Government Chapter 20 Study Guide Instruments actors and policy makers Three types of tools Military – oldest and still used Economic – becoming more powerful Trade regulations tariffs and monetary policies Diplomat – quickest of the tools Negotiations and summits Actors on the world stage International organizations United Nations (UN): created in 1945 an organization whose members agree to renounce war and respect certain human and economic freedoms Regional organizations NATO: created in 1949 combined military forces of the US Canada and more of western Europe and Turkey EU: transnational government composed of western European countries and coordinates economic policies Multinational corporations Nongovernmental organizations such as green peace and amnesty international Individuals Instruments and policy makers Policy makers The president – send in troops negotiate with other leaders treaties diplomats country reconstructed by the US The diplomats – voice of the countries Secretary of state National security establishment Secretary of defense: joint chiefs of staff NSC CIA formed after WWII to advise the president and gather intelligence Congress American foreign policy: an overview Isolationism Foreign policy where the US tried to stay out of others nations conflicts particularly in Europe Monroe doctrine US official statement of isolationism WWII (1914-1918) The cold war Containment doctrine: foreign policy strategy that called for the US to isolate the soviet union and contain its advances and resist its encroachments by peace or force Abby Carroll 1 McCarthyism: the fear prevalent in the 1950’s that international communism was conspiratorial insidious bent on world domination and infiltrating American government and cultural institutions – named after the senator Joseph McCarthy Swelling of the pentagon Arms race – competition between the US and USSR that lead to increased procurement of military weapons Vietnam war John Green video American foreign policy overview The era of détente: a slow transformation from conflict to cooperation designed to relaxation between the superpower Strategic arms limitation talks: effort to limit the growth of nuclear arms Reagan rearmament: some $32 billion to the defense budget in 1st term to oppose the soviet buildup of weapons Strategic defense initiative – using computers and other equipment to defend against soviet missiles from space – “star wars” Final thaw in the cold war George H.W. Bush proposed to integrate the soviet union into the community of nations Leadership of the soviet union supported the ending of communism and split into separate nations East and west Germany united War on terrorism War on terrorism High priority after 9/11 Bush supported preemptive strikes against terrorist and hostile states International relations has entered an era of improvisation Afghanistan and Iraq A state against Afghanistan Taliban regime harbored Osama bin laden and al-Qaida network War on Iraq Postwar planning was poor Public support has declined Terrorism beyond Afghanistan and Iraq will be difficult to combat Politics of Defense policy Defense spending Currently about 1/5 of the federal budget Conservatives argue against budget cuts that would leave the military unprepared Liberals argue for budget cuts to provide more money for programs in the US Military spending is hard to cut since it means a loss of jobs in congressional districts Abby Carroll 2 Trend in reductions reversed after 9/11 Personnel 1.4 million active and reserve troops More reliance on the national guard and reserve troops due to cuts in defense spending Weapons Reliance on nuclear tirade (CBM’s SLMBs and strategic bombers) is expensive - $5.5 trillion Treaties (START) signed to reduce nuclear missiles High tech non-nuclear weapons becoming more prevalent New global agenda The changing role of military power Military might is no longer the primary instrument in foreign policy Economic sanctions Non-military penalties imposed on foreign countries as an attempt to modify their behavior Generally a first resort in crisis Can be effective but critics it only that it only hurts the US businesses and provokes a nationalist backlash Nuclear proliferation Only a few countries have known nuclear weapon capabilities Fear that other countries will have nuclear weapon capabilities and use them against their neighbors or the US The US focuses on discouraging the deployment of nuclear weapons The international economy Foreign aid Foreign aid issued to stabilize nation’s friendly to the united states A substantial percentage of foreign aid is military Foreign aid has never been very popular and is typically the first to be cut by congress National security policy making and democracy Americans are more interested in domestic than foreign policy Separation of powers are impotent Pluralism is persuasive in foreign policy making Notes Two largest spending categories are mandatory and discretionary The national security council helps the president coordinate American foreign policy and military policies (also the secretary of defense) Sanctions need international support to be supported Abby Carroll 3 Americas dependence on the middle east is more prevalent because we get 60% of our oil from them and we are really dependent on oil to run our country making us vulnerable on an unstable middle east We used to use isolationism for our policy on military but now we have expanded to do more, but most influence has been close to home Two largest actors in US government on foreign policy International organizations – peacekeeping and controlling weapons of mass destruction to protecting the environment and maintaining stable trade and stable financial networks Regional organizations – agree to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all Can be economic and military EU: coordinates trade immigration and labor policies so that its members have become one economic unit Vocabulary Foreign Policy: A policy that involves choice taking, like domestic policy, but additionally involve choices about relations with the rest of the world. The president i the chief imitator of foreign policy in the United States. United Nations (UN): Created in 1945, an organization whose members agree to renounce war and to respect certain human and economic freedoms. The seat of real power in the United Nations is the Security Council. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): Created in 1949, an organization whose members include the United States, Canada, most Western European nations, and Turkey, all of whom agreed to combine military forces and to treat a war against one as a war against all European Union (EU): A transitional government composed of most European nations that coordinates monetary, trade, immigration and labor policies, making its members one economic unit. An example of a regional organization. Secretary of State: The head of the department of State and traditionally a key adviser to the president on foreign policy Secretary of Defense: The head of the Department of Defense and the president's key adviser on military policy a key foreign policy actor. Joint Chiefs of Staff: The commanding officers of the armed services who advise the president on military policy. Central Intelligence Agency: An agency created after World War II to coordinate American intelligence activities abroad, It became involved in intrigue, conspiracy, and meddling as well. Isolationism: A foreign policy course followed thought most of our nation's history whereby the united taxes has tried to stay out of other nations’ conflicts, particularly European wars. Isolationism was affirmed by the Monroe Doctrine Abby Carroll 4 Containment Doctrine: A foreign policy strategy advocated by George Kennan that called for the United States to isolate the Soviet Union, "contain" its advances, and resist its encroachments by peaceful means if possible but by force if necessary Cold War: War by other than military means usually emphasizing ideological conflict, such as that between the United States and the Soviet Union from the end of World War II until the 1900's. McCarthyism: The fear, prevalent in the 1950's, that international communism was conspiratorial, insidious, bent on world domination, and infiltrating American government and cultural institutions. It was named after Senator Joseph McCarthy and flourished after the Korean War. Arms Race: A tense relationship beginning in the 1950's between the Soviet Union and the United States whereby one side's weaponry became the other side's goad to procure more weaponry, and so on. Détente: A slow transformation from conflict thinking to cooperative thinking in foreign policy strategy and policymaking. It sought a relaxation of tensions brew the superpowers coupled with firm guarantees of mutual security. Strategic Defense Initiative: Renamed "Star Wars" by critics, a plan for defense against the Society Union unveiled by President Reagan in 1983. The Strategic Defense Initiative would create a global umbrella in space, using computers to scan the skies and high-tech devices to destroy invading missiles. Interdependency: Mutual dependency, in which the actions of nations reverse and affect one another's economic lifelines. Tariff: A special tax added to imported goods to raise the price, thereby protracting American businesses and workers from foreign competition. Balance of Trade: The ratio of what is paid for imports to whites earned from exports. When more is imported than exported, there is a balance of trade deficit. Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC): An economic organization consisting primarily of Arab nations that controls the price of oil and the amount of oil its members produce and sell to other nations. Abby Carroll 5
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