1. science

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Lecture 1:
Introduction to Botany
COMPETENCIES
Students, after mastering the materials of
Botany course, should be able to:
1.
2.
3.
To describe botany as a science and its importance in
the study of plants
To explain the life of plants
To explain the importance of science in the study of
plants
Prof. Dr. S.M. Sitompul
Head of Plant Physiology Lab.
Expert Staff: Plant and Development of UB
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HOW TO STUDY
LECTURE CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION
1.
2.
3.
4.
Teaching Philosophy
Definition
Botany Areas
Botany History
II. LIFE
1.
2.
3.
4.
CELL
Growth
Development
Metabolic Processes
5.
6.
7.
Movement
Response To Stimuli
Reproduction
III. SCIENCE
1.
2.
3.
4.
The scientific method
Deductive and
inductive reasoning
Hypothesis
Theories, facts and
change
1.
My Dictionary
Buy a writing book (50 pages, hard cover), and write every
English word that you do not understand in my lectures
2.
English Presentation
Find a publication related to plant physiology, memorize about
3 paragraphs of it (not too long and not too short), and present
it
3.
SPL (Self
(Self Propagation Learning)
Learning)
Form Student Discussion Group (SDG) each of 5 members
Follow the procedure of PCL (http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/
(http://smtom.lecture.ub.ac.id/))
iii. Discuss the video that I will give to you (write every words
from the presentation)
i.
ii.
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EXAMPLE
THE RATE OF PHOTOSTYNHESIS OF SOYBEAN
Romeo and Juliet
Abstract
1. Introduction
General aspect ( 2 paragraphs)
Paper
4.
Write a paper about Plant Physiology
Max. 3 pages (single space)
 Format
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Title
Name (Student and Supervisor)
Abstract
Introduction
Subject
Conclusion
References
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2. The Rate of Photosynthesis of Soybean
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I. INTRODUCTION
Definition
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Your instructor is here to teach you to fish, i.e.
think.
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Therefore, a question may sometimes be answered
with a question, or your fellow classmates may be
called upon to help answer it
As long as you make an honest effort to answer the
question you need not be embarrassed. However, if
you are not keeping up with the material then you may
indeed be embarrassed.
Botany (Greek botanē plant) is
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The description of Photosynthesis (3(3-5
paragraphs):Function and location in plants
The rate of soybean photosynthesis
Factors influencing the rate of soybean photosynthesis
3. Conclusion
4. References
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Teaching Philosophy
"Give a man a fish and he will eat for a day, but
teach a man to fish and he will eat for a lifetime"
lifetime" Confucius
what is it (General description; 33-5 sentences)
what is its importance (3(3-5 sentences)
The study of life is biology
biology,, and the word
biology is composed of 2 Greek roots
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the scientific study of plants (plant
(plant life)
also called plant science,
science, phytology
phytology,, or plant
biology
“bio
bio”” which means “life
“life””
“logi
logi”” which means “study
“study of”
of”
Biology as a science is concerned with all lifelifeplant and animal, but botany is interested in
plant life in particular.
particular.
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Why should we care about the study of PLANTS?
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FOOD
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1. It is related to life as most of life on
earth would not exist without plants
which comprise about 98% of the
earth's biomass
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2. Plants are primarily responsible for creating our
oxygen-rich atmosphere via the light reactions of
photosynthesis.
3. Plants are the earth's main autotrophs and fixers of
carbon and nitrogen
4. Plants provide the habitat and food upon which almost
all other living things ultimately depend
5. Plants are the source of drink, extracts, drugs, plant
fibers, wood, disease, poison, natural resource.
Primary sources of vitamins A, C, and B complex.
Primary source of carbohydrates (sugar & starch)
Primary source of amino acids.
95 % of our food comes from 20 species, 80% comes
from 7 of those spp.
CROP
SCIENTIFIC NAME
1. Wheat
2. Rice
3. Corn
4. Potato
5. Barley
6. Sweet potato
7. Cassava
Triticum aestivum
Oryza sativa
Zea mays
Solanum tuberosum
Horedum vulgaris
Ipomoea batatas
Manihot ultissima
ANNUAL
PRODUCTION
(106 metric tons)
360
320
300
300
170
130
100
See others in appendix
Botany Areas
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Plant Morphology

What are the major disciplines or areas of
botanical study?
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2.
3.
4.
5.
Morphology
Anatomy
Taxonomy
Physiology
Pathology
Ecology
Genetics
8. Evolution
9. Cytology
10. Paleobotany
6.
2.
3.
Agronomy
Horticulture
Floriculture
The study of the internal and external structure of
plants.
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7.
APPLIED BOTANY
1.
Plant Anatomy
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BASIC BOTANY
1.
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Plant form and anatomy
4.
5.
6.
Pomology
Forestry
Range Science
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Early plant anatomists included Italian anatomist, Marcello
Malpighi,, and English botanist ,Nehemiah
Malpighi
,Nehemiah Grew
Marcello Malpighi discovered plant tissues in stems and roots,
and English botanist
Nehemiah Grew,
Grew, who more accurately described the structure
of wood than anyone had ever done before.
before.
Plant Taxonomy

Plant identification, naming and classification. The
earliest plant taxonomist was Carl Linne
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More modern study of plants has evolved from
these early disciplines:
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Plant Genetics and Biotechnology
Plant Biochemistry
Biomedical Botany (Ethnobotany
(Ethnobotany))
Plant Biogeography
Ecology
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Biomes are defined by the climate and the flora
Forests affect the quantity and quality of available fresh water)
water)
Plant diversity affects animal diversity: The greater the
botanical diversity, the greater the animal diversity.
diversity.
Aristotle and Theophrastus were both involved in
identifying plants and describing them.
7. Theophrastus is called the "father of botany,"
because of his two surviving works on plant studies.
8. While Aristotle also wrote about plants, and received
more recognition for his studies of animals.
9. The treatises of Theophrastus on the classification,
morphology, and reproduction of plants heavily
influenced the discipline until the 17th century.
10.Indeed, modern botany began to develop only about
the 16th century, at least in part because of the
invention of the microscope (1590) and of printing
with movable type (1440)
(1440)
Botany History
Botany is the scientific study of plants or plant life.
As a science, Botany can be said to have
originated with the first cultivation of crops which
may date from 90009000-7000 BC.
This is based on the notion that civilization rests in
part on a knowledge of plants and their cultivation
Not until about 2300 years ago, however, did
humans become interested in plants for their own
sake
Thus, botany as a pure science began in the 4th
century BC with the Greek philosopher
Theophrastus (c. 371371-287 B.C.)
B.C.)
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
II. LIFE
6.
What is life?

The definitions of life are legion since life is
such a ubiquitous and fundamental concept.
—John D. Barrow and Frank J. Tipler
Tipler,, The Anthropic
Cosmological Principle

If we were to list the criteria for defining life
what would they be?
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
All living things are composed of cells
They have self regulating metabolisms
They move
Respond to stimuli
Reproduce
Adapt to environment
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Cell
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Metabolic Processes
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 All
life begins in one cell
 The CELL is the smallest unit of living
matter. The smallest living things are one
celled animals (certain bacteria and algae)
 Larger organisms are collections of cells in
which cells are differentiated by function
by act in concert, that is they are
organized and cooperate.
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Growth
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a snowball rolling downhill or a stream growing larger as
it courses down stream… these are examples of growth
in one sense but they are not biological growth
Biological growth occurs from the inside out
(usually).
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Growth can occur from the increase in the size of cells or
from the number of cells or both.
Some organisms grow until they die (trees) while others
have a period of growth that ends at a certain point
(adulthood).
Development
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Growth can be illustrated with
Living things also develop as they grow, that is
they change: from fertilized egg to embryo to fetus
to infant, to child to adolescent to adult hood to
maturity and death.
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An organism’s ability to convert food into living cells
is the result of complex chemical reactions that
transform nutrients into the chemical components
needed to build cells.
The process of releasing energy from nutrients for
growth and development is called cellular
respiration..
respiration
The collection of all of the chemical reactions and
energy transfers necessary for growth,
maintenance, and reproduction is called
metabolism
Metabolic reactions go on constantly. What would
the condition be called when all metabolic functions
cease?
When the body is to too warm the body sweats.
The evaporation of sweat from the body requires
heat so that the surface of the body is cooled as
the sweat evaporates.
At the same time the blood vessels closest to the
surface dilate flushing blood to the surface areas
which then convey the internal heat to the surface
Movement

Although some living things do not have the ability
of locomotion (moving themselves from one place
to the next), internal motion is found in all life
forms.
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 The
material which comprise cells is in
constant movement. Although plants
cannot move from place to place they are
able to respond to changes in light and
local conditions while in place.
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Reproduction
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All living things reproduce in some fashion.
All living things die. Species perpetuate
themselves through reproduction
reproduction..

Reproduction involves the transfer of
hereditary information from one generation
to the next by deoxyribonucleic acid
(DNA). It is the molecular vehicle or
blueprint that is used to build the next
generation, it is a mixture of the parents
DNA.
Response to Stimuli
All living things respond to stimuli. What
are stimuli? Changes…
 Hunger…temperature…quality of our
surroundings…fear…
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Asexual reproduction
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To stay alive
Asexual reproduction occurs in simple organisms
such as an amoeba
amoeba,, where after reaching a certain
size a single parent divides in half giving rise to two
new amoebas

Prior to division an amoeba makes a copy of its DNA
so that one complete set of DNA is passed on to
each new individual. Because the DNA is identical,
each individual is identical.
identical.
In complex organisms two parents are required
for reproduction. An egg and a sperm are each
contributed by the respective parents and their
respective DNA is combined to form a new individual
In this case the offspring is not identical to either
parent because the DNA is different from both
parents..
parents
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the various functions within an organism must
work in cooperation with each other
one system must know when and how to work in
conjunction with another
how much of a substance to produce, when to
start and stop producing it
Adapt to Environment

In what ways do organisms respond to changes in
the environment? : To
heat…cold…fear…hunger…lack of
sleep…physical attraction…?

When it gets cold the body senses the change in
temperature, the brain causes the blood vessels at
the outer portions of the body to restrict to
conserve heat.
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III. SCIENCE
III. SCIENCE
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In general the scientific process involves
1.
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Science is a way of thinking and a method of
investigation to understand natural
phenomena
The word science comes from the latin word
scientia which means “to
“to know”
know”
The scientific process is dynamic (always
changing) and it is creative
THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
1.
2.
3.
4.
Observation and description of a phenomenon or
group of phenomena.
Formulation of an hypothesis to explain the
phenomena. In physics, the hypothesis often takes
the form of a causal mechanism or a mathematical
relation.
Use of the hypothesis to predict the existence of
other phenomena, or to predict quantitatively the
results of new observations.
Performance of experimental tests of the
predictions by several independent experimenters
and properly performed experiments.
2.
3.
4.
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Making careful observations to recognize and
state a problem
Developing an educated guess as to the nature of
that problem (hypothesis)
Based on the educated guess make some
predictions that can be tested
Perform experiments to test the predictions
If the results show that the predictions are not
true or accurate, the experiment may still
have value. If the predictions are true and
consistent results can be demonstrated, a
new theory may emerge
Redi’s experiment with flies …
1.
Redi made observations that, while most things
appear to have parents
parents,,
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maggots seemed to spontaneously appear on decaying
meat..
meat
2.
He wondered if some things came from parents
and other spontaneously generated.
3.
His educated guess was that living things could
only come from other living things (biogenesis
(biogenesis))
(hypothesis
hypothesis))
He predicted that flies therefore are produced by
other flies…and that they will not spontaneously
occur in a sealed jar.
4.
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THE SCIENTIFIC METHOD
5.
6.
He devised a test with a control group, place
meat in two jars and sealed one.
No flies appeared in the jar. Biogenesis is
supported.
Is the experiment repeatable?
 Scientists generally use two groups when
they design an experiment
 The first group is the group to which the
experiment is directed while the second, the
control group, is not subjected to the
experiment.
DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE
REASONING
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Scientists use logic to draw conclusions from
a set of facts
In general logic is described as either
DEDUCTIVE or
INDUCTIVE
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DEDUCTIVE LOGIC refers to using general
principles or experience to infer more
detailed predictions
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DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
EXAMPLES?
 We are confident, on the basis of deductive logic,
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DEDUCTIVE AND INDUCTIVE REASONING
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that the sun will rise tomorrow,
that any new species discovered is produced through one
of the principles of reproduction
…elevators will work…
INDUCTIVE LOGIC however is the opposite.
Inductive logic is a reasoning process that uses
specific examples to draw a general conclusion or to
predict a general principle.
EXAMPLES?
 Can we assume, as flies are produced from other
flies, that all insects are produced from parents?
 Has there been spontaneous generation of life?.
If so we can only say that life usually comes from
other life, that biogenesis is usually the case.
A prediction is deduced from the larger general
principle to a specific expectation (hypothesis)
The expectation could be tested by an experiment
The Scientific method is a method of
skepticism…
skepticism
…
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the best burgers come from sacred cows…
The use of steps allows one scientist to review the work
of another …to repeat the work of another…why is this
important?
So that we can rely on the work of others ….
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The process of science is a process of critical
observation, and recognition of results
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…why is this so difficult? Louis Pasteur “Chance
favors the prepared mind”.
Great discoveries seem so simple once they are
articulated…Darwin…Fleming’s discovery of
penicillin…ozone layer…
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HYPOTHESIS
HYPOTHESIS

When a scientist forms a hypothesis, certain
guidelines are followed…
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the hypothesis is consistent with well established
facts,
the hypothesis can be tested in some way, and the
test can be repeated
the hypothesis can be shown to be false

A hypothesis can never be shown to
absolutely true…

Using the scientific method if one believes in
something untestable
untestable,, unfalsifiable then one
believes it without a scientific basis…
For example
a dog has puppies, the dog is a mammal, it
bears live young, with hair

The hypothesis (using inductive logic) would
be that all mammals are milkmilk-giving, bear live
young, with hair

This was true until someone discovered the
duck billed platypus, the spiny anteater that
had fur, gave milk but laid eggs…
HYPOTHESIS
Theories, facts and change


A hypothesis is not true simply because some
of the tests we have though of for it confirm
it…
A hypothesis is a process of logic and is
proven or disproven through inference,
certain things cannot be false if the
hypothesis is true. If the hypothesis is false
however it should be able to demonstrate
that…

When we deduce something from general
knowledge or induce something from limited
data we may be correct however we cannot
know what new information might be found
that will modify our understanding…

A theory that has stood the test of time,
where predictions made using the theory as a
guide are consistently accurate and the
theory becomes accepted by practitioners the
theory is said to be a scientific principle or
referred to as a law (Law of gravity, law of
biogenesis)
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QUESTIONS
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
So what is botany?
So what is life?
So what is science?
What is the importance of studying plants?
How do we study the life of plants
What is scientific method?
What is deductive reasoning?
What is inductive reasoning?
What is hypothesis?
Appendix
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DRINK
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Tea & coffee are the world’s most popular drinks.
Coca--Cola originally from Coca as in cocaine
Coca
Beer - Egyptians made beer from barley 2500 years
ago.
Tequila from Agave.
Sake form rice.
Bourbon from corn.
Rum (Grog) form sugar cane.
Wine from grapes.
Brandy from various fruits.
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EXTRACTS
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Paint
Adhesives
Waxes
Oils
Soap
Rubber (latex)
Plastics
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DRUGS (legal and otherwise)
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WOOD
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Bacteria
Fungi
Allergies (pollen from ragweed & grasses cost $$$
each year)
PLANT FIBERS
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Cotton for clothing.
Linen from flax. Our paper money is also made from
flax, and this is the “rag” content of bond paper.
Rayon from wood
Hula skirts from grass
Rope & twine from Manila hemp and Indian hemp and
jute.
Fig leaves for Adam & Eve.
POISON

Framing lumber for houses (spruce and D. fir)
Plywood (Y. pine, D. fir)
Furniture (oak, cherry, maple, pine, wicker Pier I
Imports)
Paper (spruce, pine, and rice) is recycled and
combined with plastic to make a variety of “wood”
products.
DISEASE
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
Opium (morphine, codeine) from poppy.
Marijuana from hemp (Cannabis
(Cannabis sativa).
sativa).
Cocaine from coca.
Mescaline from peyote cactus
Lysergic acid (LSD) is from a fungus
Aspirin from Salix
Salix..
Caffeine from coffee, tea and others.
Quinine from chinchona
Digitalis from foxglove.
Antibiotics (penicillin, actinomycin
actinomycin)) from fungi.
Taxol from yew aids it breast and ovarian cancer
treatment.
Antifertility substances in wild Mexican yams
Claudius, father of Nero, poisoned with mushrooms
and monkshood.
Socrates was poisoned with hemlock.
Thousands of children are poisoned each year by a
variety of plants such as nightshade, poison ivy,
henbane, Jimson weed.
Your mother was right when she told you not to eat
peach pits.
NATURAL RESOURCE
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Source of oxygen
Cleans the air
Cleans the water
Bioremediation
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Botany Areas

Plant Physiology
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Plant functions and reactions. This field was first
established by Johann Baptista van Helmont
Helmont,, Belgian
physician and chemist, who is sometimes credited
with being the earliest Father of Western Medicine.
Medicine.
He was the first to establish that plants do not have
the same nutritional needs as animals. (His most
famous botanical experiment was that of planting a
willow twig in a tub of soil, and meticulously
monitoring its growth. At the end of his experiment, he
noted that the willow had gained 164 pounds, and
attributed it to water it had absorbed. We know now
that most of the biomass gained was due to
photosynthesis...but you have to give him credit for
early plant physiology experimentation.)
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