Download Report

Bahagian Perkhidmatan Pembaca & Rujukao
Perpustakaan 'I'un Abdul Razak
Jnstitiut Teknologi M A R A
Shah Alam
IMPACT OF LAND RECLAIM AT loff^^"'^STUDY AREA : MACALLUM STREET GHAUT, PENANG
by
NORAINI BINTI JAAFAR
A Dissertation Submitted For The Partial
Fulfilment of The
DIPLOMA IN TOWN AND REGIONAL PLANNING
Department of Town and Regional Planning
School of Archcitecture, Planning and Surveying
MARA Institute of Technology
Shah Alam
July, igSif
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
INSTITUT TEKNOLOGI MA«A^^^ p^,j,ustaUaan ^""^[^J^IARA
KAJIAN SENIBINA, PERANCANGAN & UKI»it^««'^^^^f °,,_,
JABATAN PERANCANG BANDAR & WILAYAH
gejjngos.
THESIS!
PP00002321
'^ii GSBEWAKKAa;
Adalah disy0ijs.cni uctnawa c e s i s xnx yang a i s e d i a k a n o l e h
NORAINI BINTI JAAFAR
bertajuk
IMPACT OF LAND RECLAIM AT ION
CASE STUDY: MACALLU!''! STREET GHAUT,
PENANG/
dibawah penyeliaan saya/kami diterima sebagai memenuhi
sebahagian dari syarat untuk Diploma
Bandar dan Wilayah.
Diluluskan oleh:
(
"
)
PENYELIA UTAMA
( Mr, David Yap Boo Heong )
PENYELIA MADYA
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
. Perancang
[^•^ii;;/^'':; I
•h'\i
mmMc^m'^^'.
abstract
Coastal development should not only take into consideration
the economic benefits but also the environment effect. The
coastal land reclaimation in Macallum Street Ghaut, Penang,
in its eargerness to v/in land from the sea has had many
adverse impact on the physical, social economic as well as
biological environment.
The adverse impact can be seen in form of high construction
costs, loss of income to those who rely on the aquatic
habitats for their living and also to the environmental
pollution and traffic hazards as revealed in the survey.
However, these adverse impacts can be minimized if certain
steps are taken.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
ii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT.
This dissertation could not have been written without the
help of others, particularly the project supervisor, Mr. David
Yap for guidance, criticisms and suggestions.
I would also like to thank the officers at the Government
Departments concerned for their contributions in the form of
information, suggestions and others. A vote of thanks is also
due to the typist who has taken the trouble to type this
dissertation.
Finally I am also indebted to my husband and parents for
their encouragement throughout this study.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
Ill
CONTENTS
Page.
ABSTRACT
i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
ii
CONTENTS
LIST OF TABLES
LIST OF FIGURES
LIST OF APPENDICES
iii
vii
x
xi
BIBLIOGRAPHY
xii
INTRODUCTION
1
a) Statement Of Problem
1
b) General Hypothesis
2
c) Scope And Contents Of The Study
2
d) Objectives Of The Study
^
e) Methodology
f) Selection Of Case Study Area
^
5
g) Limitation Of The Study
7
CHAPTER
1.0 LAND DEVELOPMENT
9
1.1 Defination Of Land
11
1.2 The Importance Of Land
12
1.3 Land Development Strategies In Malaysia
13
1.^ Land Reclaimation
I'f
1.^.1 General background Of Land
Reclaimation
16
1.^.2 Reclaimation Around The World
1?
1.4.2.1 Reclaimation In Netherland
18
1.4.2.2 Reclaimation In Britain
21
1.4.2.3 Reclaimation In Singapore
23
1.5 Environmental Factors
25
1.5.1 Definations
25
1.5.2 Environmental Components
2?
1.5.3 Environmental Pollution And Ecology
1.5.4 Development And The Environment
29
31
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
IV
Page,
1.5.5 Environmental Consideration In
The Malaysian Development Plans
33
1.5*6 The Present State Of Malaysian
Environment
36
1.6 Aquatic Environment In Malaysia
39
1.6.1 The Contribution Of Mangrove Swamp
k2
1.6.2 The Contribution Of Coral Reef
46
1.6.3 Coastal And Off Shore Areas
50
1.7 Ecological Adverse Effects Of Land
Reclaimation
52
1.8 Conclusion
55
2.0 LAND DEVELOPMENT IN PENANG
57
2.1 General Background Of Penang Island
57
2.2 History Of Growth
58
2.2.1 Distribution Of Population
2.3 Landuse And Physical Characteristic
65
67
2.3.1 Topography Of Penang Island
70
2.3.2 Landuse And Soil Type
72
2.4 Development Pressure
82
2.5 Land For Development
86
2.5«1 Land Alienation And Gazettement
89
2.5.2 Current Landuse Policy
89
2.5.3 Reclaimation Program In Penang
96
3.0 STUDY AREA
100
3.1 History Of Study Area
100
3.1.1 Location
101
3.1.2 Size Of The Study Area
101
3.1.3 Land Fill From Borrow Area
IO6
3.1.4 Transport Route
3.2 Surrounding Areas
IO6
I06
3.3 Existing Landuse In Study Area
111
3.4 The Overall Development Plan Of Study ., -. iiZf
Area
3*5 Development Constraints Of The Study
Area
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
II6
Page
"3.6 Impact Of The Development Towards
Surrounding Areas
3.6.1 Physical
3.6.2 Economy
3.6.3 Social
3.7 Social Economic Characteristics Of
Hacallum Street Ghaut
k.O
SU2VEY ANALYSIS
117
117
118
118
119
13^
4.1 Introduction
134
4.2 Demography
134
•4.2.1 Size Of Household
4.2.2 Age Structure
134
135
4.2.3
4.2.4
4.2.5
4.2.6
137
138
138
139
Household Income
Ethnicity
Religion
Length Of Stay
4.2.7 Tenurial Status And Monthly
Payment
4.2.8 Vehicle Ov/nership
4.3 Employment
140
142
143
4.3.1 Employment Status Of Family Head
l43
4.3.2 Education Attainment Of Family Head
144
4.4 Expenditure
144
4.4.1 Expenditure Pattern
l44
4.4.2 Increase In Income
146
4.5 Physical Condition
14?
4.5.1 House Characteristics
147
4.5.2 Maintenance
147
4.5.3 Parking Space
148
4.6 Environmental Characteristics
I5I
4.6.1 Odours, Noise And Dust
15I
4.6.2 Population Density Of Housing
Estate
153
4.6.3 Security
154
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
VI
Page.
^f.7 Information Of Former Residence
^^.7.1 Length Of Stay
155
^+.7.2 Tenurial Status
155
^.7.5 Type Of House
156
4.7«^ Housing Expenses
I56
4.7.5 Growing Of Ov/n Food
157
4.8 Preference For Place Of Residence
4,8.1 Reasons For Moving In The Nev/ Place
5.0
155
158
159
4.9 Discussion
I60
Recommendations
I67
5.1 Introduction
I67
5.2 The Physical Problems Of The Reclaimed
Land
I67
5.3 The Environmental Problems
I69
5.4 The Social Economic Problems
174
5.5 Conclusion
I76
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
V l l
LIST OF TABLES.
Page
2.00
Distribution Of Population In Penang
State.
2.01
Population Of Georgetown.
55
2.02
Population Of Penang Island By District.
^Q
2.03
General Landuse Of Penang Island.
69
2.04
Development And Altitude Of Penang Island.
74
2.05
Natural Vegetation nnd Altitude Of Penang '
Island.
75
2.06
Agriculture And Altitude Of Penang
Island.
76
2.07
Soil Type On Penang Island.
78
2.08
Crop Pattern And Soil Type On Penang
Island.
81
2.09
Number Of Plan Submitted By Year In
Penang Island.
85
2.10
Identifying iB-nd Available For Development
In Penang Island.
87
2.11
Land Alienation And Gazettement In Penang
Island.
90
2.12
landuse Policy In Penang Island.
92
2.13
Crop Pattern And Landuse Policy In Penang
Island.
94
2.14
Identified Areas For Reclaimation In
Penang State.
97
4.00
Size Of Household.
155
4.01
Age Structure.
I36
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
-
gg
VI11
LIST OF TABLES ( CONTINUATIOM )
Page
'4.02
Household I n c o m e .
157
4.03
Ethnicity.
13B
4.04
Religion.
1^9
4.05
Length Of Stay.
140
4.06
Tenurial Status.
141
4.07
Monthly Rental For Tenants.
141
4.08
Monthly Payment For House Owners.
142
4.09
Verhicle Ownership.
142
4.10
Employment Status Of I'amily Head.
143
4.11
Highest Education Attainment Of Family
Head.
144
4.12
Expenditure Pattern.
145
4.15
Increase In Income.
146
4.14
Maintenance By Authority.
148
4.15
Illumination Of Corridors And Walkways,
148
4.16
House Characteristic.
149
4.17
Direct Sunlight Onto Dwelling Units.
149
4.18
Facilities Provided.
150
4.19
Parking Space.
150
4.20
Parking Problem.
151
4.21
iinnoying Odours.
152
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
IX
LIST OF TABLES' ( CONTIMUATIOl!^ )
Page
4.22
Noise Pollution.
1^2
4.23
Unpleasant Smoke ±ind Dust.
1!?2
4.24
Population Density
153
4.25
Physical Planning Of The Area.
153
4.26
Security.
154
4.27
Safety To Children.
154
4.28
Period Of Residence.
155
4.29
Tenurial Status.
156
4.30
Type Of House.
I56
4.51
Housing Expenses.
157
4.52
Growing Of Food.
158
4.33
Preferences For Place Of Recidence.
158
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
LIST OF FIGURES.
Page
2.00
Settlement Pattern Of Penang Island,
1839-
60
2.01
Settlement Pattern Of Penang Island,
1897.
6l
2.02
Urbanisation Growth Of Penang Island,
1957.
62
2.03
Urbanisation Growth Of Penang Island,
1969.
65
2.04
Urbanisation Growth Of Penang Island,
1980.
64
2.05
Landuse Pattern Of Penang Island.
71
2.06
Topography Of Penang Island.
73
2.07
Soil Type Classification Of Penang
Island.
80
2.08
Development Perssure Of Penang Island.
85
2.09
Land Available For Development In
Penang Island.
88
2.10
Land alienation Of Penang Island.
91
2.11
Landuse Policy Of Penang Island.
95
2.12
Identified Keclaimed Area In Penang
Island.
98
3.00
Georgetown City Limit.
102
3.01
Location Of Macallum Street Ghaut, P
Penang.
103
3.02
-Extension Of Roads.
104
3.03
Phase Of Development.
IO5
3.04
Location Of Borrow Areas.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
107
XI
LIST OF APPENDICES..
Appendix A :
Household Survey Q u e s t i o n n a i r e .
Appendix B :
Paper c u t t i n g : - P u l a u P i n a n g
areas for
Appendix C :
identifies
reclaimation.
Paper c u t t i n g : - Changing t h e shape of
Pulau Pinang.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
XI1
BIBLIOGRAPHY.
LIST OF BOOKS.
1.
w.A. Andrews, A uuide To The btudy Of Environmental
Pollution, Prentice - Hall Inc. New Jersey,
2.
Oppenheim, A.N, Questionnaire Design And Attitude
Measurement, Heinemann Education Books Ltd, London, I966,
3.
Marquis Ralph W., Environmental Improvement, The Graduate
School, U.S, Department Of Agriculture, Oct.1966.
4.
Lim Wah Ching And Ravinder Singh, Battle For The
Environment - The Malaysian Experience, Consumers
Association Of Penang And Penang Branch Of The Malaya
Nature Society, March 1974.
5.
Heng, Jeffrey Wah - Yong, East Coast Reclaimction In
Singapore, University Of Singapore, I966/67.
6.
Research Team University Of Newscatle, Landscape
Reclaimation, IPC Business Press Ltd. U.K, 1971.
7.
Smith. H And Wiggers A.J, Soil Survey And Land
Classification As Applied To Reclaimation Of Sea Bottem
Land In The Netherlands, Publish No.4» Institute For
Land Reclaimation And Improvement, Wagemingen, " \.
Netherlands, 1959«
8.
Barnes, R.S.K And Jones, J.M, Observation On The Fauna
And Flora Of Reclaimed Land iit Calshot, Hampshire, Hants
Field Club iirchaeol Society, U.K, 1972.
9.
Boyden, C.R And Russei, P.J.C, The Distribution And
Habitat Range Of The Brakish Water Cockle Ecology,
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
Xlll
International Institute For Land Reclaimation And
Improvement, Wagemingen, Netherlands, 1972.
LIST OF GOVERNMElvIT PRINTERS.
1.
Government Printers, Nationt-l Land Code, Act 56 of I965,
Kuala Lumpur, 1982.
2.
Statistic Department Malaysia, Population And Housing
Census 198O, Kuala Lumpur 198I.
3.
Government Printers, 2nd. Malaysia Plan (197O - 1975 )
Kuala Lumpur 1971.
4.
Government Printers, 3rd. Malaysia Plan (l976 - 1980 )
Kuala Lumpur, 1976.
5.
Ministry Of Agriculture Malaysia, Annual Fisheries
Statistics 1976, Kuala Lumpur, 1977.
6.
Government Printers, Land Development Strategies In
Malaysia, Kuala Lumpur, May 1974.
LIST OF MAGEZINE. JOURNAL AND REPORT.
1.
Peneng Development Corporation, Annual Report 1979»
Pulau Pinang, 4th. August 198O.
2.
. Peneng Port Commission, Annual Repoet 1979» Pulau
Pinang, l6th November I98O.
3.
Urbc.n Redevelopment Authority 1976, Singapore, , I977 .
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
XIV
4.
P e n t a - Ocean C o n s t r u c t i o n Co, L t d , P r e l i m i n a r y
Study
F o r The E n g i n e e r i n g D e s i g n Of The R e c l a i m a t i o n Work
Along The E a s t e r n Shore Of P u l a u P i n a n g , P u l a u P i n a n g ,
June 1 9 8 5 .
5.
M.J. Bruton,
Strategic Planning In Malaysia,
Of Town P l a n n i n g , U n i v e r s i t y Of W a l e s , U.K,
6.
Department
198O.
Monton, D e p a r t m e n t And E n v i r o n m e n t , P a r i s , The Hague,
June 1 9 7 1 .
LIST OF SEMINARS PAPERS AND WORKEMG PAPER.
1.
A l e x a n d e r A. J o t h y , The F a t e Of F i s h e r i e s And A q u a c u l t u r e I n The Wake Of A D e t e r i o r a t i n g A q u a t i c
Environment I n M a l a y s i a , F i s h e r i e s R e s e a r c h
Institute
F i s h e r i e s D i v i s i o n Of The M i n i s t r y Of A g r i c u l t u r e
Malaysia,
2.
Kuala Lumpur 1 9 7 7 .
Hashim H j . Wan I b r a h i m , D e v e l o p m e n t And The E n v i r o n m e n t ,
P r o b l e m s And P e r s p e c t i v e s , M a l a y s i a C e n t r e F o r
Development S t u d i e s , P r i m e M i n i s t e r ' s
Kuala Lumpur,
5.
Department,
1979«
Gurmit S i n g h , C o n t r o l l i n g P o l l u t i o n I n M a l a y s i a - A
C i t i z e n ' s View JEM. Seminar On E n v i r o n m e n t a l
Control,
4.
Kuala Lumpur, A p r i l
1978.
Cruz A.A , The F u n c t i o n Of M a n g r o v e s ,
Mangrove And E s t u a r i n e V e g e t a t i o n ,
5.
Pollution
Symposium
Serdang, A p r i l
1978,
A. Sasekumar, The C o n t r i b u t i o n Of Mangrove Swamps To
C o a s t a l F i s h e r i e s R e s o u r c e s , D e p a r t m e n t Of Z o o l o g y ,
U n i v e r s i t y M a l a y a , Kuala Lumpur J u n e 1 9 8 0 .
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
XV
LIST OF PAPER GUTTING.
1.
New Straits Times And Sunday Times,
2.
Star And Sunday Star.
3.
Malay Mail And Sunday Mail.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
INTRODUCTION.
The theme of this dissertation centres on the impact of land
reclaimation which is presently being carried out in Penang
Island by the State Government. In a statement made by the
Chief Minister of Penang, Y.B. Dr.Lim Chong Eu in the state
assembly, he discribed this activity as an activity of the
eighties which ia a crucial programme for sustained economic
development within the state of Penang.
However, as known reclaiming of land is a long term programme
and thc.t would span a couple of decades. This would theix. need
a thorough study of its feasibility and determine whether the
project identified is a good solution to be appreciated. As .
it is a long term programme, not only the good points of it
should be looked into but also the adverse impact that might
occured upon the human bein^, welfare should be investigated.
Sacrifices for short sighted development profits should be
avoided as what is lost shall never be recoverable.
Thus.the main purpose behind this dissertation is to identify
the major adverse impact of land reclaimation on the social
economic, biological and physical environment. In order to
have a closer observation, a developed piece of reclaimed land
in Macallura Street Ghaut, Penang will be taken as the case
study area. Recommendations will later be formulated based on
the findings.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
a) Statement Of Problem.
As reclaimation is a part of development and development means
total social development in which the key factors are not
primarily economic but are also concerned with human and
social welfare, basic human needs should also be met by the
development process because without it, the development
process would be a travesty. And so, the basic interrelation
in the case is between society as the vehicle for human
development, human activities such as reclaiming land which
helps society to attain its goals and the natural environment
which is affected by this activity. However this situation of
interrelationship which has an impact on society has not been
properly looked into by the Penang State Government.
b) General Hypotihesis..
The general hyporthesis for this study is as follows :
" The land reclaimation of coastal areas
will have an adverse impact on the social
ecornomic, biological and physical
environment. "
c) Scope And Contents Of The Study.
Due to some limitati on and the work load, it has been
decided that the impact of the reclaimation project is to be
studied giving its emphasize on a selected case study area
which is the Macallum Street Ghaut, Penang. Basically, the
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
study encompasses a survey on the reclaimation project that is
being operated in Penang Island. The survey meant consists of
observation survey and social economic survey looking;.on the
impact of the project on the physical, social economic and
environmental issues.
In addition, as a respond to an inference made from the
literature research, an attempt is carried out to identify the
consequences of environmental abuse especially of the coastal
areas or the biological effact of the project. This will
include the problems of environment pollution on social
and
economic well being as well.
The historical glimpse of Penang's development would also be
included so as to see how far the project is really needed.
This point is rather crucial when one is dealing with the
delicate balance of conservation to avoid environmental abuse
in development.
As a whole, the study mainly deals with three parts. The first
is the general review on the environment and development. The
second part is the general aspect which concerned on the
characteristics in the study area. The third part is emphasized
on remedial measures or solution through a series of
recommendations based on the finding of surveys and researches.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
d) Objectives Of Study.
Among the objectives of the study would be ;
1. Knowing the controversial facts about development vs.
environmental.
2. The balance between economic justice (profit) and social
justice (social responsibility).
3. Study the impact of reclaiming land on physical, social
economic and environment.
4. Highlighting the present problems and issues and summarize
some findings which may have important implications on
future development projects of land reclaimation.
e) Methodology.
Stage One.
The study is carried out in stages. The first stage is the
introductory part. In this stage, the scope of the study will
be discussed followed by the formulation of the aim and the
objectives of the study.
Stage Two.
In the second stage, literature review are to be carried out.
The reasons look into the definations of land development,
land reclaimation, environment quality as well as the various
aspect of it.
Stage Three.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
The third stage is of collecting data about the land
development in Penang both primarily and secondarily. This
would be obtained from researches and interviews with
professionals from the departments concerned.
Stage Four.
The forth stage is looking into the case study. This include
the definations of the boundaries, reviews of the development
and the impact of the project- This is to be done on two
approaches, survey technique and observation. This include
visiting the area, making a social economic survey, visual
survey and photographic survey.
Stage Five.
Finally the fifth stage is to analyse and derive the findings
and formulate the recommendations.
f) Selection Of Case Study Area.
The case study area that has been selected is Macallum Street
Ghaut, Penang. The criteria of selection is based on:
1 . It is the first area in Penang that was reclaimed by the
state government.
2. It is the only reclaimed land in Penang which has been
developed and has been occupied by the house dwellers.
3. The size of responden needed for the survey is sufficient
and are not too great to handle.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
METHODOLOGY FLOW CHART
part 1
COPYRIGHT © UiTM
g) Limitations Of The Study.
No planning study is free of constraints and without its
limitations. Time, funds and workforce are practi'cal
constraints which have been considered when defining the
scope of work for this study.
Other limitations would include the difficulties of obtaining
the confidential data needed from the various departments and
information from the officers concerned. Such constraints
could not be avoided and are very much regretted but the
study undertaken would try its best to use all the data
collected and available as much as possible to make this study
a successful one.
COPYRIGHT © UiTM