: 1 : . , ( , ) (1) : , , , , (2 ) ; (3) ; , , ,# . . $ , , )# . ( $ # , , , . ,# . , . . . . . 2 . # # , , : " , , ) , , , , " , , . .(2003 , . ,$ . . , , . , $ ,# .(work structure) : , $ , ” “ . " " . , , . , , , (Sorensen, 1994;2000) , , Sorensen ,$ . . 1 .(2003 , . $ ) , .(Sorensen, 2000) , , , . " " $ , 1 , . 3 ,# . . 2 , , " . " , . ," , " .(exploitative rent)3 , , .(2003 , , ) : $ # , . (2) ; $ () , (1) : , # . ( ); ; (3 ) ; ( ): 4 . , . , , ,( ) . (squeeze profits) .(Talmud & Mesch, 1997) # $ . Burt, ) 1982; 1983a; 1988; Burt and Carlton, 1989; Talmud, 1992a, 1992b; 1994; Mizruchi, ..(1992; Burt and Talmud, 1993, Talmud & Mesch, 1997 " " , , ,(2003 , ' ) .(Burt, 1992) . , "2 " .# – , , 3 = # . # 4 . . Talmud, 1992; . , .(1994) 4 , " (1) : , # ,$ , (2 ) . # " . # . ,$ –( (4) . ( ) – (3) . , ) (5 ) . , .(Talmud, 1999) # # $ " , .(Sorensen, 1994: 1344) " .(2003, $ ) . , Burt, 1992; Talmud, 1992; 1994; . $ # ,$ $ . (Talmud & Mesch, 1997) . , $ , # . # . . " ,$ . , ,$ ," .(Talmud, 1994; Talmud & Mesch, 1997) # # # .(Talmud, 1992) , Talmud & ) , , .(Mesch, 1997 , , . , . , 5 , , .(Farkas et al., 1994) ,# ,$ . ( ) . . , . , , , , – ; ,$ .(Burt, 1992) , " .5 " ,(Granovetter, 1985: 495) , , . : $ ,$ .(Burt, 1983) . , Directly Unproductive " $ " .(Bhagwatti, 1982) ,( Profit-seeking activity) $ , (appropriation) . $ )usurpation) , . ,Sorensen ,$ . e, 2000a ) .(Goldthorp , (composite rent) , .(Sorensen, 2000) .# # :1 # ( ) , () ( ) . ) , , , 4 . 6 . .( 5 Hurst, ) " " , " , , .(ch. 8, 1998 .(Weber, 1978: 926) " # , , . .(Weber, 1978: 941-943) , . $ # ,(Jenkins, 1983; Tilly, 1985) , .(Talmud, 1999) . , , ,$ . , .(Talmud, 1992) . , , .(Talmud, 1999) , , , . , . Knoke & ) , .(Sorensen, 2000) 6 $ ,(Guilarte, 1994 . : # , , ) , . , ,($ , , . , , , , , : , .(Sorensen, 2000) 7 6 . , . $ , , .(; Talmud, 1994; Talmud and Mesch, 1997; Talmud, 1992) . , , . .(Eales, 1989) # 4 : , , , . . : , , , , .(Eales, 1989) $ .(Wade, 1990; Justman, Teubal, and Zuscovitch, 1993: Chs. 5, 6) , : # , . $ , # , " " $ . , . , . .(Goldthorpe, 1978) – – ,Lindblom – ,$ , " " .(Lindblom, 1977: 127-187) , ,Miliband ,$ . , . , . .(Miliband, 1972) – $ , ,, $ ." , . (1977) Salamon and Siegfried , " ,# , .(Lindblom, 1977: Chap. 11, 13) 8 . # . $ , , .(Mayer, 1984) ” “ , Katzenstein, 1978; ) – , # .(Laumann and Knoke, 1988; Maman, 1997 , . , , , . , # .(House et al, 1990: 15, 20-41) ,# , , , ( Pfeffer, 1978) .(Mizruchi, 1992) , , , , . .(Lindblom, 1977) , .(Talmud, 1992) # ,# . # .(Kahane, 1992; Talmud, 1992; Talmud and Mesch, 1997) , # , .(Jenkins, 1983; Tilly, 1985) $ # , ( .(1988 , ) ) Talmud, ) .(Kahane, 1992) . 9 # ,(1992a; 1992b :2 # , # .(Shultz, 1999: Goldthrope, 2000b: Chapters 8-9.). . , $ , . , , , .(Granovetter, 1994) , Sorensen. &. Kalleberg, (1994 ) . , , .(Sorensen, 2000) .(Sorensen, 2000) (composite rents) , . . # , # " # ." : . $ (Williamson, 1994; Goldthrope, $ .2000b, Chapter 10) $ , , , ,$ . (on-the-job training) . , Transaction cost, ) .(Williamson, 1994 , . " " , $ , .( (Goldthrope, 2000b, Chapter 10. , , , $ 7 . .Darr and Talmud, 2001 10 7 .( Sorensen, 2000 ). : , . (Sorensen, 2000) , . . .(1997 , , ) . , . . .(1997 , , ;1993 , , ;1991 , ) . . , , (1997) , , # , . , ,$ ,$ .(1997 , ) , . # , ) ,$ . , .( 2003 , - ;1997 , , ;1993 , :3 . . 11 . : , , . . , : , , , , , , , , , . . , , , , , , , , . . (1998) Do & eringerPiore . . , , , , , ,$ , , # . , . ,$ , , . , , 8 . .(Piore, 1994) . , , . $ .(Hodson & Kaufman, 1982) , , . , ,$ . . , , , ," ." 12 "" . " .(2002,1999) " 8 # ,# , . , , .(1988 , . ;Hurst, ch. 5, 1998) # :4 , $ , , : .(Kraus, 1992) , , $ $ . , , Beck et ) # . $ , , , .(al, 1978; Tolbert et al, 1980 , , Lewin-Epstein & ) , . .(Stier, 1987 ,(1992) Kraus # , . ) , .(2003 , , , , . # , , . , . , , , ,$ . (Walby, 1986; 1990; # .(.Hakim, 1996; Kraus, 2002 : , . , . ,$ , , , , , 13 , , , , . , , , , .(Kraus, 2002) trickle ) , :5 , , , . , ( down , . . 1 :1 / , , ) ( , , $ , , , , , " , $ , 14 " , ( ) ? :1 : : $ . . # 43 ,(1987 , " ) 1978 1982 ,0.96. 0.89 Borgatti, ) UCINET6.14 (Burt, 1991), STRUCTURE 4. 2 $ . .(Everett, and Freeman, 2002) .( Talmud, 1992; 1997; Talmud and Mesch, 1997 ) .(1983 , " : # : , " ) 1983 15 . $ .(Byrk et al, 1988) HLM $ . ) , , (1983 # , ( HLM) . Xijp . ,# : Y ij = i0 + i1 $ .Yij "! X ij1 + i2 X ij2 + ..... , iP -1 .(1) X ijP-1 + Rij , ;j # ;j # (LN) i i Xijp ;j # $ jp ;j # ; Rij $ i = 1... nj ; . " Yij j = 1.... K p = 0....p-1 (1) , P : ij = 0p + 1p Z 1j + 2p Z 2j + ..... q -1p Z q -1j + U ip .(2) , ;j # # Zqj ;# Ujp ; # q = 0....Q-1 , qp . jp ,# $ : : # – (Ln) : : 16 .1 . .1 (non-redundant .# $ $ (transactions : Range = i [1 - q P jq Z iq ] ; i j j q .(3) q i i# . # , .j . ,j j# i ,j i , .q i q # $ j . $ ,( ' ) ) # , .( Burt, 1983b , . Talmud. ) # ( Talmud ) ) ,(Talmud, 1994) # , ) ( 1992 .( & Mesch, 1997 # ) ( # .( $ , # .2 .# (1 ) ) , .# . # .( ) ( . .(Talmud, 1992 . # .9(Tilly, 1985; Laumann and Knoke, 1988) , # 15 , . 17 ' )# , 9 .(Kahane, 1992) # (# ) 28 10 .(Talmud, 1992; Talmud and Mesch, 1997) , # $ . : Relative Dispersion = E ij E i : M ij M , ;j i# Eij " ; ;# . $ ( )j " Ei " M i# .11(M) (Ei) i # # . Mij , /{ . – . : " }= .1 / .# .# # $ ! $ " . /( + – –# $ ): .2 .3 .4 .5 .6 . .# . : .2 ,1976 • . 10 . .1977 , 18 11 , ,(# . ) :( ) ,( – 25 ) , 11,052 # . ,5 . 12 : 2 . , 43 ,64 28 2 . , 2 # , , / . , 2 , , ,$ , .13 , .# . , , . , , . . ,# , , ,$ . . , ) , : ,( " " 43 $ 9) . , , , ,$ , # , . . . . 19 # listwise deletion , 12 $ , ; , # . , , , .( ) , . # . . . , . . , , . # .(Lin, 2001) 4 . # $ , , , , . . Raijman and Semyonov, 1997; Kraus, ) , ,$ .(2002; Raijman, Schemmah-Geser and Kemp, 2003) , ,# . # , , ,$ .(Kraus, 1992; 2002) .# Kraus, 1992; ) $ ;England, 1994; Reskin & Padavic, 1994; Hurst, ch. 6, 1998; Kraus & Yonay, 2000 .(1982 , , , , , .(Kraus & Yonay, 2000) 20 . , , ,# . ) .(1999 , , , .(1988; (1997 , , ) $ ;1991) , ,$ , , . . (1987) Lewin-Epstein & Stier . . . , ,(1997) , $ , : , ;( ) . . ,$ . ,# . .# # ,# . # . ,$ , , . . ,# # $ , .(Talmud, 1992) $ , , ( $ , . # ) $ . . , , ,$ . , , , . , : , # , , . 21 . , 1995 , , , . , ( ) , . ( , , , ) , . . , : " , " , , , " " . : , , ." : " .( 2003) . , .480 455 ,4 , " ." $ . , $ 113 171 ' ," " ,(1982) . , . 4 , – $ 190 196 ' ," " ,(1997) . , , , . ," "* – : . ," " ,(1988) ,. ,. , .111 132 :(2) " : ". 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(2000), Class, Exploitation, and Economic Rents: Reflections on Sorensen’s “Sounder Basis”, American Journal of Sociology, 105 (6): 1559-1571. 27 ( ( ) ( ) ) :2 ( ) –2 (1.90) 0.173 (1.99) 0.088 (1.08) 1.183 (0.42) 0.154 (0.33) 0.585* (0.22) 0.374 (1.41) 0.184 (1.74) 3.500* (1.08) 1.035 (0.29) 0.026 (0.16) 0.471* * (0.12) 0.246* * (0.00) 0.000 (0.00) 0.000* (0.00) 0.000 (0.00) 0.000 (0.00) 0.001* (0.00) 0.000* (0.31) 0.337 (0.41) 0.215 (0.14) 0.297* * (0.01) 0.021* * * (0.01) 0.019 (0.00) 0.012* * * (0.01) 0.021* * (0.01) 0.002 (0.01) 0.006 (0.10) 0.216* * (0.13) 0.306* * (0.07) 0.144* * (0.38) 0.085 (0.49) 1.145* * (0.31) 0.151 ! –1 (0.00) 0.007* (0.01) 0.019* * (0.00) 0.014* * (0.02) 0.009 (0.02) 0.083* * * (0.17) 0.074* * * (0.00) 0.009* * (0.01) 0.032* * * (0.00) 0.028* * * (0.07) 0.075 (0.098) 0.406* * * (0.06) 0.306* * * ( ) : (0.30) 0.442 (0.13) 0.232* (0.10) 0.157 – (0.31) 0.486 (0.197) 0.466* (0.12) 0.245* – (0.14) 0.923* * * 3893 7159 * P <0.10 ; ** P <0.05 ; *** P <0.01 28 11,052 N :1 ( 12.3762 ) 38.366 : 35.8% 7.2% 51.5% 23.99167 45.1203 %) ( 56.4% 3.8176 16.08 11.748 43.4 11052 .37004 1.0209 .05697 .8880 .072800 .06047 7.355508 14.05349 6426.707565 5947.69767 484.995969 100.83363 .160115 .09480 .201439 .61095 .219727 .05128 .135909 .16260 .173351 .29188 14 (listwise) # $ *43 .28 4 $ , .45.3 * 1983 " . 29 14 30
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