2014 Potato Science Lect 19 – Breeding
Potato Breeding: Methods, Genetic Constraints, and Disease and Pest Resistances Rich Novy Overview of Presentation History of Potato Potato Breeding Methodology Germplasm Resources Genetic Constraints Breeding for Resistance at Aberdeen – Fungal-Like: Late Blight – Viruses Potato Leafroll Virus (PLRV) Potato Virus Y (PVY) – Insect: Potato Psyllid Concluding Remarks Transport of Potato from the New World to the Old World Market Classes: Modern Day Russets • Dual-Purpose • Single Use Long Whites • Processing, some Fresh Round Whites • Processing into Chips Reds Specialties •e.g., Pigmented Flesh Potato Breeding Seedling Tuber Production New Varieties 10-11 years Why 10-11 years? Seed Increase Over Years Replicated Field Evaluations—Yield & Disease Storage, Sensory & Processing Evaluations Commercial Evaluations, Input, & Interest Development of Management Profiles Parents from the Plant Introduction Station at Sturgeon Bay, Wisconsin Germplasm from genetic studies, hybridization strategies Aberdeen, ID, Prosser, WA, Corvallis, OR Greenhouse Year 1 Commercial varieties Parents from other breeders Crosses Aberdeen, ID, Prosser, WA Corvallis, OR Greenhouse Year 2 70,000 TPS seedling tuber production at Corvallis, OR Field Genetic engineered germplasm Prosser, WA, Albany, CA, Moscow, ID, Corvallis, OR Greenhouse Exchange of seeds and tubers with other States 140,000 TPS seedling tuber production at Aberdeen, ID Field Year 3 Tubers from seedlings. Planted at Powell Butte and Klamath Falls, OR Tubers from disease resistant and specialty crosses. Prosser, WA Tubers from seedlings. Planted at Aberdeen and Tetonia, ID Year 4 700-1,200 clones planted at Powell Butte and Hermiston and Klamath Falls, OR Disease trials in Corvallis, Aberdeen, Kimberly, Hermiston, Prosser, Rexburg 2,500 clones planted at Aberdeen, and Tetonia, ID Yrs 4-5 Breeder seed increases Aberdeen, Tetonia, Powell Butte Selection field, storage, processing, and disease at 8-10 locations Lab and Greenhouses Yrs 5-8 Yrs 9-11 Yrs 12-15 PVMI Promotio n and Marketing Limited Generation seed production OSU & UI Tri-State Trials (OR, ID, WA) Western Regional Trials 8-10 locations (OR,ID,WA,CA,TX,CO) Limited generation seed production Seed Growers Name and Release New Variety Breeder seed increases Powell Butte Cultural management studies & Industry trials PVMI Promotion & Marketing eye-indexing Development of a Potato Variety – PNW Program Wild species germplasm from Prosser, WA ... Traits Evaluated Over Years Agronomic Total and marketable yield, stand count, vine maturity, and tuber size distribution Tuber Attributes Appearance, skin/flesh, shape, dry matter, processing and culinary qualities, nutrients, storage Stress and defect resistance Water and nutrient stress, internal defects, external defects Disease and Pest resistance Fungal, viral, and bacterial pathogens; insect and nematode Germplasm Resources 2% 104 Potato Species – 100 “Wild” 6% 14% – 4 cultivated Wide geographic range 5% Most 2n=2x=24 Cultivated Potato = 4x Hybridization – Haploids – Chromosome doubling – 2n gametes – Somatic hybridization 73% 2x 3x 4x 5x 6x S. microdontum S. etuberosum Species Utilization in Breeding Wild species represented in varieties: – S. demissum: LB, PLRV – S. acaule: Viruses, nematode, frost – S. chacoense: Viruses, insects – S. spegazzinii: Nematodes – S. stoloniferum: PVY and PVA – S. vernei: Nematodes, high starch Additional 9 species: In a few varieties Primitive Cultivated: adg, stn, phu Summary: Genetic Resources Potato rich in genetic resources Increasing pressure on Solanum habitats – Importance of collection and preservation – Potato Germplasm Collection, Sturgeon Bay, WI Few species widely used in enhancement – Specific industry and consumer expectations – Undesirable traits along with desirable – More pre-breeding necessary Increased interest in host plant resistances – Reduced pesticides = reduced production costs – Benefits to consumers and the environment Breeding for Resistance Very good crop for Irish – 1.5M to 9M from 1760-1840 Late Blight (Phytophthora infestans) 1845-1847 Great Potato Famine – >1.0 million died – 1.5-2.0 million emigrated next decade Reduced diversity – Surviving varieties: Partial resistance – Influx of new germplasm from South America (tbr) – More formal “controlled hybridizations” – Beginning of “Breeding for Resistance” Defender • Released in 2004 • Primarily Processing • High Yield & Specific Gravity • High Vitamin C • Bulks Rapidly • Good for Organic Production Resistant to Late Blight Weaknesses: Blackspot, Scab, Greening, Shorter Dormancy American J. of Potato Research (2006) 83:9-19 Foliage Tuber-Very Also Resistant to: Tuber early blight, PVX, net necrosis Moderate Resistance: Early dying, pink rot, corky ringspot, PVYO, and soft rot Courtesy of Dr. Jeff Miller Late Blight Screening Trial Bonners Ferry, Idaho-2004 -No Fungicides -Late Blight Inoculated Late Blight Susceptible: Dead Vines Defender Defender Grown in Bangladesh Palisade Russet (A97066-42LB) Dual-Purpose Russet Strengths Good Yield High % No. 1’s Late Blight Resistance Good Processor for LB • Low % of Sugar Ends Weaknesses Susceptible to Blackspot Bruise Very High Specific Gravity Palisade Russet, Foliar and Tuber Late Blight Data Corvallis, OR Foliar Area Under Disease Progress Curve Tuber Rot from Late Blight (%) Palisade Russet 322 b 3b Ranger Russet 1145 a 1126 a 32 a 6b Russet Burbank Palisade Russet Disease Responses Early Blight Late Blight Cultivar Vert. Wilt Pink Rot Black Com. Dot Scab Foliar Palisade R. R R R MS Ranger R. MR - - R. Burbank S S S Tuber Foliar Tuber MR MR R R S S MS S VS MR S MS S S PVY & PLRV Most important viruses of potato Reduce crop vigor and yield – Especially with secondary infection Reduction in Tuber Quality – PVY: Tuber necrotic strains – PLRV: Net necrosis No resistance to either virus in the most widely grown potato cultivars in North America Somatic Hybrids (E + TxB) 1st Generation Etb 6-21-3 A05379-211 4th Generation 2nd Generation Molecular Markers RFLP Markers – Used for localization – PLRV resistance linked with TG443 – Chrom. 4 Gillen & Novy. 2007. Euphytica. 155:403-415 PCR Markers- Rlretb – More closely linked – 13.6 cM Kelly et al. 2009. Mol. Breeding. 23: 489-500 Current Research – Dr. Joe Kuhl 3.8 cM from Rlretb BAC Library DNA Markers for PLRV Resistance 1000 bp 850 bp 650 bp 500 bp 400 bp 300 bp Progeny from etb-ber somatic hybrid • Green Peach Aphid John Trumble, UC-Riverside Reduced fecundity Growth inhibition Decreased nymph survival Novy et al., 2002. AJPR 79:9-18 • Colorado Potato Beetle Reduced field defoliation • Wireworm Reduction in tuber damage Comparable/better than Mocap • Potato Psyllid? Juan Alvarez, DuPont Possible based on exhibited diversity of insect resistances Psyllid Yellows: Reduction in yield and tuber quality Insect vector of Candidatus Liberibacter psyllaurous (solanacearum) Vector resistance could aid in the control of Zebra Chip (ZC) disease Butler et al., 2011. Crop Protection 30: 1233-1238 Concluding Remarks Breeding & Genetics Potato rich in genetic resources Few species widely used in enhancement – Specific industry and consumer expectations – Undesirable traits along with desirable – More pre-breeding necessary Increased interest in host plant resistances – Reduced pesticides = reduced production costs – Benefits to consumers and the environment Increasing pressure on Solanum habitats – Importance of collection and preservation – Potato Germplasm Collection, Sturgeon Bay, WI Variety Development The New Potato Marketplace Variety Development History Private breeding era (1840-1910) Burbank, Irish Cobbler, White Rose Early public breeding era (1910-1950) LaSoda, Pontiac, Katahdin, Kennebec, Modern era (1950-2000) Russet Norkotah, Shepody, Atlantic, Snowden, Ranger Russet Plant Variety Protection Era (2000-present) Market Perceptions Historically all potatoes were used for fresh consumption Three types of potatoes Russets – good for baking, frying Round whites – good for baking, boiling Reds – summer potatoes, good for boiling Market Diversification Current Russets Fresh market for baking Russets French fry processing Fresh market for baking (Dual Purpose) French fry processing Russets Long whites Fresh market for baking Long whites French fry processing Market Diversification Current Round whites Fresh market for baking, boiling Round whites Potato chip processing Reds Fresh market for boiling Specialty Misc. fresh market uses Specialty Misc. processing uses Successful Varieties Important characteristics High yield Wide adaptation Good consumer quality Selection Criteria Market acceptance Market delivery (maturity, storability) Economic benefit (better/different than current varieties) Productiveness Adaptation to different environments Tuber quality Resistance to physiological problems Resistance to pests Production efficiency Russet Burbank Russet Burbank Description and usage: Long russet tubers, the standard for fresh and processing russets Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance + --o + + +++ - Other: Long dormancy, susceptible to many stress problems Russet Norkotah Description and usage: Long russet tubers, used for early and storage fresh market Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance -++ -o --+ o - - - (PVY, Vert.) Other: Early maturing, very susceptible to early dying, off-flavor Ranger Russet Ranger Russet Description and usage: Long russet tubers, utilized primarily for french fry processing Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance ++ + ++ o ++ + ++ ++ Other: Very susceptible to blackspot bruise, resistant to most field diseases Umatilla Russet Umatilla Russet Description and usage: Long russet tubers, primarily used or french fry processing Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance + + ++ o ++ o o + Other: Produces pear-shaped tubers, at times has small size Alturas Alturas Description and usage: Oblong, lightly russeted tubers, very high yield potential Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance +++ ++ ++ ++ 0 + +++ Other: Bred for dehydration processing, resistant to most field diseases Tri-State Potato Varieties Alpine Russet Clearwater Russet Teton Russet Classic Russet Dark Red Norland Dark Red Norland Description and usage: Oval red tubers, used in the non-storage red market Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance + ++ + ++ NA -++ - Other: Earliest of the red varieties, poor storability Atlantic Atlantic Description and usage: Round buff tubers, standard for field delivery chip processing Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance + ++ +++ + -++ o Other: Susceptible to internal defects, worldwide usage, poor storability Yukon Gold Yukon Gold Description and usage: Round yellow-skinned tubers with yellow flesh, specialty fresh market potato Yield Grade Specific gravity Overall fresh quality Overall processing quality Storability Adaptability Disease resistance o ++ o ++ o + o Other: Relatively low yielding, good name recognition Yukon Gem Huckleberry Gold Purple Majesty Purple Majesty Retail Bags Klondike Rose Plant Variety Protection (PVP) The Plant Variety Protection Act of 1970 is an intellectual property statute in the US. PVP gives breeders up to 20 years of exclusive control over new, distinct, uniform, and stable sexually reproduced or tuber propagated plant varieties. Breeders or their representatives typically charge growers licensing and/or royalty fees for producing protected varieties for sale Plant Variety Protection A major expression of plant breeders rights in the United States, the PVPA grants protection similar to that available through patents, but these legal forms of protection differ in critical respects. A PVP certificate gives the breeder the right to exclude others from selling the variety, or offering it for sale, or reproducing it for 20 years. Potato Variety Management Institute PVMI is a nonprofit 501(c)(3) corporation that handles the licensing and royalty collection on Tri-State potato varieties Trademarks A trademark is a distinctive sign or indicator, used by an individual or business to identify that the products with which the trademark appears originate from a unique source, and to distinguish its products from those of other entities A trademark is typically a name, word, phrase, logo, symbol, design, image, or a combination of these elements Trademarks Registered trademarks confer exclusive rights upon the registered owner, including the right to exclusive use of the mark in relation to the products or services for which it is registered The owner of a registered trademark may commence legal proceedings for trademark infringement to prevent unauthorized use of that trademark. Klondike Rose Trademarked Variety Klondike Varieties TM Klondike Goldust Klondike Minis Klondike Gourmet Klondike Rose
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