STATE OF OREGON CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY COVER SHEET
STATE OF OREGON CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY COVER SHEET First Melissa Author(s) Name: Last Darby Title of Report: CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE MADRONE WALL HARDSCRABBLE QUARRY PROPOSED PARK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, CLACKAMAS COUNTY Date: 7/23/2010 District/Contractor: Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology Agency Report Number: Agency/Client: Clackamas County Parks County (ies): Clackamas County Quad(s): Damascus Township: 2S Range: 3E Section: 17 Project Acres:.4 Survey Acres: 0.4 CD Submitted? Does this replace a draft? Yes xNo Archaeological Permit No.: 1360 Project activity: trail construction Field note location: LCR&A Curation Location: Sites Found? No Prehistoric #: Historic #: Historic Properties. Found xNo Historic Property #: TCP(s) found xNo Isolates Found? xNo Isolate #: Keywords: REPORT CHECK LIST SHPO Trinomial #: Temporary site # Report should contain the following items: • Location, legal description (T,R,S) with USGS map • Clear objectives and methods • A summary of the results of the survey • A report of where the survey records and data are stored • A research design that: • • • • Details survey objectives Details specific methods Details expected results Details area surveyed including map(s) and legal location information Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology CULTURAL RESOURCES SURVEY OF THE MADRONE WALL HARDSCRABBLE QUARRY PROPOSED PARK DEVELOPMENT PROJECT, CLACKAMAS COUNTY By Melissa Darby M.A. Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology 3327 NE Simpson St Portland, Oregon 97211 503-281-0204 Report Number 8-2010 July 23, 2010 Property Owners Name: Clackamas County Prepared for: Clackamas County Parks and Forest Parcel Numbers: 2S3E 003400 Quadrangle: Damascus (OR ) 7.5 minute series, 1994 Township/Range/Section: T2S R3E, NW quarter of Section 17, WM Acres surveyed: approximately 0.4 acre shovel tested and walked in a single transect along the trail and road corridors. Description of proposed activity: trail construction, park development, road widening Results: negative Recommendation: no further work recommended All field records are at Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology. Executive Summary This report describes the design, execution and results of a cultural resource survey and shovel testing project at the proposed Madrone Wall recreation area. The project area is within a nearly 44-acre parcel that is bisected by a 120-ft tall basalt escarpment that is proposed to be developed as a recreational climbing wall. The APE is linear meander corresponding to proposed trail construction and road widening. The project area is within a parcel formerly called the Hardscrabble Quarry. The APE (Area of Potential Effect) includes areas proposed for improvements including road widening, trails, stone stair construction, and unspecified improvements along a 50-ft wide area on the top edge of the cliff. The APE was re-defined by Clackamas County Forestry and Parks after an excavation permit was approved but before field work began. By incorporating existing trails, the ‘New Loop Trail’ became a figure eight shape rather than a ‘loop’ as shown in the original application. Whilst in the field, some of the proposed trail areas on steep terrain were determined to be low probability areas for cultural resources and were not shovel tested. In addition, the lower elevation portion of the project area (below the wall) has been extensively modified due to quarry activities in the early to mid-20th century, and these became low probability areas as well. Some of the existing trails on the lower portion had just been grubbed out before the pedestrian survey, and visibility was 100% so these areas could be surveyed and cleared for any project effect on cultural resources. The quarried and steep areas were determined to be low probability areas for intact cultural resources, and were not further investigated. The Army National Guard will be assisting with the park development, and requested a cultural resource assessment of the project area in compliance with Section 106 (36 CFR 800) of the National Historic Preservation Act in order for the project to be in compliance with the Army National Guard checklist. Lower Columbia Research & Archaeology was selected to complete a cultural resource inventory for the proposed project area in compliance with the (NHPA) and following the Guidelines for Conducting Field Archaeology in Oregon. Section 106 of the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966 requires Federal agencies to take into account the effects of their undertakings on historic properties. The historic preservation review process mandated by Section 106 is Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 3 outlined in regulations issued by Advisory Council on Historic Preservation, 33CFR part 325, Appendix C. No significant cultural resources were noted in the probes or on the exposed ground surface. A portion of the study area has been heavily disturbed during rock quarry activities, and the likelihood of intact cultural resources on the lower area is very low. Figure 1: Three dimensional view of project parcel. Figure 2: Looking northeast at Madrone Wall. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 4 Figure 3: USGS Map of project area. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 5 Table of Contents Executive Summary......................................................................................................... 3 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 7 Environmental Setting..................................................................................................... 8 Cultural Background ..................................................................................................... 10 Prehistory and Ethnography ................................................................................. 10 Historic Background...................................................................................................... 12 Contextual History of Project Area ............................................................................. 14 Pre-field Research .......................................................................................................... 15 Survey Plan ..................................................................................................................... 16 Recommendations.......................................................................................................... 19 Bibliography ................................................................................................................... 20 Table of Figures Figure 1: Three dimensional view of project parcel.................................................... 4 Figure 2: Looking northeast at Madrone Wall............................................................. 4 Figure 3: USGS Map of project area. ............................................................................. 5 Figure 4: Shovel test locations and transect map. ..................................................... 18 Figure 5: Looking south from cliff edge towards the Clackamas River. ............... 24 Figure 6: Douglas fir and Madrone trees in project area.......................................... 24 Figure 7: Lower terrace area trail................................................................................. 25 Figure 8: Upper terrace typical view........................................................................... 25 Figure 9: Lower terrace, recently cleared trail. .......................................................... 26 Figure 10: Shovel test in forest. .................................................................................... 26 Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 6 Introduction This report describes the design, execution and results of a cultural resource survey and shovel testing project at the proposed publicly-owned Madrone Wall recreation area. The project area is within a nearly 44-acre parcel that is bisected by a 120-ft tall basalt cliff that is proposed to be developed as a recreational climbing wall. The Area of Potential Effect includes seven study areas, including a portion of the upper area on the bluff, and the lower area in the old quarry area. The project area was formerly the Hardscrabble Quarry. The APE includes areas proposed for improvements including road widening, trails, stone stair construction, and minor improvements to include a protective barrier and benches along a 50-ft wide area on the top edge of the cliff. The following is a description of the project area by Alta Planning & Design from their 2009 Conceptual Site Plan: Most of the Madrone Wall site is steep and rocky. The area below the wall is especially rugged. North of the access road, several user trails and an old logging road lead to a high knob. A flat area at the end of the quarry access road and base of the wall was probably used as a staging area when the rock quarry was in operation. This meadow is composed of fill material and is approximately 1,600 square feet. Just before the existing access reaches the clearing, the road drops off on either side into two former rock mining pits. The purpose of the survey was to locate and document the presence or absence of possible significant prehistoric and/or historic cultural resources within the project area and assess for National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) eligibility any cultural resources within the (APE). Prehistoric sites typically found in the area include lithic scatters, rock cairns, stacked stone walls, and petroglyph or pictograph sites. The land was developed for quarry operations, and timber extraction. Artifacts and resources associated with forestry or extractive industries may be expected. Intact deposits are expected on the top of the bluff but not on the lower portion which is in the flood zone and a former gravel quarry. The Madrone Wall overlooks the Clackamas River, a tributary of the Willamette River, at about river mile 10. The project area has some wetlands in the lower area, a steep cliff, and a bench above, ranging in elevation from 196-ft to 530-ft Above Mean Sea Level (AMSLaa0. The aspect is southwest. There are no Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 7 improvements except a logging road and improved trails in the immediate project area. The project area is along Highway 224, about two miles east of the town of Carver. Environmental Setting The study and assessment of cultural resources require consideration of environmental variables. The investigation of past human cultures requires that we model human behavior in terms of its adaptive behavior to the environment(s) of the past. From these models we can assess the significance of cultural resources since significance is often ranked in terms of potential to help resolve research questions. At the maximum extent of the last glaciation (Vashon late Wisconsin epoch) around 15,000 BP, the Cascade Range was covered with an ice sheet. Alpine glaciers filled the upstream valleys in the Cascade Range including the Clackamas River valley. Alpine glaciers gouged out long stream valleys and as they melted, the river valleys were opened up to swift and meandering streams. These streams carried down large amounts of glacial outwash. The streams breached the gravel and cobble moraines created during the ice advance. This water had a faster gradient than the current gradient due to the lower sea level at this time. Thus there was a great deal of energy in the river system which transported large amounts of glacial outwash (cobbles, sands, gravels, silts) filling the valleys. The Clackamas River and its tributaries flow through valleys that were created by these torrents of glacial outwash. The Clackamas River has meandered over the last several thousand years, and there are several remnant channels in the project vicinity, including a channel where the river abutted the Madrone Wall as evidenced by river washed rounded cobbles on the lower portion of the project area. The Clackamas River and the Clackamas River shores have been mined for gravel since the mid-1850’s. The Clackamas River drains 940 square miles of the western flank of the forested foothills of Mount Hood and the Cascade Mountains. This portion of the drainage is comprised of rural residential and agricultural areas along the river, and upland forested regions. This is on the toe of the western foothills of the Cascade Range. The project is located in the Tsuga heterophylla Vegetation Zone which is adapted to hot and dry summers and moist, mild winters (Franklin and Dyrness1988). In pre-contact times much of the lowland was prairie, maintained by the native peoples with the use of fire. Vegetation was composed of a complicated mosaic of wetland, prairie, oak savanna, Douglas fir and western Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 8 red cedar coppices, with riparian communities of black cottonwood and willow along shorelines. The wall is named for the Madrone trees that are somewhat anomalous in this area. Prehistoric peoples burned grasslands and forests for various reasons, including to clear the undergrowth, destroy acorn eating insects, improve berry grounds, and to facilitate hunting (Boyd 1999). Spring burning initiated early growth of grasses and provided habitat for game. Late summer and fall burning facilitated the collection of tarweed seeds. These grasslands and woods were historically habitat for black-tailed deer, elk, bear, bobcat, coyote, rabbit, skunk, raccoon, squirrels and various vole species. Wetland and rivers provided habitat for river otter, beaver, muskrat and waterfowl. Bird life includes both resident and migrant taxa including several species of geese, cranes, swans and ducks. The escarpment area is composed of very steep Xerochrepts and Haploxerolls. Soils in the project area are in the Bornstedt and Saum soil series (USDA Web Soil Survey, Clackamas County). These are silt loams derived from mixed old alluvium. Bornstedt soils are below the cliff, and Saum soils are on the terrace above. The Saum series has silty clay loam that ranges to gravelly silty clay loam, and overlays unweathered bedrock. This soil is on broad and undulating terraces along uplands. It is composed of loam in the upper part, and gravelly loam in the lower part. The site is zoned Timber District (TBR) for forest operations as described in the Clackamas County Zoning and Development Ordinance. A portion of the property has harvestable timber, mostly medium-sized Douglas Fir on the upper terrace, and the twelve acres on the lower level is a mix of Douglas Fir, Western Red Cedar, Cottonwood and Big Leaf Maple. The southern portion was thinned in 1991. The description from Alta Planning and Design’s (2009) Conceptual Site Plan is as follows: Most of the Madrone Wall site is steep and rocky. The area below the wall is especially rugged and impacted by quarry operations. North of the access road, several user trails and an old logging road lead to a high knob. A flat area at the end of the quarry access road and base of the wall was probably used as a staging area when the rock quarry was in operation. This meadow is composed of fill material and is approximately 1,600 square feet. Just before the existing access reaches the clearing, the road drops off on either side into two former rock mining pits. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 9 Cultural Background Prehistory and Ethnography The Northwest United States may have been a focus of human occupation as early as 14,000 years BP or earlier. AMS dates indicate that the Pleistocene cultural deposits at Paisley Cave, in the northern Great Basin, range from ca. 12,000 to 14,340 cal. BP (Gilbert et al 2008, Jenkins 2009). The first substantial evidence for human groups in the Willamette River drainage comes from the Early Archaic period, generally dated to between 8000 and 6000 BP when populations of small, mobile bands exploited a variety of plant and animal resources. A Cascade phase camp (Archaic era) was discovered approximately ten miles down river from the project area in Lake Oswego in the late 1980’s (Burnett 1991). According to Ames (1992) archaic peoples were highly mobile hunter-gatherers who created base-camps but due to their lack of storage technology, they were not settled in villages or permanent housing. Research questions regarding settlement patterns, the early migration of peoples after the last glacial epoch, and resource intensification in the region may be addressed by stratified archaeological sites in this area. The study of subsistence practices in the region is of theoretical interest, for the following two reasons identified by Suttles: First, their rich, maritime, temperate-zone habitat is a type in which few food-gathering peoples survived until historic times, partly because this very type of habitat elsewhere saw the growth of more advanced forms of subsistence. Second, the Northwest coast peoples seem to have attained the highest known levels of cultural complexity achieved on a foodgathering base and among the highest known levels of population density (Suttles 1969:56). “Changing subsistence practices, including the relative roles of salmon and other resources in the diet, are major issues in Northwest archaeology,” (Ames et al. 1995:104). Evidence such as tool kits (atlatl weights, dart points, spear points), dwelling sites, and resource gathering sites can address important research questions in regard to the evolution of people in North America and their adaptive strategies and diet. Other research questions of worldwide relevance relate human migration to North America. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 10 From about 6000 to 2000 BP (The Middle Archaic) intensification of settlement in winter villages appears to have occurred. This may have been in response to a shift in population levels or new people arriving. At this time there was an intensification of salmon, camas and wapato, increased complexity of food storage techniques, and land management practices that increased production of tarweed, hazelnuts, and berries. Pettigrew divides the region into two site type areas: the upland sites which are more than one kilometer from the river, and the peripheral sites, which are within one kilometer from a river (Pettigrew 1991:520). The peripheral sites are all on forested or formerly forested surfaces, and have not been subject to flooding since about 9000 B.C. (Pettigrew 1991:521). These are typically surface sites, without charcoal available for radiocarbon dating. The bluff top in the project area has not been flooded for 9,000 years, whilst the lower area has been subject to repeated flooding events. The upper portion has a higher probability of cultural materials than the lower flood plain area. This particular region had one of the greatest salmon fisheries in North America. Salmon (Oncorynchus sp.) were a dietary staple. Important salmonids present in the lower Willamette River system include Chinook salmon, coho salmon, and pink salmon. In addition, Pacific lamprey eels are an important traditional food collected at Willamette Falls. The project area is within the boundary of territory traditionally occupied by the Clackamas people, speakers of the Clackamas dialect of the Chinookan language. Chinookan speakers traditionally occupied lower tributaries of the Columbia River from modern day Astoria at the mouth of the river, to about the Deschutes River. The Clackamas occupied the east bank of the Willamette at Willamette Falls, and the Clackamas River watershed. The name Clackamas translates as ‘those of the Clackamas River’ (Silverstein 1990:544). They spoke the Kiksht dialect of the Upper Chinookan language group (Silverstein 1990:533). Each village had hunting, fishing or gathering grounds as part of reciprocal agreements with other villages, bands or individuals with whom one typically had consanguinal ties. Subsistence activities of the Native populations followed a seasonal pattern contingent on available useful plant and wildlife species. A large variety of plant and animal resources were present for the Native populations to make use of (see Silverstein 1990). Besides salmon, the area supported abundant bird, and mammalian populations, the former two groups including significant numbers of both migratory and resident taxa. Smelt, Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 11 sturgeon and eel were also principal fish. Some of the larger mammals found in the area are the black bear, Roosevelt elk, Columbian black-tailed deer, and sea lions (during fish runs). Important migratory bird species include Canada geese, swans, and several species of ducks. Wapato, camas and various other roots, greens, nuts and berries were collected and stored by the Native populations. “A thorough-going occupation with commerce dominated Chinook life,” (Ray 1938:99). Willamette Falls was about 12 miles downriver on the Willamette, and was an important trading and fishing area. The Chinookans had both a currency (dentailia shells) and a trade language--Chinook Jargon. Raw materials and subsistence goods (like wapato) were exchanged for other raw materials or subsistence goods, rather than purchased with dentailia shells. Trading conditions were ideal due to the juxtaposition of a rich habitat which supplied a surplus of goods, and waterways which facilitated transportation (Ray 1938). There was a trade dynamic in the eastward valleys of the main tributaries of the Columbia River between the river people (Chinookans) and the upland people who in this case were Wasco. Trails led up the rivers to the crest of the Cascades. Resources in the uplands included deer, elk, huckleberries, roots and basket weaving materials. Salmon were also found in the tributaries. Historic Background The first Euro-Americans to explore the Willamette River were Captain William Clark and his small exploring party that recorded the mouth and near reaches of the Willamette River in April of 1806, but did not ascend as far as the falls. He estimated the population of the Clackamas Village at a number over 1000 individuals. Clark also mapped the Charcowah Village and the Cushhook villages. The maritime fur trade era that had developed at the mouth of the Columbia River by 1790 gave way to the land based fur trade era in about 1811. Various early travelers came through the Willamette Valley beginning with Robert Stuart of the Pacific Fur Company in 1811 (Stuart 1995:lxxvii). In 1812 Donald McKenzie ascended the river for an undetermined distance and a few months later J.C. Halsey and William Wallace went as far as Champoeg with fourteen men to establish a trading post. Unfortunately these travelers didn’t write descriptions of what they saw. Alexander Henry ascended the Willamette River in 1814. He was a fur trader with the North West Company headquartered at Fort George on the mouth of Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 12 the Columbia River. He noted a village he called Clowewalla of six houses on the southwest bank of the Willamette River across the river from the mouth of the Clackamas. They put ashore across the river from this village. We put ashore on a steep slippery Bank of Grass, where we could no find a stick of wood capable of making a fire, everything was wet and soaked with rain and nothing but green wood to be found (Coues 1897). Devastating epidemics ravaged much of the native population in the lower Columbia region shortly after. Between 1811 and 1870 the land was explored by fur trappers and traders, subsequently settled by American Protestant missionaries, as well as waves of American settlers who crossed the plains on a mass westward migration to the Oregon territory. By 1824 the Hudson’s Bay Company had set up their northwest headquarters at Fort Vancouver, approximately 20 miles northwest from the project location. The fort was a center of activity and influence, supported by a multicultural village with inhabitants from over 35 different ethnic and tribal groups. “The first hospital, school, library, grist mill, saw mill, dairy, shipbuilding, and orchard in the region were all centered at Fort Vancouver. The fort also served as the early end of the Oregon Trail for American immigrants, and later became a U.S. Army post,” (National Park Service Fort Vancouver Website). The Donation Land Claim Act of 1850 was intended to promote settlement and was the impetus behind a large mass emigration of Euro-Americans into the Willamette Valley and along the Lower Columbia on the Oregon Trail. As Euro-American populations moved in, Native American populations became displaced and suffered from devastating epidemics. By 1855, many of the Native American people were removed to reservations in less desirable lands. The act, which became law on September 27, 1850, granted 160 acres (1.3 km²) to every unmarried white male citizen eighteen or older, and 320 acres (2.6 km²) to every married couple, arriving in the Oregon Territory before December 1, 1850. In the case of a married couple, the husband and wife each owned half in their own name. The law was one of the first that allowed married women in the United States to hold property under their own name. Claimants were required to live on the land and cultivate it for four years to own it outright. This township is covered by two General Land Office Maps. The oldest was surveyed in 1854, and shows the meanders of the Clackamas River and the Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 13 topography. On the 1861 General Land Office plat, the Oregon Trail (called ‘The Road to Oregon City’) is shown south of the Clackamas River, running through the Donation Land Claims of several prominent early pioneers of the area including the Fosters, Solomon Wheeler and Horace Baker. This portion of the Oregon Trail was linked to the Barlow Road, a toll road that emigrants could take instead of the more dangerous Columbia River passage over several dangerous rapids. The nearest town to the project area is Carver. This town was first settled by Horace and Jane Baker who traveled west from Illinois in the second wagon train from Independence Missouri in 1846 (American Local History Network: USGenNet webpage). This was the first wagon train to cross the new Barlow Road from The Dalles to Oregon City. Baker was a stone mason, and he settled here because the stone was a high grade of basalt, and he could sell and transport gravel and stone downriver to the developing industrial town of Oregon City. The town area was called "Baker's Quarry". The Homestead Act of 1862 opened all public lands in the west for settlement. Each citizen could claim 160 acres and had five years to "prove up" (occupy and improve) the claim to earn full ownership. The Civil War interrupted travel to Oregon but this Homestead Act attracted many to the West after the war years. The Enlarged Homestead Act was passed in 1909, which was an extension of the Homestead Act of 1862 which gave an applicant freehold title to up to 160 acres of undeveloped federal land outside the original 13 colonies. The 1909 act updated the law to include lands suitable for dry land farming. Settlers from all walks of life including newly arrived immigrants, farmers without land of their own from the East, single women and former slaves were allowed homesteads. Contextual History of Project Area The General Land Office Map of 1855 indicates ‘Land Rough Soil Second Rate’ in the project area and north of the Clackamas River. The bottomlands across the Clackamas River were beginning to be cultivated by emigrants. Besides the Oregon Trail to the south along the river, a road was present north of the project area about one mile, trending Northwest-Southeast. The 1861 General Land Office map shows most of this township south of the Clackamas River claimed in Donation Land Claims. The area north of the river was somewhat mountainous, though in the less mountainous area about ½ mile east, the heirs of Nathanial Lamb had a Donation Land Claim of 317 acres. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 14 Jacob and Jane Grim (sometimes Grimm) claimed 306.66 acres under the Donation Land Claim act. They received a patent in 1875 which included a portion of sections 17 and 20 of this township. According to the 1870 census Jacob was 62, Jane was 60 and they were general farmers. They had two relatives living with them, Sophia age 14, and John age 18. Jacob and Jane both died in the summer of 1877, and are buried in the Damascus Pioneer Cemetery. No further biographical information on the Grims was found. Frank and Anna (Annie) Robertson are shown as the owners of the property in 1927 (Metsker Atlas of Clackamas County). He listed his occupation as ‘broker’ in the 1920 census. He was from New York, and she was from Nebraska. At the time he was 52 years old and she was 47. The Metsker Map from 1937 shows that Clackamas County had purchased the parcel that is the project area, and developed it as a gravel quarry. It was called the Clackamas County Gravel Pit. By 1951 it was called the Barton Quarry, and by 1966 it had been named the Hardscrabble Quarry (Metsker Atlas of Clackamas County 1966). Aerial photographs from 1948 show the project area has an open area where the quarry operation was, but most of the area is covered in trees. The 1953 aerial shows that the trees had been logged off on both the upper terrace and in the area surrounding the quarry area as well. The logging road from 1953 is the same configuration as the trail that is currently extant. The aerial photographs and history of the parcel indicate that the lower portion has been impacted by quarry and logging operations, and the upper terrace has been impacted by logging. Pre-field Research A literature search and review was undertaken in part to determine whether any cultural resources listed in local surveys or on the National Register of Historic Places were within the APE. In addition, research was conducted to find information on historic land use, ownership and general history of the area. Archival research was in the site files at the Oregon State Historic Preservation Office. Research was also conducted at the Multnomah County Library, and online reviewing history and genealogy web sites. General Land Office cadastral survey maps and notes were reviewed online from the Bureau of Land Management. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 15 Table 1. Previous Cultural Resources Studies and Archaeological Sites within one mile of Project Area. Author(s) Date Title Cultural Resource Identified Eligibility Status Simmons 1985 1974 Lithic Scatters: 35CL00088 and 35CL00087; barn and equipment shed Possible prehistoric village Potentially Eligible Woodward Darby and Lee 1991 Historic Barn Potentially Eligible Fagan, Armitage, Hempill, Reese, Witherow 1991 Technical Report on Cultural Resources in the Proposed Carver Gravel Quarry Site Form: 35CL0003. “Village kitchen midden, plowed up burial site”. 35CL300; Dolton Barn Northwest Pipeline System Expansion Project Not within one mile N/A Potentially Eligible Survey Plan The APE for the project was defined as those areas proposed to be directly impacted by project construction and associated development. The goal of the project was to identify, inventory and assess for National Register of Historic Places eligibility any cultural resources in the Area of Potential Effect. Sites typically found in the region contain CCS flakes, flaked cobble tools, rock cairns, historic artifacts, historic settlements, and rock art sites. Since it was in an area developed for quarry and timber, artifacts and resources associated with these industries may be expected. Therefore, a reconnaissance survey designed to effectively locate and record the location of cultural resources was conducted. On July 2, 5, 6 and July 12, and 13, 2010, Melissa Darby M.A. surveyed and tested the study area for cultural resources (see Figure 1). Rain and cool conditions were typical on the first few days, then hot weather was consistent on the last two days. Several changes to the field plan occurred. The APE was re-defined by Clackamas County Forestry and Parks after an excavation permit was approved Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 16 but before field work began. By incorporating existing trails, the ‘New Loop Trail’ became a figure eight shape rather than a ‘loop’ as shown in the original application. Whilst in the field, some of the proposed trail areas on steep terrain were determined to be low probability areas for cultural resources and were not shovel tested. In addition, the lower terrace portion of the project area (below the wall) has been extensively modified due to quarry activities in the early to mid20th century, and these areas became low probability areas as well. Some of the existing trails on the lower portion had just been grubbed out before the pedestrian survey, and visibility was 100% so these areas were surveyed in a single long meandering transect. The quarried and steep areas were determined to be low probability areas for intact cultural resources, and were not further investigated with shovel probes. The APE was determined to be the new trail areas, the existing road into the quarry area, and the lip of the cliff where climbing activity is planned. All the trails were surveyed on the parcel even if they were not within the APE because they afforded good visibility (Figure 4). Transects were planned on the proposed trail system, and existing trails and shovel tests were proposed within a 10-m corridor on the proposed trails and use area on the upper terrace. The new trail on the upper terrace was flagged with blue flagging tape, and the 10-m corridor followed this flagged line. This corridor was surveyed and shovel tested (see figure 4). Shovel tests were placed at 30-meter intervals on the new trail system, and along the upper wall area where activity is planned. Shovel tests were placed in logical places along the edge of the upper terrace where visibility of the Clackamas Valley was good, and prehistoric cultural resources may be expected. The existing trails had excellent visibility, and were surveyed closely for cultural resources (see Figure 3). A total of 24 shovel tests were excavated. Each shovel test was mapped using a GPS unit in the field (Table 2). Shovel tests were 50-cm diameter and most were excavated to 50-cm below surface except where rock prevented further excavation. Soils were medium brown silty loams, with various amounts of gravels and angular cobbles. See Table 2 for UTM location coordinates of the shovel tests. The lower terrace was surveyed for cultural resources after the shovel tests on the upper terrace were complete. The lower terrace has at least two disused gravel pits, and an uneven landscape suggesting that the quarry disturbance was Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 17 extensive. The trails on the lower terrace had just been grubbed out, and soil visibility was 100%. Figure 4: Shovel test locations and transect map (The APE is highlighted in yellow). Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 18 Table 2: Shovel Test Location: All tests were negative for cultural resources. Shovel test Number 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Northing Easting 542639 542637 542630 542646 542625 542658 542596 542614 542584 542553 542533 542510 542517 542459 542467 542422 542501 542474 542474 542509 542547 542555 542564 542580 5026453 5036500 5026540 5026558 5026593 5026636 5026577 5026664 5026669 5026678 5026658 5036658 5026664 5026641 5026676 5026635 5026482 5026497 5026528 5026458 5026452 5026469 5026433 5036406 Recommendations No significant cultural resources were noted in the probes or on the surface of the ground. The lower area has been heavily impacted by quarry operations and is in the flood plain. It is unlikely significant archaeological material would be present on the surface or within 50-cm of the surface. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 19 Bibliography Aikens , Melvin C. 1993 Archaeology of Oregon, United States. Bureau of Land Management. Oregon State Office Alta Planning + Design 2009 Conceptual Site Plan for the Madrone Wall. Report for Clackamas County. Ames, Kenneth M., William L. Cornett, and Stephen C. Hamilton 1995 Archaeological Investigations (1991-1994) at 45Cl1 (Cathlapotle), Clark County, Washington: A Preliminary Report. Wapato Valley Archaeological Project Report Number 5. Department of Anthropology, Portland State University, U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service. Beckham, Stephen Dow, Rick Minor, Kathryn Anne Toepel, Jo Reese 1988 Prehistory and History of the Columbia River Gorge national Scenic Area, Oregon and Washington. Submitted to USDA Forest Service, Columbia Gorge National Scenic Area, Hood River. Heritage Research Associates, Inc. Burnett Robert J. 1991 The archaeology of 35CL98, an early site in the northern Willamette Valley. MA thesis PSU Coues, Elliot, editor 1897 New light on the early history of the greater Northwest. The manuscript journals of Alexander Henry ... and of David Thompson ... 1799-1814. Exploration and adventure among the Indians on the Red, Saskatchewan, Missouri and Columbia rivers. New York, F. P. Harper, 1897. Franklin, Jerry F. and C.T. Dyrness 1988 Natural Vegetation of Oregon and Washington. Oregon State University Press. French, David H. and Katharine S. French Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 20 1990 Wasco, Wishram, and Cascades, Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 12, Plateau. Deward Walker Jr., editor, Smithsonian Institution, Washington. General Land Office 1861 Plat Map of Township 2S 3E, Willamette Meridian 1854 Plat Map of Township 2S 3E, Willamette Meridian Gilbert, M. Thomas, Dennis L. Jenkins, Anders Gortherstrom, Muria Naveran, Jaun J. Sanchez, Michael Hufreiter, Philip Francis Thomsen, Jonas Binladen, Thomas F.G. Higham, Robert Yohe II, Robert Par, Linda Scott Cummings, and Eske Willerslev. 2009 DNA from Pre-Clovis Human Coprolites in Oregon, North America. Science 320:786-789. Metsker’s Maps 1928, 1937,1951, 1966 Atlas of Clackamas County, Washington. Metsker Map Company, Portland and Tacoma. Pettigrew, Richard M. 1977 A Preliminary Cultural Sequence in the Portland Basin of the Lower Columbia Valley. Unpublished Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Oregon, Eugene. Ray, Vern 1938 Lower Chinook Ethnographic Notes. University of Washington Publication in Anthropology 7(2): 29-165. Seattle Stuart, Robert 1995 The Discovery of the Oregon Trail, Robert Stuart’s Narratives of His Overland Trip Eastward from Astoria in 1812-1813. Edited by Philip Ashton Rollisen. University of Nebraska Press. Silverstein, Michael. 1990 Chinookans of the Lower Columbia. In Handbook of North American Indians. Volume 7: Northwest Coast, edited by Wayne Suttles. Smithsonian Institution, Washington, D.C. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 21 Suttles, Wayne 1968 Coping With Abundance, Subsistence on the Northwest Coast, in Man the Hunter: Richard B. Lee, Irven DeVore, Jill Nash-Mitchell, Wenner-Gren Foundation for Anthropological Research. Edition: 11.Published by Aldine Transaction, 1968. Webpages. Dennis Jenkins, Paisley Caves Coprolites www.uoregon.edu/~ftrock/paisley_caves_description.php National Park Service, Fort Vancouver National Historic Site; January 31, 2010 http://www.nps.gov/fova/ The Journals of the Lewis and Clark Expedition. 2005. U of Nebraska Press / U of Nebraska-Lincoln Libraries-Electronic Text Center. January 31, 2010. http://lewisandclarkjournals.unl.edu. General Land Office Plats and Notes. Bureau of Land Management Land Status & Cadastral Records webpage: http://www.blm.gov/or/landrecords/survey/ySrvy1.php Historic Quadrangles of Oregon http://alabamamaps.ua.edu/historicalmaps/us_states/oregon/topos/index.html USGenNet Local History: Clackamas County: http://www.usgennet.org/alhnorus/ahorclak/index.html US. Bureau of Census 1900 Manuscript Population Census of the United States. Twelfth Census of the United States. State of Washington, Clackamas County. Electronic document: Ancestry.com. 1910 Manuscript Population Census of the United States. Thirteenth Census of the United States. State of Washington, Clackamas County. Electronic document: Ancestry.com 1920 Manuscript Population Census of the United States. Fourteenth Census of the United States. State of Washington, Clackamas County. Electronic document: Ancestry.com Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 22 USDA 1987 Soil Survey of Clackamas County Area, Oregon, Soil Conservation service, United States Department of Agriculture in Cooperation with Oregon Agricultural Experiment Station. Document online. Aerial Photographs: 1938, 1948, 1953, 1964, 1976 Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 23 Figure 5: Looking south from cliff edge towards the Clackamas River. Figure 6: Douglas fir and Madrone trees in project area. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 24 Figure 7: Lower terrace area trail. Figure 8: Upper terrace typical view. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 25 Figure 9: Lower terrace, recently cleared trail. Figure 10: Shovel test in forest. Cultural Resources Survey of the Madrone Wall Hardscrabble Quarry Proposed Park Development Project 26
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