1. No category

Working
Report
2003-38
Soil sample analyses
of Olkiluoto 2003
Petri
Hanna
Geological
Lintinen
Kahelin
Survey of Finland
October
2003
Base maps: ©National Land Survey, permission 41 /MYY/03
Working Reports contain information on vvork in progress
or pending completion.
The conclusions and vievvpoints presented in the report
are those of author(s) and do not necessarily
coincide vvith those of Posiva.
TEKIJAORGANISAATIO:
Geologian tutkimuskeskus
PL 96 (Betonimiehenkuja 4)
02151 ESPOO
TILAAJA:
Posiva Oy
27160 OLKILUOTO
TILAAJAN YHDYSHENKILO:
Kimmo Lehto
Posiva Oy
TILAUSNUMEROT:
9640/03/KIL
TEKIJAORGANISAATION
YHDYSHENKILO:
Petri Lintinen
GTK
Tyoraportti:
SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSES OF
OLKILUOTO 2003
LISAHUOMIOT:
Espoossa 01.10. 2003
Q~\i(~t~
Reijo Salminen
tutkimusprofessori
~&
Petri Lintinen
erikoistutkija
SOIL SAMPLE ANALYSES OF OLKILUOTO
ABSTRACT
A geotechnical and geochemical soil survey was carried out in the Olkiluoto nuclear
waste disposal site as part of an overall site characterisation. Sedimentary cover
(Quaternary deposit) in the study area was studied and sampled in 2 test pits dug by
excavator. Standard procedures were applied in logging of physical properties
including compactness, stone content, stone size, roundness and moisture. Following
determinations and chemical analyses were carried out: anions (Br, Cl, F, N0 3 and
S04); metals (AI, Ca, Cs, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sr and U) from synthetic rainwater leach,
humidity and organic mater content. Fallowing geotechnical analyses were
conducted: grain-size analysis (sieving, sedigraph) and permeability (K-value
determination, constant head). This working report presents the all above analyses and
shortly describes the results achieved.
OLKILUODON MAAPERANAYTTEIDEN ANALYSOINTI JA
RAPORTOINTI
TIIVISTELMA
Geotekninen ja geokemiallinen maaperatutkimus tehtiin Olkiluodon tulevan
loppusijoituspaikan ymparistossa osana alueen yleisempaa karakterisointia.
Tutkimusalueen maapera tutkittiin ja maaperanaytteita otettiin 2 traktorikaivurilla
kaivetusta koekuopasta. Koekuoppien maa-aineksen fysikaalisten ominaisuuksien,
mm. maa-aineksen tiiveys, kivien maara, kivikoko ja kosteus, maarittamiseksi
sovellettiin GTK:n vallitsevia standardikaytantoja. Naytteista tehtiin seuraavat
kemialliset maaritykset ja analyysit: anionit (Br, Cl, F, N0 3 and S0 4); metallit (Al,
Ca, Cs, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Sr ja U) synteettisesta sadevesiuutosta; kosteuden ja
orgaanisen aineksen maaritys gravimetrisesti. Naytteista tehtiin myos raekokoanalyysi
(seulonta ja sedigrafi) ja vedenlapaisevyyden maaritys. Tassa tyoraportissa esitetaan
kaikki yo. analyysit j a maaritykset.
1
TABLE OF CONTENTS
ABSTRACT
TIIVISTELMA
TABLE OF CONTENTS .............................................................................................. 1
1
INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 2
2
FIELDWORK AND SAMPLING ......................................................................... 2
3
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSES .......................................................................... 2
4
CHEMICAL ANALYSES .................................................................................... 4
5
UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATIONS ....................................................................... 5
6
RESULTS .............................................................................................................. 6
6.1
Sediment cover ................................................................................................ 7
6.2
Soil chemistry .................................................................................................. 8
7
REFERENCES ...................................................................................................... 9
8
APPENDIXES ..................................................................................................... 10
Appendix 1. Test pit logging forms ......................................................................... 10
Appendix 2. Grain size distribution and statistical analyses ................................... 13
Appendix 3. Permeability measurements ................................................................ 21
Appendix 4. Chemical analyses ............................................................................... 29
2
1
INTRODUCTION
This working report presents GTK's results of geotechnical and geochemical soil
survey that was carried out in spring 2003 at the Olkiluoto nuclear waste disposal site
as part of an overall site characterisation. The research activities were carried out
based on Posiva's order number 9640/03/KIL (23.5.2003). Kimmo Lehto from Posiva
acted as supervisor of this work.
FIELDWORK AND SAMPLING
2
Sedimentary cover (Quatemany deposit) in the study area was studied and sampled in
2 test pits, dug by excavator. The total number of the samples was 8 (Table 1).
Standard procedures were applied in logging of physical properties including
compactness, stone content, stone size, and moisture. These properties were estimated
in the scale of 1 to 5, where 1 donates the smallest degree with respect to each
property and 5 the largest (Kujansuu 1976). Description on stratigraphy, sediment
properties and sample positions and codes were recorded in logging forms shown in
Appendix 1. The logging system slightly modified after Hirvas & Nenonen (1990)
were applied. Samples were taken by unpainted spade in order to avoid
contamination. All samples were stored in temperature less than +6° C before
analyses. Locations of the studied test pits are marked in Figure 1. Study pits,
numbers 1-12, dug during previous phases of the geochemical and geotechnical
survey also are also indicated in the map. Previous results (excluding study locations
KK1- KK5) are reported in Posiva Working Report 2003-01 (Lintinen et al. 2003).
Table 1. Sampling locations, sampling depths and analyses carried out from Olkiluoto
soil samples.
Sampling
location
KK 12
KK 12
KK 12
KK 13
KK 13
KK 13
KK 13
KK 13
3
Sampling depth
0-0.8 m
0.8-1.4m
1.4-2.1 m
0-0.4 m
0.4-1.5 m
1.5-2.6 m
2.6-3.7 m
3.7-4.7 m
Geotechnical
analysis
Chemical
analysis
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
GEOTECHNICAL ANALYSES
Physical and geotechnical properties of 8 samples were determined including grainsize distribution, organic matter content, humidity and permeability. Analyses were
performed at GTK's Geolaboratory except permeability, which was measured at
J aakko Poyry Infra Geokeskus.
~
....,
0
0
0
.'t~<
01
.-·.· "·ru.
.;.. .
'
'
~ ---'
0
3
m.
;:;,....-·
~
§·· . . .~. .
3
m
~
<:n
<:n
~
...
3
"'C1>
"'
~
@
0
0
0
0
0
<Jl
0
3
3
3
3
m
m
~
C1>
0
0
0
'J
0
0
m
m
0
m
<:n
'J
00
0
0
0
3
m
w
~\~ .
OLKILUOTO
Naytteenottopaikat
KKJ1 (Projektio : Gauss-Kruger)
27.9.2002
Saanio & Rlekkola OyJKF
SELITYKSET:
KK1
0
Koekuoppa
(uudet merkitty punaisella)
RK1
e
Raekokon:lytepiste
~rh
Figure 1. Soil sampling locations at Olkiluoto. Square: Test pit (new ones marked with blue), black point: grain-size
sampling points.
4
Analyses and techniques used were as follows:
1. Organic matter content was determined gravimetrically by combusting the
samples at 800 °C. (GTK's method code 8180).
2. Humidity was determined gravimetrically by drying the samples at 105 °C.
(GTK's method code 8140)
3. Grain-size analysis of> 0,063 mm particles was carried out by dry-sieving the
samples by Retsch mechanical sieve shaker. The sieves apertures used were 20
mm, 6,0 mm, 2mm, 0,60 mm 0, 20 mm and 0,063 mm (GTK's method code
657).Grain size analysis of < 0,063 mm particles was carried out by using
Sedigraph 5000ET analyzer. Analysis included washing-and-screening of the
samples and dry screening (GTK's method code 661). Results of sieving and
sedigraph analysis were combined at 0,063 mm for grain-size distribution
graph. The statistical parameters of the grain-size distribution were calculated
by in-house computer programme by using the following equations:
MZ =(D10+D30+D50+D70+D90)/5 (1) where
MZ = average grain size
MZ (phi) = 2 based logarithm of grain size
D = diameter
D10, D30, etc =diameter, when percentage of passed material is 10, 30 etc.
MZ(mm) = TMz (2)
Sorting= -((D97-D3)+(D90-Dl O)+(D80-D20)+(D70-D30))/9.1 (3)
Skewness = ((D84+D16)-2*D50)/(2*(D16-D84))+((D95+D5)-2*D50)/(2*(D5-D95))
(4)
Kurtosis= (D95-D5)/(2.44*(D75-D25)) (5)
DM 25, DM 50 and DM 75 are the quartiles of the distribution
4. Permeability analysis of the bulk samples, were performed by constant head
technique (ASTM-standard Dis 084-90). The analysed samples consist of
either till or sand packed on in test cell.
4
CHEMICAL ANALYSES
Altogether 8 soil samples were analysed at the Geolaboratory of GTK. The soil
samples were dried at +70° C and sieved to <2.0 mm fraction prior analyses. Easily
soluble compounds were determined by extracting 2 hours with "synthetic rainwater",
which consisted of a mixture of deionised water and HN03 having pH of 4.5.
Chemical analyses and techniques used were as follows:
1. Fluoride, chloride, bromide, nitrate and sulfate concentrations were determined
from the water-leached samples by ion chromatography (Dionex DX120). The
5
solid /solution-ratio used in the leach was 3 g I 30 ml. (GTK's method code 206I
and 206R)
2. Metals from synthetic rainwater leach (GTK's method codes 217M and 217Pp)
Aluminium, cesium, potassium, strontium and uranium concentrations were
determined from the synthetic "rainwater" (2 hours, pH 4,5) leached samples by
inductively coupled plasma- mass spectrometry (ICP-MS, Perkin Elmers Sciex
Elan 6000). "Synthetic rainwater" consisted of a mixture of deionised water and
HN0 3 having pH of 4.5. Calsium, iron, magnesium and sodium concentrations in
the samples were determined by ICP-AES (Thermo Jarrel Ash IRIS Advantage).
5
UNCERTAINTY ESTIMATIONS
Detection limits and estimated uncertainties for analyses are shown in Table 2.
Uncertainty estimations are based on analytical results of certified and other reference
materials, replicate analyses of real samples and on interlaboratory test results.
Uncertainty of grain-size distribution analysis and gravimetric determination of water
and humus content was estimated from the measurement accuracy of analytical
instruments, repeatability and reproducibility data given by supplier of analytical
instruments and replicate analyses of real samples.
Uncertainties were calculated in 95 %confidence limit (z=2) by using equations:
Uncertainty of the measurement:
B = z * U (1 ), where
z =factor which depends on the confidence limit= 2
U = combined uncertainty
---~-~--~
U=
[LV
2
systematic
~-~----~-~---
2
+U random (2), where
Usystematic = Systematic error
Urandom = Random error
6
Table 2. Estimated uncertainties for analyses. 1Units are in mg/kg if not otherwise
indicated. 2Relative uncertainty, expressed as% from the measured result marked.
Method
code
206R
206R
206R
206R
217M
217P
217M
217P
217M
217P
217P
217M
217M
814G
818G
657
661
661
6
6.1
Element or
Determination
Cl
F
N03
so4
Al
Ca
Cs
Fe
K
Mg_
Na
Sr
u
HzO-%
Organic matter-%
Sieving analysis
Sedigraph analysis
Grain-size analysis
Permeability
Detection
limit
(mg/kg) 1
Concentration
range
(mg/kg) 1
2
1
2
1
0.5
1.0
0.05
0.1
0.05
1.0
1.0
0.01
0.001
0.01%
0.01%
2-20
1- 10
2-40
1-40
0.5-500
2.0-1500
0.05-0.1
2-500
0.05-10
2-50
2-2500
0.01-500
0.001-10
1-20%
0.1-5%
-
-
-
-
-
U ncertainty2
%
20
15
15
20
35
10
25
20
20
30
10
30
25
20
20
20
20
20
20
Concentration Uncertainty2
range
%
(mg/kg) 1
0.1 - 20
15
10- 100
15
RESULTS
Sediment cover
In the study area the sediment covering the bedrock is till. In some isolated
depressions also fine-grained glacilacustrine sediments were observed in the study
pits dug during the earlier phase of the study. The till cover smoothes the high
amplitude bedrock undulations resulting a relatively flat surface topography. The
thickness of the till cover is commonly 2-3 m. Typically the bedrock surface
undulates in a short distance causing distinctive differences in the sediment thickness.
Till in the study area rests in many places on glacially striated bedrock surface. The
till is massive or weakly laminated and it is rich in clay fraction. In study pits 12 and
13 (Figures 2. and 3.) the clay fraction (0 <0.002 mm) content of till varies from 7 to
12 %, whereas the fine fraction (0 <0.06 mm) content varies from 32 to 41 %. The
permeability (K-value) of till varies from 10-7 to 10-9 m/s. The organic matter content
of till is low, less than 1,2 %. The till in the study area can be described as basal till
deposited by actively flowing basal conditions of ice sheet.
At both study localities, pits 12 and 13, the surficial (uppermost) sedimentary unit
consist of coarse-grained littoral sand and gravel deposit from 0,4 to 0,8 m in
thickness. The permeability (K-value) of the littoral deposit varies from 10-s to 10-6
m/s.
7
The test pit descriptions and photographs (Figure 2 and 3) are presented in Appendix
1, results of the grain size analyses including statistical parameters in Appendix 2 and
results of the permeability analyses in Appendix 3.
Figure 2. Test pit KK 12 at Olkiluoto
8
Figure 3. Test pit KK 13 at Olkiluoto.
6.2
Soil chemistry
Results of the chemical analyses show similar trend related to the depth and soil type
in the two studied test pits. Concentrations of the easily soluble anions and cations are
lower in the uppermost sedimentary unit, which consists of littoral sand, comparing
underlying till. The results reflect the natural leaching and surface absorption due to
increasing fines and clay fraction content. Concentrations of the analysed cations and
anions are in line with the results of the earlier phase of the study conducted in
Olkiluoto (Lintinen et al. 2003). Results of the chemical analyses are presented in
Appendix 4.
9
7
REFERENCES
Hirvas, H, & Nenonen, K. 1990. Field methods for glacial indicator tracing . In: eds.
R. Kujansuu & M. Saarnisto Glacial indicator tracing. Rotterdam: A. A. Balkema,
217-248.
Kujansuu, R. 1976. Glaciogeological survey for ore prospecting purposes in Northern
Finland. In R.F. Legget (ed.), Glacial Till. Royal Society of Canada, Special
Publication 12, Ottawa: 225-239.
Lintinen, P., Kahelin, H., Lindqvist, K. & Kaija, J. 2003. Soil sample analyses of
Olkiluoto. Posiva Working Report 2003-01. 123 p.
10
8
APPENDIXES
Appendix 1. Test pit logging forms.
Instruction for the test pit forms:
Physical properties are estimated in the scale of 1 to 5, where 1 donates the smallest
degree with respect to each.
Mo denotes moisture:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Dry
Moist
Moderately wet
Extremely wet
Water running
Co denotes compactness: 1. Extremely loose
2. Loose
3. Normal
4. Compact
5. Extreme compact, concrete-like
St denotes stone content:
1. Stone less
2. Few stones
3. Normal
4. Abundant stones
5. Extremely abundant stones
Ssz denotes stone size:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Small stones, < 6 cm
Large stones, 6-20 cm
Small boulders, 20-60 cm
Boulders, 60-200 cm
Large boulders, > 200 cm
Geological Survey of Samples
Finland
Lithology
Mo Co St
Ssz Colour m
...................................··········
Droving
Description
<::;g<y_S.~. ~~~9.~l:ll... ~~P9.S.i~ .....
QuatemiD straigraQhy
Field work: Posiva Oy
Study location: Olkiluoto
lo-0.8 m
Gravel
1
Map sheet: 1132
10.8-0.4 m
········· ·············································
····································
Position:
X: 6791.803
Y: 1525.833
IZ:8.0 m
!Number of study locality: KK 12
I
Till
.
13
14
12
2
Grey
3
4
2
2
Grey
Massive till
········································
2
l.4-2.1 m
Massive till
Bedrock: diabase with
gr.~~!~~p~g~l:}~~~-~--~-i~~····
Bedrock
Method of investigation:
Test pit
Depth of groundwater surface: 1.8 m
Photographs: Figure 2
3
!Notes:
4
...................................
5
1--"
1--"
Geological Survey of tSamples,
Finland
Quaternary straigraphy
·'
ILithology IMo Ieo 1St 'Ssz IColour I m'
I
IO:Q4~11 J . ••.••.••.. . . . . . . ! . .
J .·
]GIOVOi . . . . . . . •
l t l:
Field work: Posiva Oy
···t··
Droving
IDescription
I
~~.':ll:~~--~i.J!<?r.C1~. 4~P~.s.~t. . . ..
··•·
Study location: Olkiluoto
IMap sheet: 1132
Position:
X: 6791.769
Y: 1525.898
1
r
•1
T
0.4-l.S m
:r
:
Jfiij
13
jJ
j2 ...J.2.
·Mass"i~e-tiif
JGrey
.
+·····•···
lz:8 m
IN umber of study locality: KK 13
2
~
N
Method of investigation:
Test pit
·loepth of groundwater surface:
r~-~·~~-l
:. J
I : ~~Ill.
·]~
lj
Massi~etiii····
2
[Grey
Photographs: Figure 3
3
!Notes:
12:6=i7 m
Till
Mass·i'~e-ti!I····
2 .......... Grey
4
13.7-4.7m
Till
12
Massi~e-tiii'.
rrey
I
5
·
Appendix 2. Grain size distribution and statistical analyses of soil (Quaternary deposit) samples from Olkiluoto. The analysis methods have
been described in the text.
2003 LAB0000097 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
%
100.0
87.7
55.2
11.6
1.5
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
KK12 0-8
Order 80427
D97/03
-0.886
1.849
1.563
-0.067
1.018
0.869
1.732
3.906
0.00
L03043831
I
I
Depth m:
0.00- 0.80
~
L_
-
w
- -
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
SAVI CLAY
0.02
SILTTI SILT
100
90
f--
···--·---··
0.06
0.2
0.6
.
2
····--
HIEKKASAND
---...-···-·-·-·
----
--·
··---
1-
:z
UJ
u
0::
a.
50
I
...
--·--·-··
:::c
(!)
LiJ
3:
(J)
<t
:z
::>
0
:E
<t
:z
~
(!)
•..
25
HIESU
·-·-
- ----
SILT
········--
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
HIETA FINE SAN[
0.06
0.2
~-~
·····
--··-·····~--
~
---·-SAV1
CLAY
--·--·········--··---
/
V
-~I
---· ·---..--
10
/
I
1-
1-
60
SO RAGRAVEL
-··-·
75
UJ
20
6
-----
STONES
-·-···-·-
HIEKKA SAND
0.6
--···-
SORA
..• .I
2
6
GRAVEL
20
KIVET
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003LAB0000098 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
Depth m:
0.80- 1.40
--
--
--
---
-
%
100.0
94.6
82.2
67.8
53.1
36.7
29.5
18.7
11.9
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
KK 12 8-14
Order 80427
D98/03
3.159
0.112
4.085
0.143
0.773
0.012
0.159
1.095
0.00
L03043832
-
~
~
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
-
·-·---·-
SAVl CLAY
lOO
90
0.02
.
0.06
0.2
SILT
r-- [--------
··-·
V
z
UJ
u
0::
50
/
~-
V
1-
:::z::
(!)
UJ
3:
en
---
<( 25
1-
z
::>
0
:E10
r--
~
-
.......
~
/
V
HIESU
--··r-·
.,./'...-"
~
--------
--
·-
-!-
-··-·------··~~·
CLAY
60
------ ----------
z
SAVI
20
SORA GRAVEL
-
<(
~
(!)
6
-----······-·
~·-·-
1-
a..
2
HIEKKA SAND
75
UJ
0.6
--~-·
SILTTI
SILT
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
HIETAFINE SANC
HIEKKA
SAND!
0.2
0.6
SORA
GRAVEl
······--·----
-.-········~-·
0.06
----- r-STONES
2
6
20
.
KIVET
.L._
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003 LAB0000099 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
Depth m:
1.40-2.10
%
100.0
100.0
87.4
73.7
59.4
41.0
31.2
18.9
11.5
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
OM 50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
KK 12 14-21
Order 80427
099/03
3.586
0.083
3.767
0.109
0.792
0.011
0.108
0.673
0.00
L03043833
1--'
--
--
- - L_
-
- -
- - - -
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
SAVI CLAY
I
·······-·-·--
SILTTI
-
------
0.02
siLT
100
-----------
0.06
r·
0.2
---
Vl
-
0.6
HIEKKA
r·
90
75
··
6
sAr\lo
-ob-=----
20
SOHA
~-=t=--
·--+-------'f.-·······
··········-
!
1--
:z:
w
I
~
w
a..
.
60
GRAVE~··L-
!
I
50
1--
::I::
(!)
jjJ
3:
en
<( Z5
1--
:z:
::>
0
:::!: 10
<(
z
~
(!)
J
s~
VJ_GLA v
f_____
HIESU
Silo!
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
____
HIETAFINE
0.06
S~I'JD
0.2
nrr;:~_
0.6
SAND
,
2
sonA
6
--~~-'WE
Kl\fll:T_,_
20
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003LAB00001 00 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
Depth m:
0.00-0.40
%
100.0
74.9
54.9
20.2
2.2
0.5
0.0
0.0
0.0
-
KK 13 0-4
Order 80427
D100/03
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
-0.940
1.918
1.952
-0.102
0.803
0.709
1.687
6.029
0.00
---------
-------
- -
I
L03043834
----~----
---------
.......
0\
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
SAVI CLAY
00
0.02
SfL'l'Tl
·~·-
0.2
0.06
SILT
0.6
2
1-
z
w
(.)
0::
...
- ...-.--··
-·
/V
(.!)
jjj
t
~
--- --
·-
-----
l
$:
en
-
<( 25
/
1-
z
=>
-------i
t-- -·
<(
--~·~··-·
l
z
~
(.!)
l
I
:::I:
0
:E 10
1/
l
1-
·+
60
/
t
---
50
20
SORA GRAVEL
-~--·
75
w
c..
6
HIEKKA SAND
·- .
..
BO
--
...
i
SAVI
CLAY
0.002
HlESU
.. _.J...
0.006
SILT
I .
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
I
0.2
HIEKKA
0.6
_]
I
v/ / I_L_
HIETAFINE SAND
0.06
··-····--···--
---
i
I
____________l
SAND
SORA
2
6
-
GRAVEL
20
STO_~_::LJ
KIVET
-~-J
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003LAB0000101 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
%
100.0
97.2
87.8
74.9
57.4
32.5
21.9
11.9
7.3
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
KK 13 4-15
Order 80427
0101/03
3.022
0.123
3.372
0.096
1.056
0.028
0.140
0.606
0.00
L03043835
Depth m:
0.40- 1.50
.......
-.....)
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
0.02
,..-·---· -··-·--······--···--r··········"-----·----·........-----SAVl CLAY
SILTTI SILT
0.06
0.2
0.6
2
6
20
60
tOO
90
75
1-----+··---~·····-··---······t·--·
·-····---·--·-·+··-·------···--!---····-·-··--·+·..-·. -·-··--~·----+---·-·--·-··::~;.._ ..... _...................-.... -·+···----- ~·----·····- ...........~-t---................ ______+--
1-
z
UJ
u
1
0::::
l
I
UJ
0.. 50
1-
:::t:
(!)
u::i
;:
en
<( ....
'~5
1-
I
_.. ·-~__..At-
z
:::>
0
:::i!:
<(
10
~--·--..·-·
STONES!
z
~
(!)
sA vi
CLAY
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
~il_!!~f;\ FINE_~ANq
0.06
0 .. 2
..... ~~-~~.;1~~~'--·
0.6
~~~~. .- .......... so~/~.........~RAVEL
2
6
1
20
KIVET
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003LAB0000102 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
%
100.0
97.1
89.4
78.6
61.7
36.6
24.9
12.6
7.7
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
KK 13 15-26
Order 80427
0102/03
3.345
0.098
3.376
0.075
1.032
0.020
0.114
0.475
0.00
L03043836
Depth m:
_!_J_O- 2.~_0_____
.........
00
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
0.02
.-~~~·;··CLAY
..
SILTTI SILT
fOO
0.06
····-
0.2
0.6
····-·········-----=-----···-=----~ -
90
75
1---+----------·-·-1---·~-.....
50
~
- - .
2
-;u;-~sAND
----·
6
20
., -~OHAGRAVEC-·
.=::-f~-:
/
60
+
.- - / /
1-
z
w
u
0:::
w
a..
1::I:
(.!)
jjj
---
~v--
;:
en
<(
---
25
1-
~
~-----1·-----l--,---·..···---
J
f...............
--·---+-
z
:::::>
0
::2: 10
<(
2
~
(.!)
~:=I·-----=--=-~-----.-~~~]. ~----~~~~~---·--
f--·+··---··-···········--·----+~-_=__ ___z:::::.=:SA:.Y.:f_____
g_LA'(.1..___.
HIESU
......L....-.
SILT
HIETAFINE SAND
-------·····-··
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
j
HIEKKA
1-.. . . . . . . . .J--·····
.... _-· .......
SAND
...... --.......L----------'--····--·····---l-
0.06
0.2
0.6
2
SOHA
...............
6
-.. .J s~~~E~--t·-GRAVEL I
20
KI~.!:.T. ......t.........
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003LAB0000103 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
%
100.0
100.0
91.0
80.3
63.8
37.6
25.6
12.6
7.5
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
DM50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
3.475
0.090
3.254
0.094
1.008
0.019
0.106
0.422
0.00
KK 13 26-37
Order 80427
D103/03
!
L03043837
I
!
I
I
I
I
Depth m:
2.60-3.70
i
"""""
\0
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
tOO
90
75
1-
z
w
~
w
a.
50
1-
.
jVI(';L~----t-
---1
---.
c~
::J:
0.02
0.06
f__ SlLTTI SI ~T_______ "-
--
0.2
0.6
2
6
20
60
0
-
H
HIEflSORAGRA.TEL - - ".
•
---- "
-
_ _ _____ -
-
"---"
-----,--~---
-----t-
--·--~--r-
7
(!)
jjj
~
Cl)
<t
1-
25
z
::>
0
:E
<t
z
~
(!)
10
~-SAVl
~~
----t=:r----1----=r=_-
.. <?'::::~:X......------------~~~~T..~---~-~-~! . . . . ""
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
l
HlE~~INE 5_~-~~L;)
0.06
0 .,:;,
I
HlEKKA
0.6
SAND
I
·----
2
.
-~~
SOHJ':___~-~-~~VEL L----~~ET
6
20
60
GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND STATISTICAL PARAMETERS
2003 LABOOOOl 04 mm
20.0
6.0
2.0
0.6
0.2
0.06
0.02
0.006
0.002
Depth m:
3.70-4.70
%
100.0
92.3
83.6
73.5
59.3
35.3
24.2
11.6
7.4
MZ(PHI)
MZ(MM)
Sorting:
Skewness:
Kurtosis:
DM25%
OM 50%
DM75%
HUMUS-%
2.954
0.129
3.699
-0.014
1.014
0.022
0.125
0.717
0.00
KK 13 37-47
Order 80427
0104/03
L03043838
I
-
-
-
---
N
0
GEOTECHNICAL CLASSIFICATION
0.002
0.006
0.02
0.06
0.2
0.6
2
6
HU<:KKA SAND
STLTTI
20
SORA
60
GRAVEL
00
90
75
1-
z
UJ
(.)
0::
UJ
a.
· - t - - - · -·--·· '""···--
50
1:::I:
(.!)
jjj
::=
en
<(
25
1-
z
:::>
~
<(
z
~
(.!)
10
tr-~- __j~----l~ . :'~
_ ._.".. 9LAY
Hms:::r___S_!IoT
0.002
0.006
0.02
ENGINEERING GEOLOGY CLASSIFICATION
~=~~-~:--~h~~~~~
__ _HIETAFINE
0.06
s~=~E.'_!S_Kl<A !;J\~ SORL~~___
0.2
0.6
2
6
20
60
Appendix 3. Permeability measurements of soil samples of Olkiluoto. Analytical methods have been described in the text.
.JAAKKD PDVAV INFRA
Geokeskus
PERMEABILITY
_(Constant Head),
Sample
Depth
Date
Customer
OPTIMALW%
L03043831
kk12 0-8
18.6.2003
Geoloaiantutkimuskeskus
Properties of
pecimen before
esting
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, 0/o
et density
Dry density
Degree of compession
MAX. Dry density kN/m3
Degree of compession %
#VALUE!
Properties of specimen after testing
1574,3
101,0
97,0
19,88
19,876
#DIV/0!
measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, %
et density
Dry density
Dearee of compession
Water head
m
time starts
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
1574,3
101,0
97,0
Temperature
time ends
13:12
13:13
13:14
13:15
13:16
13:17
oc
21
19,88
19,876
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
18.6.
permeated water
ml
880,0
865,0
820,0
845,0
825,0
825,0
13:13
13:14
13:15
13:16
13:17
13:18
0
k 20°C (average)
9,30E-05
k 20°C (med)
9,25E-05
1,24E-06
Std.Deviation
E (average)
- - -
- - - L__
4,03
m/s
m/s
m/s
}-~r
. I
' ul
0
•
• . ······I;····················· I······
I
.. -8
oil
0,02
0,04
-
0,06
ti•e (.,)
....... l
I
0,08
0,1
0,12
N
~
.JAAKKD PDVRV INFRA
PERMEABILITY( Constant
head)
Sample
Depth
Date
Customer
Geokeskus
OPTIMALW%
L03043832
kk12 8-14
25.6.2003
Geoloaiantutkimuskeskus
Properties of
pecimen before
esting
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, 0/o
et density
Dry density
Degree of compession
measurement
1
2
MAX. Dry density kN/m3
Degree of compession °/o #VALUE!
Properties of specimen after testing
1782,6
101,0
95,0
22,98
22,980
#DIV/0!
~eight, g
1ameter, mm
eight, mm
ater Content, %
et density
Dry density
De ree of compession
time starts
Water head
m
1782,6
101,0
95,0
temperature
oc
21
22,98
22,980
time ends
N
N
permeated water
ml
-
3
4
5
6
26.6. 6:35
26.6. 17:00
27.6. 8:25
28.6. 9:42
29.6. 10:49
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
7
8
9
10
k 20°C (average)
3,51 E-09
m/s
k 20°C (med)
3,57E-09
m/s
Std.Deviation
1,55E-10
m/s
!
26.6. 17:00
27.6. 8:25
28.6. 9:42
29.6. 10:49
30.6. 7:17
20,0
30,0
50,0
45,0
40,0
_,ll- ~--r···~-- -···r··-··· -~- -~-·- · · · · --.~--- - -~-,-· · -·-·- - · - · · ~
oil
0
20
40
60
ti•oe: ( .. )
E (average)
--
8,45
80
100
120
.JAAKKC PDVAV INFRA
Geokeskus
PERMEABILITY( Constant
_head)
Sample
Depth
Date
Customer
OPTIMIW%
L03043833
kk12 14-21
25.6.2003
Geoloa iantutkim uskeskus
Properties of
pecimen
before testing
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, 0/o
et density
Dry density
Dearee of compession
measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
MAX. Dry density kN/m3
Degree of compession %
#VALUE!
Properties of specimen after testing
2002,7
101,0
105,0
23,36
23,358
#DIV/0!
Water head
m
~eight, g
time starts
!.
1 - - - - - - - -~- - - - -
.k 20°C (average)
2,31 E-09
m/s
k 20°C (med)
2,41 E-09
m/s
Std.Deviation
2,33E-10
m/s
E (average)
8,64
•
0
Temperature
211
permeated water
ml
I ----.------------- - - - - - ~- - ------ - .-- - - - - - -~- - - - - - - - - - - - -
40
-
20,0
15,0
30,0
30,0
25,0
26.6. 17:00
27.6. 8:25
28.6. 9:42
29.6. 10:49
30.6. 7:17
20
oc
23,36
23,358
time ends
26.6. 6:35
26.6. 17:00
27.6. 8:25
28.6. 9:42
29.6. 10:49
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
2002,7
101,0
105,0
ameter, mm
eight, mm
ater Content, %
et density
Dry density
Degree of compession
60
tiaoe: (.,)
.- -~- - - - - - - - - - -----~-~80
100
-1
120
N
VJ
.JAAKKC PDVAV INFAA
Geokeskus
PERMEABILITY( Constant
head)
Sample
Depth
Date
Customer
OPTIMALW%
L03043834
kk13 0-4
18.6.2003
Geoloaiantutkimuskeskus
Properties of
pecimen
before testing
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, %
et density
Dry density
Degree of compession
measurement
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
MAX. Dry density kN/m3
Degree of compession %
#VALUE!
Properties of specimen after testing
1569,9
101,0
92,0
20,90
20,898
#DIV/0!
Water head
m
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
1,800
time starts
2,58E-06
m/s
k 20°C (med)
2,56E-06
m/s
Std. Deviation
1,28E-07
m/s
E (average)
5,59
Temperature
oc
21
20,90
20,898
time ends
18.6. 13:11
18.6. 13:44
18.6. 14:22
18.6. 14:53
18.6. 15:25
19.6. 7:04
19.6. 7:31
19.6. 8:02
19.6. 8:37
19.6. 9:16
k 20°C (average)
1569,9
101,0
92,0
eight, g
Diameter, mm
height, mm
ater Content, %
et density
Dry density
Degree of compession
permeated water
ml
755,0
890,0
730,0
735,0
300,0
815,0
800,0
860,0
920,0
900,0
18.6. 13:44
18.6. 14:22
18.6. 14:53
18.6. 15:25
18.6. 15:38
19.6. 7:31
19.6. 8:02
19.6. 8:37
19.6. 9:16
19.6. 9:55
-
!_.ll-r~T~I----r~T---l
0
1
2
3
~ih
4
( .. )
5
6
N
..j::::.
GI:OKESKUS OY
L03043835
kk 13 4-15
-6.42
3.799E-07
MAX.D
-6.46
3.491 E-07
m/s
Degree of compassion%
~6.89
1.298E-07
m/s
eolo ian tutkimuskeskus
-6.56
Properties of specimen before testing
Properties of specimen after testing
Weight, g
Weight, g
Diameter, mm
1560.70
101.00
Diameter, mm
1560.7
101.0
Height, mm
90.00
Height, mm
90.0
E (Average)
Water content,%
0.00
Water content,%
0.0
Temperature,
Wet density
21.24
21.24
Wet density
21.24
21.24
Measurement cell diameter, mm
Dry density
m/s
Dry density
rn/s
6.4
oc
23.0
30.0
N
Vl
Degree of compassion%
permeability
-5.00
o.oc
I
#JAK0/0!
I
~~:~~
m-6.37
rn -6.44
13 -6.41
-8.00
-9.00
-10.00
-11.00
0.00
40.00
_
30 00
ession%
m
m
m
m
1.00
m
~
m
GJ
ID
0.00
water ________
m-6.38 m-6.26
13 -6.55
1.50
2.00
time,h
2.50
250
200
150
100
20.00
10.00
0.00
m-6.56
ID -6.52
0.50
--~--~
#JAK0/0! solution
0
0
o
0
e
o
0
so
0
0 ............................_..................
........_.....
~
0.50
1.00
1.50
e (inflow/outflow)*1 o mgradient i
2.00
2.50
0
0
0
0
0
_...___.~---__,
0
0
1
1
1
1
2
____
2
0 effective tension • cell pressure A. front pressure Ill back pressure
2
PERMEABILITY(FIE:)xible•.wall)
L03043836
kk13 15-16
-6.83
-6.83
Std. deviation
Degree ofcompession %
-8.06
-6.97
eolo ian tutkimuskeskus
Properties of specimen before testing
1585.30
Weight, g
1585.3
Diameter, mm
101.00
Diameter, mm
101.0
Height, mm
90.00
Height, mm
90.0
E (Average)
Water content, %
0.00
Water content, %
0.0
Temperature,
Wet density
21.57
Wet density
21.57
Measurement cell diameter, mm
Dry density
21.57
Dry density
21.57
ession%
#JAK0/0!
!iil-6.77
0.00
m-6.83
1.00
m -6.84
1.50
2.00
40.00
30.00
!iil
lll1
1$
m/s
m
El
m
!El
~
1
6.8
oc
23.0
30.0
water
---~----
·-·~···
!iil-6.84
li.il-6.80
El -6.83
3 .00 tirne,h
2.50
3.50
0.00
0.00
•
e
4.50
.
.
• •
250
•
200
,
• ·:~
100
@
li.il-6.86
4.00
150
20.00
10.00
m/s
N
0\
#JAK0/0/ solution
--~--.----·-·-·-----
19 -6.79
0.50
mls
8.733E-09
Properties of specimen after testing
Weight, g
-6.00
-7.00
-8.00
-9.00
-10.00
-11.00
m/s
1.477E-07
1.463E-07
•
time, h
3
4
50
0
0.50
1.00
1.50
2.00
e (inflow/outflow)"10
2.50
3.00
El gradient i
3.50
4.00
4.50
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
2
3
0 effective tension +cell pressure • front pressure • back pressure
4
t
PERMEABILITY(Fiexible.wall)
S~mple
L03043837
OPTIMALW%
Depth
KK13 2,6-3,7m
MAX. Dry density
Date
18.6.2003
Degree of compessipn%
~N/m3
Iqeoloqian tutkimuskeskus
Customer
Properties of specimen before testing
Properties of specimen after testing
Weight, g
Diameter, mm
Height, mm
Water content, o/o
Wet Density
Dry Density
Weight, g
1815.70
3.169E-07
m/s
-7.46
3.505E-08
m/s
m/s
Std;Deviation
k 4°C (average)
-6.65
101.00
Diameter, mm
101.0
105.00
Height, mm
105.0
E (Average)
0.00
Water content, %
0.0
Temperature,
21.18
Wet Density
21.18
Measurement cell diameter, mm
30.0
21.18
Dry Density
21.18
#JAK0/0!
Degree ~f. £9.. !!!~ssi_~!:! %
solution
water
6.5
oc
23.0
0.00
m-6.50
El
-6.57
0.00
!ill -6.50
Ell -6.57
.
..
..
0.50
1.00
1.50
i
Itime, hi
40.00.
IS
8
IEI
m
fii)
$
•
e
•
0
.
0.50
.
1.00
l
1.50
IO(inflow/outflow)*10 Ill!! gradient i
•
2.00
1
Ell -6.45
li1 -6.49
..
time,h
2.00
2.50
..
250
..• •.. •~ •
200
mt
150
20.00
0.00
0.00
-6.50
k 20°C(med)
-....J
0.00
10.00
-6.50
m/s
N
-5.00
-6.00
-7.00
-8.00
-9.00
-10.00
-11.00
30.00
·.
3.144E-07
1815.7
0
Degree of compassion %
permeability 1
GEOKESKUS OY
·.
k 20°C (average)
+
+
0
0
0
1
•
+
A:~
•
! time, h
100
50
.
2.50
0
0
0
·~
0
0
0
. 0
0
.
0
0
1
0
0
0
2
2
• •
1
Oeffective tension +cell pressure A front pressure • back pressure
1
.
PISRME~Bll...ll'Y(Fie}(ible·•vvatl)
L03043838
GEOKESKus.·ov
OPTJMAL W%
kN/m3
-6.13
7.370E-07
-6.13
7 .340E-07
m/s
m/s
-7.15
7.017E-08
m/s
~6.28
Customer
Properties of specimen before testing
m/s
Properties of specimen after testing
Weight, g
1598.00
Weight, g
1598.0
Diameter, mm
101.00
Diameter, mm
101.0
Height, mm
89.00
Height, mm
89.0
E (Average)
Water content,%
0.00
Water content,%
0.0
Temperature,
Wet density
21.99
Wet density
21.99
Measurement cell diameter, mm
Dry density
21.99
Dry density
21.99
#JAK0/0!
De ree of compassion%
#JAK0/0! solution
6.1
oc
23.0
30.0
N
00
water
-5.00
-6.00
-7.00
:
-8.00
-9.00
-10.00
-'11.00
0.00
0.20
ID
m-6.20
-6.71
0.40
.
30 00
'
m
ID
m
.
m
m
~
~
.
tm-6.14
m-6.18
time,h
0.80
m-6.08
1.00
250
1.20
•
•
• . • · +
~ ~ ~ ~ !lt~me,tj
200
•
1so
20.00
100
e
10.00
e
.
so
_.....__"-__.._.....__a.-.....a.-..J
0.00
0.00
llll-'6.13
0.60
40.00
m
m-6:19
0 '-41......................_......................._.......
0.20
0.40
0.60
• (inflow/outflow)*1 0
0.80
mgradient j
1.00
1.20
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
1
1
1
1
0 effective tension • cell pressure .A. front pressure Ill back pressure
1
Appendix 4. Chemical analyses of soil samples from Olkiluoto. The analysis methods have been described in the text.
Synthetic rainwater leach
Water leach
Lab. number Field code
L03043831
L03043832
L03043833
KK 12 0-8
KK12 8-14
KK12 14-21
Depth
0-0,8 m
0,8-1,4 m
1,4-2,1 m
H 20-
Org.
matter
{800°C)
Cl
F
504
N0 3
K
Sr
u
Cs
AI
ea
Fe
Mg
Na
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg_
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/kg
mg/k_g_
%
%
2,8
<2
<2
2,0
<1
2,1
5,1
19
36
<2
<2
<2
6,58
24,4
25,8
0,03
0,14
0,08
0,007
0,008
0,006
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
2,47
24,4
15,2
13,0
53,9
37,8
1,75
16,0
16,7
3,28
10,2
11,4
8,13
10,3
8,74
6,48
11,8
11,0
1,05
1,10
1,01
{105°C)
N
\0
L03043834
L03043835
L03043836
L03043837
L03043838
KK13
KK13
KK13
KK13
KK13
0-4
4-15
15-26
26-37
37-47
0-0,4 m
0,4-1,5 m
1,5-2,6 m
2,6-3,7
3!7-4,7
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
<1
<1
<1
<1
<1
--·····-------
1,7
16
18
11
13
<2
<2
<2
<2
<2
11,0
9,29
12,9
9,91
11,1
0,04
0,05
0,09
0,07
0,07
0,012
0,009
0,011
0,004
0,003
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
<0.05
3,91
3,78
8,87
7,15
3,99
10,4
22,9
47,3
43,3
40,7
2,12
4,00
10,2
7,75
4,99
2,64
4,40
5,21
3,43
3,30
5,06
4,89
5,53
4,44
5,69
8,72
10,8
10,6
11,2
10,3
1,18
0,65
0,66
0,61
0,74