Moursli Mohamed Reda Home Address: Office: Volrat Thamsgatan 6, Apt 1004, Gothenburg, 412 60, Sweden Department of Economics, Center for Finance University of Gothenburg Box 640, 40530 Gothenburg Telephone: (+46) 31-7865970 (office) (+46) 76-3290361 (mobile) E-mail: [email protected] Webpage: https://sites.google.com/site/mourslireda/ Citizenship: Moroccan Languages: English, French, Arabic, Swedish (beginner) Fields of Concentration: Empirical Corporate Finance Corporate Governance Board of Directors Desired Teaching: Corporate Governance Time Series Econometrics Corporate Finance Dissertation Title: Corporate Governance, and the Design of Board of Directors Expected Completion Date: May 2015 Degrees: M.Sc. (2009), Finance, Department of Economics, Gothenburg University, Sweden B.A. (2006), Business Administration and Finance, Al Akhawayn University, Morocco, (cum laude), Teaching Experience: Lecturer, Applied Time Series Econometrics, Fall 2011-2014 (graduate) Lecturer, Undergraduate Econometrics, 2011-2014 Teaching Assistant, Financial Econometrics, 2011-2013 (graduate) Supervisor, Bachelor Thesis in Financial Economics Papers and Work in Progress: “The Effects of Board Independence on Busy Directors and Firm Value: Evidence from Regulatory Changes in Sweden”, Gothenburg University, 2014. [job market paper] “The Worth of a Directorship in the Eyes of Busy Directors”, Gothenburg University, 2014 1 “Investor Protection and the Predictability of Dividends and Returns: A Cross Country Comparison”, Gothenburg University, 2013. “Directors’ Remuneration, Discipline and Committee Participation in Sweden”, Gothenburg University, 2013. [work in progress] “The Quality of Corporate Governance in Swedish Firms: An Index for Directors”, Gothenburg University, 2014. [work in progress] Conference Presentations: “The Effects of Board Independence on Busy Directors and Firm Value: Evidence from Regulatory Changes in Sweden”. Presented at the PhD Workshop in Corporate Governance, Hanken Center for Corporate Governance, Helsinki, August 2014, and at the General Economics Workshop, Gothenburg, September 2014. “The Worth of a Directorship in the Eyes of Busy Directors”. Presented at the Center for Finance Workshop, Gothenburg, November 2014. References: Professor Martin Holmen Department of Economics Gothenburg University Address: P.O. Box 640, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden Phone: (+46) 31 786 6442 Email: [email protected] Professor Erik Hjalmarsson Department of Economics Gothenburg University Address: P.O. Box 640, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden Phone: (+46) 31 786 1346 Fax:(+46) 31 786 1326 Email: [email protected] Professor Måns Söderbom Deputy Head of Department Department of Economics Gothenburg University Address: P.O.Box 640, SE 405 30, Gothenburg, Sweden Phone: (+46) 31 786 4332 Fax: (+46) 31 786 1326 E-mail: [email protected] Dissertation Abstract: My dissertation consists of two chapters. The first paper of chapter I, “The Effects of Board Independence on Busy Directors and Firm Value: Evidence from Regulatory Changes in Sweden”, investigates the impact of board independence on Swedish firm’s Tobin’s Q, using a regulatory shock to the market as a source of exogenous variation. It also investigates how board busyness is impacted by the regulatory change. The second paper, “The Worth of a Directorship in the Eyes of Busy Directors”, investigates if busy directors value their outside directorships differently, and identifies if this has an impact on firm outcomes. The last chapter, “Investor Protection and the Predictability of Dividends and Returns: Evidence from International Markets”, is a cross-country study, where I try to identify the link between the factors that drive return predictability and the quality of corporate governance. 2 Chapter I: Board Characteristics, Independent Directors and Firm Performance A central question in corporate governance is whether board independence affects firm value and performance? Answering this question has important implications for the design of better corporate governance regulation, eventually leading to an improved board structure and a higher shareholder value. From a regulatory point of view, an increase in the independence of the board aims at improving monitoring, and the management of firms. However, if the independent board members are busy directors the positive effect expected by regulators, on firm outcomes, may not be warranted. In fact, the literature is divided as to whether busy independent boards impact positively firm outcomes (Ferris el al 2003) or have a negative impact on firm value (Fich and Shivdasani 2006, Cashman et al 2012). Another aspect, which is usually overlooked in the literature, is the fact that independent (busy) directors can value the directorships they hold differently. This can be due to differences in terms of ownership concentration, compensation, and firm reputation. Thus, in order to identify the effect of directors’ and board characteristics on firm performance or value, taking into account all these elements is of essence. In the first paper (Job Market Paper), “The Effects of Board Independence on Busy Directors and Firm Value: Evidence from Regulatory Changes in Sweden”, I use an exogenous change to the rules of corporate governance for Swedish firms in 2005 to identify the causal effects of changes in board structure on firm value. The new rules require there to be at least 50% of independent directors in boards, without putting any restrictions on the number of outside directorships held by board members. Such an event offers a quasi-experimental setting, where I test for the effects of changes in board independence on Tobin’s Q, used as a proxy for the market valuation of firms. Additionally, I also investigate the effect board independence has on the busyness of the boards. In order to identify the effects of this shock, and alleviate endogeneity issues inherent to corporate governance studies, I first use a regression discontinuity design to capture the reaction of the market to the new governance rules, taking advantage of the fact that only firms with a market cap greater than 3 billion SEK (i.e. large firms) are forced to comply with the new rules. Second, I also use firm size in an instrumental variable approach to estimate the causal effect of board independence on firm’s Tobin’s Q. The results indicate that (a) The market reacts negatively to the enactment of the new governance rules; (b) Tobin’s Q decreases after an increase in board independence, and (c) an increase in board independence is associated with an increase in board busyness, which might explain the effects on (a) and (b). The second paper in this chapter, “The Worth of a Directorship in the Eyes of Busy Directors”, studies the effect of busy directors on the value and performance of Swedish publically traded firms. I consider the case where directors value their directorships differently, either based on reputational concerns or on differences in ownership structures. To measure reputation, I use the median of ROA and market value of firms as a benchmark to rank directorships. I find that higher firm performance and value are associated with a rise in the proportion of directors that consider a firm as better, relative to other firms they hold in their portfolio of directorships. This effect holds when focusing attention on independent directors. However, a higher number of directors with outside directorships in firms with high control, does not impact the performance or the value of firms with low control. In other words, the relative control among firms held by a director does not work as an exogenous incentive for that director in reallocating his effort across directorships. 3 Chapter II: Investor Protection and The predictability of Returns and Dividends The difference in the quality of institutions across countries plays a central role in identifying what drives equity price variations in each market. In fact, the quality of corporate governance, and the extent of law enforcement within a country have an impact on dividend policy, stock return performance, and equity market volatility (see La Porta et al. 2000, and Harvey 1995). These effects translate into differences in the relative predictability of dividends and returns across countries. The aim of this study is to see how the relationship between the quality of corporate governance and the predictability of returns and dividends differs across countries. Thus in the final paper, “Investor Protection and the Predictability of Dividends and Returns: A Cross Country Comparison”, I investigate if differences in the level of investor protection across countries impacts return and dividend growth predictability. The study covers 59 equity markets representing both developed and emerging economies. I first identify if expectations about returns or dividend growth drive predictability at a country level. In order to circumvent invalid inference due to biased OLS standard errors, inherent to predictive regressions, I use the Campbell and Yogo (2006) efficient Bonferroni test of predictability. The main finding is that expectations about return explains most of the variation in current dividend yield in countries with high investor protection, while expectations about dividend growth play a similar role for countries with low investor protection. I also find that investor protection rights are positively correlated to return predictability, and negatively correlated to dividend growth predictability. Work In Progress: “The Quality of Corporate Governance in Swedish Firms: An Index for Directors” When we think about corporate governance, we usually pay little attention to how directors view firms. From the literature, we know that reputation is important to directors, and that firm reputation is tightly linked to director’s reputation (Tirole 1996). The objective here is to define firm reputation in terms of firm and board characteristics, and see if this reputation is determinant in attracting directors to the board of firms. The index has three main components. The first component contains information relative to the historical performance and market value of the firm, relative to the industry as a benchmark. Firm size is also included, as a traditional measure of reputation. The second component deals with ownership concentration, accounting not only for the existence of large shareholders, but also the ownership of the CEO and other directors in the board. The third component contains board characteristics, such as board independence, networking opportunities for directors, the presence of nomination and remuneration committees, and the compensation of directors. “Directors’ Remuneration, Discipline and Committees Participation in Sweden” In this paper I am trying to investigate the effects of having remuneration and election committees on the working of the board in Swedish publically traded firms. I also use information about the attendance of board members to board meetings, associated with their remuneration and ownership in the firm, in order to measure the degree of discipline among directors. 4
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