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STATE OF OREGON
CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY
COVER SHEET
First Melissa
Author(s) Name: Last
Darby
Title of Report:
CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE
MADRONE WALL HARDSCRABBLE QUARRY PROPOSED PARK
DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, CLACKAMAS COUNTY
Date: 7/23/2010
District/Contractor: Lower Columbia
Research & Archaeology
Agency Report Number:
Agency/Client: Clackamas County Parks
County (ies): Clackamas County
Quad(s):
Damascus
Township: 2S Range: 3E Section: 17
Project Acres:.4
Survey Acres: 0.4
CD Submitted? Does this replace a draft?
Yes xNo
Archaeological Permit No.: 1360
Project activity: trail construction
Field note location: LCR&A
Curation Location:
Sites Found? No
Prehistoric #:
Historic #:
Historic Properties. Found xNo Historic Property #:
TCP(s) found xNo Isolates Found? xNo Isolate #:
Keywords:
REPORT CHECK LIST
SHPO Trinomial #: Temporary site #
Report should contain the following items:
•
Location, legal description (T,R,S) with USGS map
•
Clear objectives and methods
•
A summary of the results of the survey
•
A report of where the survey records and data are stored
•
A research design that:
•
•
•
•
Details survey objectives
Details specific methods
Details expected results
Details area surveyed including map(s) and legal
location information
Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology
CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE MADRONE WALL
HARDSCRABBLE QUARRY PROPOSED PARK DEVELOPMENT
PROJECT, CLACKAMAS COUNTY
By Melissa Darby M.A.
Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology
3327 NE Simpson St
Portland, Oregon 97211
503-281-0204
Report Number 8-2010
July 23, 2010
Property Owners Name: Clackamas County
Prepared for: Clackamas County Parks and Forest
Parcel Numbers: 2S3E 003400
Quadrangle: Damascus (OR ) 7.5 minute series, 1994
Township/Range/Section: T2S R3E, NW quarter of Section 17, WM
Acres surveyed: approximately 0.4 acre shovel tested and walked in a single
transect along the trail and road corridors.
Description of proposed activity: trail construction, park development, road
widening
Results: negative
Recommendation: no further work recommended
All field records are at Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology.
Executive Summary
This report describes the design, execution and results of a cultural resource
survey and shovel testing project at the proposed Madrone Wall recreation area.
The project area is within a nearly 44-acre parcel that is bisected by a 120-ft tall
basalt escarpment that is proposed to be developed as a recreational climbing
wall. The APE is linear meander corresponding to proposed trail construction
and road widening. The project area is within a parcel formerly called the
Hardscrabble Quarry. The APE (Area of Potential Effect) includes areas
proposed for improvements including road widening, trails, stone stair
construction, and unspecified improvements along a 50-ft wide area on the top
edge of the cliff.
The APE was re-defined by Clackamas County Forestry and Parks after an
excavation permit was approved but before field work began. By incorporating
existing trails, the ‘New Loop Trail’ became a figure eight shape rather than a
‘loop’ as shown in the original application. Whilst in the field, some of the
proposed trail areas on steep terrain were determined to be low probability areas
for cultural resources and were not shovel tested. In addition, the lower elevation
portion of the project area (below the wall) has been extensively modified due to
quarry activities in the early to mid-20th century, and these became low
probability areas as well. Some of the existing trails on the lower portion had just
been grubbed out before the pedestrian survey, and visibility was 100% so these
areas could be surveyed and cleared for any project effect on cultural resources.
The quarried and steep areas were determined to be low probability areas for
intact cultural resources, and were not further investigated.
The Army National Guard will be assisting with the park development, and
requested a cultural resource assessment of the project area in compliance with
Section 106 (36 CFR 800) of the National Historic Preservation Act in order for
the project to be in compliance with the Army National Guard checklist. Lower
Columbia Research & Archaeology was selected to complete a cultural resource
inventory for the proposed project area in compliance with the (NHPA) and
following the Guidelines for Conducting Field Archaeology in Oregon.
Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires Federal
agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic
properties. The historic preservation review process mandated by Section 106 is
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
3
outlined in regulations issued by Advisory Council on Historic Preservation,
33CFR part 325, Appendix C.
No significant cultural resources were noted in the probes or on the exposed
ground surface. A portion of the study area has been heavily disturbed during
rock quarry activities, and the likelihood of intact cultural resources on the lower
area is very low.
Figure 1: Three dimensional view of project parcel.
Figure 2: Looking northeast at Madrone Wall.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Figure 3: USGS Map of project area.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Table of Contents
Executive Summary......................................................................................................... 3
Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7
Environmental Setting..................................................................................................... 8
Cultural Background ..................................................................................................... 10
Prehistory and Ethnography ................................................................................. 10
Historic Background...................................................................................................... 12
Contextual History of Project Area ............................................................................. 14
Pre-field Research .......................................................................................................... 15
Survey Plan ..................................................................................................................... 16
Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 19
Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 20
Table of Figures
Figure 1: Three dimensional view of project parcel.................................................... 4
Figure 2: Looking northeast at Madrone Wall............................................................. 4
Figure 3: USGS Map of project area. ............................................................................. 5
Figure 4: Shovel test locations and transect map. ..................................................... 18
Figure 5: Looking south from cliff edge towards the Clackamas River. ............... 24
Figure 6: Douglas fir and Madrone trees in project area.......................................... 24
Figure 7: Lower terrace area trail................................................................................. 25
Figure 8: Upper terrace typical view........................................................................... 25
Figure 9: Lower terrace, recently cleared trail. .......................................................... 26
Figure 10: Shovel test in forest. .................................................................................... 26
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Introduction
This report describes the design, execution and results of a cultural resource
survey and shovel testing project at the proposed publicly-owned Madrone Wall
recreation area. The project area is within a nearly 44-acre parcel that is bisected
by a 120-ft tall basalt cliff that is proposed to be developed as a recreational
climbing wall. The Area of Potential Effect includes seven study areas, including
a portion of the upper area on the bluff, and the lower area in the old quarry
area. The project area was formerly the Hardscrabble Quarry. The APE includes
areas proposed for improvements including road widening, trails, stone stair
construction, and minor improvements to include a protective barrier and
benches along a 50-ft wide area on the top edge of the cliff. The following is a
description of the project area by Alta Planning & Design from their 2009
Conceptual Site Plan:
Most of the Madrone Wall site is steep and rocky. The area below the wall
is especially rugged. North of the access road, several user trails and an
old logging road lead to a high knob. A flat area at the end of the quarry
access road and base of the wall was probably used as a staging area when
the rock quarry was in operation. This meadow is composed of fill
material and is approximately 1,600 square feet. Just before the existing
access reaches the clearing, the road drops off on either side into two
former rock mining pits.
The purpose of the survey was to locate and document the presence or absence
of possible significant prehistoric and/or historic cultural resources within the
project area and assess for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility
any cultural resources within the (APE). Prehistoric sites typically found in the
area include lithic scatters, rock cairns, stacked stone walls, and petroglyph or
pictograph sites. The land was developed for quarry operations, and timber
extraction. Artifacts and resources associated with forestry or extractive
industries may be expected. Intact deposits are expected on the top of the bluff
but not on the lower portion which is in the flood zone and a former gravel
quarry.
The Madrone Wall overlooks the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Willamette
River, at about river mile 10. The project area has some wetlands in the lower
area, a steep cliff, and a bench above, ranging in elevation from 196-ft to 530-ft
Above Mean Sea Level (AMSLaa0. The aspect is southwest. There are no
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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improvements except a logging road and improved trails in the immediate
project area. The project area is along Highway 224, about two miles east of the
town of Carver.
Environmental Setting
The study and assessment of cultural resources require consideration of
environmental variables. The investigation of past human cultures requires that
we model human behavior in terms of its adaptive behavior to the
environment(s) of the past. From these models we can assess the significance of
cultural resources since significance is often ranked in terms of potential to help
resolve research questions.
At the maximum extent of the last glaciation (Vashon late Wisconsin epoch)
around 15,000 BP, the Cascade Range was covered with an ice sheet. Alpine
glaciers filled the upstream valleys in the Cascade Range including the
Clackamas River valley. Alpine glaciers gouged out long stream valleys and as
they melted, the river valleys were opened up to swift and meandering streams.
These streams carried down large amounts of glacial outwash. The streams
breached the gravel and cobble moraines created during the ice advance. This
water had a faster gradient than the current gradient due to the lower sea level at
this time. Thus there was a great deal of energy in the river system which
transported large amounts of glacial outwash (cobbles, sands, gravels, silts)
filling the valleys. The Clackamas River and its tributaries flow through valleys
that were created by these torrents of glacial outwash. The Clackamas River has
meandered over the last several thousand years, and there are several remnant
channels in the project vicinity, including a channel where the river abutted the
Madrone Wall as evidenced by river washed rounded cobbles on the lower
portion of the project area. The Clackamas River and the Clackamas River shores
have been mined for gravel since the mid-1850’s.
The Clackamas River drains 940 square miles of the western flank of the forested
foothills of Mount Hood and the Cascade Mountains. This portion of the
drainage is comprised of rural residential and agricultural areas along the river,
and upland forested regions. This is on the toe of the western foothills of the
Cascade Range. The project is located in the Tsuga heterophylla Vegetation Zone
which is adapted to hot and dry summers and moist, mild winters (Franklin and
Dyrness1988). In pre-contact times much of the lowland was prairie, maintained
by the native peoples with the use of fire. Vegetation was composed of a
complicated mosaic of wetland, prairie, oak savanna, Douglas fir and western
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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red cedar coppices, with riparian communities of black cottonwood and willow
along shorelines. The wall is named for the Madrone trees that are somewhat
anomalous in this area. Prehistoric peoples burned grasslands and forests for
various reasons, including to clear the undergrowth, destroy acorn eating insects,
improve berry grounds, and to facilitate hunting (Boyd 1999). Spring burning
initiated early growth of grasses and provided habitat for game. Late summer
and fall burning facilitated the collection of tarweed seeds.
These grasslands and woods were historically habitat for black-tailed deer, elk,
bear, bobcat, coyote, rabbit, skunk, raccoon, squirrels and various vole species.
Wetland and rivers provided habitat for river otter, beaver, muskrat and
waterfowl. Bird life includes both resident and migrant taxa including several
species of geese, cranes, swans and ducks.
The escarpment area is composed of very steep Xerochrepts and Haploxerolls.
Soils in the project area are in the Bornstedt and Saum soil series (USDA Web
Soil Survey, Clackamas County). These are silt loams derived from mixed old
alluvium. Bornstedt soils are below the cliff, and Saum soils are on the terrace
above. The Saum series has silty clay loam that ranges to gravelly silty clay loam,
and overlays unweathered bedrock. This soil is on broad and undulating terraces
along uplands. It is composed of loam in the upper part, and gravelly loam in the
lower part.
The site is zoned Timber District (TBR) for forest operations as described in the
Clackamas County Zoning and Development Ordinance. A portion of the
property has harvestable timber, mostly medium-sized Douglas Fir on the upper
terrace, and the twelve acres on the lower level is a mix of Douglas Fir, Western
Red Cedar, Cottonwood and Big Leaf Maple. The southern portion was thinned
in 1991. The description from Alta Planning and Design’s (2009) Conceptual Site
Plan is as follows:
Most of the Madrone Wall site is steep and rocky. The area below the wall
is especially rugged and impacted by quarry operations. North of the
access road, several user trails and an old logging road lead to a high
knob. A flat area at the end of the quarry access road and base of the wall
was probably used as a staging area when the rock quarry was in
operation. This meadow is composed of fill material and is approximately
1,600 square feet. Just before the existing access reaches the clearing, the
road drops off on either side into two former rock mining pits.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Cultural Background
Prehistory and Ethnography
The Northwest United States may have been a focus of human occupation as
early as 14,000 years BP or earlier. AMS dates indicate that the Pleistocene
cultural deposits at Paisley Cave, in the northern Great Basin, range from ca.
12,000 to 14,340 cal. BP (Gilbert et al 2008, Jenkins 2009).
The first substantial evidence for human groups in the Willamette River drainage
comes from the Early Archaic period, generally dated to between 8000 and 6000
BP when populations of small, mobile bands exploited a variety of plant and
animal resources. A Cascade phase camp (Archaic era) was discovered
approximately ten miles down river from the project area in Lake Oswego in the
late 1980’s (Burnett 1991). According to Ames (1992) archaic peoples were highly
mobile hunter-gatherers who created base-camps but due to their lack of storage
technology, they were not settled in villages or permanent housing. Research
questions regarding settlement patterns, the early migration of peoples after the
last glacial epoch, and resource intensification in the region may be addressed by
stratified archaeological sites in this area.
The study of subsistence practices in the region is of theoretical interest, for the
following two reasons identified by Suttles:
First, their rich, maritime, temperate-zone habitat is a type in which few
food-gathering peoples survived until historic times, partly because this
very type of habitat elsewhere saw the growth of more advanced forms of
subsistence. Second, the Northwest coast peoples seem to have attained
the highest known levels of cultural complexity achieved on a foodgathering base and among the highest known levels of population density
(Suttles 1969:56).
“Changing subsistence practices, including the relative roles of salmon and other
resources in the diet, are major issues in Northwest archaeology,” (Ames et al.
1995:104). Evidence such as tool kits (atlatl weights, dart points, spear points),
dwelling sites, and resource gathering sites can address important research
questions in regard to the evolution of people in North America and their
adaptive strategies and diet. Other research questions of worldwide relevance
relate human migration to North America.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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From about 6000 to 2000 BP (The Middle Archaic) intensification of settlement in
winter villages appears to have occurred. This may have been in response to a
shift in population levels or new people arriving. At this time there was an
intensification of salmon, camas and wapato, increased complexity of food
storage techniques, and land management practices that increased production of
tarweed, hazelnuts, and berries.
Pettigrew divides the region into two site type areas: the upland sites which are
more than one kilometer from the river, and the peripheral sites, which are
within one kilometer from a river (Pettigrew 1991:520). The peripheral sites are
all on forested or formerly forested surfaces, and have not been subject to
flooding since about 9000 B.C. (Pettigrew 1991:521). These are typically surface
sites, without charcoal available for radiocarbon dating. The bluff top in the
project area has not been flooded for 9,000 years, whilst the lower area has been
subject to repeated flooding events. The upper portion has a higher probability of
cultural materials than the lower flood plain area.
This particular region had one of the greatest salmon fisheries in North America.
Salmon (Oncorynchus sp.) were a dietary staple. Important salmonids present in
the lower Willamette River system include Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and
pink salmon. In addition, Pacific lamprey eels are an important traditional food
collected at Willamette Falls.
The project area is within the boundary of territory traditionally occupied by the
Clackamas people, speakers of the Clackamas dialect of the Chinookan language.
Chinookan speakers traditionally occupied lower tributaries of the Columbia
River from modern day Astoria at the mouth of the river, to about the Deschutes
River. The Clackamas occupied the east bank of the Willamette at Willamette
Falls, and the Clackamas River watershed. The name Clackamas translates as
‘those of the Clackamas River’ (Silverstein 1990:544). They spoke the Kiksht
dialect of the Upper Chinookan language group (Silverstein 1990:533).
Each village had hunting, fishing or gathering grounds as part of reciprocal
agreements with other villages, bands or individuals with whom one typically
had consanguinal ties. Subsistence activities of the Native populations followed a
seasonal pattern contingent on available useful plant and wildlife species. A
large variety of plant and animal resources were present for the Native
populations to make use of (see Silverstein 1990). Besides salmon, the area
supported abundant bird, and mammalian populations, the former two groups
including significant numbers of both migratory and resident taxa. Smelt,
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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sturgeon and eel were also principal fish. Some of the larger mammals found in
the area are the black bear, Roosevelt elk, Columbian black-tailed deer, and sea
lions (during fish runs). Important migratory bird species include Canada geese,
swans, and several species of ducks. Wapato, camas and various other roots,
greens, nuts and berries were collected and stored by the Native populations.
“A thorough-going occupation with commerce dominated Chinook life,” (Ray
1938:99). Willamette Falls was about 12 miles downriver on the Willamette, and
was an important trading and fishing area. The Chinookans had both a currency
(dentailia shells) and a trade language--Chinook Jargon. Raw materials and
subsistence goods (like wapato) were exchanged for other raw materials or
subsistence goods, rather than purchased with dentailia shells. Trading conditions
were ideal due to the juxtaposition of a rich habitat which supplied a surplus of
goods, and waterways which facilitated transportation (Ray 1938).
There was a trade dynamic in the eastward valleys of the main tributaries of the
Columbia River between the river people (Chinookans) and the upland people
who in this case were Wasco. Trails led up the rivers to the crest of the Cascades.
Resources in the uplands included deer, elk, huckleberries, roots and basket
weaving materials. Salmon were also found in the tributaries.
Historic Background
The first Euro-Americans to explore the Willamette River were Captain William
Clark and his small exploring party that recorded the mouth and near reaches of
the Willamette River in April of 1806, but did not ascend as far as the falls. He
estimated the population of the Clackamas Village at a number over 1000
individuals. Clark also mapped the Charcowah Village and the Cushhook villages.
The maritime fur trade era that had developed at the mouth of the Columbia
River by 1790 gave way to the land based fur trade era in about 1811. Various
early travelers came through the Willamette Valley beginning with Robert Stuart
of the Pacific Fur Company in 1811 (Stuart 1995:lxxvii). In 1812 Donald McKenzie
ascended the river for an undetermined distance and a few months later J.C.
Halsey and William Wallace went as far as Champoeg with fourteen men to
establish a trading post. Unfortunately these travelers didn’t write descriptions
of what they saw.
Alexander Henry ascended the Willamette River in 1814. He was a fur trader
with the North West Company headquartered at Fort George on the mouth of
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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the Columbia River. He noted a village he called Clowewalla of six houses on the
southwest bank of the Willamette River across the river from the mouth of the
Clackamas. They put ashore across the river from this village.
We put ashore on a steep slippery Bank of Grass, where we could no find
a stick of wood capable of making a fire, everything was wet and soaked
with rain and nothing but green wood to be found (Coues 1897).
Devastating epidemics ravaged much of the native population in the lower
Columbia region shortly after. Between 1811 and 1870 the land was explored by
fur trappers and traders, subsequently settled by American Protestant
missionaries, as well as waves of American settlers who crossed the plains on a
mass westward migration to the Oregon territory.
By 1824 the Hudson’s Bay Company had set up their northwest headquarters at
Fort Vancouver, approximately 20 miles northwest from the project location. The
fort was a center of activity and influence, supported by a multicultural village
with inhabitants from over 35 different ethnic and tribal groups. “The first
hospital, school, library, grist mill, saw mill, dairy, shipbuilding, and orchard in
the region were all centered at Fort Vancouver. The fort also served as the early
end of the Oregon Trail for American immigrants, and later became a U.S. Army
post,” (National Park Service Fort Vancouver Website).
The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 was intended to promote settlement and was
the impetus behind a large mass emigration of Euro-Americans into the Willamette
Valley and along the Lower Columbia on the Oregon Trail. As Euro-American
populations moved in, Native American populations became displaced and
suffered from devastating epidemics. By 1855, many of the Native American
people were removed to reservations in less desirable lands.
The act, which became law on September 27, 1850, granted 160 acres (1.3 km²) to
every unmarried white male citizen eighteen or older, and 320 acres (2.6 km²) to
every married couple, arriving in the Oregon Territory before December 1, 1850.
In the case of a married couple, the husband and wife each owned half in their
own name. The law was one of the first that allowed married women in the
United States to hold property under their own name. Claimants were required
to live on the land and cultivate it for four years to own it outright.
This township is covered by two General Land Office Maps. The oldest was
surveyed in 1854, and shows the meanders of the Clackamas River and the
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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topography. On the 1861 General Land Office plat, the Oregon Trail (called ‘The
Road to Oregon City’) is shown south of the Clackamas River, running through the
Donation Land Claims of several prominent early pioneers of the area including
the Fosters, Solomon Wheeler and Horace Baker. This portion of the Oregon Trail
was linked to the Barlow Road, a toll road that emigrants could take instead of the
more dangerous Columbia River passage over several dangerous rapids.
The nearest town to the project area is Carver. This town was first settled by
Horace and Jane Baker who traveled west from Illinois in the second wagon train
from Independence Missouri in 1846 (American Local History Network:
USGenNet webpage). This was the first wagon train to cross the new Barlow
Road from The Dalles to Oregon City. Baker was a stone mason, and he settled
here because the stone was a high grade of basalt, and he could sell and transport
gravel and stone downriver to the developing industrial town of Oregon City.
The town area was called "Baker's Quarry".
The Homestead Act of 1862 opened all public lands in the west for settlement.
Each citizen could claim 160 acres and had five years to "prove up" (occupy and
improve) the claim to earn full ownership. The Civil War interrupted travel to
Oregon but this Homestead Act attracted many to the West after the war years.
The Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909, which was an extension of the
Homestead Act of 1862 which gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres
of undeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The 1909 act
updated the law to include lands suitable for dry land farming. Settlers from all
walks of life including newly arrived immigrants, farmers without land of their
own from the East, single women and former slaves were allowed homesteads.
Contextual History of Project Area
The General Land Office Map of 1855 indicates ‘Land Rough Soil Second Rate’ in
the project area and north of the Clackamas River. The bottomlands across the
Clackamas River were beginning to be cultivated by emigrants. Besides the
Oregon Trail to the south along the river, a road was present north of the project
area about one mile, trending Northwest-Southeast. The 1861 General Land
Office map shows most of this township south of the Clackamas River claimed in
Donation Land Claims. The area north of the river was somewhat mountainous,
though in the less mountainous area about ½ mile east, the heirs of Nathanial
Lamb had a Donation Land Claim of 317 acres.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Jacob and Jane Grim (sometimes Grimm) claimed 306.66 acres under the
Donation Land Claim act. They received a patent in 1875 which included a
portion of sections 17 and 20 of this township. According to the 1870 census
Jacob was 62, Jane was 60 and they were general farmers. They had two relatives
living with them, Sophia age 14, and John age 18. Jacob and Jane both died in the
summer of 1877, and are buried in the Damascus Pioneer Cemetery. No further
biographical information on the Grims was found.
Frank and Anna (Annie) Robertson are shown as the owners of the property in
1927 (Metsker Atlas of Clackamas County). He listed his occupation as ‘broker’
in the 1920 census. He was from New York, and she was from Nebraska. At the
time he was 52 years old and she was 47.
The Metsker Map from 1937 shows that Clackamas County had purchased the
parcel that is the project area, and developed it as a gravel quarry. It was called
the Clackamas County Gravel Pit. By 1951 it was called the Barton Quarry, and
by 1966 it had been named the Hardscrabble Quarry (Metsker Atlas of
Clackamas County 1966).
Aerial photographs from 1948 show the project area has an open area where the
quarry operation was, but most of the area is covered in trees. The 1953 aerial
shows that the trees had been logged off on both the upper terrace and in the
area surrounding the quarry area as well. The logging road from 1953 is the same
configuration as the trail that is currently extant.
The aerial photographs and history of the parcel indicate that the lower portion
has been impacted by quarry and logging operations, and the upper terrace has
been impacted by logging.
Pre-field Research
A literature search and review was undertaken in part to determine whether any
cultural resources listed in local surveys or on the National Register of Historic
Places were within the APE. In addition, research was conducted to find
information on historic land use, ownership and general history of the area.
Archival research was in the site files at the Oregon State Historic Preservation
Office. Research was also conducted at the Multnomah County Library, and
online reviewing history and genealogy web sites. General Land Office cadastral
survey maps and notes were reviewed online from the Bureau of Land
Management.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies and Archaeological Sites within
one mile of Project Area.
Author(s)
Date
Title
Cultural
Resource
Identified
Eligibility Status
Simmons
1985
1974
Lithic Scatters:
35CL00088 and
35CL00087; barn
and equipment
shed
Possible
prehistoric
village
Potentially Eligible
Woodward
Darby and Lee
1991
Historic Barn
Potentially Eligible
Fagan,
Armitage,
Hempill, Reese,
Witherow
1991
Technical Report on
Cultural Resources
in the Proposed
Carver Gravel
Quarry
Site Form:
35CL0003. “Village
kitchen midden,
plowed up burial
site”.
35CL300; Dolton
Barn
Northwest Pipeline
System Expansion
Project
Not within one
mile
N/A
Potentially Eligible
Survey Plan
The APE for the project was defined as those areas proposed to be directly
impacted by project construction and associated development. The goal of the
project was to identify, inventory and assess for National Register of Historic
Places eligibility any cultural resources in the Area of Potential Effect. Sites
typically found in the region contain CCS flakes, flaked cobble tools, rock cairns,
historic artifacts, historic settlements, and rock art sites. Since it was in an area
developed for quarry and timber, artifacts and resources associated with these
industries may be expected. Therefore, a reconnaissance survey designed to
effectively locate and record the location of cultural resources was conducted.
On July 2, 5, 6 and July 12, and 13, 2010, Melissa Darby M.A. surveyed and tested
the study area for cultural resources (see Figure 1). Rain and cool conditions
were typical on the first few days, then hot weather was consistent on the last
two days.
Several changes to the field plan occurred. The APE was re-defined by
Clackamas County Forestry and Parks after an excavation permit was approved
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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but before field work began. By incorporating existing trails, the ‘New Loop
Trail’ became a figure eight shape rather than a ‘loop’ as shown in the original
application. Whilst in the field, some of the proposed trail areas on steep terrain
were determined to be low probability areas for cultural resources and were not
shovel tested. In addition, the lower terrace portion of the project area (below the
wall) has been extensively modified due to quarry activities in the early to mid20th century, and these areas became low probability areas as well. Some of the
existing trails on the lower portion had just been grubbed out before the
pedestrian survey, and visibility was 100% so these areas were surveyed in a
single long meandering transect. The quarried and steep areas were determined
to be low probability areas for intact cultural resources, and were not further
investigated with shovel probes.
The APE was determined to be the new trail areas, the existing road into the
quarry area, and the lip of the cliff where climbing activity is planned. All the
trails were surveyed on the parcel even if they were not within the APE because
they afforded good visibility (Figure 4).
Transects were planned on the proposed trail system, and existing trails and
shovel tests were proposed within a 10-m corridor on the proposed trails and use
area on the upper terrace. The new trail on the upper terrace was flagged with
blue flagging tape, and the 10-m corridor followed this flagged line. This corridor
was surveyed and shovel tested (see figure 4).
Shovel tests were placed at 30-meter intervals on the new trail system, and along
the upper wall area where activity is planned. Shovel tests were placed in logical
places along the edge of the upper terrace where visibility of the Clackamas
Valley was good, and prehistoric cultural resources may be expected. The
existing trails had excellent visibility, and were surveyed closely for cultural
resources (see Figure 3). A total of 24 shovel tests were excavated. Each shovel
test was mapped using a GPS unit in the field (Table 2). Shovel tests were 50-cm
diameter and most were excavated to 50-cm below surface except where rock
prevented further excavation. Soils were medium brown silty loams, with
various amounts of gravels and angular cobbles. See Table 2 for UTM location
coordinates of the shovel tests.
The lower terrace was surveyed for cultural resources after the shovel tests on
the upper terrace were complete. The lower terrace has at least two disused
gravel pits, and an uneven landscape suggesting that the quarry disturbance was
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
17
extensive. The trails on the lower terrace had just been grubbed out, and soil
visibility was 100%.
Figure 4: Shovel test locations and transect map (The APE is highlighted in
yellow).
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
18
Table 2: Shovel Test Location: All tests were negative for cultural
resources.
Shovel test
Number
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
Northing
Easting
542639
542637
542630
542646
542625
542658
542596
542614
542584
542553
542533
542510
542517
542459
542467
542422
542501
542474
542474
542509
542547
542555
542564
542580
5026453
5036500
5026540
5026558
5026593
5026636
5026577
5026664
5026669
5026678
5026658
5036658
5026664
5026641
5026676
5026635
5026482
5026497
5026528
5026458
5026452
5026469
5026433
5036406
Recommendations
No significant cultural resources were noted in the probes or on the surface of
the ground. The lower area has been heavily impacted by quarry operations and
is in the flood plain. It is unlikely significant archaeological material would be
present on the surface or within 50-cm of the surface.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
19
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Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Figure 5: Looking south from cliff edge towards the Clackamas River.
Figure 6: Douglas fir and Madrone trees in project area.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Figure 7: Lower terrace area trail.
Figure 8: Upper terrace typical view.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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Figure 9: Lower terrace, recently cleared trail.
Figure 10: Shovel test in forest.
Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project
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