1. food and drink
2. food
3. baked goods

VISUAL AID FOR CREATING ENRICHMENT ITEMS
Dhaval Vyas, MS and Kristin Mayfield, MS
Centers for Disease Control and Prevention
Introduction
Enrichment devices are provided to laboratory animals to reduce
abnormal behaviors and to promote species typical behaviors (e.g.,
foraging and nest building). With a diverse collection of species that
require numerous enrichment options, a laboratory enrichment schedule
can become difficult to manage. In order to promote the diversity of
enrichment and to prevent the distribution of inappropriate enrichment
items, animal care staff must be aware of the proper enrichment items to
use for a particular species.
Poster Designs
Results
Three posters were constructed and displayed for several weeks. A poster was
created for macaques (Fig. 1), New World primates and small carnivores (Fig. 2).
Unexpected deterioration of the color on the posters was observed one week
following the display. The UV light from the ceiling bulbs caused fading on the
glossy ink used to print the images. The quality of the images was tarnished
and a reprinting of the posters using a different ink is in progress.
APPROPRIATE DESTRUCTIBLE ITEM COMBINATIONS: MACAQUES
FROZEN DESTRUCTI BLES
PAPER BAG
PAPER CUPS
PAPER CUPS
WAFFLE CONE
TORTILLA
HONEY
DILUTED FRUIT JUICE
APPLESAUCE
PEANUT BUTTER
YOGURT
YOGURT
HONEY
APPLESAUCE
PEANUT BUTTER
HONEY & DRY FOOD
PEANUT BUTTER & DRY FOOD
HONEY & DRY FOOD
HONEY
In institutions where enrichment staff and animal care staff are
differentiated , the use of appropriate and species-specific enrichment
needs to be communicated effectively. A lack of understanding of how
to properly construct an enrichment item can result in the improper and
inefficient distribution of enrichment. The Environmental Enrichment
Program at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention designed
posters that deal with the task of depicting the proper composition
of enrichment items for a particular species. The enrichment posters
display the correct enrichment and food item combinations by showing
which foods belong with the appropriate enrichment objects. The array
of different enrichment combinations is also presented. Animal care
staff can use these visual aids to increase the diversity of enrichment
items; thus, avoiding the distribution of inappropriate enrichment.
YOGURT & DRY FOOD or FRUIT
HONEY
YOGURT
DILUTED FRUIT JUICE & DRY FOOD or FRUIT
PEANUT BUTTER
APPLESAUCE & DRY FOOD or FRUIT
YOGURT
YOGURT
PEANUT BUTTER & DRY FOOD
YOGURT & DRY FOOD
PEANUT BUTTER
HONEY & DRY FOOD
FRUIT
PEANUT BUTTER & DRY FOOD
OR
YOGURT & DRY FOOD
APPLESAUCE
APPLESAUCE
OR
OR
CENTERS for DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION
ANIMAL RESOURCES BRANCH
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT OFFICE
ATLANTA, GA
Conclusions
FIGURE 1. Poster depicting the appropriate enrichment combinations for macaques.
“Destructible” choices are on top and the appropriate food items are below.
APPROPRIATE ENRICHMENT COMBINATIONS: FOXES, SKUNKS & RACCOONS
RUBBER FOOTBALL
PAPER BAG
Methods
The posters were constructed using 3’ x 4.5’ poster paper. Images
of enrichment objects and food items that are routinely used were
collected from internet sources. The enrichment items were organized
in a row and the appropriate food items that are allowed to be placed
in the enrichment items were ordered under each item. Color coded
arrows or brackets were used to further associate the food items with
particular enrichment objects. If a food item could be paired with
another food item (e.g., honey and mealworms), both items were placed
in the same box. Written instructions for interpreting the poster were
displayed beside the posters.
Posters were displayed in rooms where food preparation occurred so
that the staff could view the poster while creating enrichment items. A
written survey is being proposed to determine whether the husbandry
staff found the posters useful. Monthly enrichment sheets are also being
reviewed to examine whether the diversity of enrichment items changed
after the presentation of the posters.
E-mail: [email protected] Web: www.cdc.gov
The findings and conclusions in this report are those of the authors and do not
necessarily represent the official position of the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention.
Conversations with husbandry staff indicated that the posters did help them
choose and construct enrichment items. The visual aspects of the posters
made it easier to follow than reading a document. A few individuals indicated
that the visual depiction of the enrichment and food item combinations
helped in avoiding the use of redundant enrichment. An attempt to conduct
a survey has been postponed until the printing of the new posters. A review
of the enrichment sheets indicates that enrichment was distributed, but a
relationship between the type of enrichment items and use of the poster
cannot be determined at this time.
CAT LITTER
PAPER CUPS
FROZEN CUBES
BISCUIT BALL
MOLECULE BALL
RUBBER BONE
HOLLOW BALL
KONG
TREAT DISPENSING BALL
DOG BISCUIT
PEANUT BUTTER
DOG BISCUIT
HONEY
DOG BISCUIT
HONEY
SOFT TREATS
SOFT TREATS
The poster has potential to make the distribution of enrichment more efficient
by visualizing the allowable enrichment combinations. According to the
conversations with the animal care staff, the posters were better received
than a written schedule because the images allowed the animal care staff to
visualize the enrichment possibilities and gave them the freedom to choose
varying types of enrichment. The posters clarify the proper combinations;
thus, eliminating ambiguity regarding which food items belong in certain
enrichment objects.
PEANUT BUTTER
PEANUT BUTTER
SOFT TREATS
DOG BISCUIT
MEALWORMS
HONEY
PEANUT BUTTER
CHICKEN BROTH
Once new posters are constructed and presented to the husbandry staff, the
survey will be used to assess the posters’ effectiveness.
SOFT TREATS
SOFT TREATS
DOG BISCUIT
PEANUT BUTTER
SARDINES
PEANUT BUTTER
HONEY
SOFT TREATS
PEANUT BUTTER
HONEY
SOFT TREATS
PEANUT BUTTER & MEALWORMS
PEANUT BUTTER & MEALWORMS
HONEY
MEALWORMS
HONEY & MEALWORMS
HONEY & MEALWORMS
HONEY & MEALWORMS
With numerous species to manage, a visual aid for enrichment items
serves as a useful tool for organizing the available enrichment options.
Species-appropriate enrichment can be achieved when the staff are
equipped with a visual guide that makes it easier to construct proper
enrichment items.
Acknowledgements
CENTERS for DISEASE CONTROL & PREVENTION
ANIMAL RESOURCES BRANCH
ENVIRONMENTAL ENRICHMENT OFFICE
ATLANTA, GA
FIGURE 2. Poster depicting the appropriate enrichment combinations for foxes, skunks and
raccoons. Enrichment choices are on top of the appropriate food items.
We would like to thank Dr. Katherine Paul, Dr. Albert McCullen and Dr. Carolyn
Black for their valuable input. I am in gratitude to the animal care staff and
enrichment personnel for their constructive feedback.
National Center for Emerging and Zoonotic Infectious Diseases
Division of Scientific Resources
CS217203-A