1. business and industrial
2. chemicals industry
3. dyes and pigments

5/13/2011
How to Meet Ballast Water Performance
Standards?
¾A
Assessing
i (cost)-efficiency
(
t) ffi i
off BWT systems
t
¾ Ensuring fast ballast water production at high
sediment load
¾ Evaluating latest developments of the North Sea
Ballast Water Opportunity project
Marcel Veldhuis
NIOZ Royal Netherlands Institute for Sea Research
P.O.box 59
1790AB Den Burg, TEXEL
The Netherlands
[email protected]
Why a concern for ships?
A ship-owners confession !!!
ƒThank you also for the dinner, gorgeous, not like the information, which will take a lot longer to digest.
ƒI think we may be heading the wrong direction on the whole life battle. We spend a lot of energy combating
growth onboard all ships.
ƒWe already use Marine growth prevention systems (MGPS) to prevent fouling of pipe lines
lines. Which are
electrolysis based chlorine producing systems. (The chlorine is not neutralised on these systems)
ƒWe use anti fouling paints to prevent growth on the hull, which now are copper based biocides.
ƒWe heat the lubrication oil to 95 C to kill any life.
ƒWe occasionally have to dose the fuel tanks to prevent 'Bugs', in both gas oil and heavy oil.
ƒFresh water onboard is chlorinated and UV'ed to death.
ƒEven
E
the
th cargos are often
ft bombed
b b d with
ith 'Ph
'Phosgene G
Gas'' tto kill any stowaways,
t
((off th
the many llegged
d ttype))
ƒPort health and Port State inspections ensure the accommodation could be used as an operating theatre.
ƒWe are trying to be little sterile pools in an ocean of life. Never going to win.
1
5/13/2011
Region
The problem
Regional Impacts
Mediterranean Sea
North Sea
Atlantic coast
Baltic Sea
Black Sea
Azores
Irish waters & NW UK
Arctic waters
Total
¾Ecological
¾ new invasion every 9 weeks
¾Economical
¾losses in 100s of billions euro/year globally
Total
%
number
662
230
177
170
83
25
51
18
1416
46,8
16,2
12,5
12,0
5,9
,
1,8
3,6
1,3
100,0
Gollaschetal
¾Tentative calculation results in documented costs of alien species in
Europe (IEEP-Project):
11 4 billion €/year (1.8
11.4
(1 8 control,
control 9.6
9 6 damage)
¾Human health
¾paralytic/other shell fish poisoning
¾Cholera outbreaks ????
3
EU response
¾EU-Marine Strategy framework Directive (2020)
¾EU's 6th Environment Action Programme (6EAP)
¾Biodiversity and bioinvasions
¾North Sea Ballast Water Opportunity program
¾ (EU-Interreg IVB prog; 2009 - >2014)
¾www.NorthSeaBallast.eu
¾7 NS countries;; > 40 (sub)partners
(
)p
¾
(EMSA, IMO, HELCOM, ICES, IUCN, OSPAR etc.)
¾ Belgium, the Netherlands, UK, Germany, Denmark, Sweden, Norway.
Wherepolicymeetsscienceandindustry
2
5/13/2011
Interreg IVB boundaries
an ERDF program
¾ geographical limitations
¾ 7 Countries
¾ regions bordering NSR
p
located within those
¾ partners
geographical boundaries
NorthSeaBallastWaterOpportunityproject
¾ facilitate ratification of IMO Ballast Water
Management Convention (BWMC):
¾ Norway,
y, Sweden,, the Netherlands
¾ Overcome barriers:
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
¾
Boost technological innovation
Stimulate maritime industry (ca 40% BWT systems)
Common standards / uniform implementation
Involvement of stakeholders (public & private)
Knowledge exchange and dedicated research
Develop expertise and knowledge center
3
5/13/2011
Rationale
¾ one of the most densely shipped areas
¾ one ecological zone*
¾ overcome bottlenecks for ratification BWMC
* MCA BaWa Scoping Study
[DNV, 2005]
Impact in the North Sea
North Sea- water masses and remaining
currents
Marine currents
facilitate
further distribution
of invasives.
Supported by model
studies
4
5/13/2011
Purpose of academic research
¾ provide knowledge/expertise/data
¾ survival strategies
¾ mitigation/growth
/
strategies
¾ gaps in knowledges/guidelines
9
NIOZ; ballast water research centre
¾ fundamental need of biology, chemistry and ecotoxicology (holistic approach)
¾ suitable test site with good facilities
¾ tidal system with coastal water varying in salinity (24 – 34 PSU) and
t bidit (10 - > 100 mg/l),
turbidity
/l) challenging
h ll
i ttestt water
t
¾ testing since 2004; 9 land-based certif. testing and > 40 pilot studies
¾ viability of remaining organisms but also vitality of discharged water
10
5
5/13/2011
NIOZ; ballast water research centre
¾ testing under realistic conditions ; large biodiversity (viruses, bacteria,
phytoplankton, zooplankton)
¾ different stages (eggs, cysts, larvae, juveniles, adults etc)
¾ development
d
l
t off detection
d t ti ttools
l ffor P
Portt St
State
t Inspection
I
ti and
d monitoring
it i
¾ Expect the unexpected
¾ reality of the field different from theory and standard artificial test soup
Barnacles (Balanus
(test bugs and standard sediment)
nauplia
cypris larva
adult
11
Bacteria
Viru
ses
12
6
5/13/2011
ballast water treatment
drinking water or
waste water treatment
¾filtration,
¾hydrocyclones,
!! Market 8 billion euro !!
¾heat treatment,
40% of industry in NS region
¾UV treatment,
¾ozone treatment,
¾chemical treatment (chlorine, PERACLEAN Ocean),
¾Inert gas-systems,
Treatment solutions
¾combinations of above,
based on killing
¾‘silver bullets’
ALL organisms
Performance of current BWT systems
Be Nice to me
With a minimum of effort
we can make things
very difficult
14
7
5/13/2011
Current status BWT technologies
benchmark: > 50 µm organisms
UV
life organisms > 50 Pm
Cl
SEDNA
Ecochlor
BalPure
ERMA-first
Hyde-Guardian
OPS
AquaTricom
number [average /m3]
n
10
1
0.1
0.01
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
treated discharge [day 5]
delayedeffectsofUV
Efficiency of BWT systems
Results of current generation of BWT-systems
»define common unit
• Efficiency :
- 10log {# discharge/ # intake}
–0: # intake = # discharge
–1: 90 % reduction
–2:
2 99 %
–3: 99.9%
– etc
–
8
5/13/2011
Current status BWT technologies
benchmark: > 50 µm organisms
initial organisms number s efficiency
efficiency
8
7
control
6
chlorine
Peraclean Oc.
UV
5
4
3
2
1
0
1e+3
1e+4
1e+5
1e+6
1e+7
total organisms [#/m3]
Current status BWT technologies
benchmark: 10 - 50 µm organisms (phytoplankton)
Total cell numbers per mL
num bers/m L
100
treated T5
10
1
0.1
0.01
Hamann
Ecochlor
STDN
present but non viable
ERMA Hyde-Guardian Mahle
AquaWorX
delayed effects of UV
9
5/13/2011
Current status BWT technologies
benchmark: 10 - 50 µm org. (phytoplankton)
7
6
active substance
ÙV-irradiation
control
efficiency
5
4
3
2
1
0
500
10001500
5000
cell number [#/mL]
19
Total bacteria
b a c te ria [n u m b e rs /m L ]
1e+7
1e+6
1e+5
intake - control tank T5
intake - treated T5
intake - Discharge Inc. Tx
1e+4
1e+6
bacteria [numbers/mL]
1e+7
10
5/13/2011
Current detection/inspection technologies and availability
Organism
group
technology
Numbers
Viability
Availability
Degree
expertise
Viruses
FCM
Y(30min)
No
+
+
Bacteria
FCM
Y(30min)
Y(15min)
+
+
Bacteria
Plating
Y(>1day)
Y(>1day)
+
+/_
Human
pathogens
Electrobeads
Y(<1day;
3Ͳ4hours)
Y(<1day;
3Ͳ4hours)
<2014
+
Phytoplankton
PAM
fluorometry
No
Y(15min)
+
+/_
Microscopy
Y(3 h)
Y(staining)
FCM(Cytobuoy)
Y(15min)
Y (staining)
Holoflow (Ovizio Img) Y(15min?) Y(?)
+
<2014
<2014
+/_
+
+
Binocular
Holoflow (Ovizio)
+
<2014
<2014
+
+
+
heterotrophic
Zooplankton
(ZebraBioScience)
Y(4H)
Y(15min)
Y(staining)
Y(?)
Y (2 H)
Y (staining)
(50–– 800micron)
FlowCam (FluidImg)
+/
On-site & real-time detection/inspection
¾ Large variability in organisms
¾ In terms of size, shape and
viability
Large volumes need to sampled
(statistical representativeness)
¾ Indicative or full scale inspection
¾Legally defendable !!!!
22
11
5/13/2011
Representativeness Biological vs Statistical
¾Conflicting requirements
¾Sample
p Volume/Time;; numbers and viability
y
¾ large Volume/time more organisms;
¾Higher statistical value,
¾but decline in viability
¾ small Volume/time less organisms;
¾Lower statistical value
value,
¾but better viability
¾Sample volume/number in relation to its purpose
Current detection/inspection technologies and availability
……atamperproofminiͲflow
cytometer
Classical plating
Heterotrophic bacteria (CFUs)>
1 day
G0095348.LMD
10
4
dead bact
FL3 LO
OG
10
Free-ATP measurement
Hydrolysis of bacteria
10
3
2
growing ba
10
1
live Bact.
0
10
0
10
10
1
2
10
FL1 LOG
10
3
10
4
Bacteria Viability: dual staining
File: G0095348 10 Njl dead/40 Njl life
12
5/13/2011
Future
¾ ballast water unavoidable cost factor
¾ revision of BWM Convention based on current expertise
and results
¾ the Phase-2 standard of the USCG
¾ focus on tools for Compliance Enforcement and monitoring
(indicative vs full scale sampling)
¾ exceptional ballasting ships
¾ time for second generation of BWT systems
¾“green”solutions, low energy, no active substances
¾ solve a major hurdle: filters (needed or not)
Current Gaps: exceptional vessels/ballasting
¾larger ballast water volumes (> 12,000 m3/h), In-tank
treatment !!!
13
5/13/2011
The ultimate filter
The ultimate
test
Thankyouforyourattention
Therewillbenowisdomwithout
There
will be no wisdom without
ballast
Sorry about the rant, I promise any future
emails will be much more positive.
28
14
5/13/2011
Invitation for site visit at research facility of
Royal NIOZ (texel)
¾Friday May 13th
¾Lectures and on site information and full scale BWT systems
¾www.NorthSeaBallast.eu
15