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Selection
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Stawell Gold Mine
- Location: western Victoria, Australia.
- Gold mining in Stawell extends back
over 120 years.
- Certain areas near the mine will be
rehabilitated with vegetation.
- Three tree species were examined for
their tolerance to the hot, dry environment
using HRM Sap Flow Meter (SFM1).
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HRM Sap Flow Meter – SFM1
- Measures sap flow (water movement)
or transpiration in woody plants
- Data can be used to accurately
measure total plant water use on a
hourly or daily basis
- SFM1 can measure stems as narrow
as 1cm as well as the largest trees on earth
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Sap Flow and Stawell Gold Mine
- SFM1 instruments were installed on
nine trees from three native tree species
- Sap flow data were collected over 18
months and correlated with temperature
and vapour pressure deficit (VPD)
- Temperature was a measure of hotness
- VPD was a measure of dryness
- Sap flow response to increased hotness
and dryness was used as a measure of
tolerance
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Tree Species at Stawell Gold Mine
Eucalyptus cladocalyx
Sugar Gum
Eucalyptus melliodora
Yellow Box
Eucalyptus polybractea
Blue-leaved Mallee
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Installation of Equipment
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Measuring Correction Factors
Stem cores and methyl orange
for sapwood depth estimation
Cut tree stems for comprehensive
measurement of bark, sapwood
and heartwood depth
HRM probes were installed here.
Wound response can be measured
under a microscope.
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Rainf
40
- J (cm3 cm-2 day-1) is sap flux
density corrected for stem
diameter.
- Eucalyptus cladocalyx has
up to 4 times the amount of
sap flux than the other species.
- Sap flux showed a strong
seasonal pattern: lower in
winter, higher in summer.
0
100
80
-2
- Sap flow was recorded
over an 18 month period. Gaps
in the data caused by solar
panel malfunction.
20
60
3
-1
3
-2
-1
3
-2
-1
J (cm cm day ) J (cm cm day ) J (cm cm day )
18 Months of Sap Flow Monitoring
40
(D) – E. cladocalyx
20
0
100
80
(E) – E. melliodora
60
40
20
0
100
80
(F) – E. polybractea
60
40
20
0
Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar
2009 2010
2011
Data and figure by Michael Forster, ICT International
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Temperature and Sap Flow
Sap flow for E. cladocalyx and air temp on 21/12/09ca 24lper day
2000
45
40
1500
Sap flow cm3
30
1000
25
20
500
15
Air temperature oc
35
MILD DAY:
Max. temperature = 28 C
Transpiration = 24L
Species: E. cladocalyx
sap volume
Temp
10
0
5
-500
0
Data & Graph: Augustine Doronila, University of Melbourne
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Temperature and Sap Flow
Sap flow for E. cladocalyx and air temp on 23/12/09 ca 20l per day
2000
1500
45
WARM DAY:
40
Max. temperature = 36 C
Transpiration = 20L
Species: E. cladocalyx
Sap flow cm3
30
1000
25
20
500
15
Air temperature oc
35
sap volume
Temp
10
0
5
-500
0
Data & Graph: Augustine Doronila, University of Melbourne
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Temperature and Sap Flow
1800
45
1600
40
1400
35
1200
30
1000
25
800
20
600
15
400
10
200
5
0
0
HOT DAY:
Air temperature oc
Sap flow cm3
Sap flow for E. cladocalyx and air temp on 10/01/10 ca 17l per day
Max. temperature = 41 C
Transpiration = 17L
Species: E. cladocalyx
sap volume
Temp
Note: transpiration declines once
temperature reaches approx. 30 C.
Tree is still transpiring in order to
not over heat and cause damage to
leaves and photosynthetic systems.
Data & Graph: Augustine Doronila, University of Melbourne
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Species Tolerance to Temperature
Temperature
The optimal range of temperature ( C)
for maximum sap velocity (Vs, cm hr-1) in
each stem measured in this study.
Results indicate Eucalyptus cladocalyx
can tolerate hotter weather.
Optimal temperature range:
Eucalyptus cladocalyx: 21 C to 30 C
Eucalyptus melliodora: 20 C to 27 C
Eucalyptus polybractea: 16 C to 26 C
40
Temperature (°C)
There was a significant difference following
one-way ANOVA (F = 17.321, d.f. = 8, p < 0.001) and the
results of Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test are
indicated by letters above each box plot.
45
a
a
a
b ab b
X2 X5 X7
EC EC EC
5
7
9
EM EM EM
ab c
a
35
30
25
20
15
10
E. cladocalyx E. melliodora
3
5
8
EP EP EP
E. polybractea
Data and figure by Michael Forster, ICT International
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Species Tolerance to Dryness
Vapour Pressure Deficit
7
6
a
a ab
c
c
c
bc d ab
There was a significant difference following
one-way ANOVA (F = 15.232, d.f. = 8, p < 0.001) and the
results of Tukey’s HSD post-hoc test are
indicated by letters above each box plot.
5
VPD (kPa)
The optimal range of VPD (kPa) for
maximum sap velocity (Vs, cm hr-1) in
each stem measured in this study.
4
3
Results indicate Eucalyptus cladocalyx
can tolerate drier weather.
2
1
0
X2 X5 X7
EC EC EC
5
7
9
EM EM EM
E. cladocalyx E. melliodora
3
5
8
EP EP EP
E. polybractea
Optimal VPD range:
Eucalyptus cladocalyx: 1.5kPa to 3.2kPa
Eucalyptus melliodora: 1.1kPa to 2.5kPa
Eucalyptus polybractea: 1.0kPa to 2.7kPa
Data and figure by Michael Forster, ICT International
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Total Tree Water Use
Summary of average daily water use (Q, L day-1) throughout the various seasons of the
study period. Values are total tree water use including multiple stems of E. melliodora
and E. polybractea. Values are litres of water per day (±SD).
Species
E. cladocalyx
E. melliodora
E. polybractea
Summer ‘10
Autumn ‘10
Winter ‘10
Spring ‘10
Summer ‘11
26.35 (±8.49)
4.63 (±2.53)
7.46 (±7.82)
17.02 (±6.59)
2.67 (±1.43)
4.76 (±5.01)
11.21 (±4.29)
2.12 (±1.56)
3.62 (±3.52)
17.25 (±4.33)
4.59 (±2.52)
8.16 (±7.57)
26.59 (±4.18)
9.21 (±4.60)
4.97 (±1.36)
Data and table by Michael Forster, ICT International
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Conclusion
Eucalyptus cladocalyx
Sugar Gum
- The SFM1 Sap Flow Instrument
measured sap flow in nine trees over an 18
month period.
- Eucalyptus cladocalyx showed the
highest amount of water use, up to 4 times
as much as the other species.
- E. cladocalyx had greater tolerance to
hotter and drier weather.
- Successful rehabilitation at Stawell Gold
Mine should involve E. cladocalyx.
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ICT International Pty Ltd
Solutions for soil, plant and environmental monitoring
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[email protected]
Phone: 61 2 6772 6770
Fax:
61 2 6772 7616
PO Box 503, Armidale, NSW, Australia, 2350
INTERNATIONAL
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