Annex 4: PCD Automotive Emission Testing Laboratory, Sample & Procedure A4.1. To understand emission from diesel vehicles in Bangkok, the DIESEL project recruited in-use diesel vehicles to PCD’s Automotive Emission Laboratory (AEL). The Automotive Emission Laboratory of PCD was founded in 1996 to assist in vehicle emission inspection. The technical specifications of the laboratory are summarized as table A4.1 and A4.2 below. At AEL, chassis dynamometer and gas analyzer system will be used for testing selected in-use vehicles. Figure A4.1 and A4.2 show heavy and light duty diesel emission laboratory using for DIESEL project, and the schematic are in figure A4.3 and A4.4. Table A4.1: Technical data of each laboratory at PCD Automotive Emission Laboratory Type Pollutants Measurement Gross Vehicle Weight (kg) Max. Speed (km/h) CO CO2 HC NOx PM Motorcycle √ √ √ √ - Direct, CVS 100-450 200 Light Duty Gasoline Vehicle √ √ √ √ - Direct, CVS 400-3,500 200 Light Duty Diesel Vehicle √ √ √ √ √ Direct, CVS 400-3,500 200 Heavy Duty Diesel Vehicle √ √ √ √ √ Direct, CVS 5,000-21,000 100 Heavy Duty Diesel Engine √ √ √ √ √ Direct, CVS 110-500 HP Torque 2500 Nm Table A4.2: Laboratory Instrument List in PCD Automotive Emission Laboratory No. Item Range of Operation 1 NOx Analyzer 0-10,000 ppm 2 THC Analyzer 0-10,000 ppm 3 CO2 Analyzer 0-20 % 4 COH Analyzer 0-10 % 5 COL Analyzer 0-6 % 6 C6O14 Analyzer 0-10,000 ppm 7 CVS Exhaust Dilution System Highest flow 50 m3/min 97 98 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL) 8 Particle Sampling System Highest flow 100 N l/min 9 Gas Divider Total flow 5±0.1 l/min 10 NOx Converter Total flow 1-5 l/min 11 CFO Checker with Propane gas 350-2000 N ml/min 12 Laminar Flow Element 2250 SCPM@8"water diff 13 Microbalance 0.0000-51,000 mg 14 Weight Set 1 mg - 50 g 15 Dial Thermo-Hygrometer 20-100 % 16 Thermometer 0-50 oC 17 Dial Hygrometer 0-100 %(RH) 18 Dial Thermometer 0-50 oC 19 Electric Dry Cabinet 30-70 %(RH) 20 Digital Thermometer(Probe) 0-100 oC Figure A4.1: Light Duty Diesel Chassis Dynamometer and Gas Analyzer System Figure A4.2: Heavy Duty Diesel Chassis Dynamometer and Gas Analyzer System PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 99 Figure A4.3: Schematics of Heavy Duty Diesel Laboratory Figure A4.4: Schematics of Light Duty Diesel Laboratory A4.2. The selection of sample vehicles is based on engine type, year of registration, and vehicle type. Table 3.1 and 3.2 show a number of sample in-use vehicles required for each category. 100 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL) Table A4.3 Sample Frame for Light duty diesel vehicles Age < 1994 1994-1997 1998-1999 > 2000 Total Pick-ups Toyota 2 Isuzu 2 Other 1 Toyota 3 Isuzu 3 Mitsubishi 2 Nissan 2 Toyota 3 Isuzu 3 Mitsubishi 2 Nissan 2 Toyota 2 Isuzu 1 Mitsubishi 1 Nissan 1 30 Vans Toyota 3 Isuzu 2 Total 10 Toyota 3 Isuzu 2 15 Toyota 3 Isuzu 2 15 Toyota 3 Isuzu 2 10 20 50 Table A4.4 Sample Frame for Heavy duty diesel vehicles Age < 1995 1995-1998 1999-2000 > 2001 Total Medium Trucks Isuzu 3 Toyota 2 Mitsubishi 1 Nissan 1 Other 1 Isuzu 4 Toyota 3 Mitsubishi 1 Nissan 1 Other 1 Isuzu 2 Toyota 2 Mitsubishi 1 Nissan 1 Isuzu 2 Toyota 2 Mitsubishi 1 Nissan 1 30 Heavy Trucks Isuzu 3 Hino 3 Mitsubishi Nissan 1 Other 2 Isuzu 3 Hino 2 Mitsubishi Nissan 1 Other 2 Isuzu 1 Hino 1 Mitsubishi Nissan 1 Other 1 Isuzu 1 Hino 1 Mitsubishi Nissan 1 30 2 2 Medium Bus Purple bus 3 Green bus 3 Other 2 Heavy Bus (BMTA+Other) Mercedes 2+0 Hino 2+2 Isuzu 2+3 Other 2+2 Purple 2 Other 2 Hino 2+2 Isuzu 2+2 Other 2+2 Mercedes 1+0 Hino 1+1 Isuzu 1+1 Other 0+1 1 1 12 Total 42 36 17 Hino 1+1 Isuzu 1+1 Other 1+0 16 38 110 DIESEL Testing Sequence A4.3. The DIESEL Project has developed testing protocol for testing sample vehicles in Bangkok. Each vehicle in the project will be tested with a series of driving cycles which are short inspection cycle (AC2540), European cycle (EUDC or ETC), and Bangkok cycle (Point 2). Monitoring pollutants are Particulate Matter (PM), Total PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 101 Hydrocarbon (THC), Oxide of Nitrogen (NOx), Carbon monoxide (CO), Carbon dioxide (CO2) and toxic gases. Testing protocols are different among light duty vehicles, heavy duty buses, and heavy duty trucks. A4.4. Since the beginning of the project, the DIESEL project has changed the sequence of cycles for emission testing. The current testing sequence is more reliable in term of repeatability. The old, started using in January and August 2005, and new sequence of light duty diesel vehicles, heavy duty buses, and heavy duty trucks are illustrated in Figure 3.3, 3.4, and 3.5, respectively. A4.5. Individual dynamometer test cycles contained in each testing sequence were selected to provide a cross-section of traffic conditions similar to those encountered in the Bangkok Metropolitan Region (BMR). The cycles are a mixture of certification tests (UDC and EUDC for light-duty vehicles and ETC for heavy duty buses and trucks), the AC2540 (a short in-use vehicle test developed by Parsons for the Californian ARB) and a higher speed derivative, the AC2560, plus two drive cycles specifically developed to reflect Bangkok driving, the Point2 and Point4. The last two tests are drawn from a suite of in-use vehicle emission tests developed in 2004-05 under a CDM project undertaken by the Japan Transport Cooperation Association. A4.6. Except for some early tests, the dynamometer inertia simulation loads were set to represent the half-loaded condition of the vehicle (the mean of the vehicle’s empty and fully loaded mass). The following series of charts illustrates the speed-time profile of each test cycle. 102 Developing Integrated Emission Strategies for Existing Land-transport (DIESEL) Figure A4.5: DIESEL Drive Cycles Used for Testing DIESEL-AC2560 70 Speed (kph) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140 160 180 0 200 20 40 60 Time (second) 80 100 120 140 160 180 Time (second) European “Urban Drive Cycle” - Light-Duty Vehicles Only DIESEL-UDC (LD) FULL TEST 60 50 Speed (kph) 0 40 30 20 10 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 Time (second) “European Transient Test” Segment 1 (Urban) - Heavy Duty Vehicles Only DIESEL-ETC (HD) SEGMENT 1 100 80 Speed (kph) Speed (kph) DIESEL-AC2540 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 60 40 20 0 0 100 200 300 Time (second) 400 500 600 200 PCD Automotive Emissions Testing Laboratory 103 Point2 Low Speed Cycle R o a d S p e e d ( k m /h ) Road Speed vs Time for POINT Bangkok Bus Drive Cycle Segment 2 (6 - 12 km/h) 50 45 40 35 30 25 20 15 10 5 0 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 Time (sec) Point4 Medium Speed Cycle Road Speed vs Time for POINT Bangkok Bus Drive Cycle Segment 4 (20 - 30 km/h) 70 R o a d S p e e d ( k m /h ) 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 Time (sec) 300 350 400 1200
© Copyright 2024