N. Furusawa / Chemistry Journal (2013), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 112-116 ISSN 2049-954X Research Paper An Easy and Small-Scale Sample Preparation Technique Followed by HPLC-PDA Analysis for Determining Canthaxanthin in Chicken Liver, Fat, and Egg Yolk Naoto Furusawa Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, Osaka 558-8585, Japan E-Mail: [email protected] Abstract This paper described a fast, simple, and small scale method of sample preparation followed by High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) coupled Photo-Diode Array (PDA) detector for quantification of canthaxanthin in chicken liver and fat, and hen’s egg yolk. The HPLC-PDA was performed on a C18 column with an isocratic mobile phase. Analyte was extracted from the sample using a handheld ultrasonic homogenizer, and purified by MonoSpin®-SI, a centrifugal monolithic silica spin mini-columns, and quantified <15 min. The proposed method obtained average recoveries for the analyte in the range of 93.5-101.0% with relative standard deviations ≤ 2.7%. The quantification limits in chicken liver, fat, and egg yolk were 0.48, 0.47, and 0.5 μg g-1, respectively. Keywords: Canthaxanthin, Chicken, HPLC, CM Silica Spin Mini-Column, International Harmonized Analytical Method 1. Introduction Canthaxanthin (CX) (Figure 1), colouring agent, xanthophyll, is frequently used as feed additives to pigment the eggs or meat of poultry. The permitted CX is red pigment and commonly added to feeds for chickens in order to achieve the desired chicken product colour. Although the European Union (EU) permits eight xanthophylls to be added to the feed of chickens, the use of chemically synthesized CX is nearly the norm in the EU and Japan (JMAFF, 1953; EFSA, 2007 and NFCA, 2011). CX is highly potent red colorant available to poultry Industry. In comparison to other red xanthophylls, it is in a high bioavailability form and has a higher deposition rate in chicken tissues and egg yolk (DSM, 2004; LTL, n.d. and Na et al, 2004). Notably, colour of egg yolks greatly affects the purchasing behaviour of consumer (Santos-Bocanegra et al, 2004). CX is used to brighten the yolks of chicken eggs in response to consumer demands. Since consumers associate bright product colouration with health and quality, CX is particularly important in the poultry-farming industry as their pigments for egg yolks (EC, 2002 and Beardsworth & Hernandez, 2004). CX has been known to cause liver injury and an eye disorder, which is the formation of yellow deposits on the retina (FDA, 2003). Following scientific assessments establishing a link between high CX intake and eyesight problems in humans (due to an accumulation of pigment in the retina), the European Commission adopted a directive in 2003 to reduce the authorised level of CX in animal feed (EC, 2002). The European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (EFSA, 2007) has set maximum residue limits (MRLs) for the CX in several xanthophylls in chicken products as 30 μg g-1 in egg yolk; 15 μg g-1 in liver and 2.5 μg g-1 in fat, to ensure the safety and appropriateness of chicken products for human consumption. Monitoring CX in chicken products is, thus, an important means of guaranteeing food safety. In answer to the present expansion in the internal food Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 112 N. Furusawa / Chemistry Journal (2013), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 112-116 trade, the development of international standardized methods to determine chemical contents in foods is essential in order to guarantee equitable international trade in these foods and ensure food safety for consumers. Without rega-rd for industrial nations and developing countries, the optimal harmonized method for chemical monitoring in foods must be simple, small scale, economical in time and cost and must cause negligible harm to the environment and analysts. Several techniques based on High-Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) for the quantification of xanthophylls such as CX in food samples have been reported (Hamilton, 1992; Bononi et al, 2002; Breithaupt, 2004; Li et al, 2005; Schlatterer & Breithaupt, 2006; Rajesha et al, 2009; Wenzel et al, 2010 and Furusawa, 2011). The drawback of these methods, however, is that these involve several analytical steps in the sample preparation, which are time-and cost-consuming and do not permit the determination of large number of samples or some methods are based on LC-MS. The facility is available are limited to part of industrial nations because these are hugely expensive, and the methodologies use complex and specific. These are unavailable in a lot of laboratories for routine analysis, particularly in developing countries. No optimal method that satisfies the aforementioned requirements has yet been identified. ISSN 2049-954X ation: handheld ultrasonic-homogenizer (model HOM-100, 2 mm ID probe, Iwaki Glass Co., Ltd., Funabashi, Japan); micro-centrifuge (Biofuge® fresco, Kendo Lab. Products, Hanau, Germany); a MonoSpin® as centrifugal monolithic silica spin mini-column (sample throughput volume ≤ 300 μL), MonoSpin-SI (silica gel, bonded Si-OH, normalphase mode) (GL Sciences, Inc., Tokyo, Japan). An Inertsil® ODS-4 (C18) (5 μm dp, 150×4.6 mm) (Pore diameter, 10 nm; Pore volume, 1.05 mL g-1; Surface area, 450 m2 g-1; Carbon load, 11%) column for HPLC was used (GL Sciences, 2011). The HPLC system, used for method development, included a model PU-980 pump and DG-980-50-degasser (Jasco Corp., Tokyo, Japan) equipped with a model CO-810 column oven (Thosoh Corp., Tokyo, Japan), as well as a model SPD-M10A VP Photodiode-Array (PDA) detector (Shimadzu Scientific Instruments, Kyoto, Japan). 2.2. HPLC Operating Conditions The analytical column was an Inertsil® ODS-4 (5 μm, 150 × 4.6 mm) column using an acetone-water (90:10, v v-1) mobile phase at a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 at 25 oC. PDA detector was operated at 190-600 nm: the monitoring wav- Figure 1. Chemical Structure of CX The present method was developed in such a way that, in idiotproof and small-scale with minimized organic solvent consumption, CX contents in chicken liver, fat and egg yolk can be determined with higher accuracy and precision. 2. Material and Method 2.1. Reagents and Apparatus All chemicals including Canthaxanthin (CX) (β,β-carotene-4,4’-dione, ≥98% purity) standard were purchased from Wako Pure Chem. Ltd. (Osaka, Japan). Acetone and distilled water was of HPLC grade. The following apparatuses were used in the sample prepar- elength was adjusted to 470 nm which represents a maximum for the analyte. The injection volume was 10 μL. 2.3. Preparation of Stock Standard & Working Solutions A stock standard solution of CX was prepared by dissolveng CX in acetone to a concentration of 100 μg mL-1. The solution was put into cryo-vial, sealed and stored at -20 oC and protected from light until further use. Working mixed standard solutions were freshly prepared by suitably diluteing the stock solution with acetone on the day of analysis 2.4. Blank Samples To obtain blank chicken liver, fat and egg yolk samples, 5 adult chickens (laying hens aged 30 weeks) were kept in Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 113 N. Furusawa / Chemistry Journal (2013), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 112-116 individual cages and given pigment-free basal diet and tap water ad libitum. After the feeding basal diet for 3 weeks, all of the eggs laid by hens were collected for 2 days. The albumens and egg yolk of each egg were separated immediately. They were then killed and liver and intraperitoneal adipose tissues were collected. The collected chicken tissues and yolks were uniformed fully and used as blank samples. ISSN 2049-954X can provide the quantitation and identification of the analyte. 2.5. Preparation of Calibration Standards and Quality Control Samples For method validation studies, calibration standards and Quality Control samples (QCs), terms defined in the FDA guideline (FDA/CDER/CVM, 2001) were prepared by spiking appropriate aliquots of the standard solution in blank samples. Calibration standards were used to construct calibration curves from which the concentrations of an analyte in unknown monitoring samples are determined practically. QCs used to evaluate the performance of the proposed method. In this study, the standards were prepared in the range of 1-50 μg g-1 for CX. Three QC levels (QC1 = 1 μg g-1; QC2= 10 μg g-1; QC3 = 30 μg g-1) were prepared. Figure 2. Typical Chromatograms Obtained from the HPLC System for an Egg Yolk Sample Spiked with CX (10 μg g-1) (Upper Profile) and a Blank Egg Yolk Sample (Lower Profile). The PDA Detector was set at 470 nm. Peak, 1= CX (retention time, Rt= 4.08 min) 2.6. Sample Preparation 3.1. Method Validation An accurate 0.2 g sample was taken into a 1.5 mL microcentrifuge tube and homogenized with 0.6 mL of 80% (v v1 ) acetone solution (in water) with a handheld ultrasonichomogenizer for 30 s. After being homogenized, the capped tube was centrifuged at 10,000 g for 5 min. A 0.1 mL of supernatant liquid was poured to a MonoSpin-SI and, immediately after, the capped mini-column was centrifuged at 3,000 g for 1 min. The eluate was injected into the HPLC system. 2.7. Method Validation The performance of the developed method was validated in terms of some parameters from the international guidelines for bio-analytical procedure (ICH, 1994; Huber, 1998; Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2001; FDA/CDER/ CVM, 2001 and AOAC, 2002). 3.1.1. Main Method Validation Data Table 1 summarizes the method validation data for the main performance parameters (linearity, range, accuracy, precision, and sensitivity). The accuracy and precision are well within the international method acceptance criteria (Huber, 1998; Codex Alimentarius Commission, 2001 and AOAC, 2002). The decision limit (CCα) and detection capability (CCβ) values calculated according to the EU regulation decision (EC, 2002) are described in Table 1. The other validation findings are as follows: 3.1.2. Specificity and Selectivity The application of the proposed procedure to 30 blank chicken liver, fat, or egg yolk samples demonstrated that no interference peak was presented around the retention times for CX in any of the sample examined. 3. Results and Discussion Figure 2 displays examples of typical HPLC traces of blank and spiked (CX 10 μg g-1) egg yolk samples obtained under the established procedure. The resulting chromatograms were free of interfering compounds for quantitation and identification of CX by HPLC with PDA detector. Similar chromatograms were obtained from chicken liver and fat samples. The present HPLC analysis accomplished good separations without the need for a gradient system to improve the separation and pre-column washing after analysis. This figure demonstrates that the present method The present HPLC-PDA system easily confirmed the peak identity of target compound. The analyte was identified in a sample by its retention times and absorption spectrum. The CX spectrum obtained from the sample was practically identical to that of the standard. Because of the complete separations and the high absorbance of the analyte, PDA detection at trace levels is fully available. It is, therefore, instructive to demonstrate purification effectiveness of the sample preparation. The system did not require the use of MS, which is very expensive and is not available in a lot of laboratories for routine analysis. Available online at www.scientific-journals.co.uk 114 N. Furusawa / Chemistry Journal (2013), Vol. 03, Issue 04, pp. 112-116 Table1. The Main Method Validation Data Liver Linearity (ra)) 0.995 -1 Range (μg g ) Accuracyb) 93.5-100.6 Precisionc) ≤ 1.9 d) Sensitivity (QL ) 0.48 CCαe) 15.73 CCβf) 16.46 ion times, respectively. Fat Egg Yolk 3.1.5. Cost and Time Performance 0.998 1-50 94.9-101.0 ≤ 1.8 0.47 2.59 2.68 0.991 94.5-99.0 ≤ 2.7 0.50 31.17 33.08 The total time and budget required for the analysis of a single sample was <15 min and approximately € 3.41 (i.e. £ 2.91 or $ 4.38) as of 23 May (13:56), 2013, respectively. For sequential analyses, a batch of 24 samples could be analyzed in < 2.5 h. These findings became term required for the routine assay. The short analytical time not only increased the sample throughput for analysis but also positively affected the cost. a r is the correlation coefficient (P< 0.01): mean of three determinations using spiked samples for calibration curves b Average recoveries (%) from six replicates at three QC levels (1, 10 and 30 μg g-1 for CX) c Values are relative standard deviations (RSDs, %, n=6 of each level) d Quantitation limit (μg g-1), QL as the concentration of analyte giving a signal-to-noise ratio > 10 e ISSN 2049-954X Decision limit (α = 5 %, μg g-1) by the EU regulation 2002/657/EC f Detection capability (β = 5 %, μg g-1) by the EU regulation 2007/657/EC 4. Conclusions A simplified sample preparation followed by HPLC-PDA method for determination of CX in chicken tissues has been successfully developed and validated. The present procedure provided an easy-to-use, rapid and space-saving. It gave high recovery and repeatability with considerable saving of analysis time/cost. The procedure may be proposed as an international harmonized method for determining CX in the domestic/import chicken products. Acknowledgement 3.1.3. Robustness The author wishes to thank Mr. Yoshimura and Kuwahara, GL Sciences, for wholeheartedly supporting this work. Some HPLC parameters were performed using a spiked (10 μg g-1 of CX) egg yolk sample obtained under the established procedure. References Changes of ±5% units of the flow rate (1.0 mL min-1) and the column temperature (25 oC) were determined. The effect on the peak areas and the validations in the retention times were evaluated. It was noted that there had no effect on the peak areas, whereas the variations in the retention times were obtained with the flow rate and the column temperature. Normal retention time for CX was 4.08 min. At +5% the flow rate, the retention time was decreased, ranging between 1.7 and 6.6% and at -5%, the time was increased ranging between 5.3 and 8.8%. By changing the column temperature by +5%, decreasing retention times obtained were 1.9-7.1%, however, no significant variations were observed with -5%. During these studies, the target compound was separated completely. 3.1.4. System Suitability The system-suitability evaluation is an essential parameter of HPLC determination and it ascertains the strictness of the system used. The suitability was evaluated as the relative standard deviations of peak areas and retention times calculated for 20 replicate injections of a spiked egg yolk sample (10 μg g-1 of each compound). The values were estimated to be <0.4% for peak areas and <0.7% for retent- AOAC International (2002) Standards and Methods, Guidelines & References [Internet], AOAC International. Available from: <http://goo.gl/RXmK7z> [Accessed 7th March 2013]. Beardsworth, P.M., and Hernandez, J-M. (2004) Yolk colour-an important egg quality attribute. International Poultry Production, 12(5), pp. 17-18. 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