SPECIALTY CARBON BLACKS High Performance Materials for Advanced Lithium Ion Batteries Introduction Cabot Corporation is a global performance materials company, and we strive to be our customers’ partner of choice. We have been a leading manufacturer of carbon black and other specialty chemicals for more than 130 years, and our global reach enables us to partner closely with customers to meet the highest standards for performance, quality and service. Cabot is a key player in the provision of high performance materials and technology to many sectors of the energy industry, and our global production network provides our customers with service capabilities as well as the latest technical innovations. We have 43 global manufacturing locations, including sites throughout the Asia-Pacific region. Delivering Battery Performance Through Particle Science Expertise As demands on battery manufacturers grow with the increased use of advanced batteries in the automotive industry and storage of electricity on the grid, battery manufacturers are looking to performance materials companies like Cabot to enable the next generation of lithium ion batteries. Figure 1: Cabot’s precisely engineered specialty carbon additives offer a broad range of particle size, morphology and surface properties that deliver specific functionality. Cabot brings unparalleled scale and technological depth when assisting its customers with a broad range of carbon and other particulate materials, such as metal oxides and composites. Cabot’s capabilities span the entire range of carbon particle size, morphology and surface properties desired by battery manufacturers and include the ability to control key properties independently, allowing our products to provide the specific functional properties valued in the customer’s application. Particle OH O OH Property Function Attribute Conductivity Electrical conductivity, ionic conductivity, thermal conductivity, charge storage, contact resistance, insulating Particle Size Rheological Dispersion, paste viscosity and solid loading, binder interaction, electrolyte storage capacity, thickening efficiency Aggregate Size Mechanical Electrode density, flexibility, compressibility, adhesion, hardness, stiffness. Separator stability and porosity. Surface Properties Moisture adsorption, adhesion, oxidation stability, inertness, electrolyte stability, electrolyte storage capacity Pore Structure Surface Chemistry Surface Graphitization Lithium Ion Batteries With the growth in applications for lithium ion technology including electric and hybrid electric vehicles and potentially for the storage of electricity on the grid, there is an increasing demand for new batteries that deliver both high power and high energy storage capability over their lifetime without a decline in performance and without compromising safety. We believe there is tremendous potential to extract greater performance from lithium ion battery chemistries through innovation and optimization of conductive carbon additives. Conductivity is one of the most important factors affecting the performance of lithium ion batteries, and battery manufacturers use carbon additives in the electrodes to improve conductivity, particularly in the cathode. Cabot’s LITX™ conductive carbon additives are specifically designed for the lithium ion battery industry, and are suitable for use in automotive, electronics, power tool and grid storage applications. Compared to conventional carbon additives, our LITX products have unique properties that can enable: ¿¿ Higher battery capacity and rate capability ¿¿ Higher battery stability to enable high voltage charging for high energy ¿¿ Improved battery cycle life ¿¿ Reduced battery manufacturing cost due to higher solids loading which enables higher coating speeds and reduced solvent use ¿¿ Good dispersibility for both solvent- and water-based electrode slurry processing to further reduce cost electrode slurry processing to further reduce cost Cabot’s Conductive Additives for Lithium Ion Batteries Performance in Lithium Ion Batteries Higher conductivity LITX 200 High Power ¿¿ For high power and energy demanding applications such as automotive and high-end electronics, consider LITX 200 carbon additive ¿¿ For balance between power, energy Conductivity Amount Needed Less ¿¿ Conductive additives improve LITX 50 MultiPurpose and cycle life, consider multipurpose products such as LITX 50 carbon additive Ease of Use Lower More ¿¿ High surface area of conductive additives drives higher required dispersion energy, higher solvent/ binder uptake and other processing requirements Harder Dispersion Easier More Binder Amount Less More Solvent Amount Less ¿¿ Cabot offers products that provide balance between conductivity, ease of processing, electrode adhesion, and mechanical properties HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED HIGH PERFORMANCE LITHIUM IONMATERIALS FOR ADVANCED LITHIUM ION BATTERIES Because of their unique properties, Cabot’s LITX™ family of products can be an excellent choice for battery designers that are trying to achieve higher capacity and improved rate capabilities. Both LITX 50 and LITX 200 carbon additives offer good conductivity and are compatible with other materials used in battery electrodes. As shown in Figure 2, LITX 200 carbon additive can enable improved power capabilities and can also be used at lower loadings than most other carbon additives. Because of their unique surface properties and stability, LITX products can also enable longer cycle life (as shown in Figure 3), especially for battery designs that operate at higher cell voltage and demand stable cycling operation at higher power. LITX products are more compressible than most other carbon additives. This enables denser electrodes and easier calendaring, leading to better adhesion and a reduced amount of binder, and resulting in improved energy density. 180 Capacity at Discharge (mAh/g) 160 LITX 200 @ 1 wt. % 140 Standard Additives @ 1 wt. % 120 Standard Additives @ 3 wt. % 100 Active cathode: NCM 2032 Coin (Half) Cell, 25 ºC Cathode Loading = 1.5 mAh/cm2 80 60 Specific Discharge Capacity (mAh g-1) 180 160 140 120 Standard Additives 1.0 C-Rate 10.0 LITX Product 100 Active cathode: LiNi0.5Mn1.5O4 Pouch bag cells with lithium metal, 25 ºC Cathode Loading = 1 mAh/cm2 80 60 0.1 LITX Product 0 50 (h-1) Figure 2: LITX 200 carbon additive can enable improved power and increased energy density. 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Cycle Number Figure 3: LITX products can improve cycle life, especially in high voltage systems. In addition to having a positive impact on battery performance, LITX products can also significantly speed up the electrode coating process, resulting in cost savings, as shown in Figure 4. Because of the unique morphology of LITX products, they demand less solvent in paste preparation which can result in increased solid loading and a higher production rate because of faster coating speed. Additional benefits are cost reduction and reduced environmental impact because less solvent is used in the electrode coating process. HIGH PERFORMANCE MATERIALS FOR ADVANCED LITHIUM ION BATTERIES Lithium Ion Batteries (continued) LITX carbon additives have unique morphology that can enable manufacturing cost savings: ¿¿ Higher solids loading of the paste ¿¿ Faster coating speed ¿¿ Less amount of NMP required 50000 40000 30000 20000 10000 9000 8000 7000 6000 5000 65 Standard High Surface Area Carbon Blacks After adjusting the solids loading to equal viscosity (5400 cPa s-1) at fixed shear rate (3.4 s-1) 4000 Standard Low Surface Area Carbon Blacks 3000 2000 1000 900 800 700 Total Paste Solids Loading (wt.%) Viscosity (cP) 70 Standard Low Surface Area Carbon Blacks 60 55 50 LITX 200 45 NCM-111 40 35 Standard High Surface Area Carbon Blacks LITX 200 30 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 25 70 0 4 6 8 Loading of Carbon Additive (wt.%) NCM (Medium Sized) 45 wt.% total solids loading 6 wt.% conductive additive 6 wt.% PVDF Full Electrode Paste wt.% PVDF = wt.% conductive additive Figure 4: LITX carbon additives enable processing benefits that can result in manufacturing cost savings. Because of its unique surface properties, LITX products are easily dispersible in different types of solvent and water-based slurries used for electrode coating. Water-based slurries are particularly challenging because most carbon additives are hydrophobic and difficult to disperse in water. As shown in Figure 5, the LITX 200 carbon additive shows some unique advantages in water-based slurries in terms of both the ease and uniformity of dispersion, with lower slurry viscosity which can improve battery performance and reduce the cost of materials and processing. Hydrophobic 2 Shear Rate (s-1) Hydrophilic Figure 5: LITX 200 carbon additive offers rheological (viscosity) benefits in aqueous slurries. 10 Cabot’s Commitment to Energy The world depends upon energy to drive industry, support commerce and care for communities. The world’s energy consumption continues to increase, despite planned energy saving initiatives. Satisfying this demand while also striving for a sustainable environment will require not only reliable and safe energy production and distribution from today’s technology, but novel solutions to enhance our power generation, storage, transmission and consumption into tomorrow’s world. Cabot is committed to supporting that goal, and we maintain development programs with industry bodies, institutes and universities across the world. Cabot will continue to use its expertise in small particle science to deliver solutions that meet the energy needs of today and the challenges of tomorrow. NORTH AMERICA Cabot Corporation Business and Technical Center 157 Concord Road Billerica, MA 01821 USA Tel: +978 663 3455 Fax: +978 663 5471 Tel: +678-297-1300 (Customer service) SOUTH AMERICA Cabot Brasil Industria e Comericio Ltda. Rua do Paraiso 148 - 5 andar 04103-000 Sao Paolo, SP Brazil Tel: +55 11 2144 6400 Fax: +55 11 3253 0051 EUROPE SIA Cabot Latvia 101 Mukusalas Street Riga, LV-1004, LATVIA Tel: +371 6705 0984 Tel: +371 6705 0900 Fax: +371 6705 0985 MIDDLE EAST & AFRICA Cabot Dubai P.O. Box 17894 Jebel Ali Free Zone LOB 15, Office 424 Dubai United Arab Emirates Tel: +971-4-8871800 Fax: +971-4-8871801 ASIA PACIFIC Cabot China Ltd. 558 Shuangbai Road Shanghai 201108 China Tel: +86 21 5175 8800 Fax: +86 21 6434 5532 JAPAN Cabot Specialty Chemicals Inc. Sumitomo Shiba-Daimon Bldg. 3F 2-5-5 Shiba Daimon, Minato-ku Tokyo 105-0012 Japan Tel: +81 3 6820 0255 Fax: +81 3 5425 4500 The LITX name is a trademark of Cabot Corporation. The data and conclusions contained herein are based on work believed to be reliable, however, Cabot cannot and does not guarantee that similar results and/or conclusions will be obtained by others. This information is provided as a convenience and for informational purposes only. No guarantee or warranty as to this information, or any product to which it relates, is given or implied. This information may contain inaccuracies, errors or omissions and CABOT DISCLAIMS ALL WARRANTIES EXPRESS OR IMPLIED, INCLUDING MERCHANTABILITY OR FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE AS TO (i) SUCH INFORMATION, (ii) ANY PRODUCT OR (iii) INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY INFRINGEMENT. In no event is Cabot responsible for, and Cabot does not accept and hereby disclaims liability for, any damages whatsoever in connection with the use of or reliance on this information or any product to which it relates. www.cabotcorp.com ©2014 Cabot Corporation. R01 11/14
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