To Kill a Mockingbird Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) 1. How does prejudice and racism affect an individual and/or a society? RI.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. First encounters with prejudice The novel begins with the narrator as a young child. Scout has not experienced racism and prejudice in her young, sheltered life. The events that follow expose her to the harsh reality of Alabama in the 1930s. Think back to your first encounters with prejudice and racism. Write about one of them in your journal. How did you feel then? Do you feel the same today? If your attitude changed, what changed it? (1.5 days) RI.9-10.2. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. RI.9-10.6. Determine an author’s point of view or purpose in a text and analyze how an author uses rhetoric to advance that point of view or purpose. • • • Share with a learning partner. SL.9-10.1c. Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions. SL.9-10.1d. Respond thoughtfully to diverse perspectives, summarize points of agreement and disagreement, and, when warranted, qualify or justify their own views and understanding and make new connections in light of the evidence and reasoning presented. • 2. How does Lee develop her voice RL.9-10.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases What does it mean to be a southerner? What does it mean to • Complete anticipation guide Teacher “Book Talk” about the novel. Provide students with information about setting, key characters, and themes – but don’t give specific details about the plot away. Who or What was Jim Crow? ◦ Informational text reading “Say Something” Engagement ◦ Socratic Seminar/Fish Bowl discussing then and now ▪ What do you think the total effect of Jim Crow laws was meant to be? ▪ Are there circumstances under which you could justify joining a sorority, fraternity, or social club that openly discouraged membership by blacks, Jews, or any other group? ▪ How would you respond to the argument that segregation created more opportunities for blacks than integration, because separate black institutions employed more principals and teachers, for example, in schools set aside for blacks, than did racially mixed schools? ▪ Does the display of the Confederate battle flag bother you? Construct an argument in favor of taking the flag down or leaving it up on the dome of a state capitol building. ▪ What passages from the books of your religious tradition would you cite to support your position on the role that race should play in modern life? HW: Read chapters 1-2 before moving to Lesson 2 Elements of the southern style (mention Southern Gothic) • • • • • 3-2-1 Three interesting facts you learned about the Jim Crow laws that you did not know before. Two questions you'd like answered The big picture Informal teacher observation Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone). talk like a southerner? To write like one? Are these three things related? If so, how. in the opening pages of TKM? (1.5 days) RL.9-10.5. Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise. 3. How does the narrator’s point of view influence the reader’s perspective of the text? (2 days) RL.9-10.3. Analyze how complex characters (e.g., those with multiple or conflicting motivations) develop over the course of a text, interact with other characters, and advance the plot or develop the theme. SL.9-10.1c. Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions. • • What do they have to do with each other? One way to check understanding of the reading is to ask questions that require a level of analysis about what you read. Explain what the following pairs have to do with each other. It may take you more than one sentence to discuss the relationship. Encourage students to really think about your answers – look beyond the obvious for more significance to their relationship. • Miss Caroline and Atticus • Dill and Jem • Walter Cunningham and Boo • • • • • Close reading: Opening pages of TKM ◦ Scaffolded work on “Establishing Voice and Tone in To Kill a Mockingbird” handout (handout_voice_tone_openingpages.odt) ◦ Analyze text for style issues (Long sentences, Diversions, Dated language, Folksy-sounding language) and style (Importance of family, Sense of community, Importance of religion, Importance of time, of place, and of the past) Read chapters 3 and 4 before moving to Lesson 3 • “Establishing Voice” handout Review point of view Identify point of view used in novel Brainstorm ideas when a narrator can be considered reliable and when they should not Guide students to think about a narrator’s age, place in history, social culture, and other factors that might bias his/her perspective. Reliability of Scout ◦ The story is told from Scout's viewpoint. It is written in the first person. This means that Scout uses the pronouns I, me and the possessives my, mine to refer to herself. She does not confine the narrative to things that she has directly experienced - for example she recounts stories from the history of Simon Finch and repeats what other people tell her. ◦ Later in the novel, she will make comments about how reliable other people's accounts are. How reliable is she as a narrator? With your learning partner, discuss how reliable she is as a narrator. Is she believable? Justify your response with a good explanation about why she is or is not reliable. On a notecard write a response. • 3-2-1 3 things you learned about Scout 2 reasons why she is or is not reliable. 1 point of view used in the novel Informal teacher observation Note card writing • • Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) • • 4. How have other tragedies in African American history been represented in other media? RL.9-10.7. Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment (e.g., Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts” and Breughel’s W.9-10.7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a self-generated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. RI.9-10.3. Analyze how the author unfolds an analysis or series of ideas or events, including the order in which the points are made, how they are introduced and developed, and the connections that are drawn between them. W.9-10.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. W.9-10.1a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among What are some of the events that you know led to the Civil Rights movement becoming a national movement? Discuss with a partner. • • • • Climbing inside another person’s skin: Atticus says that you never really understand a person “until you climb into his skin and walk around in it.” Summarize the events in the novel that lead to this quote. In a separate paragraph, explain why you think climbing inside someone else’s skin may be a difficult task for Scout. Read chapters 5-8 before moving to Lesson 4 Comparison/completion of Emmett Till case from three sources: ◦ Before death: infotext_emmett_till_part1.odt Pages 9 through 12 ◦ Immediate aftermath from the documentary: http://youtu.be/r9E7aWLq30Y? t=27m28s Hide video from description of body; go to 33:40 ◦ “Death of Emmett Till” by Bob Dylan Use graphic organizer to compare the three and make time-line Use the researched information to make an argument about the importance of Emmett Till in the Civil Rights Movement HW: Read chapters 9-11 before moving to Lesson 5 • • • • Graphic organizer Informal teacher observation Online argument planning forum Final product: argument Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) Thoughts on the “n-word” Day 1 • claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. 5. How does understanding the historical and social connotation of a word impact the meaning for the reader? Three days SL.9-10.1a. Come to discussions prepared, having read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, wellreasoned exchange of ideas. SL.9-10.1b. Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decisionmaking (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed. W.9-10.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. W.9-10.1a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. W.9-10.1b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns. Read the opening two pages of chapter 9 • Socratic Seminar In the novel, language is a powerful tool. The language of the children, the eloquence of Atticus, and the language of the townspeople reflect their attitudes and often their prejudices. The most disturbing use of language, however, comes from the use of the word “nigger,” used more than 300 times in the novel. When Scout innocently asks her father, “Do you defend niggers, Atticus?” he responds by telling her, “Don’t say nigger, Scout. That’s common.” Turn to a learning partner and discuss the following questions. ◦ What does he mean when he says, “That’s common”? ◦ Do you agree or disagree with his reason for not using offensive language? Explain. ◦ If Harper Lee knew the term was offensive, why do you think she used the word “nigger” over 300 times in the novel? (Think about this – who did she intend the audience for her novel to be? Would that audience have influenced her decision?) (The above is based on district-provided lesson plan) • HW: Read chapters 9-11 before moving to day 2 Day 2 Mini-lesson: sentence variety And if that Mockingbird don’t sing… • Miss Maudie explains to Scout why her father told her it was a sin to kill a mockingbird. Find the passage and copy Miss Maudie’s explanation into a Word document. Let’s just assume the • • • Socratic Seminar Online writing Informal teacher observation Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) • 6. How do characters in a novel assist the reader in understanding the social and political issues of a time period? 4 days Tuesday through Friday RI.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. W.9-10.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. W.9-10.1a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. W.9-10.1b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns. L.9-10.1. Initiate and participate effectively in a range of collaborative discussions (oneon-one, in groups, and teacherled) with diverse partners on grades 9–10 topics, texts, and issues, building on others’ ideas and expressing their own clearly and persuasively. SL.9-10.1a. Come to discussions prepared, having Preparing to Group As students come through the door, hand them an index card with a 1, 2, or 3 on the card and the topic sheet (could be pasted on the back of the card). This will divide them into topic groups. mockingbird is a metaphor for something. What is the metaphor representing? Try to explain what Atticus and Miss Maudie mean when they say it is a sin to kill one. This assignment will not be assessed for a correct interpretation, but it will be assessed for the effort displayed in your attempt to support your opinion. • Read chapters 12-15 before moving to Lesson 6 • Group preparation: Review discussion guidelines and have students set goals a la Socratic Seminar Prepare arguments Calpurnia and the First Purchase African M.E. Church What is Calpurnia’s purpose in the novel? In order to answer that question, you need to think about the attitudes the townspeople of Maycomb express about Negroes. Then ask yourself why Harper Lee places a Negro inside the Finch home. Her role there is traditional – she is a servant. But what else is Calpurnia? What is the significance of her taking the children to her church? Share your thoughts about Harper Lee’s purpose in creating Calpurnia for the novel. Include quotes from the text to support your points. During the presentation, the group should guide other class members to Lady Is as Lady Does Aunt Alexandra represents another segment of Southern society in the 1930s. Read the interview with three women who “grew up white in the South” during the ‘30s. Fill in the Southern Behavior – Interview concept map with things they were taught to do as a young girl – compare the list with what Aunty is trying to teach Scout and Jem (complete the Southern Genteel Behavior concept map). Is there an overlap? Create a third Concept map • • Have students pre-write thoughts on the questions. • • • Graphic organizers for presentations Self-assessment for collegial Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) read and researched material under study; explicitly draw on that preparation by referring to evidence from texts and other research on the topic or issue to stimulate a thoughtful, wellreasoned exchange of ideas. SL.9-10.1b. Work with peers to set rules for collegial discussions and decisionmaking (e.g., informal consensus, taking votes on key issues, presentation of alternate views), clear goals and deadlines, and individual roles as needed. • SL.9-10.1c. Propel conversations by posing and responding to questions that relate the current discussion to broader themes or larger ideas; actively incorporate others into the discussion; and clarify, verify, or challenge ideas and conclusions. • • 7. How does justice come into conflict with morality? 2 days RL.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. W.9-10.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and relevant and sufficient evidence. W.9-10.1a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. W.9-10.1b. Develop claim(s) Five minutes of reading • showing the similarities between the interview and the novel. Only fill the boxes in the third concept map with the lessons they have in common (Lessons in Common concept map). http://library.thinkquest.org/12111/girl.ht ml Draw this concept map on the board to use as a reference during your discussion. No Man is an Island Atticus’s decision to represent Tom in court begins to have a negative impact on his family. In other words, his decision to represent a black man angered the entire community, and his children suffer from the racial unrest generated by the trial. Did Atticus make a poor decision to represent Tom in such an emotionally charged trial? Was it the right decision? In your oral presentation, support your position on whether Atticus made a right or a wrong decision when he agreed to represent Tom Robinson. What does his decision reveal about the society he lived in? Presentations on Day #2 Read chapters 16-18 before moving to Lesson 7 Small Towns – Small Minds Small towns thrive on gossip. A sensational trial like Tom Robinson’s will only add to the talk. Several of the older women in the novel categorize other citizens by social standing, heritage, etiquette and manners, yet they rarely mention true moral or ethical values as a criteria for judging someone’s character. As a way to evaluate your own feelings about these characters, place them in rank order from the most moral to the least moral. Then write a paragraph explanation of why you placed him/her in the two extreme positions. ◦ Mr. Dolphus Raymond ◦ Miss Maudie ◦ Aunt Alexandra ◦ Reverend Sykes • • Crafting the argument GO Informal teacher observation Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns. • • W.9-10.1c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. • ◦ Judge Taylor ◦ Bob Ewell ◦ Mayella Ewell ◦ Heck Tate Turn to a learning partner and explain why you made the decisions you made. Fill out a “Crafting the Argument” GO to create your argument Create a class consensus ranking the morality of characters in the novel. Read chapters 19- 23 before moving to Lesson 9 W.9-10.1d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. W.9-10.1e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. 8. How do directors re-see works of fiction when adapting books? (Optional) RL.9-10.7. Analyze the representation of a subject or a key scene in two different artistic mediums, including what is emphasized or absent in each treatment (e.g., Auden’s “Musée des Beaux Arts” and Breughel’s Landscape with the Fall of Icarus). What movies have you seen after having read the book? Hunger Games? Percy Jackson? What did you think? Which did you like more, and why? • • • • • • 9. How does an author create tension in a text? (2 days) RL.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. What is tension? What makes a situation tense? • • Go over basics of comparing/contrasting (us graphic organizer as guide) Show Mockingbird opening scenes (up to encounter with Ms. Dubose); solicit comments about changes Show three scenes ◦ Syrup scene ◦ Mad dog scene (41:00) ◦ Attempted lynching scene Three groups, one per scene; students decide which scene they want to work on Share with class Back to groups to determine three reasons why directors change story ◦ Difficulty showing some things as written ◦ Time constraints ◦ Cultural sensitivities. Intro to tension: “How to Create Tension” ◦ marking the text ◦ note-taking Close-reading scaffolding ◦ Tom's testimony as class • • • Compare/contrast graphic organizer Informal teacher observation Marked texts Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) RL.9-10.5. Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise. • ◦ Tom's cross-examination in pairs HW: Read chapter 24 twice W.9-10.10. Write routinely over extended time frames (time for research, reflection, and revision) and shorter time frames (a single sitting or a day or two) for a range of tasks, purposes, and audiences. 10. How does Harper Lee use irony to create indirect commentary about the Jim Crow Christian south? RL.9-10.4. Determine the meaning of words and phrases as they are used in the text, including figurative and connotative meanings; analyze the cumulative impact of specific word choices on meaning and tone (e.g., how the language evokes a sense of time and place; how it sets a formal or informal tone). What is your view of Aunt Alexandria? Write a short paragraph describe her in your view. • • • • Close reading: Chapter 24 Group discussion to analyze the The Missionary Circle’s discussion of the African Mrunas tribe and its role in the novel as a whole. Discussion questions Homework: Read chapters 25-28 RL.9-10.5. Analyze how an author’s choices concerning how to structure a text, order events within it (e.g., parallel plots), and manipulate time (e.g., pacing, flashbacks) create such effects as mystery, tension, or surprise. 11. What details in the Scottsboro Boys’ Trial are similar to events in the novel To Kill a Mockingbird? 1-2 days RI.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. RI.9-10.2. Determine a central idea of a text and analyze its development over the course of the text, including how it emerges and is shaped and refined by specific details; provide an objective summary of the text. RI.9-10.5. Analyze in detail how an author’s ideas or claims are developed and refined by particular sentences, Go to computer lab Making Connections to History Read information on the Making Connections for the Essay document As you prepare to write your final essay for this unit, a comparison between the Scottsboro Boys’ Trial and To Kill a Mockingbird, visit the sites below to begin your research on the Scottsboro case. You are not limited to these two sites – they are merely a place to begin. Feel free to surf the net for additional sources or access information through nonfiction texts in your local library. http://www.law.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/s cottsboro/scottsb.htm • Marked texts Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/index.h tml paragraphs, or larger portions of a text (e.g., a section or chapter). RI.9-10.7. Analyze various accounts of a subject told in different mediums (e.g., a person’s life story in both print and multimedia), determining which details are emphasized in each account. RI.9-10.8. Delineate and evaluate the argument and specific claims in a text, assessing whether the reasoning is valid and the evidence is relevant and sufficient; identify false statements and fallacious reasoning W.9-10.7. Conduct short as well as more sustained research projects to answer a question (including a selfgenerated question) or solve a problem; narrow or broaden the inquiry when appropriate; synthesize multiple sources on the subject, demonstrating understanding of the subject under investigation. W.9-10.8. Gather relevant information from multiple authoritative print and digital sources, using advanced searches effectively; assess the usefulness of each source in answering the research question; integrate information into the text selectively to maintain the flow of ideas, avoiding plagiarism and following a standard format for citation.. 12. What steps do I use to write a comparison contrast essay? RI.9-10.1. Cite strong and thorough textual evidence to support analysis of what the text says explicitly as well as inferences drawn from the text. Culminating Product W.9-10.1. Write arguments to support claims in an analysis of substantive topics or texts, using valid reasoning and Organize notes taken from research on Scottsboro Boy’s Trial Comparison-Contrast essay assignment Essay Topic: How does Harper Lee’s American classic To Kill a Mockingbird demonstrate the practice of literature becoming a reflection of history? The essay will be multi-paragraph with no less than three points of comparison between the Summary each day will be to turn in the writing goal for the day (i.e.: the goal for day #1 might be a brainstorming chart making connections between the novel and the historical accounts. Day #2 might be an outline or rough draft of Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) novel and the historical account. Each point of comparison needs support from the novel and the Scottsboro case. Some suggestions are: • the charges • the accused • the defense • the prosecution • the community response • the outcome • media coverage paper…) relevant and sufficient evidence. W.9-10.1a. Introduce precise claim(s), distinguish the claim(s) from alternate or opposing claims, and create an organization that establishes clear relationships among claim(s), counterclaims, reasons, and evidence. W.9-10.1b. Develop claim(s) and counterclaims fairly, supplying evidence for each while pointing out the strengths and limitations of both in a manner that anticipates the audience’s knowledge level and concerns. W.9-10.1c. Use words, phrases, and clauses to link the major sections of the text, create cohesion, and clarify the relationships between claim(s) and reasons, between reasons and evidence, and between claim(s) and counterclaims. W.9-10.1d. Establish and maintain a formal style and objective tone while attending to the norms and conventions of the discipline in which they are writing. W.9-10.1e. Provide a concluding statement or section that follows from and supports the argument presented. W.9-10.4. Produce clear and coherent writing in which the development, organization, and style are appropriate to task, purpose, and audience. (Grade-specific expectations for writing types are defined in standards 1–3 above.) W.9-10.9. Draw evidence from literary or informational texts to support analysis, reflection, and research L.9-10.1. Demonstrate command of the conventions of Getting Started Look over my suggestions about the Process for Gathering Information. Then just get going. Essential Question Standards Activating Strategy Teaching Strategies Summarizer/Assessment (Objective of lesson) (Common Core standards addressed in the session) (Specific info about a graphic organizer, vocabulary intro, story, video clip, music etc. to be used) (Specifically what and how content/skills will be taught) (formal and/or informal; formative and/or summative) standard English grammar and usage when writing or speaking.
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