lifetime (National Institute of Justice, 2011).
Although longitudinal studies have not yet been done to determine the exact extent of risk
that a child witnessing abuse becomes a perpetrator, Campbell and Lewandowski (1997) found it
clear that the most consistent risk factor for men becoming abusive to their female partner was
living in a household where they witnessed the trauma of their mother being abused by their
father or mother’s partner. Similarly, the World Health Organization (WHO, 2006) reported that
children who witnessed violence or threats of violence between parents were at greater risk for
perpetrating violence in their relationships. The trauma of experiencing poor parenting as a child
was also linked with perpetrating as an adult (CDC, 2015-b). The Centers for Disease Control
and Prevention (2015-b) also found that in addition to experiencing poor parenting as a child,
being physically disciplined was found to be related to perpetrating, although this was not always
the case for each individual.
However, not all research suggests that experiencing child abuse or witnessing domestic
violence is a predictor to intimate partner violence. Edwards, Dixon, Gidycz, and Desai (2014)
found that although experiencing childhood trauma may slightly increase the risk for IPV,
violence coming from the family of origin does not clearly indicate an individual will perpetrate
as an adult. Similarly, Whiting, Simmons, Havens, Smith, and Oka (2009) also found that much
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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of the research that attempts to relate previous trauma in family violence and intimate partner
violence as an adult is not consistent across the board. Although it is has been demonstrated that
connections can be made between childhood abuse and being in a violent relationship as an
adult, research does not make it clear enough to determine that these distinct processes actually
lead to future violence (Whiting et al., 2009).
Mental health. According to the U.S. Department of Justice (2014), some of the
problems associated with consequences that follow IPV are, but are not limited to: depression,
posttraumatic stress disorder, low self-esteem, and substance use. Similarly, Wong and Mellor
(2013) found that in the one in four women who are likely to experience some form of intimate
partner violence in their lifetime, a greater risk for developing posttraumatic stress disorder is a
likely outcome.
Depression. According to the World Health Organization (WHO, 2015-b), mental health
issues are common among women who have suffered intimate partner violence. The strongest
risk factor for identification of women who have been abused in one of the primary care settings
was depressive symptoms (Campbell & Lewandowski, 1997). In a study regarding the mental
health of IPV victims, the World Health Organization found that women who previously
experienced physical or sexual abuse by a partner reported higher levels of depressive and
emotional distress (WHO, 2015-b). Similarly, Devries et al. (2013) also found a relationship
between depression and intimate partner violence. Their systematic review and meta-analysis of
longitudinal studies examined physical and/or sexual intimate partner or dating violence among
IPV victims with symptoms of depression, diagnosed major depressive disorder (MDD),
dysthymia, mild depression, and suicide attempts (Devries et al., 2013). Through the research of
16 longitudinal studies previously conducted, Devries et al. found that women who suffered
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
13
intimate partner violence were more likely to develop depression due to the violence. The
second finding was that women who suffered from depression were at a higher risk for becoming
victims of intimate partner violence compared to women who were not depressed (Devries et al.,
2013). In regards to women, these findings were very important; however, the research was
unable to conclude evidence for similar relationships among men with the same symptoms
(Devries et al., 2013). This is not to say that men could not have similar results. Although the
research was unable to determine the significance of the relationship between men and these
symptoms, additional studies should be conducted to examine this issue further.
Posttraumatic stress disorder. As previously mentioned, depressive symptoms among
intimate partner violence victims are among the strongest risk factors found in research
(Campbell & Lewandowski, 1997). However, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is also
consistently found within the literature involving intimate partner violence (Nixon, Resick, &
Nishith, 2004). The two most common comorbid mental health conditions related to intimate
partner violence, PTSD and Major Depressive Disorder (MDD), are usually found to correlate
with this form of abuse (Nixon et al., 2004). In regards to female victims of intimate partner
violence, 50-75% of them suffer from PTSD and 54-68% of female victims are going through
some type of major depressive disorder (Heru, 2007). Although both are found to be comorbid
conditions within intimate partner violence, Nixon et al. stated that major depressive disorder
was more severe among victims when PTSD was also present compared to when the victim only
had MDD (Nixon et al., 2004). Research also found that one of the main reasons why
posttraumatic stress disorder is so common in intimate partner violence is because victims are
constantly living in fear of ongoing violence and experiencing physical assaults (Golding, 1999).
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Going through these extreme experiences has been shown to cause extreme stress and lead to
posttraumatic stress disorder (Golding, 1999).
It is worth noting that out of all the research found in this literature review, none of the
information available could determine whether the mental health conditions and disorders were a
result of intimate partner violence, or whether these conditions were present prior to the abuse.
However, posttraumatic stress disorder is more likely to have been the result of intimate partner
violence than other conditions (Heru, 2007). Something else worth noting is that those who
experience or witness violence such as intimate partner violence or other forms of abuse are
more likely to perpetrate violence as adults (Heru, 2007). This is found to be true for both males
and females. Although the classic male perpetrator to female victim in intimate partner violence
cases is most common, there are cases that involve the female being the perpetrator and the male
being the victim (Heru, 2007). According to Williams, Ghandour, and Kub (2008), over seven
percent of men report having been raped or physically assaulted at some point in their lifetime by
a current or former partner. The U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (2015) reports that
intimate partner violence happens to everyone, regardless of gender, race, ethnicity, culture, or
religion.
In a study attempting to identify the most common feature of intimate partner violence
related to PTSD, Pico-Alfonso (2005) found that the psychological component of intimate
partner violence, rather than physical or sexual, was the strongest predictor of posttraumatic
stress disorder. In this same study, it was not clear whether childhood abuse or violence was
related to PTSD in women suffering from intimate partner violence (Pico-Alfonso, 2005). The
latter was true for both the control group and experimental group. The U.S. Department of
Veterans Affairs (2015) does not differentiate between the different components of Intimate
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Partner Violence but does conclude that women are more likely to develop PTSD when being
victimized by their intimate partner. However, the study conducted by Pico-Alfonso had its
limitations. It is unclear to the current writer of this literature review if the Pico-Alfonso study is
generalizable to the overall population. Only 127 participants participated in the study and
although they were all victims of intimate partner violence, they were women who were seeking
help and wanted to get out of that relationship (Pico-Alfonso, 2005). According to the Domestic
Violence Roundtable (DVR, 2015), most victims of domestic violence are unable to seek help
because of fear of the perpetrator and also because they feel hopeless and responsible for the
abuse (DVR, 2015). Perhaps the women in the study conducted by Pico-Alfonso were not the
typical victims of intimate partner violence; therefore, the findings may not be generalizable to
the entire intimate partner violence population.
Low self-esteem. In addition to the previous mental health conditions, self-esteem also
plays a role in intimate partner violence. Compared to children growing up in non-violent and
non-abusive households, children who have experienced or witnessed abuse are at a higher risk
for experiencing violence in their adult intimate relationships (Whiting et al., 2009). According
to Whiting et al. (2009), “self-appraisals include perceptions and beliefs about one’s self and
one’s relationships” (p. 640). Whiting et al. found that when children experience trauma due to
physical or sexual abuse, they are more likely to have negative self-appraisals of themselves
leading to low self-esteem. Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015-b)
also found that low self-esteem is a common risk factor among adults who experience intimate
partner violence. Although it can result from several different factors, research also shows that
intimate partner violence can intensify low self-esteem and is a major concern for victims
suffering from this form of abuse (Bradshaw, 2013). Similarly, the U.S. Department of Veterans
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Affairs (2015) also found that intimate partner violence and low self-esteem are related. Reach
of Clay County (2015) also found that low self-esteem is one of the more common reasons why
victims of intimate partner violence stay in the relationship.
Whiting et al. (2009) found that adults who experienced both a history of childhood
abuse and adult intimate partner violence reported significant damage to their self-esteem and a
greater likelihood of mental and substance abuse disorders than were adults with no history of
domestic violence. Specifically, adults who were experiencing intimate partner violence were
also more likely to be more dependent on others, more enmeshed, and were insecure, which all
result from having low self-esteem (Whiting et al., 2009).
Substance use. Alcohol consumption is an extremely widespread issue among college
and universities throughout the United States (National Institute on Health (NIH), 2015).
College drinking not only affects the person drinking, but also affects the community within the
university and families related to the drinker. Research shows that close to 2,000 college
students between the ages of 18 and 24 years die each year from alcohol related deaths (NIH,
2015). Alcohol consumption plays a major role in domestic violence. Excessive alcohol use
when intimate partner violence occurs is very common, with 45% of male perpetrators reporting
having used alcohol and 20% usage being reported by women (Heru, 2007). The perpetrator in
domestic violence cases is often under the influence of alcohol, which is sometimes the case for
the victim as well (Heru, 2007). Also, victims of sexual abuse between the ages of 18 to 24
years old reported that alcohol played a role in their incidents (NIH, 2015).
Across several studies, the identification of recent alcohol consumption by perpetrators
has been routinely found (WHO, 2006). In a study designed to gather information from selfreport measures from college students, researchers found that alcohol problems are positively
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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correlated with perpetration of hostile and sometimes violent behavior in the dating relationships
of college students (Fossos, Neighbors, Kaysen, & Hove, 2008). Along with these findings,
Fossos et al. (2008) concluded that the male perpetrators who reported intimate partner violence
in their dating relationships also reported more of a problem with drinking alcohol compared to
those who had not perpetrated violence. In the United States, 55% of intimate partner violence
victims believed that their perpetrator had been drinking prior to their physical assault (WHO,
2006). This is not to say that the victims themselves did not have alcohol in their system at the
time of the domestic assault. Research shows that victims oftentimes also have alcohol in their
system but at much lower rates than those of the perpetrator (WHO, 2006).
Drug use also plays a major role in domestic violence cases involving both the victim and
perpetrator (El-Bassel, Gilbert, Wu, Go, & Hill, 2005). According to El-Bassel et al. (2005),
over the past decade, intimate partner violence has emerged as a public health problem among
women in drug treatment. According to the American Society of Addiction and Medicine
(2015), substance abuse has been found to co-occur in 40-60% of intimate partner violence
cases. Stuart, Temple, Follansbee, and Bucossi (2008) also found that drug use was a strong
predictor for intimate partner violence among perpetrators. The main drugs that were reported in
the Stuart et al. (2008) study as being related to intimate partner violence were marijuana,
cocaine, and amphetamines, although others may also lead to IPV. The main goal of their study
was to determine the role of drug use as it relates to intimate partner violence. Ultimately, Stuart
el al. found that when the perpetrator and victim both used drugs, this was a stronger predictor
for intimate partner violence. However, when only the victim used drugs, it did not lead to
intimate partner violence (Stuart et al., 2008). It is important to note that although drugs and
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alcohol are predictors of intimate partner violence, drugs and alcohol can also be subsequent to
intimate partner violence (American Society of Addiction and Medicine, 2015).
Effects and Consequences
Physical injury. As previously mentioned, intimate partner violence can happen to
anyone (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015). One in four women and one in 10 men
have reported being in an abusive relationship (U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, 2015).
Being the victim of intimate partner violence can have severe consequences directly related to
physical injury. According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015-a), in 2010,
241 males and 1,095 females were murdered by an intimate partner. The American
Psychological Association (2015) also found that 74% of all murder-suicides involved an
intimate partner. When controlling for deaths in intimate partner violence, severe consequences
are still found to be detrimental to the victim’s health, both long-term and immediate (Campbell
et al., 2002).
According to Campbell et al. (2002), the physical consequences of intimate partner
violence still remain long after the abuse has ended. Some of the long-term consequences that
victims are left with are chronic pain syndrome, chronic migraines and headaches, and
cardiovascular diseases, just to name a few (CDC, 2015-a). This is a major issue because
although the short-term, more obvious consequences are also detrimental to one’s health, the less
obvious, more severe consequences often lead to long-term health issues (Campbell et al., 2002).
Some of the more immediate consequences to intimate partner violence involve broken bones,
black eyes, bruises, headaches, and knife wounds (CDC, 2015-a). Similarly, Campbell et al.
(2002) found that the most common locations for injuries among battered women are the face,
neck, upper torso, breast, or abdomen.
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Women who were victims of intimate partner violence had a 60% higher rate of
experiencing headaches, back pain, vaginal infection, and digestive problems compared to
women who never experienced this form of abuse (Campbell et al., 2002). These were the most
common physical consequences women who were victims of domestic violence reported
(Campbell et al., 2002).
Reproductive issues. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015-a), found
that women who experience intimate partner violence also experience reproductive issues related
to the physical consequences. Some of the reproductive issues that women experience are, but
are not limited to: gynecological disorders, sexual dysfunction, delayed prenatal care, pregnancy
difficulties, and unplanned pregnancies (CDC, 2015-a). Similarly, Campbell et al. (2002) found
that “among the women who experienced sexual abuse with or without physical abuse, 30
percent reported three or more GYN health problems compared with only eight percent of those
who experienced physical abuse alone” (p. 360).
Being pregnant while being the victim of intimate partner violence can be very
dangerous. In addition to the risk factors previously mentioned, women who are pregnant while
also victims of domestic violence are three times more likely to be killed by their partner than
women who are not pregnant (Salihu, 2004). Furthermore, women who are not married are also
three times more likely to be killed while pregnant compared to pregnant mothers who are
married and suffering from domestic violence (Salihu, 2004). During the pregnancy, mothers
who are victims of domestic abuse also have more problems during this time period. Some of
the problems that are common for victims of abuse are low weight gain during pregnancy,
kidney infections, and operative deliveries (Salihu, 2004).
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The devastation of intimate partner violence on soon-to-be mothers is also devastating
because not only does the mother suffer the consequences of being the victim of physical assault,
but her unborn child may also be directly affected by the abuse. According to Salihu (2004),
fetal morbidities are all too common in mothers suffering from intimate partner violence. Babies
who were in the womb while their mothers were victims of domestic violence are more likely to
be born prematurely and also have birth defects (Salihu, 2004). These birth defects can range
anywhere from low birth weight to small size for gestational age, and can also range in severity
(Salihu, 2004). Similarly, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (2015-a) also found
that children born into this type of violence often had low birth weight. Increased fetal deaths
during pregnancy are also the result of domestic violence (Salihu, 2004). Babies are also
affected in other ways. Intimate partner violence also affects breast-feeding postpartum (Sarkar,
2008).
Prevention and Education
Prevention and education on intimate partner violence is crucial in taking action against
abuse. According to Refuge, Education, Advocacy, and Change (REACH, 2015), “preventing
violence is ending violence” (p. 1). These are very strong words and it is believed that
community education and leadership are building blocks to preventing dating and domestic
violence (REACH, 2015). REACH is an organization that is committed to advancing the safety,
healing, and empowerment of those who experience domestic and relationship violence through
direct services and education while promoting social justice for individuals and families of all
backgrounds (REACH, 2015). Community outreach and education are considered very
important when raising awareness in this field because it gives individuals information, skills,
and resources on dating and domestic violence (REACH, 2015). REACH also discusses the
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21
importance of explaining the dynamics of dating and domestic violence, completing screenings
and referral strategies, and bystander intervention techniques that are helpful. This is important
because many people know someone or have come across someone who has experienced
intimate partner violence. With the techniques and education that REACH suggests, individuals
would be better equipped to handle intimate partner violence experiences if they ever come
across them again. REACH also talks about how Peers Against ViolencE (PAVE) is a program
within their organization that is youth focused and very effective. PAVE engages youth and
adults who support youth to learn about dating violence and healthy relationships and become
active leaders in dating violence prevention (REACH, 2015). This is also effective when
educating others because peers tend to listen more when their peers are the ones raising
awareness. The PAVE education program “provides multi-session dating violence prevention
education in schools and community settings while PAVE leadership development and PAVE
summit programs build youth leadership skills” (REACH, 2015, p. 1).
Research suggests that by raising awareness and educating college students on intimate
partner violence, participants leave most educational trainings with greater knowledge and
healthier attitudes towards this form of abuse (Pomeroy et al., 2004). Ismail, Berman, and WardGriffin (2007) also found that when conducting dialogic interviews with women, discussing their
own violent relationships led to an opportunity to think critically about them (Ismail et al., 2007).
The women came to a new understanding of their own intimate partner violence experience and
had a greater awareness that they were not to blame for the violence happening in their
relationships (Ismail et al., 2007).
Although research has suggested that raising awareness and educating individuals on
domestic violence can be beneficial to participants, Noughani and Mohtashami (2011) found that
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
22
when determining the effect of teaching how to prevent domestic violence against females,
raising awareness and education had no effect on domestic violence. This means that for some
individuals, being educated on intimate partner violence had no effect on prevention. Similarly,
Antle, Sullivan, Dryden, Karam, and Barbee (2011) also found that intensive education programs
were not as effective as other methods of training and prevention of intimate partner violence.
However, Antle et al. (2011) ultimately concluded in their study that a brief intervention training
involving a pre- and post-test rather than educational programs, received results that indicated
high levels of training satisfaction compared to the intensive education programs offered to
students.
Conclusion
Overall, intimate partner violence is seen as a huge public health problem (WHO, 2015a). Not only is this an issue nationally, but students at California State University San Marcos
are in need of this education so that they can better understand this issue. Over the past year,
several sexual assaults have occurred on campus with the latest happening in March 2015
(CSUSM, 2015). Students need to know what the risk factors are and how to prevent this not
only from happening on campus, but in their own lives outside of the campus environment as
well. Although it is unclear whether the development of mental health issues are a direct result
of intimate partner violence, research suggests that victims of domestic abuse are indeed at a
greater risk for developing depression, substance abuse, low self-esteem, and PTSD. Research
also shows being a victim of intimate partner violence has severe negative physical
consequences that lead to poorer health outcomes. Through the proposed grant to bring in Ms.
Alyce LaViolette as an expert speaker in the CSUSM Arts and Lectures Series, students have a
better chance at better understanding, and ultimately ending, intimate partner violence.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
23
Chapter 3
Methods
Project Selection
The purpose of this capstone project was to apply for funding to bring in an expert
speaker to raise awareness and educate students on intimate partner violence at California State
University San Marcos (CSUSM, 2015). Intimate partner violence has become a serious public
health issue and is affecting many people within the United States (CDC, 2015-b). The U.S.
Department of Justice (2014) also agrees that intimate partner violence has become a serious
public health issue and in addition has found that IPV has become a major issue on college and
university campuses as well. This issue is particularly relevant to what has been happening on
CSUSM’s campus. In the past year, there have been three sexual assault incidents: The
perpetrator in all three situations was male. This is a serious issue that needs more attention on
campus, which is why bringing in an expert speaker on this pressing issue would not only be
useful, but may potentially change the lives of CSUSM students.
Speaker Selection
Through careful evaluation of potential expert speakers on intimate partner violence,
Alyce LaViolette, Licensed Marriage and Family Therapist (LMFT), was ultimately chosen. A
member of the writer’s committee agreed that Ms. LaViolette seemed like a good candidate but
also recommended that more research be done to see if Ms. LaViolette was qualified to speak at
CSUSM. After a 30 minute phone conversation with Ms. LaViolette and several hours of
research on her credentials by committee members, Ms. LaViolette was selected as the intimate
partner violence speaker at California State University San Marcos. However, this was still
dependent on whether the grant would be awarded. It is important to note that before Ms.
LaViolette was chosen, a previous speaker was also chosen to speak but upon further evaluation
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
24
of credentials and background information, it was determined that the previous speaker was not
aligned with CSUSM’s mission and values and was not the right fit to speak on this important
issue.
Submission Process
The writer completed his undergraduate degree at CSUSM before entering the Master of
Social Work program, and remembered attending several events on campus that featured
multiple speakers on different topics. Through a particular colleague, the writer was able to get
information regarding the Office of Arts and Lectures at CSUSM. Arts and Lectures offers
funding for events on campus that will further the education of students. Each year, Arts and
Lectures invites students to propose a series of 20-30 different events that will support student
learning while educating the campus on important issues happening in the community. These
events offer eye-opening perspectives on multiple topics by bringing in different guest speakers
to educate students on important issues. These events include lectures across various fields, film
screenings, dance and theatre performances, music concerts, book readings, and many more
events. Once all proposals are submitted, Arts and Lectures committee members choose the
events that they think would be in the best interests of the students. Participants who are
approved are notified in late May, to early June, and would then act as liaisons between Arts and
Lectures and guest speakers.
Target Population
This event will provide opportunities for outreach in the community because it will target
and be open to college students on campus. Many of these students do not have access to this
type of information other than what they learn in classes, and many do not even get that
opportunity. This event will provide students at CSUSM the opportunity to learn from an expert
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
25
in the field and will also allow students to ask questions that professors on campus may not have
the answers to, or feel competent to address. This event will be extremely beneficial to students
because the event will be free and accessible, and students will not need to travel to receive
valuable information. The proposed speaker, Ms. LaViolette, would be meeting the students in
their community, which is the campus at California State University San Marcos. If my proposal
to invite Ms. LaViolette as a guest speaker is approved, then I will do everything in my power to
make sure this event gets advertised properly. I will make and distribute flyers myself, along
with the help of the Department of Social Work on campus. This is a great learning opportunity
for students on campus and may also help particular students who are suffering in an abusive
relationship.
Venue Selection
Arts and Lectures has several different venues to choose from depending on what
equipment needs to be used and how many students will be attending. For the purpose of this
event, the venue that was chosen was the main lecture room in Markstein Hall at CSUSM. It
seats 240 people comfortably and will be more than sufficient to host Ms. LaViolette as a
speaker.
Data Collection
Most of the information used in the literature review and grant proposal for this capstone
project was found on PsycINFO and Google Scholar databases found in the CSUSM Kellogg
Library. Other sources were found on government Web sites and from the CSUSM Web site.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Chapter 4
Grant Proposal
Executive Summary
I propose bringing a guest speaker to the CSUSM campus to raise awareness and inform
students on Intimate Partner Violence and sexual assault on college campuses, as this has
become a major problem nationwide. The proposed speaker Alyce LaViolette, LMFT, is
considered an expert in the field of domestic violence, intimate partner violence, and sexual
assault. Her 1-2 hour presentation would be highly informative, detailing aspects and
components of these forms of violence, and potentially helping individuals struggling with these
types of abuse. In her presentations, Ms. LaViolette speaks not just about the victims of
domestic assault, but also speaks about the perpetrators. She is known for her unique way of
providing information and touching on sensitive topics. Each of her presentations is unique and
her presentation at CSUSM will be tailored to issues happening on our campus. For the purpose
of this event at CSUSM, Ms. LaViolette will provide resources, talk about risk factors, and also
educate students on what constitutes intimate partner violence. Ms. LaViolette will also talk
about how the female is not always the victim and how the male is not always the perpetrator,
and vice versa. By the end of the event, students will have a better understanding of what
intimate partner violence is, how to prevent it, what signs to look for, and what options victims
and perpetrators have. Along with the educational component of intimate partner violence, Ms.
LaViolette will provide handouts and discuss this form of abuse from different perspectives,
leaving students able to apply the information they learned in their own lives.
Relationship to Funder’s Mission
“Arts and Lectures provides a diverse offering of artistic, cultural, and scholarly events
all based on input and proposals from students, faculty, staff, administration, alumni, and
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
27
community members” (CSUSM, 2015, para.1). Arts and Lectures main goal and mission are to
support learning for students and the community while seeking to inspire and motivate at the
same time (CSUSM, 2015). This event will definitely relate to the Arts and Lectures mission to
“Inspire, Motivate, and Support Learning.” In regards to inspiring students, Ms. LaViolette will
enhance the knowledge of students and enrich their learning experience because of her expertise
in the field and unique way she delivers the information. Many students do not have the
opportunity to get this type of information. Since this form of abuse is very common on college
campuses, it would be extremely beneficial for students to learn information that would be in
their best interests. As far as motivating students, Ms. LaViolette is an expert in provoking
thoughtful and critical reflection through her lectures and presentations. Ms. LaViolette engages
students on both intellectual and emotional levels and makes them think critically about what
they are learning. She provides pertinent information from different perspectives that gets
students thinking about their own experiences. Ms. LaViolette will definitely expand on the
students understanding of the topic in ways that might not be possible without this event.
Efforts Toward Policy
According to California Legislative Information (2014), Senate Bill Number 967 Student
Safety: Sexual Assault, which took effect January 1, 2015,
would require the governing boards of each community college district, the Trustees of
the California State University, the Regents of the University of California, and the
governing boards of independent postsecondary institutions to adopt policies concerning
sexual assault, domestic violence, dating violence, and stalking that include certain
elements, including an affirmative consent standard in the determination of whether
consent was given by a complainant and to ensure that students, faculty, and staff who
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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are victims of sexual assault on the grounds or facilities of their institutions receive
treatment and information, including a description of on-campus and off-campus
resources. (California Legislative Information, 2014, para. 2)
California State University San Marcos has an executive order that governs policy. The
Executive Order 1097 was implemented in June of 2014 before Senate Bill 967 was put in place
on January 1, 2015. Each CSU is required to have attorneys who are responsible for the policy
components of education. CSUSM does not have an in-house attorney as do larger CSU
campuses, but we do have one housed in the CSU Chancellor’s Office to review new policies to
make sure the University is aligned with current legislation. All California State Universities
abide by the same policies. CSUSM’s attorney found that Executive Order 1097 on campus was
already aligned with Senate Bill 967 and no changes needed to be made; however, the executive
order is reviewed and updated each year (CSUSM, 2013). To ensure student safety, all new
incoming students are required to complete an online training on sexual assault and be able to
pass by a certain percentage or they will not be admitted on campus.
Each staff and faculty member at California State University San Marcos is a mandated
reporter (CSUSM, 2013). If someone comes forward and reports sexual assault or some form of
dating violence, the report needs to be made to the Title IX Coordinator in the CSUSM Division
of Student Affairs. The case is reviewed by a Title IX investigator and if a crime did occur, the
University will conduct a University investigation; however, this is not the same as a criminal
investigation. The police do not get involved unless the victim wants to press charges. It all
depends on what the victim wants to do and the case is kept confidential unless legal action
needs to take place. Student affairs staff members are obligated to refer the victim to police. But
student affairs staff themselves cannot go to police with information due to confidentiality.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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California State University San Marcos is making an effort to mandate all staff and faculty to
take online sexual assault trainings each year to educate on this form of abuse. However, this
type of mandate needs to go through unions that represent staff and faculty before the University
can approve such training. For now, CSUSM can only offer this training as an option for staff
and faculty before it becomes an official mandate.
Goals and Objectives
California State University San Marcos believes that students should be active
participants in the learning process. During her presentations, Ms. LaViolette would make it an
interactive experience by engaging the students and making them think critically about their own
experiences. California State University San Marcos also wants its students to gain the
knowledge, skills, competencies, and experiences needed to reach their full potential. By
bringing in Ms. LaViolette to raise awareness and educate students on intimate partner violence
and sexual assault, students are strengthening their skills and competencies in an area that is
crucial and relevant to their environment. This event will also be innovative because Ms.
LaViolette will tailor the information in a way that will best meet the needs of the students. She
will teach students how to apply the knowledge they learn to their own experiences within their
lives.
The overall goal of this grant proposal is to have a better informed campus community
regarding intimate partner violence at California State University San Marcos. In order to meet
this goal, there will be two objectives: bringing in a guest speaker and conducting public
relations. The first objective is to bring an expert speaker on intimate partner violence to
California State University San Marcos (CSUSM) in the fall of 2015. The second objective is
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
30
regarding public relations. This event will be advertised through social media, flyers, e-mails,
and posters at least two months before the event takes place in the fall of 2015.
Budget
For the purpose of this grant proposal, a maximum grant of $2,000 dollars will be
awarded to the chosen events by CSUSM Arts and Lectures. When speaking with Ms.
LaViolette, she stated that her fee was $3,000 dollars. When the writer told her that the
maximum amount that could be given to guest speakers was $2,000 dollars, she stated that she
would work on her price with CSUSM and lower her fee to the maximum amount because she
felt strongly about educating campuses on domestic violence. Arts and Lectures provides an
extra $300 dollars to candidates needing additional technical support. This will not be necessary
for this event. The $2,000 dollars will be sufficient and will cover the costs of the guest speaker.
Should this grant proposal be accepted by Arts and Lectures, funding for advertising the event
will not be requested. The writer will print the flyers and also advertise on social media to get
the word out. The writer will also seek help from the social work department on campus to help
spread the word and possibly help distribute flyers. This will not be considered an additional
cost. In total, the guest speaker will receive her requested fee of $2,000 dollars.
Project Relevance
It is crucial for a speaker to come to California State University San Marcos (CSUSM)
and educate the students on this pressing issue, especially given rates of interpersonal violence
among college students. According to REACH (2015), trainings should involve speakers to talk
about specific personal experiences in dating and domestic violence, or talk about the impact of
abuse and the role of the community in supporting survivors. Ms. LaViolette is more than
qualified to help the students at CSUSM get a better understanding of this type of abuse. She has
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
31
been working with battered women since 1978, first as an advocate at WomenShelter in Long
Beach, California, and then in private practice in Long Beach. She has written and published
articles on the impact of domestic violence on women. Ms. LaViolette will enhance the
knowledge of students and enrich their learning experience because of her expertise in the field
and unique way she delivers the information. Many students do not have the opportunity to get
this type of education during classes and since this form of abuse is very common on college
campuses, it would be extremely beneficial for students to learn information that would be in
their best interests. By bringing in Ms. LaViolette to raise awareness and educate students on
intimate partner violence and sexual assault, students are strengthening their knowledge, skills,
and competencies in an area that is crucial and relevant to their personal and community wellbeing.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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Chapter 5
Discussion
Limitations of Research
The research that was examined for this capstone project regarding intimate partner
violence had limitations that were consistent across studies. One limitation that the research had
was regarding the prior history of abuse that victims of domestic abuse endured as well as the
trauma they experienced in the past. The research did not provide much information on how
long these victims were exposed to prior trauma experiences. It would have been important to
know if most of the victims had experienced trauma briefly, for more days than not, or if their
trauma had been consistent throughout their childhood and adolescent years. The research only
talked about previously experiencing a history of trauma in the past. More information about the
extent of prior trauma and more in depth screenings about the trauma would have provided more
useful information.
The second limitation to the research was that although some studies found that males are
also victims of intimate partner violence, not enough research has been done to appropriately
generalize to other populations. Hardly any research gives demographics on male victims either.
Most research on female victims is thorough and generalizable. The research also does not
specify if men’s experience of past violence was traumatic for them in the same way that it was
for women. Everyone has a different perspective on experiencing violence in the home and not
enough information was given as to what extent it affected male victims of intimate partner
violence. The research only talked about males witnessing their mothers getting abused by their
fathers and how that can lead to becoming a perpetrator themselves and about the boys who were
being physically abused as children potentially becoming perpetrators. No other form of trauma,
abuse, or length of abuse was reported in the research on males.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
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The third limitation of the research in this capstone project was that each source of
information regarding intimate partner violence in this project stated at some point in the
literature that not enough information was known to be able to conclude that experiencing
trauma and abuse as a child was directly responsible for experiencing IPV as an adult. The
literature was careful in stating that victims with a previous history of trauma and abuse were
more likely and had a higher risk of becoming victims or perpetrators as adults compared to
people who did not have the same experience, but the causation was not definite. Perhaps more
research needs to be done in order to be able to say what exactly causes a person to become a
victim or perpetrator of intimate partner violence.
The last limitation of the research was that not enough attention has been given to
prevention and education strategies for ending intimate partner violence. More research needs to
be done to determine better ways to help victims prevent this from happening or continuing to
happen. This is not to say that research has not been done or that organizations have not been
created to be involved in the prevention or educational component of intimate partner violence.
The writer is merely saying that more research needs to be done regarding preventative
measures.
Strengths of Research
The research also had strengths. One of the main strengths of the research was that it was
mostly consistent across studies. Although also mentioned as a limitation, the research does not
make it clear enough to determine that these distinct processes actually lead to future violence.
Research has been demonstrated across studies that connections can in fact be made between
childhood abuses and being in a violent relationship as an adult, but the nature of that
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
34
relationship is still not clear and more information needs to be collected and further research
needs to be completed to make a better distinction.
Further Research
Further research is definitely needed regarding intimate partner violence. Health care
professionals need to do more in order to appropriately screen potential victims of intimate
partner violence. Many victims do not want to speak up or are possibly afraid to do so. Most of
the time health care professionals are only screening victims of intimate partner violence when
they see the physical consequences of the abuse. This is good but health care professionals can
potentially miss the victims who suffer from health issues related to intimate partner violence as
described in the literature review section of this capstone project. Further research also needs to
be done regarding men as victims. What causes men to become victims of intimate partner
violence? Does it relate to the same experiences as women? Would the findings be as
significant as the findings regarding women? These are some of the questions that need to be
answered to get a better understanding of these phenomena.
Social Work Relevance
The issue of intimate partner violence has great relevance to those working in the field of
social work. Our professional code of ethics states: “Fundamental to social work is attention to
the environmental forces that create, contribute to, and address problems in living (National
Association of Social Workers (NASW) 2008, Preamble, para. 1). Domestic violence definitely
falls under this category of being a problem in living for people suffering from this form of
abuse. Social workers have been strong supporters of victims of abuse and have been working
with them for many years in a variety of settings (NASW, 2008). Social work professionals deal
directly with victims of interpersonal abuse in settings that serve people suffering from
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
35
homelessness, depression, PTSD, anxiety, and substance abuse (NASW, 2008), as well as in
shelters and programs targeted specifically to interpersonal violence. But social workers also
attempt to address the macro-level attitudes and beliefs that create climates where such violence
is accepted.
Social workers participate in a variety of professional activities that may include “direct
practice, community organizing, supervision, consultation, administration, advocacy, social and
political action, policy development and implementation, education, and research and
evaluation” (NASW, 2008, Preamble, para. 2). The purpose of this capstone project to bring in
an expert speaker on intimate partner violence to educate students in the CSUSM community is
in line with social work’s unique purpose, values, and perspectives. The expert speaker would
raise awareness and educate students in a broad way on the issue of intimate partner violence,
while also providing specific information regarding risks, effects, and resources for victims in
the community.
IPV: PREVENTION THROUGH EDUCATION
36
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