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The Environmental Impacts of Norwegian
Aquaculture
Monitoring Program
Pathogen Transmission
Abdullah Madhun
Hardangerfjordseminaret 2013
Risk Assessment: Environmental Impacts of
Norwegian Aquaculture
Healthy Wild Salmon?
Sphaerospora truttae
Trypanoplasma sp.
Piscicola geometra
Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Eubothrium crassum
Discocotyle sagittata
Acanthobdella peledini
Proteocephalus longicollis
Cryptocotyle lingua
Discocotyle sagittata
Diplostomum spathaceum
Caligus elongatus
Udonella caligorum
Diplostomum mergi
Gyrodactyloides bychowskii
Diplostomum sp.
Papillomavirus
Hepatoxylon trichiuri
Tylodelphys clavata
Isavirus (HPR 0)
Nybelinia surmenicola
Ichthyocotylurus erraticus
Birnavirus (IPNV)
Hemiurus communis
Perkinsea gen. sp.
Alphavirus (SAV-I)
Derogenes varicus
Hysterothylacium aduncum
Reovirus (PRV)
Hemiurus levinseni
Contracaecum sp.
Renibacterium salmoninarum
Hemiurus luehei
Crepidostomum metoecus
Listonella anguillarum
Lecithaster gibbosus
Crepidostomum farionis
Aeromonas salmonicida sspp.
Paranucleospora theridion
Gyrodactylus salaris
Aliivibrio salmonicida
Trichodina sp. I
Eimeria truttae
Moritella viscosa
Ichthyobodo necator
Exophiala sp.
Vibrio splendidus
Ichthyobodo salmonis
Phoma herbarum
Pseudomonas
Parvicapsula pseudobranchicola
Verticillium sp.
Flavobacterium psychrophilum
Paeciliomyces farinosus Tetrabothriidae plerocercoider
Piscichlamydia
Saprolegnia spp.
Myxidium truttae
Clavochlamydia salmonicola
Chilodonella spp.
Myxobolus neurobius
Piscirickettsia salmonis
Discocotyle
Henneguya nuesslini
Margaritifera margaritifera
Spironucleus salmonicida
Argulus spp.
Spironucleus barkhanus
Scolex pleuronectis
Discocotyle sagittata
Glugea truttae
Capriniana piscium
Cyathocephalus truncatus
Riboscyphidia sp.
Acarii gen. sp.
Apiosoma sp.
Brachyphallus crenatus
Trichodina sp. II
Anisakis simplex
Chloromyxum truttae
Chloromyxum sp
Tetracapsuloides bryosalmonae
Ichthyophthirius multifiliis
Neoparamoeba perurans
Amoebae indet. FW
Sick Farmed Fish?
Lepeophtheirus salmonis
Eubothrium crassum
Paranucleospora theridion
Caligus elongatus
Ilavirus (HPR 0)
Birnavirus (IPNV)
Alphavirus (SAV-I)
Reovirus (PRV)
Moritella viscosa
Trichodina sp. II
Piscichlamydia
Neoparamoeba
Gyrodactyloides
Ichthyobodo salmonis
Totivirus (PMCV)
Poxvirus?
Pathogen Transmission from Farmed to Wild
Salmon
– Transmission of pathogens from farmed to wild
fish may occur.
– The frequency of transmission?
– If transmission leads to disease that has a stock
reducing effect.
– Therefore, we need more research to improve our
knowledge about pathogen transmission between
farmed and wild salmon and vice versa.
Indicators of Increased Infection Pressure from
Salmon Farming
Farmed salmon 
wild salmon
• ↑ Pathogen prevalence in migrating smolt.
• ↑ Pathogen prevalence in returning spawning salmon.
• ↑Infected escaped farmed salmon
• ↑ Prevalence of pathogen-specific antibodies in sera
from wild salmon.
• ↑ Pathogen concentration in water around the salmon
farms and in the rivers.
Pathogen Monitoring in Wild Salmonids
• Pathogen screening in areas with little or no fish farming compared to
areas with intensive fish farming.
– Screening of pathogens in:
• Returning spawning salmon (infection status)
• Migratory smolt (infection status)
• Sea trout (local indicator)
– Smolt cages (infection pressure/transmission dynamic)
• Pathogen in smolt
• Transmission in time and space
– Prevalence of pathogen i escaped salmon
Pathogens
• Listed diseases:
– Pancreas disease (PD): SAV virus
– Heart and skeletal muscle inflammation (HSMI): PRV virus
– Infectious salmon anaemia: ISA virus
• Non-listed diseases:
– Cardiomyopathy syndrome (CMS): PMCV virus
– Infectious pancreatic necrosis (IPN): IPN virus
Number of farms with virus disease outbreak in 2012
Patogen
SAV (PD)
PRV (HSMI)
ISAV
IPNV
PMCV (CMS)
Total.
Outbreaks*
137
142
2
119
89
489
* Approved/suspected
Fiskehelserapporten 2012
Monitoring: Sea Trout
• Prevalence of
pathogen (SAV-3,
PRV) in sea trout
from
– Finnmark
– Sogn og Fjordane
– Osterfjord
– Hardangerfjord
– Rogaland
2011-2013
> 1200 sea trout
Pathogen screening of returning salmon from North
Norway
≈400 sea salmon a year (2012-2015)
Pathogen-surveillance in returning spawning
salmon from Osterfjord
• Pathogen-prevalence in returning salmon in the sea and rivers (Dale
og Vosso) in Osterfjord
– ≈800 salmon heads of returning Vosso salmon (2012)
– 50 spawned salmon from Dale river.
Smolt “Sentinel” Cages (infection pressure)
Hardanger fjord 2013
Smolt Release (Stock Reducing Effect)
Etne 2013
Escaped Farmed Salmon
• Pathogen-screening in escaped farmed salmon in Hardangerfjord
(2012, 59 escaped farmed fish).
• Can infection profile help us tracing the escaped salmon to the farm of
origin?
Acknowledgments and Partners
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Egil Karlsbakk
Cecilie Helen Isachsen
Linn Maren Omdal
Ann Cathrine Einen
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Pål Arne Bjørn
Ove Skilbrei
Kevin Glover
Øystein Skaala
Vidar Wennevik
Rune Nilsen
Ole B. Samuelsen,
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Bjørn Torgeir Barlaup (UniMiljø)
Anne-Katrine Haldorsen (NIFES)
Bente Torstensen (NIFES)
Martin Svenning (NINA)
Eero Niemela (RKTL, Finland)