Annex 4: PCD Automotive Emission
Testing Laboratory, Sample & Procedure
A4.1.
To understand emission from diesel vehicles in Bangkok, the DIESEL
project recruited in-use diesel vehicles to PCD’s Automotive Emission Laboratory
(AEL). The Automotive Emission Laboratory of PCD was founded in 1996 to assist in
vehicle emission inspection. The technical specifications of the laboratory are
summarized as table A4.1 and A4.2 below. At AEL, chassis dynamometer and gas
analyzer system will be used for testing selected in-use vehicles. Figure A4.1 and A4.2
show heavy and light duty diesel emission laboratory using for DIESEL project, and the
schematic are in figure A4.3 and A4.4.
Table A4.1: Technical data of each laboratory at PCD Automotive Emission
Laboratory
Type
Pollutants
Measurement
Gross Vehicle
Weight (kg)
Max.
Speed
(km/h)
CO
CO2
HC
NOx
PM
Motorcycle
√
√
√
√
-
Direct, CVS
100-450
200
Light Duty Gasoline
Vehicle
√
√
√
√
-
Direct, CVS
400-3,500
200
Light Duty Diesel Vehicle
√
√
√
√
√
Direct, CVS
400-3,500
200
Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle
√
√
√
√
√
Direct, CVS
5,000-21,000
100
Heavy Duty Diesel Engine
√
√
√
√
√
Direct, CVS
110-500 HP
Torque
2500 Nm
Table A4.2: Laboratory Instrument List in PCD Automotive Emission Laboratory
No.
Item
Range of Operation
1
NOx Analyzer
0-10,000 ppm
2
THC Analyzer
0-10,000 ppm
3
CO2 Analyzer
0-20 %
4
COH Analyzer
0-10 %
5
COL Analyzer
0-6 %
6
C6O14 Analyzer
0-10,000 ppm
7
CVS Exhaust Dilution System
Highest flow 50 m3/min
97
98 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL)
8
Particle Sampling System
Highest flow 100 N l/min
9
Gas Divider
Total flow 5±0.1 l/min
10
NOx Converter
Total flow 1-5 l/min
11
CFO Checker with Propane gas
350-2000 N ml/min
12
Laminar Flow Element
2250 SCPM@8"water diff
13
Microbalance
0.0000-51,000 mg
14
Weight Set
1 mg - 50 g
15
Dial Thermo-Hygrometer
20-100 %
16
Thermometer
0-50 oC
17
Dial Hygrometer
0-100 %(RH)
18
Dial Thermometer
0-50 oC
19
Electric Dry Cabinet
30-70 %(RH)
20
Digital Thermometer(Probe)
0-100 oC
Figure A4.1: Light Duty Diesel Chassis Dynamometer and Gas Analyzer System
Figure A4.2: Heavy Duty Diesel Chassis Dynamometer and Gas Analyzer System
PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 99
Figure A4.3: Schematics of Heavy Duty Diesel Laboratory
Figure A4.4: Schematics of Light Duty Diesel Laboratory
A4.2.
The selection of sample vehicles is based on engine type, year of
registration, and vehicle type. Table 3.1 and 3.2 show a number of sample in-use vehicles
required for each category.
100 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL)
Table A4.3 Sample Frame for Light duty diesel vehicles
Age
< 1994
1994-1997
1998-1999
> 2000
Total
Pick-ups
Toyota 2
Isuzu 2
Other 1
Toyota 3
Isuzu 3
Mitsubishi 2
Nissan 2
Toyota 3
Isuzu 3
Mitsubishi 2
Nissan 2
Toyota 2
Isuzu 1
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
30
Vans
Toyota 3
Isuzu 2
Total
10
Toyota 3
Isuzu 2
15
Toyota 3
Isuzu 2
15
Toyota 3
Isuzu 2
10
20
50
Table A4.4 Sample Frame for Heavy duty diesel vehicles
Age
< 1995
1995-1998
1999-2000
> 2001
Total
Medium
Trucks
Isuzu 3
Toyota 2
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
Other 1
Isuzu 4
Toyota 3
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
Other 1
Isuzu 2
Toyota 2
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
Isuzu 2
Toyota 2
Mitsubishi 1
Nissan 1
30
Heavy
Trucks
Isuzu 3
Hino 3
Mitsubishi
Nissan 1
Other 2
Isuzu 3
Hino 2
Mitsubishi
Nissan 1
Other 2
Isuzu 1
Hino 1
Mitsubishi
Nissan 1
Other 1
Isuzu 1
Hino 1
Mitsubishi
Nissan 1
30
2
2
Medium
Bus
Purple bus 3
Green bus 3
Other 2
Heavy Bus
(BMTA+Other)
Mercedes 2+0
Hino 2+2
Isuzu 2+3
Other 2+2
Purple 2
Other 2
Hino 2+2
Isuzu 2+2
Other 2+2
Mercedes 1+0
Hino 1+1
Isuzu 1+1
Other 0+1
1
1
12
Total
42
36
17
Hino 1+1
Isuzu 1+1
Other 1+0
16
38
110
DIESEL Testing Sequence
A4.3.
The DIESEL Project has developed testing protocol for testing sample
vehicles in Bangkok. Each vehicle in the project will be tested with a series of driving
cycles which are short inspection cycle (AC2540), European cycle (EUDC or ETC), and
Bangkok cycle (Point 2). Monitoring pollutants are Particulate Matter (PM), Total
PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 101
Hydrocarbon (THC), Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide
(CO2) and toxic gases. Testing protocols are different among light duty vehicles, heavy
duty buses, and heavy duty trucks.
A4.4.
Since the beginning of the project, the DIESEL project has changed the
sequence of cycles for emission testing. The current testing sequence is more reliable in
term of repeatability. The old, started using in January and August 2005, and new
sequence of light duty diesel vehicles, heavy duty buses, and heavy duty trucks are
illustrated in Figure 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5, respectively.
A4.5.
Individual dynamometer test cycles contained in each testing sequence
were selected to provide a cross-section of traffic conditions similar to those encountered
in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). The cycles are a mixture of certification
tests (UDC and EUDC for light-duty vehicles and ETC for heavy duty buses and trucks),
the AC2540 (a short in-use vehicle test developed by Parsons for the Californian ARB)
and a higher speed derivative, the AC2560, plus two drive cycles specifically developed
to reflect Bangkok driving, the Point2 and Point4. The last two tests are drawn from a
suite of in-use vehicle emission tests developed in 2004-05 under a CDM project
undertaken by the Japan Transport Cooperation Association.
A4.6.
Except for some early tests, the dynamometer inertia simulation loads
were set to represent the half-loaded condition of the vehicle (the mean of the vehicle’s
empty and fully loaded mass). The following series of charts illustrates the speed-time
profile of each test cycle.
102 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL)
Figure A4.5: DIESEL Drive Cycles Used for Testing
DIESEL-AC2560
70
Speed (kph)
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
0
200
20
40
60
Time (second)
80
100
120
140
160
180
Time (second)
European “Urban Drive Cycle” - Light-Duty Vehicles Only
DIESEL-UDC (LD) FULL TEST
60
50
Speed (kph)
0
40
30
20
10
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
Time (second)
“European Transient Test” Segment 1 (Urban) - Heavy Duty Vehicles Only
DIESEL-ETC (HD) SEGMENT 1
100
80
Speed (kph)
Speed (kph)
DIESEL-AC2540
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
60
40
20
0
0
100
200
300
Time (second)
400
500
600
200
PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 103
Point2 Low Speed Cycle
R o a d S p e e d ( k m /h )
Road Speed vs Time for POINT Bangkok Bus Drive Cycle Segment 2 (6 - 12 km/h)
50
45
40
35
30
25
20
15
10
5
0
0
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
800
900
1000
1100
Time (sec)
Point4 Medium Speed Cycle
Road Speed vs Time for POINT Bangkok Bus Drive Cycle Segment 4 (20 - 30 km/h)
70
R o a d S p e e d ( k m /h )
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
0
50
100
150
200
250
Time (sec)
300
350
400
1200