Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide CSAA 2011: CULTURAL POLITICS 23rd November, 2011 “Out With The Old; In With The New: Examining The Cinematic Arab Terrorist Before and After The September 11 Attacks.” Presented by: Jay W. Reid, B.Media (Hons) The University of Adelaide Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide FIRST, AN APOLOGY • Due to a formatting error in the program my talk is in fact on terrorism, and not bogan terrorism • Things you will not see in this presentation include: • – The Makers of ‘The Hangover’ – Low Interest Rates – Perspective-Based Photography at Famous Landmarks – Cruise Ships – Talking About Joining the Army – The Australian Dollar – WAGs – Arbitrary Thievery – Buddhist Iconography as Home Furnishings – Border Security: Australia’s Front Line – Prefacing Racist Statements With “I’m not racist but…” Source: Things Bogans Like The Whole List Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 1 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide ORIENTALIST DISCOURSE • Said’s work is strongly linked to that of Michel Foucault (Ali, 2006: 8; Ashcroft & Ahluwali, 2009: 65; Danaher el al., 2000: 3, 110; Kennedy, 2000: 3, 89-90; Said, 2003: 3, 14, 22-23, 94, 188-9, 266) • Rather than creating their works from scratch Said is able to demonstrate how authors instead draw upon previously stated notions of the Orient (Ali, 2006: 96-7, Kennedy, 2000: 17, 28, 837, 97; Said, 2003: 10, 21-3, 151, 237, 255) • Discourses regulate identity, physical bodies, behaviours and social hierarchies, filtering down through and acting upon all levels of society (Danaher et al., 2000: 32-3, 118, 123-4; Racevskis, 1983: 93-6). Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 2 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide METHODOLOGY • Examine films dealing with fictional terrorism released between 1991-2011 considered through an Oriental discourse, framed with work of Jack G. Shaheen • Shaheen’s work spans 1,000 instances of Arab screen mediation over the past century (Galford, 2001: 88; Hussein, 2010: 120; Majaj, 2003: 38; Miller, 2008: 246; Pomerance, 2009: 32; Shaheen: 2001: 14; 36, 2003a: 176, 2003b: 77; Stiffler, 2010: 118) • He is seen as significant figure in the research of Middle Eastern screen images (Marrison, 2004: 14; Shaheen, 2001: 1; Stiffler, 2010: 118) • His work identifies six character ‘archetypes’ that will be drawn upon (Majaj, 2003: 38; Stiffler, 2010: 118) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 3 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide CONSTRUCTION OF THE ARAB VILLAIN • Through these films a discourse is established in which the Arab character is always constructed as being: – Violent – Addicted to an anti-Western religion: – Undisciplined & unintelligent – Primitive • However, while these are constant, the framing and positioning of the Arab villains does change over time Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 4 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide FIRST WAVE: 1991-2001 • Pre-9/11 terrorists Palestinians often characterised as fitting into the ‘Palestinian’ archetype as prescribed by Shaheen • Still constructed as being violent and religious, though great emphasis on their unintelligence, a popular character troupe for the time period (Shaheen, 2003a: 176-7) • This notion that the Arab mind as being simple, stupid and childlike is an idea long upheld within Oriental discourse (Said, 2007: 40; 310; 320) • Prime example: True Lies (1994), also Executive Decision (1996) and The Siege (1998) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 5 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide SECOND WAVE: 2001-2007 • Post-9/11 we see innocent Arabs seduced by ‘evil Islam’, personified in an often Egyptian cleric • Matches with the ‘Egyptian’ character detailed by Shaheen; obsessed with an ancient religion (2001: 25; 2003a: 184-6) • Their conversion is not willing but a product of socio-political drivers; not previously considered in Hollywood films (Schack, 2009: 80-1) • Location of attacks is moved to outside the US and Arab characters are given a constructed innocence • Prime example: Syriana (2005), also Rendition (2007) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 6 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide THIRD WAVE: 2007-2011 • Innocence is removed from perpetrators, who choose to commit attacks on their own accord, rather than being the victims of manipulation or coercion (Kellner, 2010: 171) • Characters become faceless, hidden behind robes and headwear, with the face becoming a (false) signal of innocence • Strong links to the Vietnam conflict and how the ‘war on terror’ is positioned • Prime example: The Kingdom (2007), also Body of Lies (2008)and Vantage Point (2008) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 7 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide SPECIAL CASE: SHEIKHS • Imagery has shifted over time (Hall, 1997) • Re-imagined: Hook-nosed oil barons on top of thrones replaced with militant clerics (Shaheen: 1987, 148-51; 2003a: 19; 180-2; 2003b: 76; 2008: 30-2) • Manipulate religion, linked to monetary excess • Seen as violent, primitive, undisciplined and unintelligent • Important to plot post-9/11, but can be observed in pre9/11 films as minor element • Changes in imagery can be linked to Osama bin Laden Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 8 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide SPECIAL CASE: MAIDENS • Post-9/11 phenomena • Belly dancers and silent veiled women replaced with fanatic bombers (Shaheen, 1987: 150; 2001: 22-3; 2003a: 1824; 2008: 30) • Seen as manipulative liars who are violent, obsessed with religion and exploit their own sexuality • Framed as being more dangerous than male counter-parts due to their disruption of the household (Pickering & Third, 2003) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 9 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide ESTABLISHMENT OF AN ARAB TERROR DISCOURSE • There exists a long standing Hollywood tradition of crafting the Middle East as an incubator of terrorist activity (Dodds, 2008: 1633) • A discourse of Arab terrorism has been established, one that while based in traditional Oriental beliefs is seen to response to changing social fears and real world events • The construction and continual repetition of such discourses acts upon bodies of society, determining the beliefs and actions of its citizens (Mills, 2004: 10) Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 10 Discipline of Media, The University of Adelaide QUESTIONS? And thank you for your time. Life Impact | The University of Adelaide Slide 11