Defining Research Questions
Defining Research Questions These series of workshops are designed to get you started on your path to achieving great research results. Literature Reviews What a great place to start, The beginning!!! Also included in this workshop will be a session on Searching the Literature. What is Endnote Saturday, 20th March 2004 1 2 Workshop 1 20 March • Getting started in research • Defining research questions • Literature reviews • What is endnote? Workshop 2 • • • Research Design and Methodology Ethics Indigenous Considerations Workshop 3 • • • 28 August Quantitative Data Collection Methods Qualitative Data Collection Methods Developing Funding Proposals Workshop 4 • • • 22 May 6 November Writing for Publication Tips for Presentations Evaluation The dates of these workshops are tentative. 3 4 Research Workshop 1 “Getting Started” 10.00 am Registration & Coffee 10.15 am Overview MICRRH Unit & Workshop Plan Deb Smith 10.30 am Session 1: Getting Started in Research Deb Smith 11.00 am Session 2: Defining Questions & Activity Jane Hollins 12.00 pm LUNCH 12.30 pm Session 3: Literature Reviews: How To & Activity Deb Smith 01.15 pm Session 4: Searching for Literature Sean Petrie 02.00 pm Session 5: What is Endnote? Deb Smith 02.45 pm Evaluation & Feedback 5 MICRRH RESEARCH UNIT 2004 OBJECTIVES Overview of the MICRRH Research Program 2004 1. Facilitate a sustainable research culture in North West Queensland. 2. Facilitate a structured and coordinated approach to research, evaluation and development through the establishment and maintenance of partnerships with key stakeholders. 3. Undertake research and evaluation activities to inform strategic planning for policy -makers, service planners, clinicians and the community. Deb Smith Research Coordinator 4. Increase the capacity of MICRRH staff and key stakeholders in the area of research, evaluation and development. Research Priorities Current Projects 5. Increase the public and academic profile of MICRRH’s research activities through the development and implementation of a marketing strategy. • Remote Health Workforce • Primary Health Care Research Evaluation and Development (PHCRED) Program • Evaluation of Mental Health Services for Indigenous Clients • Community Infonet Project • ACRRM Evaluation of the PDP and PAK trial • Beyond Blue Postnatal Depression Project • CARRS-Q Rural and Remote Road Safety Study • Evaluation of the Family Healing Program • Evaluation of Student Placements • Facilitating Career Pathways for Indigenous Health Workers • Remote Health Service Delivery • Population Health, incl chronic disease, injury • Indigenous Health • Educational Research and Evaluation Current Projects Planned Projects Pharmacy • Innovative Marketing of Rural and Remote Pharmacy Practice via the Digital Medium • Rural Bonded Scholarships for Pharmacy Undergraduate Students • PHARM - Pharmacy-Based Heart Assessment and Referral Methodology • Establishment of an Innovative Rural and Remote Pharmacy Practice Network (RRPPN) • Development of an orientation package for pharmacists and pharmacy students engaging in rural and remote pharmacy practice • Transdisciplinary approaches to CVD (with JCU School of Medicine & Alice Springs Centre for Remote Health) • Bulletproofing racism in the workplace • Eosinophilia Project (Julia Creek) • Xstrata / MIM Research • Community Forum 6 Resources Resources • Research software – Endnote – SPSS – Nvivo – Microsoft Office • Training and support – Workshops – Individual assistance • Funding – Local Research Awards – Primary Health Care Research Fellowships • Library – Interlibrary loans and document supply – Databases including PubMed, Medline, CINAHL – CKN – Cochrane, EBM Resources Ethics Contacts Contacts MICRRH MICRRH Core Core Research Research Staff Staff • Deb Smith, Research Coordinator The Mt Isa Health Services District Research and Ethics Committee was disbanded at the end of 2002. Enquiries regarding ethical approval for studies being undertaken in North West Queensland should now be directed to: • Mona Phillips, Research Officer • Stephanie De La Rue, Research Officer • Ethics Administrator, Research Office, James Cook University Townsville Qld 4811 Ph: 07 4781 4342, Fax: 07 4781 5521 Email: [email protected] • Jane Hollins, Research Officer and / or • Michelle Lee, Research & Education, Administration Officer • Ethics Committee, c/- Executive Office, The Townsville Hospital PO Box 670, Townsville Qld 4810 Ph: 07 4796 1003 Email: [email protected] • Frith Hatfield, Research Assistant, Townsville Workshop Series Series 2004 2004 20 March • Getting started in research; Defining questions, Literature reviews and searching; Endnote 22 May • Research design and methodology; Ethics; Indigenous considerations 28 August • Quantitative and qualitative data collection methods; Funding proposals 6 November • Writing for publication; Tips for presentations; Evaluation 7 SESSION 1: WHAT IS RESEARCH? Slide 1 ________________________________ ________________________________ Getting Started in Research ________________________________ The Research Process ________________________________ ________________________________ Original Presentation by Phil Entwistle ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 2 ________________________________ Overview ________________________________ w What is research? w Why do research? w Research process w Jargon ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 3 ________________________________ What is research? ________________________________ w Research is about ‘knowing’ w Research is diligent, systematic inquiry or investigation to validate and refine existing knowledge and generate new knowledge. ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 4 ________________________________ Why do we do research? ________________________________ w Exploration w Description w Explanation w Prediction w Control ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 8 Slide 5 ________________________________ Steps in the Research Process ________________________________ w Conceptual phase w Design phase w Implementation phase w Analysis, interpretation, dissemination phase ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 6 ________________________________ Conceptual Phase ________________________________ w Problem identification w Problem statement and purpose w Conceptual/theoretical framework w Review the literature w Specify assumptions and limitations w Identify study variables ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 7 ________________________________ Conceptual Phase ________________________________ w Formulate research questions w Define terms w Ethical considerations ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 8 ________________________________ Design Phase ________________________________ w Select a study design w Identify data collection methods w Select sampling plan w Conduct pilot study ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 9 Slide 9 ________________________________ Implementation Phase ________________________________ w Develop a timetable w Develop a budget and seek funding w Recruit and retain subjects w Collect and manage data ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 10 ________________________________ Analysis, Interpretation, Dissemination ________________________________ w Analyze the data w Interpret and discuss the findings w Communicate the findings w Apply the findings ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 11 ________________________________ Quantitative Research Process ________________________________ w Collection, integration and analysis of numerical data to test hypotheses w The process is a logical flow w Rigour and control w Deductive reasoning ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 12 ________________________________ Qualitative Research Processes ________________________________ w Collection, integration, synthesis of nonnumerical narrative data, used for theory generation. w Process is spiral and looping – data gathering and analysis are integrated. w Inductive reasoning ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 10 Slide 13 ________________________________ Overview ________________________________ w Conceptualization – problem, question, literature, theoretical framework, variables. w Design – design, methods, sampling, pilot. w Implementation – timetable, budget, funding, recruitment, collect data. w Analysis – analysis, interpretation, discussion, communication, application. ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 14 ________________________________ References ________________________________ w Talbot L (1995). Principles and practice of nursing research. St Louis: Mosby. w Wadsworth Y (1997). Do it yourself social research. 2nd Edition. St Leonards : Allen and Unwin . w Guba E, Lincoln Y (1994). In Handbook of qualitative research. Denzin N, Lincoln Y (eds ). California: Sage Publications. Chapter 6. Pages 105117. w Deshler D, Hagan N (1990). In Merriam S, Cunningham P ( eds). Handbook of adult and continuing education. Chapter 12. Pages 147167. w Burns N, Grove S (1997). The practice of nursing research: conduct, critique and utilization. Third edition. Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company. w Babbie E (1989). Research design. In The practice of social research methods in social science. 5th edition. Belmont: Wadsworth Publishing. ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 11 SESSION 2: DEFINING QUESTIONS Slide 1 ________________________________ DEVELOPING RESEARCH QUESTIONS ________________________________ 1. Research Topic ________________________________ 2. Research Problem (Problem Statement) ________________________________ 3. Statement Of Purpose ________________________________ 4. Research Question ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 2 ________________________________ 1. RESEARCH TOPIC n A general topic of interest or “problem to be solved” n Focus of research ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 3 ________________________________ Where do research topics come from? ________________________________ ________________________________ •Routine work •Clinical observation and insights ________________________________ •Issues concerning the effectiveness of current or new treatments ________________________________ •Technical papers or literature reviews •Raised in previous incomplete or inconclusive research ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 4 ________________________________ Selecting a research topic ________________________________ ________________________________ •Record ideas and general topics - don’t be too critical ________________________________ •These can be broad topics •Sort in terms of interest, knowledge and perceived promise ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ 12 Slide 5 ________________________________ Example Research Topic n n ________________________________ Personal and professional networks formed by remote health professionals From previous research ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 6 ________________________________ 2. RESEARCH PROBLEM ________________________________ ________________________________ A research problem is a situation involving an enigmatic, perplexing or troubling condition ________________________________ A problem statement is the articulation of the dilemma or situation that needs to be addressed ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 7 ________________________________ Narrowing the Topic ________________________________ Ask questions that lead to a researchable problem ________________________________ What is going on with… What causes…. What are the consequences… what factors contribute to…. ________________________________ Don’t make it too broad or complex ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 8 ________________________________ …then evaluate the research problem ________________________________ Is it significant? ________________________________ Is it researchable? Is it feasible? ________________________________ Is it of interest? Is it useful? ________________________________ Is it unique? ________________________________ ________________________________ 13 Slide 9 ________________________________ Example Research Problem ________________________________ Trust is important in inter-practitioner communication and rural GPs tend to call specialists they know and appear to have well formed support networks. There is little previous work on the nature of these networks, how they are developed and the impact on retention. ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 10 ________________________________ 3. STATEMENT OF PURPOSE ________________________________ •Problem sometimes formulated into a statement of purpose which captures the essence of the study. ________________________________ • Should identify the key study factors or concepts and summarise the goal of the research ________________________________ •Often used in research reports ________________________________ •Purposes of research: exploration, description, explanation. ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 11 ________________________________ Example Statement of Purpose ________________________________ The purpose of this study is to describe the type of rural GP’s professional relationships, including development, functions and patterns of contact, as well as sources of social support. This study also aims to explore networking issues for female GP’s and impact on satisfaction and retention. ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 12 ________________________________ ________________________________ 4. RESEARCH QUESTIONS •Research question is a statement of the specific query the researcher wants to answer to address the research problem ________________________________ • Can be a direct rewording of the statement of purpose ________________________________ • Simple and direct •Indicates the sort of data that will be collected ________________________________ •There may be several research questions to answer the research problem ________________________________ •Includes key variables and the population of study ________________________________ 14 Slide 13 ________________________________ Example Research Questions n n n n n ________________________________ What type of professional relationships are developed by rural GPs? How are these relationships developed, what are their functions and what are the patterns of contact? From where do rural GP’s source social support? Is the process of developing and the functions of professional networks different for female GP’s? How do professional networks impact on perceived satisfaction and intentions to stay in rural practice? ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 14 ________________________________ Hypotheses ________________________________ ________________________________ A specific prediction regarding the answer to the research question which is tested empirically ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ Slide 15 ________________________________ ________________________________ Research Topic ________________________________ Research Problem (Problem Statement) ________________________________ Statement Of Purpose ________________________________ Research Question Reference: Polit D & Hungler B. (1999). Nursing research: principles and methods. 6 th Edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott . ________________________________ ________________________________ 15 TABLE 1 Example of Terms Relating to Research Problems TERM EXAMPLE Topic or focus Side effects in chemotherapy patients. Research Problem Nausea and vomiting are common side effects among chemotherapy patients, and interventions to date have been only moderately successful in reducing these effects. New interventions that can reduce or prevent these side effects need to be identified. Statement of Purpose The purpose of this study is to test an intervention to reduce chemotherapy-induced side effects – specifically, to compare the effectiveness of patient-controlled and nurse-administered antiemetic therapy for controlling nausea and vomiting in chemotherapy patients. Research Question What is the relative effectiveness of patient controlled antiemetic therapy versus nurse-controlled antiemetic therapy in chemotherapy patients with regard to (a) medication consumption and (b) control of nausea and vomiting? Hypotheses 1. Subjects receiving antiemetic therapy by a patient controlled pump will report less nausea than subjects receiving the therapy by nurse administration. 2. Subjects receiving antiemetic therapy by a patient-controlled pump will vomit less than subjects receiving the therapy by nurse administration. 3. Subjects receiving antiemetic therapy by a patient controlled pump will consume less medication than subjects receiving the therapy by nurse administration. th Source: Polit D & Hungler B (1999). Nursing research: principles and methods. 6 edition. Philadelphia: Lippincott. 16 SESSION 2: ACTIVITY – DEVELOPING QUESTIONS For each of these research problems please identify the general topic and source of the problem and then develop an appropriate statement of purpose and research question/s. Problem 1 As an environmental health officer in a small mining community you are concerned about the health effects of air pollution on the population. There has been a lot of concern within the community and local press about the results of a national study showing that atmospheric lead levels are related to childhood development indicators. Some members of the community also believe that atmospheric lead levels are causing the high incidence of asthma attacks. You want to establish whether there is cause for concern. Topic: _________________________________________________________________ Problem Source: _________________________________________________________ Statement of Purpose: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Research Question/s: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Problem 2 As a community health nurse you often work with parents of children who have been diagnosed with ADHD. You are involved in providing support to these parents by helping them to develop effective coping strategies. Findings from previous research in the area of ADHD have focused on how school teachers manage however there is very little work on how parents cope and the stressors families experience. An in-depth investigation into these topics would help you better understand your clients and assist you in your work. Topic: _________________________________________________________________ Problem Source: _________________________________________________________ Statement of Purpose: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ Research Question/s: _______________________________________________________________________ _______________________________________________________________________ 17 SESSION 3: LITERATURE REVIEWS: HOW TO ___________________________________ Slide 1 ___________________________________ Literature Reviews: How To To ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Deb Smith Research Coordinator MICRRH 2004 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 What is a literature review? ___________________________________ w Well-organized discussion of published and / or unpublished documents relevant to your area of study w Demonstrates that you have acquired a full professional grasp of your research area ___________________________________ ___________________________________ w Puts forward an argument for the research w Points the way towards your own work w Continue to develop as the research progress ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 Why do a literature review? ___________________________________ w To convey to the reader what knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic w Strengths and weaknesses of previous work ___________________________________ ___________________________________ w Must be defined by a guiding concept, eg . research objectives, the problem or issue you are discussing w Not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a set of summaries ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (http://www. utoronto .ca/writing/ litrev.html) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 4 Common Problems ___________________________________ w Failure to use relevant & recent literature w Lack of critical assessment w Not relating the review to the research questions w Too much or too little information w Not structurally organised w Issues are not widely explored ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 18 ___________________________________ Slide 5 8 Stages in Development 1. 2. 3. 4. Selecting the topic Setting the topic in context Identifying information sources Using information sources 5. 6. 7. 8. Getting the information Organising information Positioning the literature review Writing the literature review ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 6 1. Topic Selection ___________________________________ w Can information be gathered locally? w Are you in a position to travel to use various sources? w What are your interests and will this interest be maintained for the duration of the research? w Who will be interested in this research ? w Is it sufficiently interesting to keep you, the author, working for the next 2 – 3 – 4 years? w Is the scope wide enough to be able to ascertain a particular niche? w Is the scope so broad that it will lose direction? w Does it involve technology that is readily available? w Is training in technology and / or software available? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 7 2. Context ___________________________________ w What is the scope of the topic? w What is the purpose of the research? w Who is the intended audience? w What is the time period? w What is the geographical coverage? w What are the relevant/related disciplines? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 3. Information Sources ___________________________________ w Books w Handbooks w Journals – scholarly, popular w Maps w Newspapers w Research papers w Government legislation w Theses w Standards w World wide web w Statistics w Bibliographies w Conference proceedings w Encyclopaedias w Specific sources, such as medline, ERIC ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 19 ___________________________________ Slide 9 4. Using Information Sources ___________________________________ 1. Defining the information need and stating it as a question 2. Breaking the need into its component parts 3. Identifying synonyms and prioritising key words 4. Searching specific sources 5. Evaluating the information 6. Evaluating the search process ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (adapted from Constructing a Search Strategy: Duffel, 1995). ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 10 5. Getting Information ___________________________________ w Full text on-line w Interlibrary loans w Document supply w Cost w Time ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 11 6. Managing Information ___________________________________ Early in your research select a strategy for managing your information: w Manual card file w A computer card file w A list of references on a word processor w Bibliographic formatting software such as endnote ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 7. Positioning ___________________________________ w Understand and clarify the relationships between your research and the discipline/s w Place and justify your research within the discipline/s w Understand the existing literature and how it relates /supports/contradicts your topic w Research can draw on the knowledge, culture, methodology and theories of a number of disciplines ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 20 ___________________________________ Slide 13 8. Writing ___________________________________ w “Writing this section [the literature review] well is a sign of professional maturity; it indicates one’s grasp of the field, one’s methodological sophistication in critiquing others’ research, and the breadth and depth of one’s reading.” ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ (Krathwohl 1988 p.4) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 Annotated Bibliography ___________________________________ w A collection of “abstracts’ that do refer to each other or interconnect in various ways. w Represents an interrelated body of work and states what the relationships are. w Different from collection of abstracts ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 15 Why use it? ___________________________________ w What current resources you need and where to find them w Engage in critical reading w Get you to start right away ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 16 What to include? ___________________________________ w Purpose of the paper and its findings w Theoretical position of the author w Type of research w Research method w Usefulness / validity of the results ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 21 ___________________________________ Slide 17 What to include ___________________________________ w What further research areas are suggested w Contribution to your field of research w Relevance to your specific research w Relationship to other papers in the annotated bibliography ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 18 Tips ___________________________________ w Keep complete and accurate records of everything read (especially references) w Identify referencing requirements and learn the style as soon as you can w Summarise every paper you read w Think holistically (get the big picture) w Do not be afraid to think 'outside the square' - it is your review so try to find your own insights rather than just copy previous work w Break the review into thematic sections, treat each thematic area as a 'mini' review ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 22 SESSION 4: LITERATURE REVIEWS - ACTIVITY For the questions developed in the earlier exercise, identify key words and sources where you might search for relevant information. Problem 1 - Atmospheric lead levels Keywords Information Sources Problem 2 - Children who have been diagnosed with ADHD. Keywords Information Sources 23 SESSION 4: SEARCHING FOR LITERATURE Slide 1 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Literature Searching ___________________________________ Sean Petrie Librarian ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 2 ___________________________________ Introduction ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Formulating a search query Combining the search components Choosing appropriate information sources Executing the search Evaluating results Re-executing the search ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 3 ___________________________________ Formulating a query ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Break a query into its component parts Identify synonyms – related terms for each section Include American and Australian English spelling Include professional / international differences in terminology ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 4 ___________________________________ Combining search components ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Concepts are combined using Boolean Operators ___________________________________ There are three core operators: l l l ___________________________________ AND OR NOT ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 24 Slide 5 ___________________________________ AND ¡ ___________________________________ Used when 2 or more concepts must appear in the same record l ___________________________________ Eg: Osteoarthritis AND NSAIDs ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 6 ___________________________________ OR ¡ ___________________________________ Used to retrieve similar concepts although they will not necessarily coincide within individual records l ___________________________________ ___________________________________ eg: acetaminophen OR paracetamol ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 7 ___________________________________ NOT ¡ ___________________________________ Excludes concepts l ___________________________________ eg: stress NOT fracture ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 8 ___________________________________ Additional Operators / Features ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Many systems also support proximity or adjacency searching All search engines enable truncation Many search engines allow use of wild cards ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 25 Slide 9 ___________________________________ Proximity Searching in Cochrane ¡ l ¡ ___________________________________ NEXT – links words or phrases on either side of a word ___________________________________ eg: breast NEXT cancer = “breast cancer” or “cancer breast” NEAR – search for words within 6 words of each other l ___________________________________ eg: breast NEAR cancer” will find “Cancer was found in the breast” or “breast lumps indicate possible cancer”. ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 10 ___________________________________ Truncation ¡ ___________________________________ Truncation finds all permutations of a given word stem l ___________________________________ eg: colour$ = colour , coloured , colourful, colouring ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 11 ___________________________________ Wild Cards ¡ ___________________________________ eg: Gyn#ecology = gynaecology or gynecology ___________________________________ Wild cards and truncation can normally be used simultaneously ___________________________________ l ¡ ___________________________________ Wild cards search permutations in spelling ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 12 ___________________________________ Subject Searching ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Exhaustive database searching will require use of thesauri and subject headings (descriptors) Always read available scope notes Where appropriate use the “explode” function Use the “focus” function if available to isolate major vs minor descriptors ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 26 Slide 13 ___________________________________ Choose Appropriate Info Sources ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ There are a wide range of information sources to search Choose the database/s that contain content relevant to the topic Remember that searches will often need to be run across multiple databases Remember to search “Grey Literature” ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Slide 14 ___________________________________ Core Health Databases ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ¡ ___________________________________ Medline Cinahl Psychinfo The Cochrane Library Joanna Briggs AMI (Australasian Medical Index) ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 27 SESSION 5: WHAT IS ENDNOTE? ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Introduction to Endnote ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Deb Smith Research Coordinator MICRRH 2004 ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ What does it do… n n n n organises references and images in one database construct your paper with built -in manuscript templates create bibliographies and figure lists to search online bibliographic databases ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ Why you should use it? n n n it reminds you of the details you need to take down to create a bibliography it makes it easy to make consistent citations it will automatically create citations and bibliographies for you ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ ___________________________________ 28 Exploring QH Information Resources 20. ENDNOTE Endnote is one of a number of Personal Reference Database programs that are in use around the world today. The main functions of such programs are : § § § § Maintenance of a database of references Downloading references from other libraries Link from the database to references in word-processed documents Generation of bibliographies in the correct style for publication Mackay Health Service District has purchased a number of licenses for Endnote, and the software has been installed on various computers. Contact the Library for information about which computers have Endnote loaded. The following guides are designed to step you through the basic functions of Endnote. The help screens in Endnote are quite useful – look for the Help buttons. Guide 20.1 Guide 20.2 Guide 20.3 Guide 20.4 Guide 20.5 Guide 20.6 Guide 20.7 Creating a new Endnote Library Inputting and editing references manually Importing references into Endnote Producing a bibliography or reading list Creating a subject bibliography Using Endnote with MS Word Working with figures and tables Endnote manuals are also available from the Library, and are loaded with the Endnote software. To access the pdf version of the manual, click on Start | Program Files | Endnote | Endnote manual. Acknowledgement: These guides have been adapted from materials prepared by staff at the University of Queensland Library, and the Central Queensland University Library. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 29 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.1 Creating a new Endnote Library Locate the Endnote program icon on your Start menu Start | Program Files | Endnote) or desktop. Click on the Endnote Program icon. You will be taken to the following screen. Click on the Cancel button, and the software will open with a blank screen. What is an ‘Endnote’ Library? ‘Library’ is the term used by Endnote to describe a file where you have stored a database of references. A library can contain up to 32,000 references or 32 megabytes of data (whichever comes first). Multiple libraries can be maintained, but generally is it safest to work with one library, and add relevant keywords or index terms to reflect any particular subject interest. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 30 Exploring QH Information Resources Click on the New Library button on the main toolbar. You will see the following screen appear, with Untitled.enl as the name of the new library. In the Save in box, select the folder where you wish to save the library. In the File name box, type a name for your library. Click on Save. You should see the next screen appear. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 31 Exploring QH Information Resources More about Endnote libraries … The file extension .enl stands for Endnote Library A library is just a file on your computer, like any other file. It can be copied, renamed, deleted, moved to another folder or compressed. It is very important to make backup copies of your library regularly, and to store them on another drive. An easy way to backup your Library is to go to the File option on the menu bar and select Save a copy. The library window can be resized or maximised, like any other window. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 32 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.2 Inputting references manually Endnote has the ability to automatically import records that you have downloaded / saved from a database (see Guide 20.3). However, there will always be times when it is necessary to input references manually. Find a journal article that is relevant to your work / study / research and use this enter your first reference. Click on the New Reference button following screen. on the main toolbar. You should now see the Note that Journal Article is the default Reference Type. Click on the arrow at the right of the Reference Type box to see the other reference With Journal article as the option in the Reference Type box, input the details for your article. Use the Tab key to go from one field to the next, or click in the next field with the mouse. When you have finished typing the data for your reference, it should look something like the following. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 33 Exploring QH Information Resources Close the reference by clicking on the X button in the top-right hand corner of the New Reference window. Closing also saves the reference. A reference for a book section should look something like the following: Remember to select the appropriate Reference Type, and then input the data. Remembe r to select the appropriat e Referenc e Type, before you Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 34 Exploring QH Information Resources Close the reference. “Garbage In, Garbage Out” Later you will learn about the Endnote output styles. These convert the data in your library into formatted references. The output styles can only format your data correctly if you have entered the data correctly in your library. Here are some important points to remember when entering data: • • • • If there is more than one author, each author must be entered on a separate line by using the Enter key Corporate authors must be entered with a comma at the end, eg. Queensland Health, Just add the basic data in the default Endnote font. The output style will change this to bold or italics (as necessary) and add extra text such as ‘vol’ or ‘ed.’ (if required by the style) Fields such as Keywords, Abstract and Notes are for your use. These Editing references in Endnote To view a reference in your library, just double-click on it in the library window. Once you have opened the reference, you can change any of the details eg. add a new keyword to the keyword field, or fix any typographical errors. Close the reference when you have finished editoing and this will save the changes. If you want to delete a reference from your library, click on it once in the library window to select it, then go to the References option on the menu bar and select Delete reference. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 35 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.3 Importing references into Endnote Some of the online databases available via QH are compatible with Endnote. These include Medline (via Ovid), CINAHL, PsycInfo, Pubmed, and Business Source Premier. You can import references directly from the database(s). It saves a great deal of time with cutting and pasting. There are two basic methods in which to import references into your Endnote library from online databases : 1. Using the direct export option from within the database 2. Using a filter 20.3.1 Importing references into Endnote using Direct Export For Medline, CINAHL and PsycInfo (via Ovid) Go to your chosen database, and search for articles / references on a topic of interest. For help with searching these databases, see Guide 11.1A Searching Medline / CINAHL / PsycInfo using keywords Guide 11.1B Searching Medline / CINAHL / PsycInfo using subject headings Once you have done your search (and marked all relevant references), scroll to the bottom of the page of search results to find the Citation Manager options. Select the following options as marked below : Once you have selected all these, click on Save. A dialog box will appear, asking you to select the Endnote (Reference) Library you want the articles exported to. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 36 Exploring QH Information Resources Locate and select the relevant library, and click on Open. You may then be prompted then to select an Import filter. Endnote is trying to identify the database that you retrieved the records from. In this case, Endnote identified that the references came from the Medline (OVID) database. Click on Choose. If this isn’t the correct database, click on the Find button and select the correct filter. The records will be automatically saved into your database (magic)! Always check to make sure that the record(s) have come across safely to your library. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 37 Exploring QH Information Resources For Business Source Premier For help with searching this databases, see Guide 15.2 Searching Business Source Premier Search for articles / references on a topic of interest. Add the references of interest to a folder, then display the folder by clicking on the following icon. The records you selected will be displayed. Click on the Save to Disk icon. The next screen is the Save Manager screen. Leave the article settings as selected. Click on the “Bibliographic Manager” tab , then select Direct Export then Save. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 38 Exploring QH Information Resources A dialog box will appear, asking you to select the Endnote (Reference) Library you want the articles exported to. Choose the relevant library, and click on Open. The records will be automatically saved into your database (magic)! Always check to make sure that the record(s) have come across safely to your library. These 3 references are the ones that have just been imported from the database. To show all 9 references, go to References on the main toolbar, then select Show all References. 20.3.2 Importing references with a filter For some databases, you have to search for your articles in the database, then save them to a file before importing them into Endnote. This is a two step process. What is a “filter”? A filter is a piece of software that will take a file of references that have been downloaded from a database and convert them into references in your Endnote library. The file of references must be in plain text ( *.txt) amd must be split up into labelled fields, something like this: AU: Smith, J. TI: Chocolate, energy and health Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 39 Exploring QH Information Resources PubMed PubMed is the ‘free’ version of Medline, available via the WWW. It is an allowed Internet site via QHEPS. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/entrez/query.fcgi Search for articles / references on a topic of interest. Mark the articles you want by putting a tick in the relevant box. Use the PubMed display toolbar near the top of the page Change the display format from Summary to MEDLINE, then click on Display. The format of the records will change Change the Send to format from Text to File then click on Send You will be given the choice of opening or saving the file – click on Save. A dialog box will appear. At the File name prompt, delete what is listed and give it a file name eg. chocolate.txt (you need to include the .txt) Under Save as Type, select All files. Save the file in a relevant folder / directory. Once the download is complete, close that window. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 40 Exploring QH Information Resources Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 41 Exploring QH Information Resources Now that your search results are saved, the records need to be imported into Endnote. Open your Endnote library. Select File | Import. Import Data File - Click on Choose File, and locate the .txt file you have just saved. Import Option – Click on the drop-down arrow and select Other filters. From the list, select PubMed (NLM) then click on Choose. Duplicates – select Discard duplicates Import The records will be imported into your Endnote Library. As with any other imports, always check to make sure that the files have been imported correctly. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 42 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.4 Producing a bibliography or reading list In many situations you will want to produce a list of all of the references in your library, or a list of selected references. Use the Ctrl key and click on the references you wish to select. Click on References in the menu bar then click on Show Selected References. You now select the bibliographic ‘output’ style that you wish to use for the reference list. What is an output style? An Endnote output style (often just referred to as a ‘style’) is a piece of software that will convert the data in your library into formatted references that correspond to the bibliographical styles used by journal publishers or specified in style manuals such as APA or Harvard. The Harvard style, and the APA published style are in common use. If you are writing a paper for a particular journal or organisation, always check to see which style is required. It is possible to make changes to a style – to suit the needs of a particular journal (or lecturer / marker). Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 43 Exploring QH Information Resources Go to the style menu on the main toolbar, and click on the arrow. You will see a list of the four basic Endnote styles. Click on Select Another Style to open the complete list of output styles. Use the Find button to locate styles by broad subject Click on the arrow to select Style Preview – this lets you see how your Click on the style you have selected, then click on Choose to select that style. You will be returned to your library window. To generate a bibliography from these references, using the style you have selected, click on Edit on the main tool bar, then select Copy Formatted. Open a new word document, and select Edit | Paste. Your references will be automatically formatted into a reference list, in the style you selected. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 44 Exploring QH Information Resources Your references will be listed in the new document. You will probably wish to add a title or introduction above the reference list. Endnote can also be manipulated to put automatic spaces between each line. Adapt the document as required, then Save. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 45 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.5 Producing a subject bibliography Endnote also has the ability to produce a bibliography arranged alphabetically under terms extracted from any field in your references. A common use would be to generate a list of reference organised by subject terms in your keyword field. Select some (or all) of your references, and click on Tools | Subject Bibliography. You must first specify the field from which the terms are to be extracted. We’ve selected keywords in the example below. Once selected, click on OK. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 46 Exploring QH Information Resources You then need to choose the terms from that field, which you want to use as headings in the bibliography. Many of these keywords were imported into Endnote from the database Click on the terms then select OK. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 47 Exploring QH Information Resources From this screen you can print or save your subject reference list. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 48 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.6 Using Endnote with MS Word Endnote can create an independent bibliography directly from that program. Endnote can also work in conjunction with your word processor, so that you can insert references as you type a document / report, and automatically generate the bibliography. Ensure that the Endnote toolbar is displayed in Word. To do this, open Word then click on View on the menu bar, then select Toolbars and click on Endnote 7 (make sure that there is a tick beside Endnote 7). The toolbar can be dragged to any position in the window. Open a word document – your report / assignment etc. It’s best to have some text written, and be at the stage of referring to specific articles / authors etc. Click on the Go to Endnote button style you want to use. on the Word toolbar. You need to decide which In Endnote, go to the style menu the style you require. on the main toolbar, and select Also click on the first reference(s) you wish to insert into the document. At the end of the main toolbar in Endnote, the last three buttons are the Cite While You Write toolbar conjunction with Word. . They become visible once you are using Endnote in Click on the Return to Word Processor button document. and you will be returned to your Word In your document click at the point where you want to insert your first reference. In our document we will be entering a reference into the second sentence (after ‘other researchers’). Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 49 Exploring QH Information Resources Click on the Insert Selected Citation button and Endnote will insert the in-text reference, as well as automatically generate a reference for the bibliography at the end of the document. (Magic!) As you add Endnote references to your document, you can continue to Insert selected citations. Watch how your bibliography continues to be automatically generated. HINT Check any spaces around your in-text references – you may need to include a space to ensure proper punctuation. You can insert multiple references to one point in your document. Select the references you require (using the Ctrl key). If referring to a specific page reference, the page numbers need to Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 50 Exploring QH Information Resources 20.7 Working with figures and tables It is possible to store figures / tables / images in Endnote, for use with your Word documents. The following image formats are supported : BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF. Files such as Excel charts and worksheets and Word documents are also acceptable. Storing figures and images To store a figure in your library, click on the New Reference button on the main toolbar in Endnote. In the Reference Type box at the top of the window, select the Figure reference type (near the bottom of the list). Most of the fields in this new reference window are optional. However you should at least enter a detailed description of the figure / table / image in the Title field, so that you can retrieve it by searching. It can also be useful to enter Keyword(s) for the same reason. Click on the Insert Picture button on the main toolbar. This will open a dialog box that allows you to locate and select the image file on your computer. A reduced version of the image will appear in the Image field. The actual image file is stored in a .DATA folder which is in the same folder as your library. If you copy or move the library, you must also copy and move the .DATA folder. You can insert only one graphic into the Image field of a record. The following image formats are supported : BMP, GIF, JPEG, PNG, TIFF. After inserting an image, you should always type caption text into the Caption field. The caption must not exceed 245 characters in length. The Caption will lable the figure in your Word document. The Caption also helps you search for the image in your library. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 51 Exploring QH Information Resources Storing charts / tables To store a table in your library, the procedure is very similar. Open a new reference, and select the Chart or Table reference type. Complete at least the Title field of the reference, and then click on the Insert Object button on the main toolbar. Locate and select the table. Files such as Excel charts and worksheets and Word documents are acceptable. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 52 Exploring QH Information Resources Inserting figures and tables into a document To insert a figure or table (or image) in your Word document, position your cursor at the appropriate place. Click on the Find Figure(s) button on the Endnote toolbar (in Word) This will open a dialog box which will search only for references which contain attached files. Enter your keyword search term in the Find box , then click on Search. Select the relevant figure or table, click on Insert, and Endnote will insert a citation in the document eg. “(Figure 1)” or “(Table 1)”. At the same time, Endnote will insert the actual figure or table into the document, with the caption that was stored in the reference in your library. HealthCat is the new QH statewide library catalog. (Figure 1) Figure 1. HealthCat logo The position of figures and tables in your document, depends on the style output selected. Developed by the Mackay Health Service District Library (March 2004) 53 EVALUATION FORM Your feedback will help us to improve the format and content of future workshops to better meet your needs. Session 1 - How useful did you find the session “Getting started in research”? Very useful Average Not useful Did not attend 1 ------------------ 2-------------------- 3 ------------------ 4 --------------------5 Comments? Session 2 - How useful did you find the session: “Defining research questions”? Very useful Average Not useful Did not attend 1 ------------------ 2-------------------- 3 ------------------ 4 --------------------5 Comments? Session 3- How useful did you find the session: “Literature reviews: How to”? Very useful Average Not useful Did not attend 1 ------------------ 2-------------------- 3 ------------------ 4 --------------------5 Comments? Session 4- How useful did you find the session: “Searching for literature”? Very useful Average Not useful 1 ------------------ 2-------------------- 3 ------------------ 4 --------------------5 Comments? 54 Did not attend Session 5- How useful did you find the session: “What is Endnote”? Very useful Average Not useful Did not attend 1 ------------------ 2-------------------- 3 ------------------ 4 --------------------5 Comments? Overall how satisfied were you with the workshop? Very satisfied Average Not satisfied 1 ------------------------2------------------------ 3 ------------------------4---------------------- 5 Comments? Are there any research resources that you think the MICRRH research unit or the district health services library are missing, that you would find useful? In what ways could the MICRRH research unit assist you undertaking research? List any topics / areas in which you would like further research training. Do you have any other suggestions or comments? Thank you, we look forward to seeing you at the next workshop! 55
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