COVER SHEET Accessed from ©Tohoku University, JAPAN
©Tohoku University, JAPAN COVER SHEET TYPE: Doctoral Thesis TITLE: 国際人道支援の変容と可能性 : 冷戦終結以後の人道的介入の正当化に関する議論 を中心に AUTHOR: 上野, 友也(kamino, tomoya) ISSUED: 2007 Accessed from http://ir.library.tohoku.ac.jp/ ༡ኃᏕనㄵᩝ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡንᐖ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮ ̿෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ୯ᚨ࡞̿ ᖲᠺ 19㸝2007㸞ᖳ 1 ᭮ 5 ᮶ኬᏕኬᏕ㝌ἪᏕ◂✪⛁༡ኃㄚ⛤ᚃ ୕㔕 ཪஒ ┘ḗ ᗆㄵ ..........................................................................................................................................................................1 ➠ 1 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷 ...............................................................................................................................13 ➠ 1 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤄⧂࡛ᶭ⬗..........................................................................................................13 1 ᗆㄵ...........................................................................................................................................................13 2 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ̿ᅗහమ .................................................................................................................14 3 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ̿ᅗ㝷మ .................................................................................................................14 (1) ᅗᐓ ...................................................................................................................................................15 (2) 㟸ᅗᐓమ.......................................................................................................................................17 4 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ ......................................................................................................................................25 5 ⤎ㄊ...........................................................................................................................................................26 ➠ 2 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍ ......................................................................................................................32 1 ᗆㄵ...........................................................................................................................................................32 2 ᶊᅗᐓమโ࡛ᡋண..............................................................................................................................33 3 ᡋண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ......................................................................................................................................35 (1) ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᙟᠺ ......................................................................................................................35 (2) ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ......................................................................................................39 4 ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸 .............................................................................................................47 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᣉኬ .................................................................................................................49 6 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡ⤎ྙ .................................................................................................50 7 ⤎ㄊ...........................................................................................................................................................52 ➠ 3 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦ ......................................................................................................................59 1 ᗆㄵ...........................................................................................................................................................59 2 ெ㐠⩇ࡡᴣᛍ ......................................................................................................................................60 (1) ㎙᭡ࡡᏽ⩇.......................................................................................................................................60 (2) ெ㐠⩇࡛༡យ⩇ ......................................................................................................................61 (3) ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࣬ெᶊ .............................................................................................62 3 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇..........................................................................................................................65 (1) ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ.......................................................................................................................................66 (2) ୠಐⓏ౮ೋ.......................................................................................................................................69 (3) ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ .........................................................................73 4 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿..........................................................................................................................77 (1) ெ㐠⩇ࡡᶊฺ ..............................................................................................................................77 (2) ἪⓏ⩇ຸ࡛㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸ ..................................................................................................................79 (3) 㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ...................................................................................................................................80 (4) ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ ..............................................................................................................................86 5 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩཋ์..........................................................................................................................93 (1) ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ ..............................................................................................................................93 (2) ெ㐠⩇ࡡெ㐠ᛮ ..........................................................................................................................97 (3) ெ㐠⩇ࡡපᖲᛮ ..........................................................................................................................98 (4) ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ ........................................................................................................................100 6 ⤎ㄊ.........................................................................................................................................................101 ➠ 2 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ .............................................................................................................................107 ➠ 4 ❮ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰ ........................................................................................................................107 1 ᗆㄵ.........................................................................................................................................................107 2 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣᛍ࡛ᶭ⬗ ...................................................................................................................109 (1) ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣᛍ ........................................................................................................................109 (2) ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗ ........................................................................................................................112 3 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ ...................................................................................................116 (1) ࢠࣜࢺ .............................................................................................................................................117 (2) ࢮ࣏ࣛ.........................................................................................................................................121 (3) ࣍ࢪࢼ.........................................................................................................................................131 (4) ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ.........................................................................................................................................141 (5) ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ.........................................................................................................................................150 4 ⤎ㄊ.........................................................................................................................................................155 ➠ 5 ❮ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ ....................................................................................................................165 1 ᗆㄵ.........................................................................................................................................................165 2 ᡋண࡛ぞ⠂Ѹࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ₳ὮѸ .......................................................................................................166 (1) ⌟ᐁ⩇.........................................................................................................................................166 (2) ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇.................................................................................................................................167 (3) ḿᡋㄵ .............................................................................................................................................168 3 ḿᡋㄵ ....................................................................................................................................................169 (1) ḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ⣌ㆍ ....................................................................................................................169 (2) ḿᡋㄵࡡㅎᇱ‵ ............................................................................................................................171 (3) ெ㐠⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵ ........................................................................................................................177 4 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ㸝ྙἪᛮ㸞 .......................................................................................................181 5 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ㸝ḿᙔᛮ㸞 .......................................................................................................185 (1) ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ ....................................................................................................................185 (2) ಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴.................................................................................................................................186 6 ⤎ㄊ.........................................................................................................................................................194 ➠ 3 㒂 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ.............................................................................................................201 ➠ 6 ❮ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ .......................................................................................201 1 ᗆㄵ.........................................................................................................................................................201 2 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡౚ ..................................................................................204 (1) ࢮ࣏ࣛ.........................................................................................................................................204 (2) ࣍ࢪࢼ.........................................................................................................................................206 (3) ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ.........................................................................................................................................211 3 Ṃງ⣦ணࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ ...................................................................................................215 (1) ṌྍⓏさᅄ—᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண—........................................................................................................216 (2) ᵋ㏸Ⓩさᅄ—ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕—................................................................................................219 (3) ᑚᣋ .................................................................................................................................................222 4 Ṃງ⣦ணୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡೳ ...........................................................................................................222 (1) ெ㐠⩇ཋ์࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᶭ........................................................................................................222 (2) ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ........................................................................................................226 (3) ᑚᣋ .................................................................................................................................................232 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ ...............................................................................................................232 6 ⤎ㄊ.........................................................................................................................................................233 ⤎ㄵ ......................................................................................................................................................................237 ཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ୌの......................................................................................................................................................241 㜻ᒌ㈠ᩩ 1 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖳ⾪㸝1850-2005㸞........................................................................................253 㜻ᒌ㈠ᩩ 2 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᖳ⾪㸝1990-1999㸞............................................................................................258 ᅒ⾪ ᅒ 1 ᅗ㝷Ⓩమ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ㛭౿.........................................................................................16 ᅒ 2 Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻࡡ㈠㔘ᥞ౩㸝2001-2005㸞...................................................................17 ᅒ 3 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡ┞㛭㛭౿ ....................................................................................19 ᅒ 4 ㉝༎Ꮚࡡオ❮..................................................................................................................................23 ᅒ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ .................................................................................................47 ᅒ 6 Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾỬ㆗ᢝᩐ࡛ᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ᩐ㸝1946-2005㸞..................................51 ᅒ 7 ࢽࢪࣁ࣑࡛࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ........................................................75 ᅒ 8 ᤴ㝎ࡈࡿࡒெ㛣ࡡᏋᅹࡌࡾࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤ࣬ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰ࣓ࣛࣤࢸࣜ...........................76 ᅒ 9 ࢜ࣤࢹࡡយࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ .................................................................................................84 ᅒ 10 ࢜ࣤࢹࡡយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ ..............................................................................86 ᅒ 11 ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ㸯យࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ ..............................................................................89 ᅒ 12 ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ㸯យ࡛⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ ..................................................................90 ᅒ 13 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗࡛మ࡛ࡡ㛭౿.........................................................................................113 ᅒ 14 ெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ .............................................................................................................179 ᅒ 15 ᅗ㏻❮ࡡහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ ....................................................................181 ᅒ 16 ᅗ㏻❮➴࡛ெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ........................................................................185 ᅒ 17 Ṃງ⣦ணୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ .......................................203 ᅒ 18 ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾᨳⓏ㛭౿ .......................................220 ᅒ 19 ெ㐠⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡၡ㢗.....................................................................................223 ᅒ 20 ெ㐠ᨥᥴᚉ⩽ࡡṒ⩽ᩐ㸝1985-1998㸞 ...............................................................................228 ⾪ 1 ➠ 1 㒂࣬➠ 2 㒂ࡡᵋᠺ .................................................................................................................10 ⾪ 2 ⥥᛬ឺᣞᵾ..................................................................................................................................15 ⾪ 3 ⢊Ṓஷ⋙㸝CMR㸞ࡡᇱ‵ ............................................................................................................15 ⾪ 4 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾさᏺᩅ⤄⧂ ................................................................................22 ⾪ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾさୠಐ⤄⧂ ................................................................................24 ⾪ 6 ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑භ㏳➠ 3 ᮪ .....................................................................................................42 ⾪ 7 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡโᏽࡡṌྍ࡛ெⓏ⟮㍾࣬┞ப㛭౿ ....................................................................42 ⾪ 8 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ㜭Ḿཀྵࡦฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 2 ᮪ࠉ➠ 3 ᮪ࠉ➠ 6 ᮪ .......................................44 ⾪ 9 ᅗ㝷ฬึᡜぞ⛤➠ 6 ᮪➠ 1 㡧.............................................................................................45 ⾪ 10 㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 1 ᮪ A(2)ࠉB(1)ࡡ᮪ᩝ ..............................................................46 ⾪ 11 ᡋண࣬ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࣬㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡṌྍⓏ┞㛭㛭౿ ..............................................................52 ⾪ 12 ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾさ⣪...............................................................................................61 ⾪ 13 ᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿ࡡ 4 ࡗࡡ㢦ᆵ .......................................................................................................78 ⾪ 14 ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์............................................................................................................................94 ⾪ 15 Code of Conduct ............................................................................................................................96 ⾪ 16 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ .............................................................................................................112 ⾪ 17 ࢢ࡞ࡻࡾ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහࡡ✈∸౮ࡡㄢᰕ ................................................................129 ⾪ 18 ᅗ㝷ぞ⠂⌦ㄵ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᡋணࡡḿᙔ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࡗࡡ❟ሔ ...............................................169 ⾪ 19 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࡗࡡ❟ሔ ............................................................................169 ⾪ 20 ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵㸝ྙἪᛮ࡛ḿᙔᛮ㸞.........................................................................................176 ⾪ 21 ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ୯ᚨⓏཋ์.............................................................................................189 ⾪ 22 ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱ථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵ ............................................................193 ⾪ 23 ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛Ṃງ⣦ண࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ...................................225 ⾪ 24 ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡṒஷ⩽ᩐ㸝1985-1998㸞 ...............................................................................228 ᗆㄵ ⌟ࡡୠ⏲ࡢࠉࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣜࡡ㐅ᒈ࡞ఔ࠹∸㈠࡛㈠ᮇ࡛ሒࡡệࡊࡒ㇇㤠ࡡୠ⏲࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ྜྷ࡞ࠉ ᠻࠍࡡୠ⏲ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡷẰ᪐Ὧࡡᬸງⶕᘇࡊࡒெ㛣ᛮࡡ㈃ᅏ࡛Ḗዯࡡୠ⏲࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡ↋࡞ᑊᢘࡊ࡙ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ├୯࡚ெ㛣ᛮࢅᅂᚗࡊெ㛣ࡡᑕཚࢅಕ㆜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾ㆜ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࡚ᫎࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸝International Committee of the Red Cross; ICRC㸞ࡷᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸝The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees; UNHCR㸞ࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡ⬗ງࢅྡྷ୕ࡈࡎࡾ ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛⟮⌦࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔔さᶭ⬗ࡵᯕࡒࡌࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡢ㉰ኬᅗᢼྫྷᶊࡡ⾔ࢅᢒโࡊࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽ ධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉጂ༝࡛㆙Ṅ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙භྜྷ࡚ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1991 ᖳࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡢࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯ࡞ᑊᢘࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ᭽㩥ᅗ㏻㌱௧ᮮࡡ㌱โ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᓃᡋணࢅᢆヾࡊࠉ ࡐࡿ௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎ ௧ᚃࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞ࡻࡾ㌱โࡢࠉᓃᡋணࡡᅗᐓ㛣⣦ணࡡよỬࡻࡽࡵࠉୌᅗහࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ ⩽ࢅᨾ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㌱ථ࡛࠷࠹≁ᚡࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ ථࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ㸝humanitarian intervention㸞࡛⛘ࡈࡿࠉᅗࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ ㌱㝪ࡡථࢅណࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙㛏ࡼࡂ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠉ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᑙථࡢࠉఎ⤣Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅណࡌ ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩᡥṹ࡚Ὡ ິࡊ࡙ࡀࡒᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡽࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ᅗ㝷Ⓩమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ ᡥṹࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㌱㝪Ⓡሔࡊࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉഭ⩽ࢅ⒢ࡌࡾ㝌ࡡᶭ ⬗ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᩓᑊ⩽ࢅṽᐐࡌࡾ㌱㝪ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅಕᣚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㝌࡛㌱㝪ࡡ⼝ྙࢅྱណࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㌱㝪࡛༝഼ࡊ࡙Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾຐࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵ ࡽࠉ㝌࡛㌱㝪ࡡ༝ㄢ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ലྡྷࡵぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㝌࡛㌱㝪ࡡ⤎ྙࡢࠉெ㢦ࡡṌྍ⤊㥺ࡊࡒ᩺ࡊ࠷ឺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊୌࡗࡡ⤄ 1 ⧂㝌࡛㌱㝪ࡡ୦᪁ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒṌྍⓏᐁᏋᅹࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ୯ୠ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ 㝌㥵ኃᅆ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡒ࢙ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝࡡ⪯ࣙࣀࢾᨾ㆜㥵ኃಞ㐠ఌ㸝Ordo Epuitum Sancti Johannis㸞ࠉࡌࢂ ࡔࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㥵ኃᅆࡡᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾ1ࠊ1080 ᖳ㡥ࠉ࢘ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝ࡞⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㝌ᘋスࡈࡿࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ ᚈᕙ♡⩽ࡡࡒࡴࡡᨾ㆜᪃ス࡛ࡊ࡙Ⓠᒈࡊࡒࠊᛮืࡷᅗ⡘ࢅၡࢂࡍᝀ⩽ࢅུࡄථࡿࠉ2,000 ெࡡᝀ⩽ථ㝌 ࡊࠉ⏐⛁࡚ࡢฦፎࡵ⾔ࢂࡿࠉᖺඡ⏕ࡡ᪃スࡵങ࠻ࡾᴗࡴ࡙ኬぞᶅ㝌࡚࠵ࡖࡒ2ࠊ1113 ᖳࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ 㝌ࡢࠉಞ㐠ኃࣇࣝࢬ࣬ࢩ࣭࢘ࣚࣜ㸝Blessed Gérard㸞ࡡ࡞ಞ㐠㝌࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾಞ㐠㝌 ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࢩ࣭࢘ࣚࣜࡡṒᚃࠉಞ㐠ኃ࣭࣓ࣝࣤ㸲ࢸࣖࣅࣖ㸝Raymond du Puy㸞ࡡୖ࡚㌱㝪⤄⧂ᩒങ ࡈࡿࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㥵ኃᅆ࡛ࡊ࡙༎Ꮚ㌱࡞ཤຊࡊࠉ13 ୠ⣎࡞ࡢࠉិၻ⾔Ⅵ࡛㌱㝪Ὡິࡢᙔ↓࡞ెᏋࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᕙ♡⩽ࡷ⩽ࢅ␏ᩅᚈ࠾ࡼಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾ3ࠊ ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㥵ኃᅆࡢࠉ᮶ᆀ୯ᾇࡡኬ㝛ࡡ㡷ᅰࢅ႕ࡊࠉ࣭ࣞࢺࢪᓞࠉ࣏ࣜࢰᓞ࡛ᣈⅤࢅ㏛ࢂࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ࣭ࣞࢺࢪ࠽ࡻࡦ࣏ࣜࢰ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢙ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝࡡ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㝌≺❟㥵ኃಞ㐠ఌ㸝Sovrano Militare Ordine Ospedaliero di San Giovanni di Gerusalemme di Rhodi e di Malta㸞࡛ྞ⛘ࢅን᭞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ࠷ࢂࡹ ࡾ࣏ࣜࢰ㥵ኃᅆࡢࠉ࣭࣏ࣞ࡞ᐁ㈻ⓏᣈⅤࢅ⨠ࡀࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ⤄⧂ࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࣏ࣜࢰ㥵ኃᅆࡢࠉ࣏ࣜࢰᓞࢅ႕ࡊ࡙௧ᚃࠉ㌱㒂㛓ࢅᗣḾࡊࠉ19 ୠ⣎୯ᗜ࠾ࡼெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ්㛜ࡊࠉ ࡗࡡୠ⏲ኬᡋࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡊࠉኬᡋᚃࡵࣀ࣭ࣤ࢝ࣛ༱ᶭࡷࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ᡋணࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞㝷ࡊ ࡙༈⒢Ὡິࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᐁ᪃ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹4ࠊ ᮇ✇ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅ࠷࠾࡞よ㔐ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⪯ࣙࣀ ࢾ㥵ኃᅆࡡṌྍ࡞ࡐࡡᅂ➽ࢅịࡴࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㥵ኃᅆࡡᏋᅹࡢࠉഭ⩽ࡡⱖࢅ⥾ ࡊࠉ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ᪁Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㝌࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⒢⾔Ⅵ࡛࠷࠹㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩ᪁Ἢࡓࡄ ࡚ࡂࠉ㌱㝪࡞ࡻࡾᩓᑊ⩽ࡡᦹ㏝࡛࠷࠹ᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ᪁Ἢࡵཱིࡼࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ♟ࡌࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1990 ᖳ௧㜾ࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡⓇሔࡷࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ථ㌱࡛ࡡ༝഼࡛࠷࠹≟Ἓࡢࠉᚪࡍࡊࡵዃ␏ឺ࡛ ࡢ࠷࠻࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞ᚺࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵⓏ◂✪ぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹ ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ1990 ᖳิࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ᶭ⬗ࡡᅂᚗ࡛ࡐࡡ 2 ᶭ⬗ࡡ㝀⏲࡞㛭ࡌࡾᏭධಕ㝸ㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ◂✪࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1980 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡᏭධಕ㝸ࡡ୯ ᚨⓏᶭ⬗ࡢࠉᖲ⥌ᣚᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ೳᡋࡷᖲ࡞ྙណࡊࡒᚃ࡞ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡡ ㌱㝪ࢅᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱࡛ࡊ࡙⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉೳᡋࡷᖲྙណࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅ┐っࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᙔࡡᅗ㏻ຸ ⥪㛏ࣇࢹࣞࢪ㸲ࣇࢹࣞࢪ࣬࢝ࣛ㸝Boutros-Boutros Gahli㸞ࠖᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡㄚ㢗㸝An Agenda for Peace㸞ࠗ 5 ࢅᥞ᱄ࡊࠉᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࡡೳᡋ┐っᶭ⬗࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࣬ெᶊ┐っࠉ㞬Ằᖉ㑇ᨥᥴࠉᚗ⮾㛜Ⓠᨥᥴࠉ㐽ᣪ࣬ โᨥᥴࠉᬳᏽᨳᗋ⤣࡛࠷ࡖࡒኣᵕᖲᵋ⠇ᶭ⬗㏛ຊࡈࡿࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉೳᡋࡷᖲᏋᅹࡊ ࠷Ṃງ⣦ணᆀᖈ࡞㌱ງࢅ⏕࠷࡙ᙁโⓏ࡞ᖲࢅฝࡌࡾᖲᇮ⾔ᶭ⬗ࡵຊࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡡᥞ᱄࡛ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡኣᶭ⬗࡞භ㫾ࡌࡾᙟ࡚ࠉᅗ㏻ࡡᏭධಕ㝸ᶭ⬗ࡡᩝ⬞ࡡ ୯࡚ெ㐠Ⓩථㄵࡋࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ1990 ᖳ୯ⴝ࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㌱ථࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉఎ⤣Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㆗ㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡘࡄ࡙ฦᯊࡌࡾ◂✪ࡵ⌟ࡿࡾࡻ࠹ ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᓃᡋணࡢࢠ࣭࢘ࢹࡡᶊᅂᚗࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉᓃᡋண⤂ࡡ├ ᚃࡡࣚࢠ㒂ࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࡢࠉࢹࣜࢤ㡷හ࡞㑂㞬࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱Ὡິ࡚࠵ࡽࠉೳᡋ┐っࡷṂよ㝎ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾఎ⤣Ⓩᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ࡛ࡵ┞㐢ࡌࡾ ㌱⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࠵ࡾᅗᐓࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᅗࡡ㌱㝪ථࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉࡐࡿ௧๑࠾ ࡼࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡊ࡙ᗀࡂ⌦よࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࢠࣜࢺࡡ㌱ථ௧㜾ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ ࢅெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉࡗࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ᓠืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁຝᛮ ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࠉ㞬Ằࡷᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐ࡞ࡿ᭯ຝᡥṹ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࠾ࢅフ౮ࡊࠉࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡿࡣຝᯕⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㌱㝪ᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾ࢅᥞ᱄ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᨳ➿ᣞྡྷࡡ◂✪ࡢࠉ ࡐࡡᨳ➿ࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛᪁ྡྷᛮᗀࡂභ᭯ࡈࡿ࡙ྜྷណࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ ᭯─◂✪࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࡡࡻ࠹ථ᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࡽຝᯕⓏ࡚࠵ ࡾ࠾ࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾ๑࡞ࠉࡐࡵࡐࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථࢅᐖヾࡌࡾࡀ࠾ࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡞㌱ ථセᐖࡈࡿࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ථࡡḿᙔᛮㄵண࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁຝᛮ࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᬧ㯪ࡡ๑ᥞ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㆗ㄵࢅ㐅ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡐࡡ๑ 3 ᥞ⮤మ⌦ㄵ୕ࡡၡ㢗ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ ᣈ࡛ࡐࡡ᮪௲ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㌱㝪ࢅථࡈࡎࡾ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ྊḖහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡞ᢤりࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡽࠉᶊᅗᐓ మโࢅࡾࡌ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾᅗᐓṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ኣᩐࡡ≓∽⩽ ࡷ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ㉫ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸࢅཚ࡞㐺Ꮼࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ ኬ㔖ṽᐐࢅ㯪ヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ➠ḗኬᡋ୯ࡡࢺࢵ࡞ࡻࡾ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ࡞ᅗ✒ᴗⓏ ࡞ᖱῦࡎࡍࠉࣗࢱࣕெࡷ࣭࣎ࣚࣤࢺெࡡኣࡂࢅ≓∽࡞ࡊࡒᐁࢅᣪࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ࠵ࡾᅗ ᐓࠉṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ெ㐠༱ᶭࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡾᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡿࢅ㯪ヾࡎࡍெ㐠 Ⓩථࢅᐁ⾔ࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸࢅཬᨶ࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ➠ ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ๑ࡡࢺࢵࡢࠉࢲ࢘ࢤࢪࣞࣥ࢞࡞ࡻࡾࢺࢵெࡡ㏍ᐐࢅཾᐁ࡞ࡊ࡙ࢫࢸ࣭ࢷࣤᆀ᪁࡞ 㐅㥌ࡊࡒࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱⾔ິࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⬛࠾ࡌឺࢅ⏍㉫ࡌࡾࡵྫྷᏽ࡚ ࡀ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ࠉᶊᅗᐓమโࡡᇱᖷ࡚࠵ࡾහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛ ࡡ㛣࡞ࡢࠉ㐠⩇Ⓩ⥥ᘿ㛭౿࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ⌦⏜᮪࡛௲ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᴗࡴ࡙㔔さ ណ⩇ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ⌦⏜ࡘࡄ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࡗ࡞༇ืࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ 㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㝷Ἢࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࠉ ࡐࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡᠺ❟࡛ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ࡡᢆヾ࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᶊᅗᐓమโࡡཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙හᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸපᘟ࡞☔❟ࡊࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉṂງ ⾔⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉืⓏ࣬㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ᶊࡡⓆິࢅౚአ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾṂງࡡ⾔ࡷጸᄋ⚏ Ḿࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉṂງ⾔⩇ຸ࡞㐢ཬࡊࡒᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸โᗐ⏕ណ ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙␆⾔Ⅵࢅࠔᅗ 㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠔ◒ቪࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉ㐢ཬᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙⤊ῥโࡷ ㌱โࢅㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷࠹ᶊᅗᐓమโࡡཋ ์ࢅ☔❟ࡊࠉࡆࡡ㐢ཬ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸࡚ᑊᚺࡌࡾโᗐࢅങ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 4 ᅗࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡢࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡞ルᙔࡌࡾౚአⓏ≟Ἓࢅ㝎࠷࡙ࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾࡡ࡚㐢Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾᏽࡌࡿࡣࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ຊ┍ᅗࡡ㌱㝪ࢅ⏕࠷࡙㌱ථࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྙἪ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ᭩ኬࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿ㛭౿ࡢよᾐࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ࠷࠾ࡾ ெ㐠༱ᶭࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡞ルᙔࡊࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡾᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⏕ࡌ ࡾࡀࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ึ᩷ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᵋᠺᅗ࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽ ධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ༞࣭ࣞࢸࢨࡡⓉெᨳᶊࡷ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗࡡࣂࣜࢹ ࣉࢹᨳ➿࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗහᨳ➿ࠔ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾᏽࡈࡿ࡙⤊ῥโⓆິࡈࡿࡒౚࡵᏋᅹࡊࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ Ꮥࡡ୯࡚⤣ୌⓏ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ᭯ງぜよᏋᅹࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࡆࡿࢅᅗ㝷ἪᏕࡡ୯࡚よ᪺ࡌࡾᚪさᛮ࠵ࡾ࡚ ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡞ᑊ⨠ࡈࡿࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡵ㆗ㄵࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾἪⓏ⩇ຸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡᯗ⤄ࡓࡄ࡚ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ ࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡢᅏ㞬࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ⌦⏜ࡘࡄ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡈࡼ࡞ࡗ ࡞⣵ฦࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉ➠ୌࡢࠉᖉ⤎⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂḿᙔᛮᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾ ᥴ࡞ࡿຝᯕⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ᐁຝᛮࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼࠉථࡡḿᙔᛮࢅフ౮ࡌࡾ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑㏑ ࡊࡒᐁຝᛮࡡフ౮࡛ḿᙔᛮࡡึ᩷ࢅ⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⾔Ⅵࡡᖉ⤎ࡓࡄ࡚⾔Ⅵࡡḿᙔᛮࢅフ౮࡚ ࡀࡾࡡ࠾ࡢၡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථኣࡂࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾຐ࡞ᩃࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᨾຐࡡ⾔Ⅵ ḿ࡞ࡾ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᡋணࡡḿᙔᛮࡡフ౮࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ㌱⾔ິࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾఎ⤣Ⓩ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾḿᡋㄵࢅெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾ◂✪⾔ࢂ ࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸝The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty; ICISS㸞ሒ࿈᭡ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴㸝The Responsibility to Protect㸞ࠗ6ࡢࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾさ௲࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋணࢅḿᙔࡌࡾఎ⤣Ⓩḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡒ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ኬࡀᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 5 ḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼぜ࡙ࠉ௧ ୖࡡࡗࡡၡ㢗Ⅴ࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࠔெ㐠Ⓩࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࠉࡗࡱࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠 ⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ᪺☔㆗ㄵᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩ ථࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡྞ┘ࡡୖ࡚ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵ ࡗࡾࠉࡆࡡⅤ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ༎ฦ࡞ᑸࡂࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠 Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᮪௲ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ ㌱ථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࢅึᏽࡌࡾᇱ‵ࢅ♟ࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ㌱ථ࡛ ࠷࠹⾔Ⅵࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ཬࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿ᪺☔࡞㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࠷ࡡࡢࠉኣࡂࡡㄵ✇࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠⩇రࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࠾ࢅㄵ✪࡚ࡀ࡙࠷ ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ 3 ❮࡚ࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇㝼ெយࡷ༡យ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெࠍࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ↋ᕣืࡡយ ࡡᛦ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉṂງ⣦ணୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙✪ᴗⓏ࡞ࡢᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾᛦ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾ࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾ๑࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣᛍ࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅฦ ᯊࡊࠉᐁ㝷ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚࢅᩒ⌦ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 4 ❮࡚㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ ࡛࡞ࡊࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾ࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉெ㐠 ⩇⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ᒌࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࢅㄵ✪ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠⩇ḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ ᒌࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂெ㐠Ⓩථࡢḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ 㐠⩇⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡢ࡚ࡀ ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡚ࡢ࠷ぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ᣈࡢ࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㌱ථᐖヾࡈࡿ࠷ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬ㔖ṽᐐࡷẰ᪐Ὧ࡛⾔ࡖࡒெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾరࡼ࠾ࡡᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ᥈ 6 ⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾᚪさṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ ᐖ᪾࡞ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅᢒ โࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡୌᏽ㝀ᗐࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ‵ᚪさ࡛ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ㌱ථࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡛ḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ ㆗ㄵࡡࡗ࡞ᓠื࡚ࡀࡾࠊᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱ Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾࠊᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉࡐࡡ⬛ጸࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅⓆິࡌࡾ㝀ࡽࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢெ㐠Ⓩථࡢྙ Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࡡさ௲ࠉᅗ㏻❮ࡡᅗ㝷Ἢぞ⠂࡞ࡢぞᏽ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡኬᅗࡡୌ⮬࡛ኣᩐࡡ⌦ᅗࡡ㈰ᠺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ୌᅗහࡡெ㐠ၡ㢗࡞ ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථ⏕ࡈࡿࡾ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡḿ ᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾጟဤఌࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠗ࡞㛭ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡᇱ‵ࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථᅗᐓᶊࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺☔࡞࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡿࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ♇ࢅᙟᠺࡊ࡙ࡀࡒḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ ㄵⓏ⣌ㆍ࡛Ṃງ⾔ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾḿᡋㄵࡡㅎᇱ‵ࢅㄵ✪ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡿࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡚ ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࢅᐖヾࡌࡾᡥ⤾ࡀ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࠉࡐࡡྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࡡ㝀⏲ࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅᏰࡌࡾḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠗࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡚ࡢࡂࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᅗᐓᶊ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ ㈈௴࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡞ᚉ࠻ࡣࠉ ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵࡡ㔔ささ௲ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࠉᡋணࡢࠉ ࡡᖲⓏᡥṹᑸࡂࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡞ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹さ௲࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾㄵ⩻࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉአஹஹῦࡷᖲ⥌ᣚࡡᩃࢅᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ 7 ࡛㆗ㄵࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᑛࡂ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩᡥṹ࡚ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິථࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲࡞㛭ࢂࡾࡆ ࡛࡞ࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ༎ධ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽༎ฦ࡞ᨾῥࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ㌱ ථࡢ㐛ཬᚺ࡛ࡽḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼึ᩷ ࡌࡿࡣࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠾ࡼᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩථࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾᇱ‵࡛ࡵࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິೳࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ᥞ౩࡚ ࡀࡂࡾ᮪௲ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᖱῦࡷ༱ ᐐࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ೳࡌࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິೳࡌࡾ᮪௲ࢅ✪᪺ࡌࡾࡒ ࡴ࡞ࠉิࡴ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅṌྍⓏ࡞ฦᯊࡊ࡙ࠉ᭩ᚃ࡞ࠉ௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ 1 ❮࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤄⧂࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅᩒ⌦ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩᡥṹ࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ࡚ࡢࡂ㟸ᅗᐓమࢅ୯ᚨ࡞Ὡິᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ 2 ❮࡚ࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅṌྍⓏ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡡಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᖱῦࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᨳⓏ࡞ໜ ᦜࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡛ᏽ╌ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ⣦ண ᙔ⩽ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅぞโࡌࡾὩິࡵᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ㛭౿⥥ᘿ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ➠ 6 ❮࡚ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿ㛭౿ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅ ✪᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ➠ 3 ❮࡚ㄵ✪ࡊࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵぞ⠂ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾᖱῦࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ཬᨶ࡞ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ㄏヾࡈࡿࡾឺࢅ㉫ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ⣦ணᙔ ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙∸⌦Ⓩ࡞༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡂࡽࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒ⤊⦃ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᢀึⓏ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ 8 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱⾔ິᐖヾ 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱⾔ິࡢḿᡋㄵ࡞⣌ㆍࡌࡾࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈ ௴ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ࡞ᖱῦࡊ࡙ࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᨥᥴ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ༎ฦᨥᥴ࡛ࡢࡼࡂࡾ᭩ ⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙㝀ᏽⓏ࡞⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᘿࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ௧୕ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㢗ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㆗ㄵࡡ㡨ᗆࢅᩒ⌦ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉ3 ࡗࡡ㒂࡞ ᵋᠺࡊ࡙ㄵ㏑ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ 1 㒂ࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱ᆵࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࠉ➠ 2 㒂ࡢࠉᙁโ࣬ ㌱ᆵࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࢅฦᯊࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ 3 㒂ࡢࠉ➠ 1 㒂࡛➠ 2 㒂ࡡහᐖࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡ㛭౿ࢅㄵ✪ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ௧ୖࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒ㢗ࡷㄵⅤ࡛ࠉᮇ✇ࡡᵋᠺ࡛ెࡎ࡙ࡲ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ 1 㒂࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞ࡗ࠷࡙మ࣬ᐁ㊰࣬ぞ⠂ࡡࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱ᆵࡡఎ⤣Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࠕ࡛ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ ⤄⧂ࢅࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠕ࡛ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅḿᙔࡌࡾᛦࢅࠔெ㐠⩇ࠕ࡛⛘ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ 1 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమࡢࠉᅗහమ࡛ᅗ㝷మ ࡞༇ืࡈࡿࠉᅗහమ࡞ࡻࡾᨥᥴࡡ⬗ງ⿍ⅇࡡぞᶅࢅ㉲࠻ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷మࡡᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࠉᅗ㝷మࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡻࡽࡵ㟸ᅗᐓమ㸝㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࣬㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂㸞 ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ࡡᨥᥴࡡ୯ᚨ࡛ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᵕࠍெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀ ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ 2 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ㊰ࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉᅗᐓࡡᶭ⬗ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ⿍ⅇ ⩽ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗᐓࡡᶊ⬗ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᡋண⾔Ⅵࢅᢒโࡌࡾమ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉୠ⏲ኬᡋ୯ࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡷ᮶ࢩࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࠉ ᳔Ằᆀよᨲ㜒ணࡷහᡋࡡṂງ⣦ண㢎Ⓠࡊࡒࢩ࣬ࣆࣛ࢜ᆀᇡ࡞ᣉኬࡊࠉಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ࡵᣉᘿࡊ ࡒࡆ࡛ࡵよ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ 3 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡡᅗ㝷ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ㊰ࡡ ᅗ㝷ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾយࠕࢅណࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࡒ ୕࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉኣᵕᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ 9 ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽ࡡばᐠᅥࢅ㉲࠻࡙ெ࡞យࢅཀྵࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉばᐠᅥࡡយ࡛ྜྷ➴ࡡយࢅ ெ࡞ࡵཀྵࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺♟ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ࣬ᐁ㊰࣬ぞ⠂ࢅよ᪺࡚ ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࠽ࠉ➠ 1 㒂࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᾇአᩝ⊡ࡡ⩳ゼࢅ㝎࠷࡙㑝ㄊᩝ⊡࡚ࡢ࡛ࢆ㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠽ ࡼࡍࠉᮇ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏ㆗ㄵࡡิࡴ࡙ࡡモࡲ࡛ࡵࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅ ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ⾔࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ᑻ㟻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ ฦᯊࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ 2 㒂࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ᐁ㊰࡛ぞ⠂ࡡࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊᮇ✇ ࡚ࡢࠉᙁโ࣬㌱ᆵࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࠔெ㐠Ⓩථࠕ࡛⛘ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ 4 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉ㌱ථெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ึ᩷ࡌࡾ ࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡさὩິெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ⌦⏜࡛ ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᣪࡅࡾᚪさࢅ㆗ㄵࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡚㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜 ࡊࠉ➠ 4 ❮࡚ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚࡡ⩻ᐳࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ⏊ኬᛮ࡛᛬㏍ᛮࠉெ㐠 ༱ᶭࡡཋᅄ࡛⫴ᬊࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさὩິ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡒ࠾ྫྷ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙᳠ ッࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ 5 ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ⣌ㆍࢅᩒ⌦ࡊࠉ⌟ᅗ㝷Ἢࡡ ྙἪᛮ࡞ᇱ‵࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ౚࢅ᳠ッࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵࢅெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙ᥴ⏕ࡊࡒࠉ ථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸝ICISS㸞ሒ࿈᭡ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠗࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ 2 ❮ࡡெ㐠 ⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼெ㐠⩇⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡙ᡋணࢅḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ㆗ㄵࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉᅗᐓᶊ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㐠⩇Ⓩ㈈ ௴ࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅ‵⏕ࡊ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅᐖヾࡌࡾఴᆀᏋᅹࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅㄵ㆗ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡡ୕࡚ࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢࠉᡋணࡢ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣ ࡼࡍࠉᖲⓏᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ㝀⏲࡛ࡾᐁ㊰Ⓩ᮪௲ࢅ᥀✪ࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅ᪺♟ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ⾪ 1 ➠ 1 㒂࣬➠ 2 㒂ࡡᵋᠺ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ெ㐠Ⓩථ ➠ 1 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷 ➠ 2 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ 10 మ ᐁ㊰ ➠1❮ ➠4❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰ ➠2❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍ ぞ⠂ ➠3❮ ➠5❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᛦ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ ➠ 3 㒂࡚ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮ࡡ⤎ㄵࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰Ⓩഁ㟻࡛㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㆗ㄵࡊ ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡡᐁ㊰࡞࠽ࡄࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡷ㝀⏲ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾさ௲ࡡ 㔔さഁ㟻よ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ 6 ❮࡚ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ฦᯊࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᴗࡴ࡙ ᅏ㞬࡛ࡾᐁ㊰୕ࡡ᮪௲ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾṂງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᚡࢅᣪࡅࡒ୕࡚ࠉ⣦ ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᡋண㐑⾔࡞ฺ᭯࡞ࡾࡻ࠹࡞⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡵ㢎Ⓠࡊࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ୯❟ᛮࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡛ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᏭࡵቌኬࡌࡾࡻ ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ㜴Ḿࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⫃ဤࡡᏭධࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩ㌱ ථ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථฺ⏕ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ථ ㌱࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ฦᯊࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗ࠉࡐࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮ ࢅ⬛࠾ࡌ㏣ᶭ⬗ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ☔ヾࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡㄵⅤࢅよ᪺ࡊࠉࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡንᐖ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮࢅ᪺♟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1 ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㥵ኃᅆ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡊࡒࠊᶣཾຐࠖ㥵ኃᅆࠗࠉ㎾⸠ฝ∟♣ࠉ1971 ᖳࠊ⠓⏛㞕ḗ㑳ࠖ⪯ᇸ㥵 ኃᅆࠗ ࠉ୯ኳපㄵ♣ࠉ1976 ᖳࠊ᭽ಲᩝᕰࠖಞ㐠㝌࡞ࡲࡾ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᚨࠗ ࠉᒜᕖฝ∟♣ࠉ2004 ᖳࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣭ࣞࢺࢪ࠽ࡻ ࡦ࣏ࣜࢰ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢙ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝࡡ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㝌≺❟㥵ኃಞ㐠ఌ㸝࣏ࣜࢰ㥵ኃᅆ㸞ࡡ⌟ᅹࡡ⤄⧂ࡷὩິ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࣏ࣜ ࢰ㥵ኃᅆࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊhttp://www.orderofmalta.org㸝1 January 2007㸞. 2 3 ᶣཾຐࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ179-185 㡣ࠊ ᶣཾຐࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ45-51 㡣ࠊ࣏ࣜࢰ㥵ኃᅆࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹ࡚ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞㌱㝪ᶭ⬗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ㄕ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔಞ 㐠ఌࡢࠉᕙ♡⩽ࡷ⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⪯ᆀࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࡡ㡷ᅰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㌱㝪࡛ࡼࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ಞ㐠ఌࡢࠉ࣏ࣜࢰࢅ႕ࡊ࡙௧ᮮࠉ㌱㝪ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᨲᲘࡊࠉ࡚ࡢ㌱㝪ࡡఎ⤣ࡡࡲࢅ⥌ᣚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ ࠊ 11 http://www.orderofmalta.org/domrisp.asp?idlingua=5㸝1 January 2007㸞. 4 http://www.orderofmalta.org/attmu.asp?idlingua=5㸝1 January 2007㸞. 5 A/47/277 - S/24111, 17 June 1992. 6 The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: the International Development Research Centre, 2001. 12 ➠ 1 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷 ➠ 1 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤄⧂࡛ᶭ⬗ 1 ᗆㄵ ெ㛣ࡢࠉࡐࡡ⏍࠾ࡼ㛏࠷ṋ᭮࡞யࡖ࡙ࠉഭࡷ⑄࡚ⱖᝆࡌࡾ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ⌟࡞࠽࠷࡙ ࡵࠉெ㛣ࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾῥࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢ⤽⤾ࡈࡿࠉᑑᮮ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡெ㛣ࡡႜⅥ㏭⤧ࡌࡾ࡛ࡢᛦࢂ ࡿ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㛣⮤ᕤࡷ⩽ࡡ⏍ᏋࢅᕵịࡌࡾᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெ㛣ࡡណᛦ࡛⬗ງ࡞ࡻࡖ ࡙⩽ࡡṒࢅ⧖ࡽᘇࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡛࠷࠹ெ㛣ࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉᐓ᪐ࡷ㎾ ば⩽ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉெࡷ␏㑝ெࡱ࡚ࡵᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࠉ⌟࡚ࡢࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒὩິ࡞ᠺ 㛏ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛࠷࠹ᅗ㝷Ⓩమࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾṹ㝭࡞㐡ࡊࡒࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㢗࡛ࡊࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌ ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩ิࡡమࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛㎾ば⩽࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⌟࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩ᚃࡡమࠉᅗ 㝷Ⓩమ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡷ⿍ⅇࡊࡒᆀᇡࠉ ථ㌱ࡡᨥᥴࡡᐂమ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡷ⿍ⅇᅗࡡᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾమᛮࢅ ්☔ヾࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᴗࡴ࡙㔔さណࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩమ࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾమ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊᅗ 㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᅗᐓమ㸝ᥴຐᅗ㸞࡛㟸ᅗᐓమ㸝ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭㸞࡞ᓠื࡚ࡀࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓὬඹࡊࡒථ㌱ࢅ୯ᚨⓏమ࡛ࡊ࡙ฦᯊࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᅗ㝷ெ 㐠ᶭ㛭࿔㎰Ⓩమ࡛ࡊ࡙న⨠ࡄࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమ࡞ ࡻࡾᨥᥴ㏳ౚ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᥴຐᅗࡢࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈠㔘ࡷ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ⿍ⅇᆀࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛࠷࠹ᩝ⬞࡚ࡢᴗࡴ࡙ౚአⓏ࡞⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ ࠷ࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾさⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᶭ⬗࡞ࡢࠉ༈⒢Ὡິࠉ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࡡᥞ౩࡛ᨭၻࠉප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻࠉ㑂㞬ᡜࡡス⨠࡛ᖏ 13 ⏍Ὡࡡ☔ಕࡡᄿࡗࡡᶭ⬗࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅṂງ⣦ண࡚ᢰ࠹ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡὩິࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ୕࡚ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾᚪさ ࠵ࡾࠊ 2 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ̿ᅗහమ ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ᭩ิ࡞ᨾ㆜ࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉኬぞᶅ⤄⧂࡛ெဤ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ 㛭࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽⮤㌗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ1ࠊṂງ⣦ணࡡᬸງⓏ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡻࡾ├Ⓩ༱ᐐࡷࠉࡆࡿ ࡞㝮ࡌࡾ㣏⣂ࠉᰜ㣬ࠉỀࠉపᑽࡡḖஇ࡞ࡻࡾ㛣Ⓩ༱ᐐ࠾ࡼࠉ⏍ࡷᗛࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࡡ ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡெ㛣࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾ⮤↓ཬᚺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡ⏍ࡷᗛࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡡ࡞ᚪさ⬗ງ༎ฦ࡞ṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ሔྙࠉᐓ᪐ࡡ㎾ ば⩽࡞ᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅさㄫࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠉ㎾ば⩽ࡡࢢ࡚ᨾ㆜ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿ࡚༎ ฦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㎾ば⩽ࡡࢢ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾ㆜࡞༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠷ሔྙࠉᆀᇡࡷᏺᩅࢅ⣛ᖈ࡛ࡌࡾභྜྷమ࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᵋᠺဤ࡚࠵ࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾῥࡈࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹භྜྷమࡡᨥᥴࡡ⬗ງࢅ㥑ࡌࡾ ࡡኬぞᶅ⿍ⅇ⏍㉫ࡊࡒሔྙࠉᆀ᪁ᨳᗋࡷ୯ኳᨳᗋ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ⌟ࡡᶊᅗᐓమโ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓᅗẰࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡢᅗᐓ ࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡡᅗᐓᅗẰࡡᏭධࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾណᛦ࡛⬗ງ࡞Ḗⴘࡌࡾሔྙࠉᅗ㝷మ࡞ࡻࡾᨾῥ⾔ Ⅵᚪさ࡛ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮࡡࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞࠽ ࠷්࡙ᗐᣞᦤࡊࡒ࠷㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 5 ⟿㸞ࠊ 3 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ̿ᅗ㝷మ ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠉᆀ᪁ᨳᗋࡷ୯ኳᨳᗋࡡᨥᥴ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵ༎ฦ࡞ᨾῥ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ ࡞ࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴさㄫࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ゕ᪺ࡌ ࡿࡣࠉᅗහమࡡᨥᥴࡡ⬗ງࢅ㉰࠻ࡾኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡឺ࡞⮫ࡖࡒሔྙ࡞ิࡴ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩమ⿍ⅇ ᆀ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᚪさᛮ⏍ࡍࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⥥᛬ឺ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡᐂふⓏᣞᵾࡷᣞ ᵾࡈࡿ࠷㌗మⓏ⬛ጸࡡ⛤ᗐࢅ⥪ྙⓏ࡞ึ᩷ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞㔔さᣞᵾࡢṒஷ⋙࡚࠵ 14 ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾ㸝⾪ 2ࠉ⾪ 3 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ1 ᙔࡒࡽ 1 ெᙔࡒࡽࡡṒஷ⋙㸝♵Ṓஷ⋙㸞 2 ௧୕࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ ⥥᛬ឺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢ♵Ṓஷ⋙ࢅ 1 ᮅ┘ࢅ࡛ࡆࡾࡌ࡞ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ኣ࠷ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᅗහమ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥ࡚ࡀࡾỀ‵࡞ឺᮨࡌࡿࡣࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢ㐛ᨥᥴ ࡛ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗ㝷మࡢ⿍ⅇᆀ࠾ࡼ㏝ฝࡌࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ⾪ 2 ⥥᛬ឺᣞᵾ ᣞᵾ ⥥᛬ឺ࡛ࡈࡿࡾỀ‵ Ṓஷ⋙ 1 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽ 2 ெࢅ㉰࠻ࡒሔྙ ඡ❲ࡡᰜ㣬≟ឺ మ㔔ᖲᆍೋ 0.8 ᮅࡡඡ❲ 10 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ㉰࠻ࡾ 㣏⣂ 1 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽ 2,100 ࣭࢜ࣞࣛᮅ ⤝Ề㔖 1 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽ 10 ࣛࢴࢹࣜᮅ Ề㈻ ୖ②ࡡெ 25 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ㉰࠻ࡾ ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ⏕ᆀ㟻✒ 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽ 30 ᖲ᪁࣒࣭ࢹࣜᮅ㸝ᗖࡡ㟻✒ࢅྱࡱ࠷㸞 㑂㞬ᡜࡡ㟻✒ 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽ 3.5 ᖲ᪁࣒࣭ࢹࣜᮅ 2 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖ⥥᛬ᑊᚺࣀࣤࢺࣇࢴࢠࠗࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉ35 㡣 ࠊ ⾪ 3 ⢊Ṓஷ⋙㸝CMR㸞3ࡡᇱ‵ 1 1 ெ࠵ࡒࡽࡡṒஷᩐ ኬኣᩐࡡ㏭୕ᅗ࡚ࡡᖲᆍೋ 0.5 ᨾᥴゝ⏤ࡢセᐖ⠂ᅑහ 1.0 ᮅ ᨾᥴゝ⏤ࡢᴗࡴ࡙็≟Ἓ 1.0 ௧୕ ⥥᛬ឺ࣬ᑊᚺ⬗≟ឺ 2.0 ௧୕ ኬᝲ 5.0 ௧୕ 4 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖ⥥᛬ᑊᚺࣀࣤࢺࣇࢴࢠࠗࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉ177 㡣 ࠊ ௧ୖࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమࢅࠉᅗᐓ࡛㟸ᅗᐓమࡡࡗ࡞ฦ㢦ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⤄⧂ࡡ≁ᚡࢅᴣ ふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ (1) ᅗᐓ ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡢࠉᥴຐᅗ㸝donor㸞⿍ⅇᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᐁ᪃ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞࠽࠷࡙㔔さᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡ㛜Ⓠᥴຐᖿ㸝United States Agency for International Development; USAID㸞5ࠉḚᕗࡡḚᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻ㸝European Community Humanitarian Office; ECHO㸞6ࠉᮇࡡᅗ㝷༝ງᶭᵋ㸝Japan International Cooperation Agency; JICA㸞7࡛࠷ ࡖࡒᥴຐᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ୯㛏Ⓩゝ⏤࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㛜Ⓠᨥᥴ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉ⥥᛬ᛮࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ 15 ᥴຐᅗࡢࠉᨳᗋࡡ⫃ဤࢅ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡊ࡙├⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾᥴࡌࡾࡻࡽࡵࠉࡌ࡚࡞⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾ⌟ᆀࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㈠㔘ࡷ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ᅒ 1 ཤ↯㸞ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉḚᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻ࡞ࡻࡾ㈠㔘ᥞ౩ࡢࠉ⣑༖ᩐ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡ㟸ᨳᗋ ⤄⧂ࠉ⣑ 3 ᅗ㝷㏻ྙᶭ㛭ࠉ⣑ 1 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ᅗ㝷⛛పᶭ㛭࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᅒ 2 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᨳᗋ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㟸ᅗᐓమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㈠㔘ࡷຐ㔘ࡡᥞ౩࡛࠷࠹ᙟᘟ࡚ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ᥴຐࡷಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమࡡὩິ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ8ࠊ ᅒ 1 ᅗ㝷Ⓩమ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ࣆ࣭ࣜࢺ ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ ࣆ࣭ࣜࢺ࡚Ὡິࡌࡾ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 㸝Red Cross and NGOs㸞 ࣆ࣭ࣜࢺ࡚Ὡິࡌࡾ ᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ㸞 㸝IGOs; United Nations㸞 ࣆ࣭ࣜࢺ࡚Ὡິࡌࡾ ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱࣬ථ㌱ 㸝Military Force㸞 ᨥᥴ Ὤ㐭 ᨥᥴ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 㸝Red Cross and NGOs㸞 ᨥᥴ࣬ຐ㔘 ᨥᥴ ᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ㸞 㸝IGOs; United Nations㸞 ฦᢰ㔘࣬ᣈฝ㔘 㹠ࢆ ᨳᗋ ㌱㝪 Ὤ㐭 ⛧㔘 ⮤ⓆⓏᐞ ெ 㸝➱⩽షᠺ㸞 16 ᅒ 2 Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻࡡ㈠㔘ᥞ౩㸝2001-2005㸞 70 63 60 60 60 54 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 51 50 ! 40 33 30 27 28 29 28 20 12 8 10 8 9 12 2 0 !" #$%&' ()*+ (,-./! (,01*+ 4 5 3 4 !"*+ $%*+2345 Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩཤ↯9 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓ㌱㝪ࢅ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡊ࡙├Ⓩ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ཤථࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ ࡒ10ࠊᅗࡡ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡡ⿍ⅇᆀࡡᅗ㝷⥥᛬ᥴຐ㝪ࡡὬ㐭ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴ㒂㝪ࡷථ㌱ࢅὩ⏕ࡌࡾౚቌຊࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᙁโ࡛Ṃງ⾔ࢅ ≁ᚡ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾ୕࡚⏻ណࡌࡾࡀ᩺ࡊ࠷ິྡྷ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡿࡣࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ㌱㝪ࡡὬ㐭ࡢౚአⓏ࠾ࡗ㝀ᏽⓏ࡞ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉࡆࡡࡻ ࠹෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 4 ❮௧㜾࡚レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ (2) 㟸ᅗᐓమ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㟸ᅗᐓమࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ 3 ࡗࡡ⛸㢦ࡡమ࡞ฦ㢦ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1) ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ➠ୌࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾ⤄⧂ࡢࠉࡈࡼ࡞2ࡗࡡᅗ㝷⤄⧂࡛ᅗࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝ ᩺᭮♣࡞ᓠืࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ➠ୌࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉࢪࢪ࣬ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⨠ࡂࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸝ICRC㸞࡚࠵ࡾ11ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉ1863ᖳࠉࢪࢪெࡡࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸝Henry Dunant㸞 ࡡⓆណ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉἪᚂᐓ࢟ࣖࢪࢰ࣭࣓ࣥ࣬࣠ࢼ࢙㸝Gustave Moynier㸞➴ࡡᑸງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒ⤄ 17 ⧂࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗᐓࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ ㅎ᮪⣑࡞࠽࠷࡙≁ืࡡἪⓏᆀనಕッࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ≁Ṟ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽ12ࠉᚃ㏑ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡛ࡢ ᓠืࡊࡒ᪁ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ➠ࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉࢪࢪ࣬ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࡡ࠵ࡾࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍㸝International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; IFRC㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡢࠉ1919ᖳࠉ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ࢅᶅ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒ㉝༎Ꮚ♣㏻┍㸝League of Red Cross Societies; LRCS㸞ࢅ๑㌗࡛ࡌࡾᅗ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ㏻ྙమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1992ᖳࠉ⌟ᅹࡡྞ⛘࡞ን᭞ࡈࡿࡒ13ࠊࡆࡡᅗ㝷⤄⧂ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࠾ࡼ≺ ❟ࡊࡒ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡿࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡷ㉝᩺᭮♣ᅗᨳᗋ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡾࡆ ࡛ࡵᑛࡂ࠷ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᨳᗋ࠾ࡼᏰධ࡞≺❟ࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉࠔᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠕ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ ⛘ࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡ୦᪁ࢅᣞࡌሔྙኣ࠷ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ➠ࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࢅᢀࡊࡒᅗᐓ࡞ୌࡗࡓࡄ ス❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛セྊࡈࡿࡾᨾ㆜ᅆమ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᨳᗋ✒ᴗⓏ࡞ス❟࣬㐘ႜ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ ᶭᵋࡡୌ㒂࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙࡵᑛࡂ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ1864 ᖳࠉ࣊ࣜ࢟ ࣭ࠉࢰࣛࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࠉࢪ࣋ࣤ࡞㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟ࡈࡿࠉ1868 ᖳࠉ᩺᭮ࢅᵾ❮࡞⏕ࡊࡒࢹࣜࢤ㉝᩺ ᭮♣ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࠊᮇ࡚ࡢࠉ1877 ᖳࠉこ༞ᡋணࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ඔ⩹㝌㆗ᏻ࣬ఫ㔕ᖏẰ࡛ኬ⤝ᜇ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ༡យ♣ス❟ࡈࡿࠉ1886 ᖳࠉᨳᗋࡡࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡຊථࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ1887 ᖳ࡞ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡞ᨭ⛘ࡊࡒ 14 ࠊ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࠉ185 ࢜ᅗ࡞㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᅗᐓ࡞࠽࠷࡙㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬ ㉝᩺᭮♣⿍ⅇ⩽ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ15ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ2 ࡗࡡᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡛ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ెᏋࡊࠉ┞ப࡞༝ງ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡽ ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙㐘ႜࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⤄⧂ࡢᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㐘ິ 㸝International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement㸞࡛⥪⛘ࡈࡿ16ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾᇱᮇཋ ⌦ࢅභ᭯ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ5 ᖳẎ࡞㛜തࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ఌ㆗࡞࠽ࡄࡾゞ㆗࡛Ử㆗ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡୌమᛮࢅ⥌ᣚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᅒ 3 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ 18 ᅒ 3 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡ┞㛭㛭౿ ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ⥶⣑ᅗ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ఌ㆗ ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬ ㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ ᖏ௴ጟဤఌ ⾪⩽ఌ㆗ ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ㉝᩺᭮♣ ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㐘ິ Source: Haug, Hans, Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, p. 64617. 2) ᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸞 㟸ᅗᐓమࡡ➠ࡢࠉᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸞࡚࠵ࡾ18ࠊ⌟ᅹࠉᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭ࡡ୯࡚ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜 ࡌࡾ⾪Ⓩ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡຐᶭ㛭19࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㞬Ằࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅさ௴ຸ࡛ࡌࡾຐᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1950 ᖳ࡞ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒࡡࠉࢪࢪ࣬ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ ࣥᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⨠ࡂࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸝UNHCR㸞࡚࠵ࡾ20ࠊ㞬Ằࡢࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉᅗ⡘ࡡ ᵕࠍ⌦⏜࠾ࡼ㏍ᐐࡡ࠽ࡐࡿ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹༎ฦ⌦⏜࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᅗ⡘ᅗࡡಕ㆜ࢅུ࡚ࡀࡍࠉᅗ⡘ᅗአ ࡞࠷ࡾ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ21ࠊྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㞬Ằࡡᗂ㆜ࠉᖉ㑇ࠉ්ᏽప࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉᅗ⡘ᅗහ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅಕᣚ ࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌࡡࠔᩯ㸝good offices㸞ࠕࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᶊ㝀ࢅ≁ᏽࡡ᱄࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⾔ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉࠔUNHCR ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙㛭ᚨ࠵ࡾெࠍ㸝People of Concern to UNHCR㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹᩺ࡊ࠷࢜ࢷࢥ࣭ࣛࢅスࡄ࡙ࠉᥴຐࡷಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗⠂ᅑࢅ㞬Ằ࠾ࡼᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࠉࡐࡡ ࡡᡋண⿍ᐐ⩽࡛ᣉኬࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ22ࠊ 19 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ㞬Ằࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࣂ ࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡຐᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾࠉᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾ ῥᴏᶭ㛭㸝United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East; UNRWA㸞≺ ༥Ⓩᶊ㝀ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊྜྷᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᙔิࠉ࢛࣭ࢪࢹ࣭ࣛ࣬ࣤᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅス⨠ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻᬳᏽ⤣ୖࡡ࢝ࢧᕰ࡛ࣙࣜࢱ࣏ࣤ࣬ࣤࣤᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⛛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằࢅ⌟ሔ࡚ ᨥᥴࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴࡢࠉ⥥᛬ࡡᬳᏽⓏ௴ຸ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ ࡾࠉྜྷᶭ㛭࡚ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᩅ⫩࣬༈⒢࣬⚗♬ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᨥᥴࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻெ࡞㞘⏕ࡡᶭఌࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⤄⧂࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾ23ࠊ ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ண࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⿍ⅇࡊࡒᏄࡵࢅᨾῥࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1949 ᖳࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࣬ࢼ࣭ࣖ ࣭ࣙࢠᕰ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻⥥᛬ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸝United Nations International Children’s Emergency Fund; UNICEF㸞ス❟ ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡷᮇࡡᏄࡵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᰜ㣬࣬༈⒢ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊ1953 ᖳࠉ ࡆࡡ⤄⧂ࡢ⤄⧂ࡡᖏス࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸝United Nations Children’s Fund; UNICEF㸞࡞ᨭ⛘ࡊࡒࠊ ྜྷᇱ㔘ࡢࠉࣗࢼࢬࣆຽ㔘ࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩヾ▩㧏࠷ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡡᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ࠉࣗࢼࢬࣆ༝ఌࡡ ᕰẰ࠾ࡼࡡຽ㔘ථኣࡂࠉᏭᏽⓏ࡞ᴏࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹24ࠊ ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ண࡞㝮ࡌࡾ㣒㣱ࡷᰜ㣬ㄢ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㣏⣂ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾຐᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ 1963 ᖳࠉࢰ࣭࣏ࣛ࣬ࣞᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⨠ࡂࠉୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤㸝United Nations World Food Programme; WFP㸞 ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࠊྜྷゝ⏤ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㣏⣂㎨ᴏᶭᵋ㸝Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations; FAO㸞 ࡛ᅗ㏻⥪ఌ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾࠉᅗ㏻㣏⣂㎨ᴏᶭᵋ㎨ᴏ㛜Ⓠࢅさ௴ຸ࡛ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ ୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡢࠉ㣏⣂༱ᶭ㉫ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ⌟ᆀ࡞├ᚪさ㣏⣂ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾ25ࠊ ௧୕ࡡᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭ࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡⓆ⏍ᆀ࡞├⫃ဤࢅὬ㐭ࡊ࡙ᨥᥴὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾさ⤄⧂࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡼࡡ⤄⧂௧አ࡞ࡵࠉ㞬ᛮ࡛⮬Ṓᛮࡡ㧏࠷វὮ⾔ࡊࡒᆀᇡࡷ࢙ࢫࡡះᛮⓏὮ⾔ᆀ ᇡ࡚ࡢࠉୠ⏲ಕᶭ㛭㸝World Health Organization; WHO㸞༈⒢࣬⾠⏍Ὡິࢅᣞᑙ࣬┐っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆ ࡡᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳࠉࢪࢪ࣬ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⨠࠷࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡᑍ㛓ᶭ㛭26ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ௧አࡡᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷⛛పᶭ㛭㸝International Organization for Migration; IOM㸞 ࠉ㞬Ằࡡ⛛㏞ࡷᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢெ㌗㈑ࡡ≓∽⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴࡵᙁࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⿍ⅇ 20 ᆀ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᚃ࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᣚ⤾Ⓩ⏍Ὡ⥌ᣚࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᚗ⮾㛜Ⓠᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥ ᥴ࡛㛜Ⓠᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ⤽⤾ᛮၡ㢗࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡡ௴ຸ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ1965 ᖳ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒຐᶭ 㛭࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࣬ࢼ࣭࣭ࣖࣙࢠᕰ࡞ᮇ㒂ࢅ⨠ࡂࠉᅗ㏻㛜Ⓠゝ⏤㸝United Nations Development Programme; UNDP㸞ฦᤰࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⌟ᅹࠉྜྷゝ⏤ࡢࠉ ࠔ࣐ࣝࢼ࣑㛜Ⓠ┘ᵾ㸝Millennium Development Goals; MDGs㸞ࠕ ࢅᥞ᱄ࡊࠉරమⓏᩐೋ┘ᵾࢅスᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ2015 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ㈃ᅏࡡ᧖⁓ࡷิ➴ᩅ ⫩ࡡ㐡ᠺࡡ 8 ࡗࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩ┘ᵾࡡ㐡ᗐࢅ᳠ッࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ27ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᵕࠍᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡຐᶭ㛭ࡷ㛭㏻ᶭ㛭Ὡິ ࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠉᶭ㛭≺⮤ࡡᨥᥴゝ⏤ࢅ㐑⾔ࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉὩິࡡ㔔々ࡷ✭Ⓣ࡞ࡻࡾᨥ ᥴࡡ㟸ຝ⋙ၡ㢗࡛ࡽࠉᶭ㛭㛣ࡡᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄢᩒࡡᚪさᛮᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1972 ᖳࠉᅗ 㝷㏻ྙⅇᐐㄢᩒᏻຸᡜ㸝United Nations Disaster Relief Coordinator; UNDRO㸞ス⨠ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᶭ㛭㛣ࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡㄢᩒ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅᢰ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ1990 ᖳࡡࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴ࡞࠽ ࡄࡾᶭ㛭㛣ࡡㄢᩒ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ࡡᢀึࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉ1991 ᖳࡡ⥪ఌỬ㆗ 46/182 ࢅུ ࡄ࡙28ࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࠉᅗ㏻ຸᑻࡡୖ㒂⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠ၡ㢗ᑻ㸝Department of Humanitarian Affairs; DHA㸞 ࡞ᨭ⤄ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉᅗ㏻ຸᑻࡡኬぞᶅ⤄⧂ᨭ㠁࡞ెࡎ࡙ࠉ1997 ᖳࡡ⥪ఌỬ㆗ 52/168 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡙29ࠉᅗ㏻ெ㐠ၡ㢗ㄢᩒຸᡜ㸝United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs; OCHA㸞 ࡞්ᗐᨭ⤄ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᶊ㝀ࢅᨳ➿❟᱄ࠉᥞゕὩິ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒ30ࠊ 3) 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 㟸ᅗᐓమࡡ➠ࡢࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡛ࡢࠉᨳᗋᶭ㛭ࡷᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸞࡚ࡢ ࠷⤄⧂ࡡ⥪⛘࡚࠵ࡾࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ⤄⧂ࡡさ┘Ⓩ㟸ႜฺὩິࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡽࠉ々ᩐࡡᅗᐓ࡞ᨥ㒂 ࡷ༝ງᅆమࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂㸝international non-governmental organization㸞ࢅ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗࡛ ࡊࡒ࠷31ࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᏺᩅ⤄⧂࡛ୠಐ⤄⧂ࡡࡗ࡞㢦ืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏺ ᩅ⤄⧂ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅ࣬ᏺὬࡡಘ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㝷ⓏᨾᥴὩິࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾ㸝⾪ 4 ཤ ↯㸞ࠊ⌟ᅹࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᏺᩅ⤄⧂ࡡኣࡂࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅὬࡡᏺὬᅆమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇᆀࡡ 21 ᩅఌ⤄⧂ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡୠ⏲ᏺᩅ࡞Ẓ ㍉ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ばⓏ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࠷ࠊ⌟ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅୠ⏲࡚ࡢࠉ㧏ᗐ♣ఌ⚗♬โᗐ ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㈃❋⩽ᨾῥࡈࡿࠉ㧏ᗐ༈⒢โᗐࡡୖ࡚ഭ⩽⒢ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ ⬗ງࡡᏺᩅୠ⏲ࡻࡽࡵඁເ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⌦よࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡞㝮 ࡌࡾெ㐠༱ᶭࡡኣࡂࠉ୯᮶ࠉࣆࣛ࢜ࠉ୯ኳࢩࡡࢪ࣭࣑ࣚୠ⏲࡞㞗୯ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࢪ࣭ࣚ ࣑ᨾ㆜ᅆమᅗ㝷ⓏὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡻࡽࡵࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᨾᥴὩິ࡞Ἰງࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛᥆ῼࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ⾪ 4 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾさᏺᩅ⤄⧂ ࣬ ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢫዅጟဤఌ㸝American Friends Service Committee; AFSC㸞ࣆࣝࣤࢺὬ㸝ࢠ࢙࣭࣭࢜ᩅ㸞 ࣬ ୠ⏲ᩅఌフ㆗ఌ㸝World Council of Churches; WCC㸞࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅὬ ࣬ ࣭࣠ࣜࢺࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤ㸝World Concern㸞࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅὬ ࣬ ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜ㸝Caritas International㸞࢜ࢮࣛࢴࢠ ࣬ ࢜ࢮࣛࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆ࣬ࢦ࣭ࣥࢪ㸝Catholic Relief Services㸞࢜ࢮࣛࢴࢠ ࣬ ࢙ࢫࢪఌ㞬Ằࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㸝Jesuit Refugee Service; JRS㸞࢜ࢮࣛࢴࢠ ࣬ ࢺࣚ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜ (Adventist Development and Relief Agency International; ADRA්⮣Ὤ ࣬ ᅗ㝷࣭ࣜࢷࣜ㏻┍㸝Lutheran World Federation; LWF㸞࣭ࣜࢷࣜὬ ࣬ ୠ⏲࣭ࣜࢷࣜᨾῥ㸝Lutheran World Relief; LWR㸞࣭ࣜࢷࣜὬ ࣬ ୠ⏲ࣁࣈࢷࢪࢹᨾῥጟဤఌ㸝Baptist World Aid; BWA㸞ࣁࣈࢷࢪࢹὬ ࣬ ࢪ࣐ࣚࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆ㸝Islamic Relief㸞ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ ࣬ ⡷ᅗࢩ࣭ࣖࢴࢨ࣭ࣖ࣬࣠ࣜࢺ࣬ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㸝American Jewish World Service; AJWS㸞ࣗࢱࣕᩅ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᏺᩅ⤄⧂ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡฦ㔕࡞㢟ⴥ࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ᏺᩅ౮ೋ࡛ᐁ㊰࡞࠽࠷ ࡙┞ྜྷࡌࡾ㒂ฦኣ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ32ࠊරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ࣬ិၻ㸝agape/caritas㸞ࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ ᩅࡡႌᤖ㸝sadaqa㸞ࠉᩅࡡិᝊ㸝maitrii karnaa㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾぜ㏁ࡽࢅ ịࡴࡍࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ↋ᕣืࡡばวࡡ⾔Ⅵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ୌ⮬ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᏺὬᅆమࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅ࣬ᏺὬࡡಘ௭⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡛ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽␏ᩅᚈ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ᥴຐࡡሒ࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ᨭᏺࢅᙁさࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࠵ࡾࠊᏺᩅ⤄⧂ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ᕱᩅὩິᮅฦࡡ⤄⧂ࡵᏋᅹࡊࠉ∸㈻ⓏḖ இ࠾ࡼࡡ⬛ጸࢅཱིࡽ㝎ࡂெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ⢥♼ⓏḖஇ࠾ࡼࡡᜅᛟࢅཱིࡽཡࡾᕱᩅὩິ࡛ୌమࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗࡛᪁Ἢࢅࡴࡃࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᏺᩅⓏ࣬ୠಐⓏ⤄⧂࡞භ㏳ ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ➠ 2 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 22 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡵࠉᵾ❮࡞༎Ꮚᯣ࡛᩺᭮ࢅ⏕ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡛ ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡᙫ㡢࡞࠵ࡾ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾ㸝ᅒ 4 ཤ↯㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ༎Ꮚᯣࠉ࢞ࣛ ࢪࢹᩅ࡚ࡢ≓∽࣬ⱖ㞬࣬ྞヽࡡ⾪㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵ♡ᣇࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡾୌ᪁ࠉ᩺᭮㸝᭮ᙟ㸞ࠉࢪࣚ ࣭࣑ࡡ࣏ࣚࢱ࣭ࣤࡡᖳ㛣ࡡ⚅♡ࡡࡡ⟿┘࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࡱࡒࠉ࢛ࢪ࣏ࣤ᭽ࡡ㌱᪕ࡷࢪ࣭࣑ࣚㅎᅗࡡᅗ ᪕࡞㇗ᚡ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ⫃ဤࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡិၻࡷࢪࣚ ࣭࣑ᩅࡡႌᤖࡡ⢥♼࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾ㆜ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢྫྷᏽࡊ࠷ࠉ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉୠಐⓏ㉝༎ Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠㸝humanity㸞ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅ㐑⾔ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᏺᩅⓏິᶭ࣬┘Ⓩࢅ᪺☔ ࡞⾪᪺ࡌࡾ୕オࡡᏺᩅ⤄⧂࡛ࡢ┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉ2005 ᖳ࡞ࡢࠉᏺᩅⓏ⫴ᬊࢅୌวᤴ㝎ࡊࡒᵾ❮࡛ࡊ ࡙㉝Ềᬏ㸝㉝ⳳ㸞㸝Red Crystal㸞⏕ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࠉᏺᩅᛮࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ᪁ 㔢⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹33ࠊ ᅒ 4 ㉝༎Ꮚࡡオ❮ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩཤ↯34 ୠಐ⤄⧂ࡢࠉୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࣬ಘ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㝷Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾ㸝⾪ 5 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ࡆࡡୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠㸝humanity㸞ࡷ༡យ㸝philanthropy㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ↋⚶ ࡡዅࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨳⓏ౮ೋ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᏺᩅⓏ࣬ୠಐ Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 2 ❮࡚レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 23 ⾪ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾさୠಐ⤄⧂ ࣬ ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ㸝Save the Children㸞ⱝᅗ ࣬ ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑㸝OXFAM㸞ⱝᅗ ࣬ ᅗ㝷ᨾῥጟဤఌ㸝International Relief Committee; IRC㸞Ḛ⡷ ࣬ ࢢ㸝The Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere; CARE㸞⡷ᅗ ࣬ ࣭࣠ࣜࢺ࣬ࣥࢩࣘࣤ㸝World Vision㸞⡷ᅗ ࣬ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸝M«decins sans Frontiªres; MSF㸞ࣆࣚࣤࢪ ࣬ ୠ⏲ࡡ༈ᖅᅆ㸝M«decins du Monde㸞ࣆࣚࣤࢪ ࣬ ࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤ㸝Concern㸞ࣜࣚࣤࢺ ࣬ ࣝࣆࣖࢩ࣭ࢫ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜ㸝Refugees International㸞⡷ᅗ ࣬ ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻ࣭ࣜ࣬ࣚࢹ㸝International Alert㸞ⱝᅗ ➱⩽షᠺ ୠಐ⤄⧂ࡢࠉ㎾㝼ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾᆀᇡභྜྷమ❻⥬࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛᥆ᐳࡈࡿࡾࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ཤ ථࡌࡾዉᶭ࡛ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉᡋணࡡெⓏぞᶅࡡᣉኬ࡛Ṃჹࡡṽഭ⬗ງࡡᨭⰃ࡞ఔ࠹ᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡቌኬ࡞౪ ࡾ࡛ࡆࢀኬࡀ࠷ࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉ↋ᩐ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢ 3 ࡗࡡ⾪Ⓩ ⤄⧂ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾ࡞Ḿࡴࡒ࠷ࠊ ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ㸝Save the Children㸞ࡢࠉ1919 ᖳࠉࢺࣞࢨ࣭࣬ࣁࢠࢪࢹࣤ㸝Dorothy Buxton㸞 ࡛࢙ࢡࣚࣤࢷࣤ࣬ࢩ࢘ࢴࣇ㸝Eglantyne Jebb㸞ⱝᅗ࡚ス❟ࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋୖࡡⱝᅗ ࡞ࡻࡾࢺࢵ࢛࣭࣬ࢪࢹࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥᑌ㙈㣏⣂༱ᶭࢅ㉫ࡊࠉᏄࡵࢅ㣒㣱ࡡ≓∽࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ ⱝᅗᨳᗋࢅ㟸㞬ࡊࠉᏄࡵࡒࡔࡡᰜ㣬≟ឺࡡᨭၻࡡࡒࡴࡡᇱ㔘ࢅス⨠ࡊࡒࡡጙࡱࡽ࡚࠵ࡾ35ࠊࡆࡡࡆ ࡛ࡢࠉᩓᑊࡌࡾᅗẰࡡ≓∽⩽ࡱ࡚ࡵᨾῥࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡ⏍ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ36ࠊࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࠉᮇࢅྱࡴࡒ 27 ࢜ᅗ࡞ᨥ㒂࡛༝ງᅆమࢅ᭯ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩ⤄⧂࡞ᠺ㛏ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ37ࠊ ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑㸝OXFAM㸞ࡢࠉ1942 ᖳࠉኬᏕᩅ࣬ᅗ㝷㏻┍༝ఌࡡス⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࢟ࣜࣁ࣭ࢹ࣐࣬ࣖࣝ 㸝Gilbert Murray㸞➴୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ⱝᅗ࡚ス❟ࡊࡒ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺ㣒㤙ᨾῥጟဤఌ㸝The Oxford Committee for Famine Relief㸞ࢅ๑㌗࡛ࡌࡾ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㣒㤙ᨾῥጟဤఌࡢࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋୖࡡⱝᅗ࡞ ࡻࡾࢺࢵ༥㡷ᆀᇡࡡ⤊ῥᑌ㙈࡞ࡻࡾ㣏⣂༱ᶭࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ࡚ࡡ㣒㤙࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ᭩ิࡡὩ ິࡡ┘ᵾ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ㈠㔘ᥞ౩ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒ38ࠊ1965 ᖳࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ ḿᘟྞ⛘࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉᮇࢅྱࡴࡒ 12 ࢜ᅗ࡞ᨥ㒂ࢅ⨠ࡂᕠኬᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞Ⓠᒈࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ 39 ࠊ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ 㸝Médecins Sans Frontières; MSF㸞ࡢࠉ1971 ᖳࠉ ༈ᖅ࣊ࣜࢻ࣭࣬ࢠࢨࣖࢾ㸝Bernard Kouchner㸞 24 ➴୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ࣆࣚࣤࢪ࡚ス❟ࡈࡿࡒᨾ㆜ᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛ࣬ࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡚ࡡ༈ ⒢Ὡິ࡞ᚉࡊࡒࣆࣚࣤࢪ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ༈ᖅࡡࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ㸝Groupe d'Intervention Médical et Chirurgical d'Urgence; GIMCU㸞࡛ࣁࣤࢡࣚࢸࢨࣖࡡὝỀ⿍ᐐ⩽ࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᨾῥࡊࡒ༈ᖅࡡࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ㸝Secours Médical Français; SMF㸞ࡡࡗࡡࢡ࣭ࣜࣈྙὮࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ๑⩽ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛ ㏻㑝ᨳᗋ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ࠉࣄࣆࣚᆀᇡ࡚ࡡὩິࡡセྊࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡஹῦ࡞㛣ࢅᾐ⪎ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩ ິࡡ㐔ᘇ࡛㟸ຝ⋙ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛㟸㞬ࡊࠉ㎷㏷࠾ࡗຝᯕⓏᨥᥴࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡྜྷណࡊ࡚⿍ ⅇᆀ࡞ථࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅᘿࡊࡒ40ࠊᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ5 ࢜ᅗ࡞࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤᨥ㒂ࠉ13 ࢜ᅗ ࡞ࣂ࣭ࢹࢻ࣭ᨥ㒂ࢅ⨠࠷࡙ࠉୠ⏲ぞᶅࡡᐞ࣬࣍ࣚࣤࢷὬ㐭࣬ᨥᥴὩິࡡࢾࢴࢹ࣭࣠ࢠࢅᵋ⠇ࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾ41ࠊ 4 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమࢅ୯ᚨ࡞⤄⧂ࡡᴣ␆ࢅオ㏑ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ࡡරమⓏὩິහᐖࢅ 4 ࡗ࡞㢦ืࡊࠉᴣふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷42ࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉ༈⒢Ὡິ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟ࡈࡿࡒ➠ୌࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾഭඹࡡ⒢ࡡெⓏ࣬ ∸Ⓩ࣬ᢇ⾙Ⓩ㊂ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࡚ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔔さὩິࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ༈⒢ ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡢࠉᡋ㜒࡞ࡻࡾአഭࡡ⒢ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࢩ࣬ࣆࣛ࢜ᆀᇡ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᒈ㛜࡞ఔ࠷ࠉࢤࣝ ࣚࠉ㉝②ࠉ㯖⑀࡛࠷ࡖࡒវࠉୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀ࡛࠷ࡖࡒẴࡡ⒢ࠉⓆぜࠉ㜭ࡵᚪさ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࠽ࠉ᭩㎾࡚ࡢࠉᡋୖࡡᛮⓏᬸງ࡞ఔ࠹ᚨⓏአഭᚃࢪࢹࣝࢪഭᐐࡡᝀ⩽ࡡ࣒ࣤࢰࣜࢢࠉዥᛮࡡࣛࣈࣞ ࢱࢠࢷࣥ࣬ࣉࣜࢪࡡಕ㆜ࡡᚪさᛮࡵᘿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ⿍ⅇᆀࡡ㝌ࡷ⒢᪃スࡡᨥᥴࡷ ⒢᪃スࡡス⨠ࡵࠉ༈⒢⾔Ⅵࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࡡᥞ౩࡛ᨭၻ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㒌ᕰ㒂ࡡ㣏⣂ࡡ⏍⏐ᆀ࠾ࡼ㞫ࡿࡒሔᡜ⿍ⅇᆀ࡛ࡾ ሔྙࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ㎾㝼ࡡ㣏⣂ࡡ⏍⏐ᆀᡋሔ࡛ࡖ࡙⏍⏐ὩິೳḾࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ㣏⣂㊂࡞ఔ࠹㣒 㤙Ⓠ⏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠊᅗ㝷Ⓩ㣏⣂ᕰሔ࠾ࡼ㎷㏷࡞㣏࡛ࡾࢤ࣒ࠉᑚ㯇ࠉኬ㯇ࠉࢮ࣑ࣜ࢝ࠉࢹ ࣓ࣞࢤࢨࢅㄢ㐡ࡊࠉᏭᏽⓏ࡞⿍ⅇᆀ࡞౩⤝ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㣏⣂ࡡ㒼⤝ ࡡ᪁Ἢࠉ㒼⤝ࡡྙ࡛ฦ㔖ࡡㄢᩒࡵᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ࡡ㣏⣂⏍⏐⥌ᣚࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙࠉ↋ 25 ർࡡ㣏⣂ᥴຐࡢ㣏⣂⏍⏐ࡡណḟࢅ΅㏝ࡈࡎࡾ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㎨⏐∸ᕰሔࢅᶭ⬗ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ᨥᥴࡡ୯ᚨ ࡛ࡾࠊ㣏⣂ࡡ౩⤝ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᗛࡡ⥌ᣚࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡᥞ౩ࡌࡾ㣏⣂ࡡᰜ㣬౮ࡵゝ⟤ࡊ ࡙㒼⤝ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡኣࡂ೩ྡྷࡊࡒ㣏⏍Ὡࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿ࡙ᰜ㣬ㄢ࡛ࡽࠉቪ⾉ࠉࢻ ࢨࣤḖஇ࡛࠷ࡖࡒẴ࡞⮫ࡾሔྙࡵ࠵ࡽࠉࣄࢰ࣐ࣤࡡ㒼⤝ࡵᚪさ࡛ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ᗛ࡞⏍Ꮛࡌࡾ࡞ࡢࠉ㣏⣂࡛ᰜ㣬ࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ༎ฦ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⾠ ⏍ⓏỀᚪさ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡ☔ಕࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᤴἝ∸ࡷᗣᲘ∸Ề″ࢅỗࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ප⾏౼ᡜࡷᤴỀ ‹ࡡス⨠ࡡཱིࡽ⤄ࡲᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣏ࣚࣛࡡཋᅄ࡛ࡾࡡẐ፳ິ∸࣬᪳ࢅโ ᚒࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵࠉප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻ࡞ࡢᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ᄿࡢࠉ㑂㞬ᡜࡡス⨠࡛ᖏ⏍Ὡࡡ☔ಕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉ⮤ࡼࡡపᑽࢅ㞫ࡿ࡙༱ᐐࡡཀྵࡣ ࠷ᆀᇡ㑂㞬ࡌࡾ⩽ࡵ࠷ࡾࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࠉࢷࣤࢹࡷపᏩࡡ㑂㞬ᡜࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ㑂㞬࡞㝷ࡊ࡙⏕ဗࢅᣚཤ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡢࠉ⾨㢦ࠉᐱරࠉ㣏ჹࠉ⇖ᩩ➴ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ 㑂㞬⏍Ὡࡡ㛏࡞ఔࡖ࡙ᬦᡛჹරࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊḖ࡛ࡾࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⤄⧂ࠉ୕オࡡ 4 ࡗࡡฦ㔕࡞࠽࠷࡙ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡿࡑ ࡿࡡ⤄⧂≁ᏽࡡฦ㔕࡞㔔Ⅴࢅ⨠࠷࡙ᨥᥴࢅᐁ⾔ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ ຸᡜࡢࠉ➠ᄿࡡ㑂㞬ᡜࡡス⨠࡞Ὡິࡡ୯ᚨࢅ⨠࠷࡙࠽ࡽࠉୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡢࠉ➠ࡡ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࡡᥞ౩࡛ ᨭၻࢅࡒࡾὩິࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉᥴຐࡡᴏຸ࣬㐘ႜ࣬フ౮࡛࠷ࡖࡒᢇ⾙Ⓩၡ㢗 ࡢ㆗ㄵࡡ୯ᚨ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࡷெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᨳⓏ࣬㐠⩇Ⓩၡ㢗࡞Ⅴࢅ ᙔ࡙࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᵕࠍᶭ㛭ࡡኣᒪ࡞ῳࡾெ㐠ⓏὩິࢅࠔ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈀࡛ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡ↋ ർࡡᥞ౩ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵࠉࡌࢂࡔࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵ࡞㑇ඔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅୌࡗࡡ ᅗ㝷ⓏὩິࡡ⥪మ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 5 ⤎ㄊ ⌟ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾᥴࡢࠉᅗᐓ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒࡎ࠷ឺ࡞⮫ࡖࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉ ᅗ㝷Ⓩమ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗ㝷Ⓩమࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡛࠷ࡖࡒ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭୯ᚨⓏᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡὩິࡢࠉ༈⒢ᨥᥴ࠾ࡼ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࠉපභ⾠⏍࡞⮫ࡾ 26 ࡱ࡚ኣᒪ࡞ῳࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ⌟ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ኣᵕమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᙁງὩິ࡞ ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉ➠ 2 ❮࡚ㄵ✪ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᠺ㛏࡛Ⓠᒈࠉ㝀⏲࡛ග᭱ࡡṌྍⓏ⤎ᯕ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ 1 ࠔ⿍ⅇ⩽㸝disaster victims/sufferers㸞ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉࡡࡻ࠹ெࠍࢅᣞࡊ♟ࡌࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ ࠔⅇᐐ㸝disaster㸞ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉெⅥⓏ さᅄࡷ⮤↓⌟㇗ࢅཋᅄ࡛ࡌࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✲ⓆⓏⅇ㞬ࡷᐐࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ⅇᐐࡡྫྷ ᏽⓏᙫ㡢ࢅ⿍ࡖࡒெࢅ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛⥪⛘ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠔ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠕࡡྜྷ⩇ㄊ࡞ࠔ⿍ⅇẰࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉࠔ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠕࡻࡽࡵୌ⯙࡞⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡡᑛ࠷Ἢᚂ୕ ࡡ⏕ㄊ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ⿍ⅇẰࠕࡡᏽ⩇ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ༝ງἪ㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ➴࡞㛭ࡌࡾ༝ງ࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪᚂࠉ ᖲᠺ 4 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 19 Ἢᚂ➠ 79 ྒࠉᨭḿᖲᠺ 10 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 12 Ἢᚂ➠ 102 ྒࠉྜྷ 11 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 16 ྜྷ➠ 102 ྒࠉྜྷ 11 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 22 ྜྷ➠ 160 ྒࠉྜྷ 13 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 14 ྜྷ➠ 157 ྒ㸞 ࠉࢷࣞ≁ื᥈⨠Ἢ㸝ᖲᠺ༎ᖳஐ᭮༎ୌࡡ࣒ࣛ࢜ྙ⾏ᅗ࡞࠽࠷࡙ Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒࢷࣞࣛࢪࢹ࡞ࡻࡾᨯᦹ➴࡞ᑊᚺࡊ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࡾᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ࡡ┘Ⓩ㐡ᠺࡡࡒࡴࡡㅎአᅗࡡὩິ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᠻᅗ ᐁ᪃ࡌࡾ᥈⨠ཀྵࡦ㛭㏻ࡌࡾᅗ㝷㏻ྙỬ㆗➴࡞ᇱࡘࡂெ㐠Ⓩ᥈⨠࡞㛭ࡌࡾ≁ื᥈⨠Ἢࠉᖲᠺ 13 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 2 Ἢᚂ➠ 113 ྒࠉᨭḿᖲᠺ 15 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 16 Ἢᚂ㸞 ࠉࣚࢠெ㐠ᚗ⮾ᨥᥴ≁ื᥈⨠Ἢ㸝ࣚࢠ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᚗ⮾ᨥᥴὩິཀྵࡦᏭධ☔ಕ ᨥᥴὩິࡡᐁ᪃࡞㛭ࡌࡾ≁ื᥈⨠Ἢࠉᖲᠺ 15 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 1 Ἢᚂ➠ 137 ྒ㸞࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ༝ ງἪ➠ 3 ᮪➠ 2 㡧࡞ࠉ ࠔ⿍ⅇẰࠕࡡᏽ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚࢅ༱࠹ࡂࡌࡾ࠽ࡐࡿࡡ࠵ࡾ⣦ண㸝௧ୖ༟࡞ ࠔ⣦ணࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠊ㸞࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⿍ᐐࢅུࡄⱕࡊࡂࡢུࡄࡾ࠽ࡐࡿ࠵ࡾపẰࡐࡡࡡ⩽㸝௧ୖࠔ⿍ⅇẰࠕ࡛࠷࠹ࠊ㸞ࠕ࡛࠷ ࠹ぞᏽスࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ἢᚂ࡞ื࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡒࠔ⿍ⅇẰࠕ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ ⌦よࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠔ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࢅ⏕ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ⥥᛬༈⒢ࡷⅇᐐ◂✪࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠔ⿍ⅇᘽ⩽ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊ⏕ࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᏄࡵ㸝Children㸞 ࠉዥ ᛮ㸝Women㸞 ࠉ㧏㱃⩽㸝Aged People㸞 ࠉ㈃ᅏ⩽࣬ഭ⩽㸝Poor and Patient㸞ࡡ㢄ᩝᏊࢅཱིࡖ࡙ CWAP ࡛⥪⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࠔ⿍ⅇᘽ⩽ࠕࡢࠉࡐࡡࡡெࠍࡻࡽࡵ⿍ⅇࢅ⿍ࡾྊ⬗ᛮ㧏࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌ㞗ᅆࢅୌᚂ ࡞ࠔᘽ⩽ࠕ࡛⥪⛘ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡమᛮࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾ୕࡚⏊ኬၡ㢗ࢅໜྱࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⏕ㄊࡢࠉᠺெࠉ⏠ᛮࠉ ᐣ⩽࣬ᖏ⩽ࠔ⿍ⅇᙁ⩽ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྱណࡊࠉᙁ⩽ᘽ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉࠔ⿍ⅇᘽ⩽ࠕ ࡢࠉᨾῥࡡࠔᐂమࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ㄏよࢅ⏍ࡳ࠵ࡾࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇࢅඞࡿࡒᏄࡵࠉዥᛮࠉ㧏㱃⩽ࠉ⿍ⅇࡊࡒᠺ ெ⏠ᛮࢅᨾຐࡌࡾࠔమࠕ࡛ࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢ༎ฦ࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹೩ぜ࡛ㄏよࢅ㉫ࡌࡾྊ⬗ ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾࠔ⿍ⅇᘽ⩽ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ⏕ࡊ࠷ࠊ 2 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖ⥥᛬ᑊᚺࣀࣤࢺࣇࢴࢠࠗࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉUNHCR ᮇ࣬㡉ᅗᆀᇡຸᡜࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ35 㡣ࠊ 3 ⢊Ṓஷ⋙㸝Crude Mortality Rate; CMR㸞࡛ࡢࠉᴣ⟤ࡡṒஷ⋙ࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⥥᛬ឺࡡንࢅᢍᥩࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ ᣞᵾࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢࠉ1 ெᙔࡒࡽࡡ 1 ࡡṒஷ⩽ᩐ࡚♟ࡊࠉ࡚ࡀࡾ㝀ࡽ᪡࡞ CMR ࢅ 1.0 ᮅ࡛ࡆࡾࡌ࡞ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ5 ṋᮅඡṒஷ⋙㸝Under 5 Mortality Rate; U5MR㸞ࡵ⥥᛬ឺࡡ็ᗐࢅῼᏽࡌࡾ㔔 さᣞᵾࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉU5MR ࢅ 2.0 ᮅ┘࡛ࡆࡾࡌ࡞ᵾ࡛ࡾࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖ⥥᛬ᑊᚺࣀࣤࢺࣇ ࢴࢠࠗ ࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉUNHCR ᮇ࣬㡉ᅗᆀᇡຸᡜࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ177 㡣ࠊ 4 ๑᥎᭡ࠉ๑᥎ࠊ 5 ࣒ࣛ࢜㛜Ⓠᥴຐᖿࡢࠉ1961 ᖳࠉࢩࣘࣤ࣬F࣬ࢢࢾࢸኬ⤣㡷ᑊአᥴຐἪ㸝Foreign Assistance Act㸞࡞⨣ྞࡊ࡙ス❟ ࡈࡿࡒ㏻㑝ᨳᗋᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣏࣭ࢨࣔࣜ࣬ࣈࣚࣤ㸝Marshall Plan㸞 ௧ᮮࡡ々ᩐࡡᑊአᥴຐᶭ㛭ࢅ⤣ྙࡊࠉẒ㍉Ⓩ≺❟ᛮ ࡡ㧏࠷ᥴຐᨳ➿ࢅᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊྜྷᖿࡢࠉ⥥᛬ᛮࡡ㧏࠷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡻࡽࡵࠉ୯㛏ⓏっⅤ࠾ࡼࡡ㛜Ⓠᥴຐ୯ᚨࡡᶭ㛭 ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡさࢺࢻ࣭ࡡୌࡗ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊhttp://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html (1 January 2007); http://www.usaid.gov/about_usaid/usaidhist.html (1 January 2007). 27 6 Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻࡢࠉ1992 ᖳࠉḚᕗጟဤఌெ㐠ᥴຐᑻ࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⌟ᅹࡢḚᕗጟဤఌࡡୖనᶭ㛭 ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࣬ᅗ㝷㏻ྙᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ຐ㔘ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ⌟ᅹࠉᖳ㛣⣑ 5 ൦࣭ࣗࣞࢅ ᣈฝࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://ec.europa.eu/echo/presentation/background_en.htm (1 January 2007); http://ec.europa.eu/echo/presentation/mandate_en.htm (1 January 2007)ࠊྜྷᶭ㛭ࡢࠉḿ☔࡞ࡢᅗᐓࡡᥴຐᶭ㛭࡚ࡢࡂࠉᆀᇡ ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡᥴຐᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙న⨠ࡘࡄࡾࡡࡢḿ☔࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉྜྷᑻࠉභ㏳ አஹᨳ➿ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㛜Ⓠᥴຐᖿࠉᮇࡡᅗ㝷༝ງᴏᅆ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉ㈠㔘ࡷ∸㈠ࢅ㉝ ༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⿍ⅇᆀ࡞ᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᶭ⬗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡿࢅ ᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㢦ᆵ࡞ໜྱࡊࡒࠊ 7 ᅗ㝷༝ງᶭᵋࡢࠉ1974 ᖳࠉ ࠔᾇአᢇ⾙༝ງᴏᅆࠕ ࠉ ࠔᾇአ⛛పᴏᅆࠕ➴ࡡᅗ㝷༝ງᴏࢅୌඔⓏ࡞ᐁ᪃ࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ ࡙⏍ࡊࡒࠔᅗ㝷༝ງᴏᅆࠕࢅ๑㌗࡛ࡌࡾᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡽࠉ2003 ᖳࠉ≺❟⾔ᨳἪெ࡞ఔࡖ࡙⌟ᅹࡡᶭ㛭࡞ࡖࡒࠊᙔิ ࡡᴏࡢࠉᢇ⾙༝ງࠉ㟯ᖳᾇአ༝ງ㝪Ὤ㐭ࠉ㛜Ⓠᢖ⼝㈠࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ1987 ᖳࠉⅇᐐᥴຐ➴༝ງᴏᴏ࡞㏛ຊࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊhttp://www.jica.go.jp/about/ann2005/pdf/ann2005_134.pdf (1 January 2007). 8 Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐᑻࡢࠉ⥥᛬ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᨥᥴࡡさᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾୌ᪁ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᅗ㝷ᥴຐᖿ࡛ᮇࡡᅗ㝷༝ງᶭ ᵋࠉ୯㛏Ⓩ㛜ⓆᥴຐࢅὩິࡡ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㈠㔘ᥞ౩࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢸ࣭ࢰ࡛ࡊ࡙Ḛᕗ㏻ྙெ㐠ᥴຐ ᑻࡡࢸ࣭ࢰࢅฺ⏕ࡊࡒࠊ 9 10 http://ec.europa.eu/echo/statistics/echo_en.htm#defgp (1 January 2007). ㌱㝪ࡢࠉ㌱༈࣬┫㆜ᖅࠉ⾠⏍ඹࡡ༈⒢㒂㛓ࢅス⨠ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋண࡚ࡢ⮤ᅗࡷᩓᅗࡡഭඹࢅ⒢ࡌࡾࠉ⮤ᅗࡡᡋண ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿➠ᅗࡡഭඹࡷ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⒢ࡷᨾ㆜࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡷெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ୌ ⯙࡞ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊᮇ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉ1987 ᖳࠉࠔᅗ㝷⥥᛬ᥴຐ㝪ࡡὬ㐭࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪᚂࠕ᪃⾔ࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇᅗ ᨳᗋࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡさㄫࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᨾຐ࣬༈⒢࣬ᑍ㛓ᐓࢲ࣭࣑ࢅࠔᅗ㝷⥥᛬ᥴຐ㝪㸝Japan Disaster Relief Team; JDR㸞ࠕ ࡛ࡊ࡙⿍ⅇᆀ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ1992 ᖳࠉྜྷἪୌ㒂ᨭḿࡈࡿ࡙ࠉአຸኬ⮟࡛㜭⾠ᖿ㛏ᏻࡡ༝㆗ࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ⮤⾠㝪ࢅ ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡛ࡖࡒࠊhttp://www.jica.go.jp/infosite/schemes/emerg_dis_rel/index.html (1 January 2007); http://www.jica.go.jp/infosite/schemes/emerg_dis_rel/02.html (1 January 2007). 11 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡὩິࡡᴣさ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊInternational Committee of the Red Cross (ed.), Discover the ICRC, Geneva: ICRC, 2005 (http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0790/$File/ICRC_002_0790.PDF!Open (1 January 2007). International Committee of the Red Cross (ed.), ICRC in Action, Geneva: ICRC, 2003 (http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/p0728/$File/ICRC_002_0728.PDF!Open (1 January 2007). 12 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡἪெࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸝ᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸞࡛㢦జࡊࡒ≁ ᶊࡷඞ㝎ࢅུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ࡐࡡ⫃ဤࡢࠉὩິࡌࡾᅗᐓ࡚ࡡ⛊⛧࣬㛭⛧ඞ㝎ࠉ ຸᡜࡡྊࠉึᶊࡡඞ㝎ࢅུࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊRona, Gabor, “The ICRC’s Status: in a Class of Its Own”, 17 February 2004 (http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList109/522C6628D83A019741256E3D003FC85F(1 January 2007)); Rona, Gabor, “The ICRC Privilege not to Testify: Confidentiality in Action”, 23 February 2004) (http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList109/C3B5CC5CF93CE974C1256E4E00351893 (1 January 2007)). Ὡິ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾฝ∟∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠖAnnual Reportࠗฝ∟ࡈࡿࠉࡱࡒࠉᏒษヽࠖInternational Review of the Red CrossࠗࡵⓆ⾔ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Info_resources:Annual_Report?OpenDocument (1 January 2007); http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList2/Info_resources:International_Review?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 13 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.ifrc.org/who/index.asp (1 January 2007). http://www.ifrc.org/what/index.asp?navid=04_01 (1 January 2007). Ὡິ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾさฝ∟∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࠖୠ⏲ⅇᐐሒ࿈㸝World Disasters Report㸞 ࠗᖳ 1 ᅂษ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡ࠾࡞ࠉࠖAnnual Reportࠗ ࠉ ࠖAnnual Appealࠗࢅᖳ 1 ᅂฝ∟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://www.ifrc.org/publicat/index.asp?navid=09_01 (1 January 2007). 14 ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡṌྍࡷ⤄⧂࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣⥽ࠖெ㐠̾ࡐࡡṄࡲ㸯ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ⓤ 28 ᖳྍࠗ ࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ1979 ᖳࠊ ࠔ㉝ࡡ࡙ࡦࡀࠕษ⾔ጟဤఌ⥽ࠖெ㐠㸯㉝ࡡ࡙ࡦࡀࠗ ࠉቌ∟ࠉⵤ⏍᭡ᡛࠉ1990 ᖳࠊ Checkland, Olive, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan 1877-1977, London: Campell Thomson & Mclaughlin Ltd., 1994 㸝㑝ゼࠉ࢛࣭ࣛࣥ࣬ࢲ࢘ࢴࢠࣚࣤࢺⴥࠉᕝ⸠ᩅゼࠖኮⓒ࡛㉝༎Ꮚ̾ᮇࡡெ㐠⩇ 100 ᖳࠗࠉἪᨳኬᏕฝ∟ᑻࠉ2002 ᖳ㸞ࠊᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ᭩᩺ࡡὩິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.jrc.or.jp/about/jrc.html (1 January 2007). 15 ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡレ⣵さの࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍࠾ࡼฝ∟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣋ ࣭ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.ifrc.org/who/society.asp (1 January 2007). 16 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㐘ິࡢࠉᅒ 3 ࡞ࡵ⣪ᥝࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࠉᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࢅໜྱࡌࡾୌࡗࡡ㐘ິ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ⤄⧂࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉ≺⮤ࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅ㛜スࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ http://www.redcross.int/ (1 January 2007). 17 18 Haug, Hans, Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, p. 646. ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸝international organization㸞࡛ࡢࠉ々ᩐࡡᅗᐓභ㏳ࡡ┘Ⓩࡡ㐡ᠺࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷᮪⣑࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ス❟ࡊࡒᖏ スࡡ⤄⧂ࢅୌ⯙࡞ណࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭㸝international governmental organization㸞࡛ྜྷ⩇࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡢࠉᅗ㝷 ᶭ㛭ࡷᅗ㝷⤄⧂࡛オ㏑ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ international organization ࡡゼㄊ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ⏕ㄊ ࢅ༇ืࡊ࡙⏕ࡊ࠷ࠊᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊ᭩୕ᨼᶖࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋㄵࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ 2006 ᖳࠊᶋ⏛Ὂ⥽ࠖ᩺ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋㄵࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊᗁྒྷගᏳࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2006 ᖳࠊᮿ㝨₮ࠖᅗ 㝷ᶭᵋ࡛Ἢࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊఫ⸠ူኰࠖᅗ㝷⤄⧂Ἢࠗࠉ᭯ᩣ㛮ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊῳ㒂Ⱪᕤࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡᶭ⬗࡛⤄⧂㸯 ᩺ࡊ࠷ୠ⏲⛓ᗆࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ1997 ᖳࠊአຸ┤⥪ྙአஹᨳ➿ᑻᅗ㝷♣ఌ༝ງ㒂⥽ࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ⥪の㸝2002 ᖳ∟㸞ࠗࠉᮇᅗ㝷ၡ㢗◂✪ᡜࠉ2002 ᖳࠊ 19 ຐᶭ㛭㸝subsidiary organs㸞࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡඵࡗࡡさᶭ㛭㸝⥪ఌࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉ⤊ῥ♣ఌ⌦ఌࠉಘォ⤣ ⌦ఌࠉᅗ㝷ྒྷἪึᡜࠉຸᑻ㸞ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⥪ఌࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉ⤊ῥ♣ఌ⌦ఌࡡỬᏽ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡾୖ㒂⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 20 ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࠉᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥᴏᶭ㛭ࢅᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡊ࡙ฦ㢦ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ ࡆࡡ⤄⧂ࡢࠉᖏスᶭ㛭࡚ࡢࡂᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡᏽ⩇࡞ୌ⮬ࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉཚᐠ࡞ࡢᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ୦ᶭ㛭࡛ࡵス ⨠㝀ࡡ᭞᩺ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᐁ୕ࡡᖏスᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ୦ᶭ㛭࡛ࡵᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡞ໜྱ ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡᴣ␆࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/basics (1 January 2007). Ὡິ࡞㛭ࡌࡾฝ∟∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸝The State of the World's Refugees㸞 ࠕᏽ࡞ษ⾔ࡈࡿࠉ6 ᭮࡞ࠖGlobal Reportࠗ ࠉ12 ᭮࡞ࠖGlobal AppealࠗୌᖳẎ࡞ษ⾔ࡈࡿࠉᏒษ ヽ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠖ㞬Ằ㸝Refugees㸞 ࠗࡵฝ∟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡ◂✪ሒ࿈᭡㸝New Issues in Refugee Research㸞ࡢࠉ 㞬Ằ◂✪࡞ᴗࡴ࡙᭯⏕◂✪ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/publ (1 January 2007); http://www.unhcr.or.jp/info/index.html (1 January 2007). 21 㞬Ằࡡᏽ⩇࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽࡢࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 1 ᮪ A(2)࡞࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿ㞬Ằࡡୌ⯙Ⓩᏽ⩇࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 22 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡᥴຐࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࡢࠉྜྷຸᡜぞ⛤㸝Statue of the Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees㸞࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 1 ᮪ A(2)࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࠉ⌟ᐁ࡞ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ἪⓏಕ㆜ࡡᑊ ㇗࡛ࡾ㞬Ằ௧አ࡞ࡵࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࠉ㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷࠷㸝⮤Ꮹᅹࡡ㸞⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡵཀྵࢆ࡚࠽ࡽࠉṂງ⣦ணࡷ⮤↓ⅇᐐ ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡኣࡂࢅᨾῥࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 23 ᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥᴏᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.un.org/unrwa/overview/index.html (1 January 2007); http://www.un.org/unrwa/overview/p02.html (1 January 2007). 24 ᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_introduction.html (1 January 2007); http://www.unicef.org/about/who/index_history.html (1 January 2007). Ὡິ࡞㛭ࡌࡾฝ∟∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠖୠ⏲Ꮔ౩Ⓣ᭡㸝The State of the World’s Children㸞 ࡛ࠗࠖAnnual Reportࠗ Ẏᖳฝ∟ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ࠖୠ⏲Ꮔ౩Ⓣ᭡ࠗࡢᮇㄊ࡚ࡵษ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://www.unicef.org/publications/index_about.html 29 (1 January 2007); http://www.unicef.or.jp/library/library_db.html (1 January 2007). 25 ୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ http://www.wfp.org/aboutwfp/mission/index.asp?section=1&sub_section=6 (1 January 2007); http://www.wfp.or.jp/about/ (1 January 2007); http://www.wfp.or.jp/activities/ (1 January 2007). Ὡິ࡞㛭ࡌࡾฝ∟∸࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࠖAnnual Reviewࠗษ⾔ࡈࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://www.wfp.org/policies/Annual_Reports/index.asp?section=6&sub_section=3 (1 January 2007). 26 ᑍ㛓ᶭ㛭㸝specialized agencies㸞࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛㏻ᦘ༝ᏽࢅ⥶⤎ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡡᶊጸࡡୖ࡚ࠉᅗ㏻⤊ῥ♣ఌ⌦ఌ ࡛㏻ᦘࡌࡾᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡୌᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ 1919 ᖳ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷ຘ഼ᶭ㛭㸝International Labour Organization; ILO㸞ࢅጙࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ 16 ࡡᅗ㝷⤄⧂Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊ 27 ᅗ㏻㛜Ⓠゝ⏤ࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.undp.org/about/ (1 January 2007); http://www.undp.or.jp/aboutundp/ (1 January 2007).ࡱࡒࠉ ࠔ࣐ࣝࢼ࣑㛜Ⓠ┘ᵾࠕ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩレ⣵ ሒࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊhttp://www.undp.org/mdg/basics.shtml (1 January 2007); http://www.undp.or.jp/aboutundp/mdg/ (1 January 2007). 28 A/RES/46/182 – S/22630, 21 May 1991. 29 A/RES/52/168, 18 February 1998. 30 ᅗ㏻ெ㐠ၡ㢗ㄢᩒຸᡜࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://ochaonline.un.org/webpage.asp?Nav=_about_en&Site=_about (1 January 2007); http://ochaonline.un.org/webpage.asp?Site=facts (1 January 2007). ྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉRelief Web ࡛ࡣࡿࡾ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅ㏳ ࡋ࡙ࠉᕰẰࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉᨳᗋᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ 24 㛣మโ࡚⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ண࡞ࡻࡾ⿍ⅇ≟Ἓࡡሒࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊhttp://www.reliefweb.int/ (1 January 2007). 31 ႜฺ┘Ⓩࡡᅗ㝷ⓏὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉኣᅗ⡘௺ᴏ㸝multinational corporation; MNC, transnational corporation; TNC㸞࡛ୌ⯙࡞⛘ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉୌᅗහ࡞ᣈⅤࢅ⨠࠷࡙ࠉአᅗ࡞ᨥ㒂ࡷ༝ງᅆమࢅス⨠ࡎࡍ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢᩐኣࡂᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ㆗ㄵࡡ々㞟ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞さ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡞⩻ᐳࡡ ᑊ㇗ࢅ㝀ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉᮇࡡ NGO ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙༎ฦ⩻ᐳࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠉࣅ࣭ࢪࣤࢫ࣬ ࢩࣔࣂࣤ㸝Peace Winds Japan; PWJ㸞ࠉ࣑ࢱ㸝Association of Medical Doctors of Asia; AMDA㸞 ࠉࢨࣔࣈࣚࢼ࣭ࣜ㸝Shaplaneer㸞ࠉ ࢩ࢘ࣤ㸝Japan Emergency NGOs; JEN㸞 ࠉ࣋ࢨ࣭ࣔ࣠ࣜఌ㸝Peshawar-kai㸞 ࠉ㞬Ằࢅຐࡄࡾఌ㸝Association for Aid and Relief, Japan; AAR㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉࢩࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᥴຐὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡷ௺ᴏࢅమ࡛ࡌ ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢾࢴࢹ࣭࣠ࢠࡡࢩࣔࣂࣤ࣬ࣈࣚࢴࢹࣆ࢚࣭࣑㸝Japan Platform㸞ࡡὩິࡵἸ┘ࡈࡿࡾࠊ 32 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡὩິࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெᶊࠉ㛜Ⓠࠉ⎌ሾࡡኣᵕ㡷ᇡ࡞ᗀࡽࢅぜࡎ࡙࠷ ࡾ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡ୯࡚ࡵᏺᩅ⤄⧂ࡡὩິࡢࠉெᶊࠉ㛜Ⓠࠉ⎌ሾฦ㔕࡞࠽࠷࡙㝀ᏽⓏ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㐠ฦ 㔕࡚ࡢ✒ᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ᏺᩅࡡ㎾ࢅྱណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 33 ࢪ࢙ࣚࣜࡡࢱࣄࢸࡡ㉝┢♣㸝Magen David Adom㸞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࡛㉝᩺᭮ࡡᵾ❮ࡡ⏕࡞ཬᑊࡊࠉᵾ❮ࢅࡴࡃࡾ⣦ணࢅ ᥞ㉫ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ2005 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑➠㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ᢝࡈࡿࠉ᩺ࡊ࠷ᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔ㉝ⳳ㸝Red Crystal㸞ࠕ ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ2006 ᖳ 6 ᭮ࠉࢱࣄࢸࡡ㉝┢♣ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡ༝ງ⤄⧂࡛ࡖࡒࠊᵾ❮ࡡṌ ྍ࡞㛭ࡌࡾレ⣵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.icrc.org/Web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/iwpList91/C806CAB4A068F98AC125713100515A93(1 January 2007)ࠊࡱࡒࠉMagen David Adom ࡡὩິ࡛Ṍྍ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉྜྷ⤄⧂ࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.mdais.org/ (1 January 2007). 34 http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/emblem-history (1 January 2007). 35 ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡὩິࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.savethechildren.org/mission/index.asp (1 January 2007); http://www.savethechildren.org.uk/scuk/jsp/aboutus/index.jsp?section=mission (1 January 2007). 36 ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡṌྍࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ࣬ⱝᅗࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ ࡛ࠊhttp://www.savethechildren.org.uk/scuk/jsp/aboutus/index.jsp?section=historytimeline&timeframe=foundation (1 January 30 2007). 37 ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩ㏻ᦘ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣋ ࣭ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.savethechildren.net/alliance/index.html (1 January 2007). 38 ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ࡡṌྍࡡᴣ␆࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/about_us/history/index.htm (1 January 2007); http://www.oxfam.org.uk/about_us/history/oxfamorigins.rtf (1 January 2007). 39 ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ࡡᾇአᨥ㒂࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.oxfam.org/en/about/who/ (1 January 2007). 40 ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡṌྍࡡᴣ␆࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡㄵ⩻ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊTanguy, Joelle, “The Médecins Sans Frontières Experience,” in K. M. Cahill ed., A Framework for Survival : Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp. 226-229; Brauman, R. and J. Tanguy, The Medecins Sans Frontieres Experience, Médecins sans Frontiers, 1998 (http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/volunteer/field/themsfexperience.cfm (1 January 2007). 41 ࢛ ࢠ ࢪ ࣆ ࣑ ࡡ ᾇ አ ᨥ 㒂 ࡡ Ὡ ິ ࡞ 㛭 ࡊ ࡙ ࡢ ࠉ ௧ ୖ ࡡ ࢘ ࣇ ࣋ ࣭ ࢩ ࢅ ཤ ↯ ࡡ ࡆ ࡛ ࠊ http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/aboutus/org.cfm (1 January 2007). ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤᨥ㒂ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇᆀࡡ⫃ဤࡡὬ㐭ࡷ∸ ㈠ࡡᥞ౩ࡡරమⓏὩິᣞ㔢ࢅࣆ࣭ࣜࢺ࡞࠻࡙࠽ࡽࠉࣂ࣭ࢹࢻ࣭ᨥ㒂ࡢࠉᨳᗋᶭ㛭ࡷᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭࡛ࡡຐ㔘ࡡᢙ ⾢ࡷࠉᕰẰ࠾ࡼࡡຽ㔘ࡡㄢ㐡ຸࢅᢰᙔࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 42 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡὩິࡡᢇ⾙㟻࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩Ề‵࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㒂ฦࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊSphere Project, The Sphere Project: Humanitarian Charter and Minimum Standards in Disaster Response: 2004 Edition, Geneva: Sphere Project, 2004. 31 ➠ 2 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍ 1 ᗆㄵ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡណᛦ࡛⬗ງࢅᏰࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࡚⏍ࡊࠉᶊᅗᐓమโ࡛࠷࠹ ᅗ㝷⎌ሾࡡ୯࡚⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾ㆜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᏰⓏᶭ⬗ࠉᅗᐓࡡ ᨳ➿࡞ໜᦜࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᅗ─㏛ịࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨳⓏ࡞ฺ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠 ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᡋண⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐࢅ㍇΅ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡛ၤⓆࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᶊ ᅗᐓమโࡡ᭩ኬࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡾᡋணࢅโ⣑ࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡス❟ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉṂງ⾔ ⩇ຸ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ☔❟ࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩ ථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡንᐖࡡࡵ㎼࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ㊰ࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㢗࡛ࡊࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌ ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋண ࡡཤᡋ⩽ࡡቌຊ࡛ᡋ㜒ࡡᙁᗐࡡᣉኬ࡞ఔ࠹ࠉഭඹࡡቌኬ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡ⬗ງࢅᏰࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡱ ࡒࠉᩓᅗࡡഭ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡᨥᥴࡡᒓ⾔ࢅሳࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡὩິࢅ ᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡆ࡛ࢅṌྍⓏ࡞ᴣふࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓࠉᅗ─㏛ịࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨳⓏ ࡞ฺ⏕ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᖱῦࡌࡾណᅒࡎࡉࡾ⤎ᯕࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ ➠ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅቌኬࡈࡎࡾᅗᐓࡡᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺࢅಀ㐅ࡊ࡙ ࡀࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑࡛ࠉᅗᐓࡡᡋண࣬ᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ ࡡᙟᠺࡡṌྍⓏ㐛⛤ࢅᴣふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾ⥥ᘿ㛭౿ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡚ ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨥᥴ࡛࠷࠹ᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᣉኬࢅ ຐ㛏ࡌࡾᡋணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾమ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴṂງ⣦ணୖ ࡚ኬぞᶅ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗᐓ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ ࡛ೳࢅ㉫ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡレ⣵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 6 ❮࡚ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡌࡾࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ⥥ᘿ㛭౿ṌྍⓏ⫴ᬊࢅ᭯ࡌࡾၡ㢗࡚ 32 ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโᶭ⬗ࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᏭධಕ㝸 ⌦ఌ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠Ⓩථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉఎ⤣Ⓩᅗᐓ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿ㛭౿࡞᩺ࡊ࠷మ࡛ࡊ࡙ ථ㌱ཤථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉฦᯊࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙෫ᡋ ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ථ㌱࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗᐓ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴ ࡃࡾ༝ㄢ࡛ᑊ❟ࡡ⣌ㆍࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡢࡖ࡙࠷࠷ࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍࢅ⌦よࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩ ථࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱ⓏⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㝀⏲࡛ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅណࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࡊࠉࡆࡿࠉ㌱⾔ິࡢ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾࡀ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲࡛ ࡵ࠷㛭㏻࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᢍᥩ࡚ࡀࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡス❟࠾ࡼ෫ᡋࡱ࡚ࢅさ⩻ᐳࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㝷ெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 4 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙ౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙レ⣵࡞ㄵ㏑ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ 㝷ጟဤఌࡡス❟௧ᚃࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖳ⾪࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉᕬᮆ㜻ᒌ㈠ᩩ 1 ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ 2 ᶊᅗᐓమโ࡛ᡋண ᶊᅗᐓమโࡢࠉᅗ─ࢅ㏛ịࡌࡾᶊᅗᐓࡡᏋᅹ࡛ࠉᅗ㝷ප─࡞㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠹ᅗ㝷Ⓩమࡡᅹࢅ≁ᚡ ࡛ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᶊᅗᐓᡋணࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᅗ─ࢅ㏛ịࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙පᘟ࡞ᢆ ヾࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࡢࠉᡋணమโ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᛮࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ᶊᅗᐓࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡさ࠾ࡗ༟ୌࡡᨳⓏ༟న࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌦よࡡ❻⥬࡛ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉ༎ᖳᡋ ணࡡᡋᚃฌ⌦ࡡࡒࡴࡡ࢘ࢪࢹࣆ᮪ࣛ⣑࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᶊᅗᐓࡡⓇሔࡢࠉᅗහ⛓ᗆࡡ⥌ ᣚ࡛⟮⌦࡞ᑊࡌࡾධ㟻Ⓩ㈈௴ࢅᅗᐓ࡞ㇿࢂࡎࠉප─ࢅ㏛ịࡌࡾࡀమࡢᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉࢅᏽ ╌ࡈࡎࡾṌྍⓏዉᶭ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ࢘ࢪࢹࣆࣛమโ௧ᚃࡡᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉ⮤ᅗ㡷ᇡහࡡ≺༥Ⓩᶊ㝀 ࡷ⟮㍾ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ┞ப⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࡡᶊᅗᐓࡡᙔル㡷ᇡහࡡᶊ㝀ࡷ⟮㍾ࢅᑕ㔔ࡊ࡙ࠉ ᶊᅗᐓ㛣ࡡᙟᘟⓏᖲ➴ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᶊᅗᐓࡻࡽ୕నࡡᨳⓏమࡡฝ⌟ࢅᤴ㝎ࡊ࡙ࠉୌᏽ 㡷ᇡහࡡ≺༥Ⓩᶊ㝀ࢅུࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛࠷ࢂࡿࡾࠊ ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛⟮⌦࡞㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡀᨳⓏమᏋᅹࡊ࠷࡛࠷࠹≟ 33 Ἓࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉ⮤ᅗࡡ㡷ᇡහࡡᶊ㝀ࡷ⟮㍾ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᅗࡡ⟮㍾࡞ᖉ ᒌࡌࡾၡ㢗࡞ᖱῦࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡿࢅᖱῦࡌࡾࡡ࠵ࡾᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛⟮⌦ࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ⮤โࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒࠉᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉୌᏽ㡷ᇡහࡡ≺༥Ⓩᶊ㝀ࢅᇻᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᶊᅗ ᐓࡡ୕నࡡᨳⓏᶊງࡷᶊጸࡡᏋᅹࢅྫྷᏽࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᶊᅗᐓ௧አࡡమᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛ ⟮⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅಕᣚࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡵྫྷᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࠔᏭධಕ㝸ࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ㸝security dilemma㸞ࠕࢅ㉫ࡊ࡙ࠉᶊᅗᐓమโᡋணమโ࡛ ࡊ࡙ࡡ≁ᚡࢅ᭯ࡌࡾዉᶭ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࡢࠉᅗᐓࡡᘋスࠉᅗහ♣ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉࠔெࡡ ெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜒ணࠕ࡛⾪⌟ࡈࡿࡾ⮤↓≟ឺ࡞⛓ᗆࢅཱིࡽᡘࡌୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗᐓࡡ୕నࡡᨳⓏᶊງᅹ࡚ ࠵ࡾᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉࠔᅗᐓࡡᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜒ணࠕ࡞✲ථࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࢅྱណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊெ㛣 ⮤↓≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞㜒ணⓏ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾࡛࠷࠹♣ఌዉ⣑ㄵࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ㆗ㄵ࡞❟ࡔථࡼࡍ࡛ࡵࠉ⌟ᐁࡡ ᅗ㝷ᨳࡡṌྍࢅ㎲ࡿࡣࠉᶊᅗᐓమโᡋணమโ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡⰅᙤ⃨ཉ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࡢ⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹ࠊ㎾࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚⏍ࡊࡒᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉ㡷ᅰ࡛㡷Ằࢅᩓᑊࡌࡾᅗᐓ࠾ࡼಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᖏങ㌱ࢅ ᩒങࡊࠉᖏങ㌱ࢅ⥌ᣚࡊ࡙ᑊአᡋணࡡᡋ㈕ࢅᤤฝࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᏻേโᶭᵋࢅᩒങࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᡋண࡛ ᳔Ằᆀ⋋ᚋࡡࡒࡴ࡞㌱ങࢅᣉᘿࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᶊᅗᐓమโ࡚ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ 19 ୠ⣎࡞ࡢࠉ୯ୠࡡḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᡋணࡡḿ㑟ࡡ༇ื ᾐ⁓ࡊࠉᡋணᅗ─ࢅ㏛ịࡌࡾḿᙔᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙↋᮪௲࡞ᢆヾࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹㎾ ᅗ㝷㛭౿ࡡཋ⌦࡛ࡖࡒ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉᡋணࡡ┘Ⓩࡷᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏโᤴ㝎 ࡈࡿࠉᡋࡡ෴ᝲᬸງࡵᐖヾࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᬸງ↋โ㝀࡞セᐖࡈࡿࡒ࡛ ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹㐠⩇Ⓩၡ㢗⏍㉫ࡊࡒࠊㅎᅗᐓ࡞ࡢ⮤ᅗẰࡡᡋ㜒ဤࡡㇿഭ⩽ࡢಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ヾㆉᏋᅹࡊࡒୌ᪁࡚ࠉᩓᅗࡡᡋ㜒ဤࡡㇿഭ⩽ࡷᤍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾฌ㐕࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡභ㏳ࡡ⌦よࡢ Ꮛᅹࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉㇿഭࡊ࡙ᨯᦹࡌࡾណᛦࡵ⬗ງࡵ࠷ᡋ㜒ဤࢅᎹࡽṽࡊ࡞ࡊ࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ ᤍࢅዦ㞌ࡡࡻ࠹࡞⏍㈕࠻ࡾࡱ࡚ᙁโຘ഼࡞ᚉࡈࡎ࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㐠⩇Ⓩၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡈ ࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ㌱ᢇ⾙ࡡᣉኬࡡⓆ㐡࡞ఔ࠷ࠉᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋࡒṒഭ⩽ᩐࡵṹ࡞ቌຊࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ ௧๑ࡡᡋ㜒࡚ࡢࠉ࡛ࢆࡡ≓∽⩽ᡋ㜒ဤ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㖘ࡷኬ◑ࢅ⏕࠷ࡒᡋ㜒ࡡ├ࡡ⿍ᐐࡻࡽࡵᡋሔ࡚ 34 ࡡᝇ㣏ᩩ࣬⾠⏍ࡵࡒࡼࡌ⑄࡞ࡻࡾ≓∽⩽ኬ༖࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࠊ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡢࠉඹ ჹࡡ◒ቪງ㣍㌅Ⓩ࡞ᣉኬࡊࠉ᩺ඹჹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᡋ㌬ࠉᡋ㜒ᶭࠉẐ࢝ࢪඹჹ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ᡋ㜒ဤࡡṒഭ⩽ᩐ ࡵ᛬㏷࡞⭶ᘿࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᾇ୕ᑌ㙈࣬⤊ῥᑌ㙈࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᩓᅗࡡ⤊ῥ≟Ἓᝇࡊ࡙㣒㣱ⶕᘇࡊࠉ ᖺඡࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ኣࡂࡡᕰẰ≓∽࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ௧ᚃࡡᡋண࡚ࡢࠉẐ࢝ࢪඹჹࢅ⏕ࡊࡒᙁโᐖᡜ࡚ ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࠉ༥㡷⤣ୖ࡚ࡡ⇒Ⅷᬸ⾔࣬ᙁጩ࣬ṽᐐࠉ㒌ᕰࡡ↋ᕣื⇷ᦹࡷ↕ኻᙆࢅ⏕࠷ࡒ㒌ᕰ ࡡ◒ቪࠉཋᏄ⇷ᙆࡡᢖୖࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᡋ㜒ဤ௧አࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡᩐᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ᅗᐓࡢࠉெ㛣࡛㒌ᕰࡡ◒ቪࡡࡒࡴ࡞᭩ኬ㝀ᗐࡡ㈠″࡛⬗ງࢅᢖථࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㛣ࡡ⏍Ꮛࡡࡒࡴࡡප Ⓩ༈⒢࣬ຐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ༎ฦ㈠″ࢅᢖୖ࡚ࡀ࠷≟Ἓ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊඹჹࡡ◒ቪ⬗ງྡྷ୕ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ ◒ቪࡈࡿࡒெ㛣ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡ⬗ງࡢ༎ฦ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹≓∽⩽ࡡቌኬ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ≓ ∽⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 3 ᡋண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᡋணࡢࠉ ↋ᕣืᡋணふࡡ⌦ᛍ࡛ᡋணᢇ⾙ࡡྡྷ୕ࢅᇱᅄ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ᶊᅗᐓࡢࠉ≓∽⩽ᨾ㆜࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅ༎ฦ࡞ಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡஊ㞫ዉᶭ࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉᅗሾࢅ ㉲࠻ࡒᨾᥴὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᶊᅗᐓᯕࡒࡌࡀᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒഭ⩽࣬ᤍ ࣬ᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ↋ᕣืᬸງࢅᢀึࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷᮪⣑࡞ࡻࡾಕ㆜ࡡᚪさࢅ၌ࡌࡾᶭ㛭ࡵฝ⌟ࡊࡒࠊᅗ 㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡெ㐠ㅎ᮪⣑ࡡโᏽࡢࠉᚪさᬸງ࠾ࡼᅗẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾฺ─ࢅᅗᐓ࡞࠻ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ↋ ᕣืᡋணࢅโ㝀ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࢅᅗᐓ࡞࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ (1) ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᙟᠺ ᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ᴗࡴ࡙㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒ࡞ࡢࠉ≓∽⩽ࡡ㝼ெභྜྷమ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢᩅఌࡡᏺ ᩅⓏ⣛ᖈࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒ⮤ຐᅆమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᆀᇡභྜྷమ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙≓∽⩽ᨾῥࡈࡿ࡙ ࡀࡒ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉᡋண⿍ᐐࡡ⏊ኬ࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉ⮤ຐᅆమࡡὩິ⤄⧂ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒᅆమࡵ⌟ฝࡊࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࢟ࣛࢪࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢺὬ㸝ࢠ࢙ 35 ࣭࣭࢜ᩅ㸞ᕱᩅᅆమࡢࠉ1870 ᖳࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ᨾῥጟဤఌ㸝Friends War Victims Relief Committee㸞ࢅḿᘟ ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙❟ࡔ୕ࡅ࡙ᬉᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᨾᥴࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࣆࣝࣤࢺὬᅆమࡢࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ ኬᡋ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂᅗ࡚ᨾ㆜Ὡິࢅᐁ㊰ࡊࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡢḚᕗࠉ୯ᅗࠉࣤࢺࠉᮇ࡚ࡡ ெ㐠࣬ᚗ⮾Ὡິࢅᨥᥴࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ୌ㏻ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ⾔ິフ౮ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ1947 ᖳࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅ ጟဤఌ㸝American Friends Service Committee㸞࡛࢟ࣛࢪ࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅ༝㆗ఌ㸝Friends Service Council㸞 ࡢࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ࢅུ㈳ࡊࡒ1ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㸞 ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ᭩ኬࡡ⤄⧂࡛ெဤ࡛ᙫ㡢ງࢅ⋋ᚋࡊࡒ ࡡࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ᭩ࡵఎ⤣࡛ᶊጸࡡ࠵ࡾ⤄⧂ࠉ㉝༎ Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚスࡡ∏࡛ࡣࡿࡾࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࣄࢩࢾࢪ࣏ࣤࡡୌெ࡞㐛ࡁ࠾ ࡖࡒࠊ1859 ᖳ 6 ᭮ࠉࢸࣖࢻ࡚ࣤ❟ࡔᐞࡖࡒ⏣࡚ࠉࢰ࢛࣭ࣛ࣬ࢪࢹࣛᡋணࡡࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ ࡡᡋ࠷࡚ㇿഭࡊࡒඹኃࢅᨾ㆜ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࠉᙴࡡெ⏍ࢅኬࡀࡂን࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉᨾ㆜ࡡ ⏝ᩣࡵࡂㇿഭඹࢅṒஷࡈࡎࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᅂ㢫ࡊࠉࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝ㸝Un Souvenir de Solférino㸞ࠗ ࢅᇮ➱ࡊࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩᖏスࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࢅスࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅソ࠻ࡒ2ࠊ1863 ᖳࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢㇿഭ㌱ெᨾ㆜ᅗ 㝷ᖏ⨠ጟဤఌ㸝ெጟဤఌ㸞ࢅ⤎ᠺࡊࠉࡆࡡ⤄⧂ࢅᇱ┑࡛ࡊ࡙㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅス❟ࡊࡒ3ࠊ 1863 ᖳ࠾ࡼ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ1868 ᖳ࡞ࡢࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᅥ࡚ࡵࢹࣜ ࢤ࡞࠽࠷࡙㉝༎Ꮚ♣㸝ࡡࡔ࡞㉝᩺᭮♣࡞ᨭྞ㸞ス❟ࡈࡿࠉࢩ࡚␊┘ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ࡊ࡙༡យ♣㸝ࡡ ࡔ࡞ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡞ᨭྞ㸞 1877 ᖳ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒ4ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉᙔルᅗࡡഭඹࢅᨾ㆜ࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅ Ᏸࡊࠉ࡛ࡀ࡞ࡢࠉᅗᐓᶭᵋࡡୌ㒂ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ➠ḗኬᡋ௧๑ࡡᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ ♣ࡢࠉᮇᨳᗋ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒ⤄⧂࡚ࡢࡂࠉⓒྟࢅ㡤Ⅴ࡛ࡊࠉᨳᗋࡡᅗ➿ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ఌဤࡡຽ㞗ࡷఌ ㈕ࡡᚡࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࠉୠ⏲࡚ࡵ᭯ᩐࡡఌဤᩐ࡛⤄⧂ࢅーࡾ୯ኳ㞗ᶊⓏ⤄⧂࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬ ᡋࡡᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ㈠″࡛ெဤࢅ㝛ᾇ✭㌱࡞Ἰງࡊࠉ๑⥲࡞ᨾ㆜さဤࢅὬ㐭ࡌࡾ㌱ࡡୌᶭᵋ࡞ᠺࡽ ୖࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ5ࠊᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉᮇᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࡡ≺❟ࢅ☔ಕࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉ1952 ᖳࡡᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ἢࡡප ᕱࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙࡚࠵ࡾ6ࠊ 36 㸝㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ₳Ὦ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࡡᥴຐࡵུࡄ࠷ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమス❟ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉୠಐࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡኣࡂࡢࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࢅዉᶭ ࡞⏍ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢪ࡞࠽࠷࡙ኣࡂࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩᨾ㆜ᅆమス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᾇአ࡞ຽ㔘ࡷ ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࢺࢵࡷ࢛࣭ࢪࢹࣛࡡᩓᅗࢅྱࡴࡒᆀᇡ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡒࠊࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹ᨾᥴᅆమࡡ୯࡚ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⤄⧂࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒᅆమࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ㸝Save the Children㸞ࢅᣪࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡢࠉ1919 ᖳ࡞࢟ࣛࢪ࡚ス❟ࡈࡿࡒெ㐠ᨥ ᥴᅆమ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᙔࡡ࢟ࣛࢪࡡᑊࢺࢵ࢛࣭࣬ࢪࢹࣛࡡ⤊ῥᑌ㙈ࢅᢀึࡊࠉ㣒㣱≟ឺ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ Ꮔࡵࡒࡔࢅᨾᥴࡊࡒ7ࠊ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡷ࣒ࣛ࢜࡞ࡵኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమス❟ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉ࢟ ࣛࢪࡡ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑㸝OXFAM㸞8ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࢢ㸝Cooperative for Assistance and Relief Everywhere; CARE㸞 9 ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅆమࠉ⌟ᅹࠉᮇࢅྱࡴࡒୠ⏲ᆀ࡞ᨥ㒂ࡷ༝ງ⤄⧂ࢅス❟ࡌࡾ࡞ᠺ㛏ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸞 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡷ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵᒈ㛜ࡈ ࡿࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡス❟ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡢࠉࣞࢨ㠁ࡡΊ࡚⏍ࡋࡒ㞬 Ằࢅ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂㅎᅗ࡞ུࡄථࡿࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ㸝High Commissioner on behalf of the League in connection with the problems of Russian refugees in Europe㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࠉࢿ࣭ࣜ࢘ᴗ᥀᳠ᐓࣆ ࣛࢲࣘࣆ࣬ࢻࣤࢬࣤ㸝Fridtjof Nansen㸞ࢅ௴ࡊࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉࢺࢵ࠾ࡼࡡࣗࢱࣕெ㞬Ằࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࠔࢺ ࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ㸝High Commissioner for refugees (Jewish and other) coming from Germany㸞ࠕࡵス ⨠ࡊࠉ⡷ᅗࡡᩅࢩ࣑࢘ࢫ࣏࣬ࢠࢱ࣭ࢿ࣭㸝James McDonald㸞ࢅ௴⏕ࡊࡒ10ࠊ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᮆ࡞ࡢࠉ㏻ྙᅗࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡୌᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭㸝United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation Administration; UNRRA㸞ࢅス❟ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᩐ༐ெࡡ㞬Ằ࡛㑂㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇࡛ 37 ්ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊࡒ11ࠊ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㞬Ằࡡฝ㌗ᅗࡡᖉ㑇࡛➠ᅗࡡ්ᏽపࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉこഁㅎᅗ࡛᮶ഁ ㅎᅗࡡᑊ❟ࡡணⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ເࡡ⥥ᘿ࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡡ㞬Ằᨥᥴ࡞ິࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡖࡒࠊࢮ࢙ࣥࢹ㏻㑝ࡡࣁࣜࢹㅎᅗࡷࢠࣚࢻ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằࡷ᮶࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂㅎᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằࡡ୯࡞ ࡢࠉභ⏐ࡊࡒฝ㌗ᅗࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᕵ᭻ࡊ࠷⩽ࡵኣࡂࠉ㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭ࡡᖉ㑇ᨥᥴᨳⓏணⅤ࡛ ࡖࡒࠊ1946 ᖳࠉ᮶ഁㅎᅗࡢࠉྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ᖉ㑇ࡌࡾ㞬Ằ࡞ࡡࡲᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿ ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉこഁㅎᅗࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡណᛦ࡚ᖉ㑇ࢅ㐽ᢝࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ㞬Ằࡵᨥᥴࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ཬㄵࡊࡒࠊ ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡢࠉ1947 ᖳ௧㜾ࡡ㏻ྙᅗᨾῥᚗ⮾ᶭ㛭ࡡ㈀ᨳᨥᥴࡡᡬࡔวࡽࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࠉྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢೳḾࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᖱῦࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㛭౿ᅗࡡአஹᨳ➿࡞ໜᦜࡈࡿࡒୌ ౚ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠻ࡻ࠹12ࠊ 1947 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࠉᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭㸝International Refugee Organization; IRO㸞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡᑍ㛓ᶭ㛭ࡡୌࡗ ࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇්࡛ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᅗ㏻⥪ ఌࡡࠔ࠷࠾ࡾ㞬Ằⱕࡊࡂࡢ㑂㞬Ằࡵࠉḿᙔཬᑊ⏜ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾሔྙࡢࠉฝ㌗ᅗࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿ ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᐃゕࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾこഁㅎᅗࡡ㞬Ằࡡ්ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊࡒࠊ᮶ഁㅎᅗࡢࠉ ⇅⦆ຘ഼ງࡡὮฝ⤊ῥᚗ⮾࡞ᡬᦹ࡛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㞬Ằࡡ්ᏽపᨥᥴこഁㅎᅗࢅฺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ཚࡊࡂ㟸㞬ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨳⓏᖱῦࡡྫྷᏽⓏຝᯕ⾪ฝࡊࡒౚ࡛࠷࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹13ࠊ 1949 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸝UNHCR㸞ࠉᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭࡛ࡢื࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡຐᶭ 㛭࡛ࡊ࡙⏍ࡊࡒ14ࠊྜྷຸᡜぞ⛤➠ 2 ᮪ࡢࠉࠔ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻࡡᴏࡢࠉᏰධ࡞㟸ᨳⓏᛮ㈻ࡡࡵࡡ࡚ ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉྜྷᴏࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩཀྵࡦ♣ఌⓏࡵࡡ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙㞬Ằ࡛࠷࠹ 㞗ᅆ࠷ࡊ㒂㢦࡞㛭౿ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ15࡛ぞᏽࡊࠉࡐࡡ㟸ᨳᛮࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚࡞ぜ ࡼࡿࡒࡻ࠹ࠉᅗᐓࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࢅୌᏽࡡ⛤ᗐࠉᢒโࡌࡾຝᯕ࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᅗᐓࡡᶭ⬗ࡡᏰ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨳࡡໜᦜࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ ࡡ࡞ࡵ⤽⤾ࡌࡾᵋ㏸Ⓩၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ṟࡈࡿࡒࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằࡡᨥᥴࢅ௴ຸ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥᴏᶭ㛭㸝UNRWA㸞 38 16 ࠉᡋணࡡ⿍ⅇࢅ⿍ࡖࡒᏄࡵࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸝UNICEF㸞17ࠉᡋண⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ㣏⣂ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ ࡌࡾୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤㸝WFP㸞18࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⤄⧂ࢅຐᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ḗࠍ࡞⏍ࡈࡎࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅ㔔ᒒⓏࡵࡡ࡞Ⓠᒈࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᨳᗋࡷ㌱㝪༎ฦ࡞ᥴຐ࣬ಕ㆜ࡊ࠷ᡋணࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᶊ ᅗᐓࡡᏰⓏᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ௧ୖ࡚ࡈࡼ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ↋โ㝀࡚㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᡋணࢅ㟸㞬 ࡊࠉโ㝀ࡌࡾమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ (2) ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᡋண࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᡋண⿍ᐐࡡぞᶅ㝀ᏽⓏ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉഭඹࡷ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࢅಕ㆜ ࡌࡾᚪさᛮࡢヾㆉࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᡋணᢇ⾙ࡡྡྷ୕࡞ఔ࠹⿍ᐐࡡぞᶅࡡᣉኬࡢࠉ⣦ண⿍ ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐࠉ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࡡぞโ࡛ฌ⨡ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᙟᠺࢅಀ㐅ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ ࡌࡾ᮪⣑࡞ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᐐᩓᡥṹ㸝㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵ㸞ࡡぞโ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ㸞ࠉ⣦ண≓∽ ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ㸞ࠉெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝㸝㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᅗ㝷≚⨝㸞ࡡฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᅗ㝷ฬἪ㸞ࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡛ᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪ㸞ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᙔิࡡὩິࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡ≓∽⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༈⒢ᨥᥴࡡᣉඖ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ∸⌦ Ⓩ⒢⾔Ⅵࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࡡฌ㐕࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺࢅಀࡌ㔕ᚨⓏࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖ ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉ1864 ᖳࠉᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡㇿഭ㌱ெࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ 㸝➠ୌᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞㸝Geneva Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded in Armies in the Field㸞19ࢅ㉫ⲙࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂาᙁࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾㅎᅗᐓ࡞ࡆࡿࢅᢝࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ ᮪⣑ࡢ 10 ᮪࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ࡚ࡢᙔ↓࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾ᭩ࡵᇱᮇⓏெ㐠Ⓩぞ⠂ᣪࡅࡼࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᡋᆀ㝌࡛༈⒢⾔Ⅵ࡞ᚉࡌࡾெࠍࢅ୯❟Ꮛᅹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᨯᦹࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ ࠷ࠉࡱࡒࠉഭඹࡢᐖࡊ࡙┫㆜ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠉ㝌ࡷ༈⒢ᚉ⩽ࡢⓉᆀ࡞㉝༎Ꮚࡡᵾ❮ࢅᦘ⾔ ࡌࡾ࡛࠷ࡖࡒཋ์࡚࠵ࡾ20ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉ᮪⣑ࡡ㉫ⲙ࡛ఌ㆗ࡡ㐘ႜ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ᑙⓏᙲࢅᢰ 39 ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞ⠂ࢅᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ྙណࡈࡎࡾୌᏽࡡᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ゕ᪺ ࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ 1899 ᖳࠉࣀ࣭ࢡᖲఌ㆗࡚ࡢࠉ1874 ᖳࡡࣇࣛࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄㸝Project of an International Declaration concerning the Laws and Customs of War㸞21ᨭḿࡈࡿࠉ㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝Convention (II) with Respect to the Laws and Customs of War on Land and its annex: Regulations concerning the Laws and Customs of War on Land㸞ᢝࡈࡿࠉᤍ㈠⩽ࠔḿぞ㌱ࠉẰඹ࣬⩇ຩඹᅆࠉ㌱Ằඹཀྵࡦඹງ୯ࡡ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡚ᩓ ࡞ᤍࡼࢂࡿࡒ⩽ࠕ࡛᪺☔࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᤍᙽ㐕ࡡぞᏽࡵ⨠࠾ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ22ࠊ 1906 ᖳࠉഭ⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝➠ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field㸞23ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࡡ⠂ᅑࠔ㌱ெ ཀྵࡦපຸ୕㌱㝪࡞ᒌࡌࡾࡐࡡࡡெဤ࡚ㇿഭࡊཧࡢ⑄࡞࠾࠾ࡖࡒ⩽ࠕ࡛᪺☔࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ 㐠Ⓩᙽ㐕ࡡᑊ㇗⩽ᣉኬࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡ⏊ኬ≓∽ࢅཬ┤ࡊࡒ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂาᙁࡢࠉ1929 ᖳࠉࡗࡡࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ᅂ ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞ࢅ⥶⤎ࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ ᮪⣑24࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠ࡢࠉᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝Convention relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War㸞25࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽࡛ᤍࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽᨭゖࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ ࠹ₖ㐅Ⓩ᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡛ᨭḿࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽࠾ࡼᤍ࡞ࡱ࡚ᣉ ኬࡊࠉࡐࡡಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗᪺☔࡞ࡽࠉಕ㆜ࡡ᪁Ἢࡵᨭၻࡈࡿࠉᅗᐓࡡഭඹ࣬ᤍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᙽ 㐕ࡢ࠷ࡖࡐ࠹⚏Ḿࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᝲࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉ✭ぉࡷᩓᑊᅗᐓࡡᨥ㒼ୖ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ㸝ᩝẰ㸞ࡡ ಕ㆜ࡡᚪさᛮ㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ1934 ᖳࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒ㉫ⲙషᴏࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ᮶ா࡚㛜തࡈࡿ ࡒ➠ 15 ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᩓᅗᩝẰಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪ᩝⲙ᱄㸝᮶ாⲙ᱄㸞㸝Draft International Convention on the Condition and Protection of Civilians of enemy nationality who are on territory belonging to or occupied by a belligerent㸞26ᢝࡈࡿࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᙔࡡᅗ㝷㛭౿ࡡᝇ࡞ఔ࠷᮪ᩝⲙ᱄ࡢࠉาᙁ࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ᢀࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ27ࠊ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ௧๑ࡡᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணୖࡡᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ᪺♟Ⓩぞ⠂ࡢᏋᅹࡎࡍࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ୌ⯙ᕰẰࡡ⏊ኬ≓∽ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ 40 ࠾ࡖࡒୌࡗࡡさᅄ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢺࢵࡡࢺࣜࣆ࣬ࣃࢹ࣭ࣚ㸝Adolf Hitler㸞ᨳᶊࡢࠉࢺࢵ ᅗහࡷ༥㡷ᆀᇡࡡࣗࢱࣕெࡷ࣭࣎ࣚࣤࢺெࡡ↋㎗ࡡெࠍࢅࢨࣖࣄࢴࢵ㸝Auschwitz㸞ࡡᙁโ ᐖᡜ࡞㏻⾔ࡊࠉᙁโຘ഼ࡷெమᐁ㥺ࢅ⛁ࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡẰ᪐㞗ᅆࡡᾐ⁓ࢅᐁ⾔ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࢻ ࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵࡡ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ㸝Holocaust㸞ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡྙ⌦ᛮࡷெ㐠ᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾⅧ᠔ࢅ㉫ࡈࡎࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠉᙔࠉṂງ⣦ணୖࡡᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑Ꮛᅹࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ 㝷ጟဤఌ࡞ࡻࡾᙁโᐖᡜࡡっᐳἪⓏ᰷ᣈࢅᚋࡼࡿࡍ࡞༎ฦ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ 28 ࠊ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ⏊ኬ≓∽ࢅཬ┤ࡊࡒᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉ1949 ᖳࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࢅᨭᏽࡊ ࡙ࠉᡋᆀ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝㝛୕ഭඹ᮪⣑㸞 㸝Convention (I) for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armed Forces in the Field㸞29ࠉᾇ୕࡞࠵ࡾ ㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ࠉ⩽ཀྵࡦ㞬⯢⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝ᾇ୕ഭඹ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention (II) for the Amelioration of the Condition of Wounded, Sick and Shipwrecked Members of Armed Forces at Sea㸞30ࠉ ᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝ᤍ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention (III) relative to the Treatment of Prisoners of War㸞31ࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔᅗࡷ༥㡷ᅗ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩓᅗᩝẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ ᮪⣑࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ᩝẰ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention (IV) relative to the Protection of Civilian Persons in Time of War㸞32ࢅెࡎ࡙ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥᄿ᮪⣑࡛ࡊ࡙㉫ⲙࡊ࡙ᢝࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢩ ࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡢࠉᅗᐓ㛣ᡋணࡡᇱᮇⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞ຊ┍ࡊࡒᅗᐓࡡ ࡌ࡙ྜྷ᮪⣑࡞ຊථࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᆀనࢅ༥ࡴࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᡋ ணἪぞࡢࠔᡋணἪ㸝law of war㸞ࠕ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࠉஹᡋ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙ᐐⓏᡥṹࢅぞโࡌࡾࣀ࣭ ࢡἪ࡛ࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ ࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㸝international humanitarian law: IHL㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ၌ࡊ࡙௧ᮮࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛࠷࠹ྞ⛘ ᏽ╌ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ33ࠊ 1949 ᖳࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ ࡌ࡙ࡡ᮪⣑࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾぞᏽ➠ 3 ᮪࡞⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ භ㏳➠ 3 ᮪ࡢࠉ ᅗᐓ㛣ᡋண࡚ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࡡ⚏Ḿ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࡡ୯࡞ࠉᅗහᡋண࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ᥈⨠࡞㛭 ࡊ࡙ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ≁␏న⨠ࢅ༥ࡴࡾ᮪ᩝ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽࠷࡙⣦ணᙔ⩽㐺Ꮼࡊࡄࡿ 41 ࡣࡼ࠷᭩㝀ᗐࡡெ㐠ぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ 3 ᮪➠ 1 㡧ࡢࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ㸝ᩝẰ㸞࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾ↋ᕣืெ㐠Ⓩᙽ㐕ࢅぞᏽࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾ⏍ࡷ㌗మ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸ⾔㸝ṽெࠉഭᐐࠉ⹚ᙽࠉᣕ ၡ㸞ࠉெ㈻ࠉெࡡᑕཚ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐐࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉ➠ 3 ᮪➠ 2 㡧ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙ഭ⩽ࡡᐖ࡛┫㆜࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㄚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝⾪ 6 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ⾪ 6 ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑භ㏳➠ 3 ᮪ ⥶⣑ᅗࡡୌࡡ㡷ᇡහ࡞⏍ࡍࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡊ࠷Ṃງ⣦ணࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵḗࡡぞᏽࢅ㐲 ⏕ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ (1) ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞├࡞ཤຊࡊ࠷⩽㸝ṂჹࢅᨲᲘࡊࡒ㌱㝪ࡡᵋᠺဤཀྵࡦẴࠉㇿഭࠉᢒ⏻ࡐࡡࡡ⏜࡞ࡻࡽᡋ 㜒አ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒ⩽ࢅྱࡳࠊ㸞ࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெ⛸ࠉⰅࠉᏺᩅⱕࡊࡂࡢಘ᮪ࠉᛮืࠉ㛓ᆀⱕࡊࡂࡢ ㈃ᐣཧࡢࡐࡡ㢦జࡡᇱ‵࡞ࡻࡾฺᕣืࢅࡊ࠷࡚ெ㐠Ⓩ࡞ᙽ㐕ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡࡒࡴࠉḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ๑オࡡ⩽࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡵࠉࡱࡒࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔᡜ࡚ࡵ⚏Ḿࡌࡾࠊ (a) ⏍ཀྵࡦ㌗మ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸ⾔ࠉ≁࡞ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡṽெࠉഭᐐࠉ⹚ᙽཀྵࡦᣕၡ (b) ெ㈻ (c) ெࡡᑕཚ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐐࠉ≁࡞ࠉ㎧Ⓩ࡚మ㟻ࢅỗࡌᙽ㐕 (d) ḿぞ࡞ᵋᠺࡈࡿࡒึᡜ࡚ᩝ᪺ᅗẰྊḖ࡛ヾࡴࡾࡌ࡙ࡡึ୕ࡡಕ㝸ࢅ࠻ࡾࡵࡡࡡึ࡞ࡻ ࡼ࠷ึỬࡡゕῳཀྵࡦฬࡡᇮ⾔ (2) ഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࡢࠉᐖࡊ࡙┫㆜ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡࡻ࠹පᖲெ㐠Ⓩᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡐࡡᙲຸࢅ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉࡱࡒࠉ≁ืࡡ༝ᏽ࡞ࡻࡗ࡙ࠉࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡࡡぞᏽࡡධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠊ ๑オࡡぞᏽࡡ㐲⏕ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡἪⓏᆀన࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵࡌࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ 1977 ᖳࠉ1949 ᖳࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࡡࡗࡡ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ㛣ᡋண࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࠉᅗ 㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞㸝Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of International Armed Conflicts (Protocol I)㸞34ࠉහᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࠉ㟸ᅗ㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠㏛ຊ ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞㸝Protocol Additional to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, and relating to the Protection of Victims of Non-International Armed Conflicts (Protocol II)㸞35ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡ౿ணၡ㢗㸝Ằ ᪐よᨲ㜒ணࡡἪⓏᛮ㈻ࠉᤍࡡᆀన㸞よᾐࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ༥㡷 ᅗ࣬ᩓᅗහࡡᩓᅗᩝẰ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒᩝẰಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᣉኬࡊࠉ➠㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ ࡢࠉභ㏳➠ 3 ᮪ࡡぞᏽࢅᏰࡊࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌᶊᅗᐓහ࡚ࡡṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽ࡄࡾ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ἢ Ⓩ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ㸝⾪ 7 ཤ↯㸞36ࠊ ⾪ 7 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡโᏽࡡṌྍ࡛ெⓏ⟮㍾࣬┞ப㛭౿ 42 㝛୕ᡋ㜒ဤഭ⩽ 1864 ᾇ୕ᡋ㜒ဤഭ⩽ ᤍ ᩝẰ㸝ᩓᅗᩝẰ㸞 ᩝẰ ᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ ࡡㇿഭ㌱ெࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ ⣑ 1874 ڦᡋணࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑᱄㸝ࣇࣛ ࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄㸞 1899 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡཋ ڦ㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭 ์ࢅᾇᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾ᮪ ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ ⣑ 1906 ഭ⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ 1907 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡡཋ 㝛ᡋࡡἪぞៈౚ࡞㛭 ์ࢅᾇᡋ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾ᮪ ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ ⣑ 1929 ᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ ᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭 ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࡡ≟ឺ ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ ᮪ࣥ⣑ 1934 ᩓᅗᩝẰಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾ᮪ᩝⲙ᱄㸝᮶ாⲙ᱄㸞 1949 ᡋᆀ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ ᾇ୕࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ ᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭 ᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡ ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭ ⩽ࠉ⩽ཀྵࡦ㞬⯢⩽ࡡ ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝➠ 4 ၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩ 㸝➠ 3 ᮪⣑㸞 ᮪⣑㸞 ᮪⣑㸝➠ 1 ᮪⣑㸞 ࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ 2 ᮪ ⣑㸞 භ㏳➠ 3 ᮪㸝ᅗ㝷Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡊ࠷⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾぞᏽ㸞 1977 ᅗ㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 㟸ᅗ㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝⣦ண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜㸞 ࢡ࣭ࣀڦ᮪⣑㸝ᐐᩓᡥṹ࣬᪁Ἢࡡぞโ㸞 㸝➱⩽షᠺ㸞 㸝ᅗ㝷ฬἪࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞 ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࡢࠉᩝẰ᮪⣑࡛ࡗࡡ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ࡞⾪ࡈࡿࡾṂງ⣦ணୖࡡ ኬ㔖ṽᐐࢅᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙⚏Ḿࡊࡒࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉኬ㔖ṽᐐࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪ ⣑ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉຊᐐ⩽ࡡฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊ 1945 ᖳࠉ㏻ྙᅗࡢࠉࢺࢵࡡࢼࣖࣜࣤ࣊ࣜࢠ࡞࠽࠷࡙➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᡋண≚⨝ெࢅึࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ᅗ㝷㌱ึᡜ㸝International Military Tribunal: Internationalen Militärgerichtshof㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉᅗ㝷㌱ึ 43 ᡜ᮪ౚ➠ 6 ᮪㸝c㸞㡧࡞ெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝㸝crimes against humanity: crimes contre l’humanité㸞ࢅぞᏽࡊࠉࡱ ࡒࠉ1946 ᖳࠉᮇࡡ᮶ா࡚ࡵᴗ᮶ᅗ㝷㌱ึᡜ㸝The International Military Tribunal for the Far East㸞ࢅ ス❟ࡊࠉᴗ᮶ᅗ㝷㌱ึᡜ᮪ౚ➠ 5 ᮪㸝ࣀ㸞࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࢅᡋண࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ⨝࡛ࡡెྙ⨝࡛ࡊ࡙ฌ⨡ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊࡒࠊெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ࡢࠉ୦᮪ౚྜྷᵕ࡞ぞᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᡋ๑ ࡛ᡋ୯࡛ࢅၡࢂࡍṽெࠉṶ⁓ࠉዦ㞌Ⓩ⹚ࠉ㏛ᨲཧࡢࡐࡡࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 1948 ᖳࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡢࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ⨝ࡡ㜭Ḿཀྵࡦฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ᮪⣑㸞㸝Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide㸞37ࢅධఌୌ⮬࡚ᢝࡊࠉ➠ 2 ᮪ࠉ➠ 3 ᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙ 㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬ㔖ṽᐐࠉᙁโ⛛ິࠉฝ⏍โ㝀ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅ㞗ᅆṽᐐ⨝㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⨝㸞࡛ぞᏽ ࡊࠉ➠ 6 ᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙ᡋ࣬ᖲࠉපெ࣬⚶ெࢅၡࢂࡍ㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ⿍⩽ࢅࠉᅗහึᡜ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᑑᮮ࡞ ス❟ࡈࡿࡾᏽ࡛ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷ฬึᡜ࡚ᐼ⌦࣬ฌ⨡ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒ㸝⾪ 8 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ⾪ 8 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ㜭Ḿཀྵࡦฌ⨡࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 2 ᮪ࠉ➠ 3 ᮪ࠉ➠ 6 ᮪ ➠ 2 ᮪㸝ᏽ⩇㸞 ࡆࡡ᮪⣑࡚ࡢࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ࡛ࡢࠉᅗẰⓏࠉெ⛸ⓏࠉẰ᪐ⓏཧࡢᏺᩅⓏ㞗ᅆࢅධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂◒ቪࡌࡾណᅒࢅࡵࡗ࡙⾔ࢂ ࡿࡒḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࢅࡵណࡌࡾࠊ (a) 㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤࢅṽࡌࡆ࡛ࠊ (b) 㞗ᅆᵋᠺဤ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㔔ኬ⫏మⓏཧࡢ⢥♼Ⓩ༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ (c) ධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂࡞⫏మⓏ◒ቪࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛ࢅណᅒࡊࡒ⏍Ὡ᮪௲ࢅ㞗ᅆ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨶណ࡞ㄚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ (d) 㞗ᅆහ࡞࠽ࡄࡾฝ⏍ࢅ㜭Ḿࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណᅒࡌࡾ᥈⨠ࢅㄚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠊ (e) 㞗ᅆࡡඡ❲ࢅࡡ㞗ᅆ࡞ᙁโⓏ࡞⛛ࡌࡆ࡛ࠊ ➠ 3 ᮪㸝ฌ⨡ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ㸞 ḗࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉฌ⨡ࡌࡾࠊ (a) 㞗ᅆṽᐐ (b) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡභྜྷㅓ㆗ (c) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ├࠾ࡗප↓ࡡᩅြ (d) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡᮅ㐑 (e) 㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡභ≚ ➠ 6 ᮪㸝⟮㍾ึᡜ㸞 㞗ᅆṽᐐཧࡢ➠ 3 ᮪࡞าᣪࡌࡾࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⨝ࢅၡࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⩽ࡢࠉ⾔Ⅵࡈࡿࡒ㡷ᇡࡡᅗࡡᶊ 㝀ࡡ࠵ࡾึᡜ࡞ࡻࡽࠉཧࡢᅗ㝷ฬึᡜࡡ⟮㍾ᶊࢅུㅑࡌࡾ⥶⣑ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ⟮㍾ᶊࢅ᭯ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ฬึᡜ ࡞ࡻࡽึࢅུࡄࡾࠊ 1998 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷ฬึᡜぞ⛤㸝The Rome Statute of the International Criminal Court㸞ᅗ㝷㏻ྙአஹఌ ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ60 ࠾ᅗࡡᢀࢅུࡄ࡙ྜྷぞ⛤Ⓠຝࡊࠉ2003 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷ฬึᡜ 㸝International Criminal Court; ICC: Cour pénale internationale; CPI㸞ḿᘟ࡞Ⓠ㊂ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷ฬึᡜࡢࠉ 44 ࢛ࣚࣤࢱ࣬ࣀ࣭ࢡ㸝Den Haag㸞࡞ス⨠ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐ≚⨝㸝ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⨝㸞ࠉெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࠉ ᡋண≚⨝ࠉ␆ࡡ≚⨝ࡡ 4 ࡗࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔ኬ≚⨝ࢅ⟮㍾ࡌࡾึᡜ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࡢࠉྜྷぞ⛤ ➠ 6 ᮪࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ≚⨝ᵋᠺさ௲ᴗࡴ࡙レ⣵࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ㸝⾪ 9 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ⾪ 9 ᅗ㝷ฬึᡜぞ⛤➠ 6 ᮪➠ 1 㡧 ࡆࡡぞ⛤ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉࠔெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉᩝẰࡒࡾపெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᗀ⠂ཧࡢ⤄⧂Ⓩᨯᦹࡡୌ㒂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᙔ ルᨯᦹࡡヾㆉ࡛࡛ࡵ࡞⾔ࢂࡿࡒḗࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ (a) ṽெ (b) Ṷ⁓ (c) ዦ㞌ࡡ≟ឺ࡞⨠ࡂࡆ࡛ࠊ (d) పẰࡡ㏛ᨲཧࡢᙁโ⛛㏞ (e) ᅗ㝷ἪࡡᇱᮇⓏぞ์࡞ཬࡌࡾᣂ⚏ཧࡢࡐࡡࡡ㌗మⓏ⮤⏜ࡡ㔔ኬዞ (f) ᣕၡ (g) ᙁጩࠉᛮⓏዦ㞌ࠉᙁโ࠷ࢆࠉᙁโዲፈࠉᙁโዲࠉཧࡢ㢦జࡡ㔔ኬᛮ᭯ࡌࡾࡐࡡࡡᙟឺ࡚ࡡᛮⓏᬸງ (h) ࡆࡡ㡧࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⾔Ⅵཧࡢึᡜࡡ⟮㍾࡞ᒌࡌࡾ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ≚⨝࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙ࠉᨳⓏࠉெ⛸Ⓩࠉ ᅗẰⓏࠉẰ᪐ⓏࠉᩝⓏࠉᏺᩅⓏࠉ3 ࡡぞᏽ࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡒࢩ࢘ࣤࢱ࣭ࡡ⌦⏜ཧࡢᅗ㝷Ἢ୕セᐖࡈࡿ࠷࡛ᬉ㐚 Ⓩ࡞ࡲࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡐࡡࡡ⌦⏜࡞ᇱࡘࡂ≁ᏽࡡ㞗ᅆཧࡢᅆమ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㏍ᐐࠊ (i) ெࡡᙁโ㋉ (j) ࣂࣜࢹࣉࢹ≚⨝ (k) ㌗మཧࡢ⢥♼Ⓩⱕࡊࡂࡢ⫏మⓏᗛ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨶណ࡞㔔࠷ⱖࢅࡱࡒࡢ࠻ࡒ㔔ኬഭᐐࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌ㢦జࡡ ᛮࡡࡐࡡࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ 㸝ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪࡡᙟᠺ࡛Ⓠᒈ㸞 㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࣞࢨࡷࢺࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾื᮪⣑ࡢᏋᅹࡊࡒࠉ➠ḗኬᡋᚃࡡ ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡞࠽ࡄࡾኬ㔖ࡡ㞬Ằᖉ㑇࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩ᮪⣑ࡡ㉫ⲙ᪡᛬ ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡖࡒࠊ1951 ᖳࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝Convention relating to the Status of Refugee㸞38 ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ➠ 1 ᮪࡞࠽࠷࡙㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩᏽ⩇࡛ἪⓏᆀన☔ᏽࡊࠉ➠ 33 ᮪࡚ࡢᅗᐓᗂ㆜ࢅị ࡴࡾ㞬Ằࢅ㏛ᨲࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷࡛ࡌࡾࢿࣤ࣬ࣜࣆ࣭࣏ࣜࣤ㸝non-refoulement㸞ཋ์ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒ39ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ➠ 1 ᮪ AࠉB ࡡぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡾ㞬ẰࢅࠉḚᕗ࠾ࡼࡡࠉ1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ௧๑࡞Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒ⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝⾪ 10 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ 45 ⾪ 10 㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑➠ 1 ᮪ A(2)ࠉB(1)ࡡ᮪ᩝ A ࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉࠔ㞬Ằࠕ࡛ࡢࠉḗࡡ⩽ࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ (2) 1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ๑࡞⏍ࡋࡒ௲ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࠾ࡗࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉᅗ⡘ⱕࡊࡂࡢ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌⓏ㞗ᅆࡡᵋᠺဤ࡚ ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ཧࡢᨳⓏណぜࢅ⌦⏜࡞㏍ᐐࢅུࡄࡾ࠽ࡐࡿ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹༎ฦ࡞⌦⏜ࡡ࠵ࡾᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ ⡘ᅗࡡአ࡞࠷ࡾ⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᅗ⡘ᅗࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡵࡡཧࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒࡴ ࡞ࡐࡡᅗ⡘ᅗࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭻ࡱ࠷ࡵࡡཀྵࡦࡆࡿࡼࡡ௲ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗࡡአ࡞ ࠷ࡾ↋ᅗ⡘⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᙔルᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ࡞ᖉࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡵࡡཧࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᜅᛟࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡒ ࡴ࡞ᙔルᖏᑽᡜࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ࡞ᖉࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭻ࡱ࠷ࡵࡡ㸝௧ୖࠉ┤␆㸞 B (1)ࡆࡡ᮪⣑ࡡ㐲⏕୕ࠉA ࡡࠔ1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ๑࡞⏍ࡋࡒ௲ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉḗࡡ௲ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࢅ࠷࠹ࠊ (a) 1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ๑࡞Ḛᕗ࡞࠽࠷࡙⏍ࡋࡒ௲ (b) 1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ๑࡞Ḛᕗཧࡢࡡᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙⏍ࡋࡒ௲ ⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ⨣ྞࠉᢀཧࡢຊථࡡ㝷࡞ࠉࡆࡡ᮪⣑࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⮤ᅗࡡ⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾ࡞ᙔࡒࡖ࡙(a)ཧࡢ(b)ࡡ࠷ࡍ ࡿࡡぞᏽࢅ㐲⏕ࡌࡾ࠾ࢅ㐽ᢝࡌࡾᐃゕࢅ⾔࠹ࠊ 1967 ᖳࠉ㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝Protocol Relating to the Status of Refugees㸞40ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ➠ 1 ᮪ࡡぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㝀Ⓩ࣬ᆀ⌦Ⓩ㐲⏕ࡡぞโࢅよ㝎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡊࠉ➠ḗኬᡋ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ ௧አ࡚ࡡ㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽࡵ☔❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ41ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ࡛⥥᛬ឺ㸞 1948 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌࡢࠉ➠ 2 ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡡኬぞᶅெⓏ⿍ᐐࡡཬ┤ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕ 㸝Universal Declaration of Human Rights㸞42ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉெࡡெᶊࢅᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡞ಕ㝸ࡌࡾᯗ⤄ࡲࢅ᩺ࡒ࡞ ᵋ⠇ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ1966 ᖳࠉ⤊ῥⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏཀྵࡦᩝⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights㸞㸝A ぞ⣑ཧࡢ♣ఌᶊぞ⣑㸞ࠉᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ ⣑㸝International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights㸞㸝B ぞ⣑ཧࡢ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑㸞43ࡡࡗࡡ᮪⣑ᢝࡈ ࡿ࡙ࠉெࡡெᶊࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡾࡻ ࠹⥥᛬ឺ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑➠ 4 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᕰẰⓏ࣬ᨳⓏᶊฺࡡኣࡂโ⣑ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾ ࡼࠉெ㐠ぞ⠂࡛ெᶊぞ⠂ࡢᚪࡍࡊࡵୌ⮬ࡊ࠷࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 2 ⟿ཤ↯㸞44ࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛ࡐࡡ㛭㏻᮪⣑ࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᠺ㛏ࡢࠉᐐᩓᡥṹ࣬᪁ἪࢅぞโࡊࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸 ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࡼࢅಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ↋ᕣืᡋணふ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᶊᅗᐓࡡᡋ ண⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾୌᏽࡡโ㝀ࢅㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 46 ᅒ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾᅗ㝷᮪⣑ 㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࡡぞโ࡛ฌ⨡ ⣦ண⿍ᐐ⩽ࡡಕ㆜࡛ᥴຐ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ 㸝ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ㸞 ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪ ᡋ 㐲⏕ぞ⠂ ᡋ࣬ᖲ 㐲⏕ぞ⠂ ᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ 㸝⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑࣬♣ఌᶊぞ⣑㸞 ᡋணἪ 㸝ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ㸞 ᅗ㝷ฬἪ ᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ 㸝ᣕၡ➴⚏Ḿ᮪⣑㸞 ➱⩽షᠺ 4 ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸 ࡌ࡙ࡡᶊᅗᐓࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑ࢅᢀࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᩓᑊᅗᐓࡡᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࡷᤍࡡಕ ㆜ࡡ⩇ຸࢅヾࡴ࡙ࠉᩓᑊᅗᐓࡡ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾṂງ⾔ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅ㏳ࡋ ࡒᡋணࡡᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞโࢅᶊᅗᐓ࡞ㄚࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᡋணࡡⓆິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵᶊᅗᐓࡡ⾔ິࢅぞ โࡌࡾୌ㏻ࡡโᗐࢅスゝࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡷᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞࠽ࡄࡾୌᏽࡡᡋணⓆິࡡ⚏ Ḿ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ㸝collective security system㸞ࡡᑙථ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᡋᚃฌ⌦᮪⣑࡚࠵ࡾࣥ࢘ࣜࢦ᮪ࣗ⣑࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᅗ㝷㏻┍㸝League of Nations: Société des Nations㸞ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑㸝The Covenant of the League of Nations㸞➠ 12 ᮪➠ 1 㡧ࡢࠉᅗ ஹ᩷⤧࡞⮫ࡾࡡ࠵ࡾ⣦ணᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ௯ึ࣬ྒྷἪึ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㏻┍⌦ఌ࡞⣦ணࡡよỬࢅ ᅒࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏻┍ຊ┍ᅗ࡞⩇ຸࡘࡄ࡙࠽ࡽࠉึࡡึỬࡷ⌦ఌࡡᐼᰕ࠾ࡼ 3 ࣧ᭮௧හ࡞ᡋண࡞ソ࠻ࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉ➠ 13 ᮪➠ 4 㡧࡛➠ 15 ᮪➠ 6 㡧࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉึỬࡷᐼᰕࢅ㐺Ꮼࡌࡾᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᡋணࡡⓆ ິࡵ⚏Ḿࡊࡒ45ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᶊᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⣦ணࡡᖲⓏよỬࡡ⩇ຸࢅㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ─㏛ịࡡ ࡒࡴࡡ↋โ㝀ṂງࡡⓆິ࡞ୌᏽࡡโ⣑ࢅスࡄࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑➠ 16 ᮪➠ 1 㡧ࡢࠉ ๑オࡡ➠ 12 ᮪ࠉ➠ 13 ᮪ࠉ➠ 15 ᮪ࡡぞᏽ࡞㐢ཬࡊࡒ㏻┍ຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⤊ῥโࢅỬᏽࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅᅗ㝷 47 ㏻┍࡞࠻ࡒ46ࠊࡆࡿࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ࡣࡿࡾโᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉᶊᅗᐓమโ ࡡ᭩ኬࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒᡋணࡡⓆິࢅโ㝀ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷Ꮽධಕ㝸࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡡୌ㒂ࢅᅗ㝷㏻┍࡞ጟォࡊࠉ ᅗ㝷Ⓩโࢅᑙථࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡷࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾさᅗス❟࡞ཤຊࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉᅗ㝷ເ ࡡᝇ࡞ఔࡖ࡙ᮇࠉࢰࣛࠉࢺࢵࠉࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡡさᅗ⬲㏝ࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡛ ࡊ࡙ࡡᶊጸࡢቍࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᇱ♇ࢅࡌ⤊ῥโࡵࠉ⌦ఌࡡỬ࡞ධఌୌ⮬ ⏕ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼຉࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡລⓆࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡᚃ⤽ࡡᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㝷㏻ྙス⨠ࡈࡿࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ࡡ➠ 2 ᮪ ➠ 4 㡧ࡢࠉࠔࡌ࡙ࡡຊ┍ᅗࡢࠉࡐࡡᅗ㝷㛭౿࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉṂງ࡞ࡻࡾጸᄋཧࡢṂງࡡ⾔ࢅࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ ᅗࡡ㡷ᅰಕධཧࡢᨳⓏ≺❟࡞ᑊࡌࡾࡵࡡࡵࠉࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛୦❟ࡊ࠷ࡡ࠷࠾ࡾ᪁Ἢ࡞ ࡻࡾࡵࡡࡵួࡱࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡊࠉ➠ 51 ᮪47࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔௧አࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾṂງ ࡡጸᄋ࣬⾔ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ1928 ᖳࡡࠔᡋணᨲᲘ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑㸝General Treaty for Renunciation of War as an Instrument of National Policy㸞ࠕ48࡛භ࡞ࠉᶊᅗᐓమโࡡ≁ᚡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒᡋண㟸පᘟࡡโᗐ ࡛ࡾ㌹ᥦⅤ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࢅᙁࡊ࡙ࠉ⤊ῥโࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᅗ㏻㌱ࢅິဤࡊࡒ㌱โ ࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾโᗐࡵᮇⓏ࡞ᑙථࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉโỬ㆗ࡡᢝࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍࡚ࡢཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ධఌୌ⮬࡚࠵ ࡖࡒࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡚ࡢᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡୌ⮬࡛⌦ᅗࡡኣᩐࡡ㈰ᠺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࡻࡽ㌶࡞ โࢅⓆິࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡞ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉโỬ㆗ࡡᒓ⾔ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍࡚ࡢຊ┍ᅗࡡ⮤ⓆⓏ༝ງ࡛ࡈ ࡿࡒࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡚ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡຊ┍ᅗࡡἪⓏᣂᮨງࡡ࠵ࡾ⩇ຸ࡛ࡽࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ୖࡡโమโᙁ ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞࠽ࡄࡾิࡴ࡙ࡡ㌱โ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1950 ᖳࠉ᭽㩥Ằ⩇ெ Ằභᅗ࡞ࡻࡾኬ㡉Ằᅗࡡ␆࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࢅమ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㏻㌱ࡡ㌱ථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻┍࡛ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡛โࡡᮇⓏᑙථࡢࠉᶊᅗᐓమโࡡ᭩ኬࡡ≁ᚡ ࡚࠵ࡾᡋணࢅ㐢Ἢ࡛ࡌࡾዉᶭ࡛ࡽࠉḿᙔᡋண࡛ࡊ࡙セᐖࡈࡿࡾ⠂ᅑࡢⴥࡊࡂโ㝀ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 48 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᡋணࡡ㟸පᘟ࡛โࡡᮇⓏᑙථࡢࠉโᗐࡡᵋ⠇࡞࠽ࡄࡾᙔิࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ࡛ࢆ㐡ᠺࡌ ࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡス❟ᙔิ࠾ࡼࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡡᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ࠵ࡽ᪁ࢅࡴࡃࡾᨳ Ⓩᑊ❟ࡢ็࡛ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᢼྫྷᶊࡡⓆິࢅㄇⓆࡊ࡙ࠉኬᅗࡡୌ ⮬ࢅ๑ᥞࡌࡾᅗ㏻㌱ࡡス❟ࡷ⤊ῥⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩโࡡ⾔ࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞㈈௴ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ㯖⑯ࡈࡎࡾ⤎ᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢࡢࠉᡋணࢅ᰷⤧ࡈࡎࡾᠺᯕ ࢅ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ⌟ᐁ࡞ࡢࠉⓆᒈ㏭୕ᅗ࡞࠽࠷࡙⡷ࢮ෫ᡋࡡ⌦ᡋணࡷ᳔Ằᆀよᨲ㜒ணࠉᶊງ ࡷ㈠″ࢅࡴࡃࡾᅗᐓ㛣ᡋணࡷහᡋࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⏊ኬ⿍ᐐᅗᅰ࡞ࡵࡒࡼࡈࡿࠉᮅ᭧᭯ࡡᩐࡡெ㛣≓∽࡛ ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᣉኬ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡢ㡳ᣰࡊࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞ࡻࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡⓆ⏍ࡵ㜴Ḿ࡚ ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾຐࡌࡾᚪさ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉⓆᒈ㏭ ୕ᅗࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ᩺⮾ᅗᐓࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨥᥴࡡ⤊㥺ࡷ⬗ງࢅ༎ฦ࡞ಕᣚࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࡆࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᏰࡌࡾ ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭Ⓠᒈ㏭୕ᅗ࡚ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ ୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ࠽ࡵ࡞࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡛᮶ࢩᆀᇡࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠉ ࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᡋணࡡ≓∽⏊ኬ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ࡛ࡂ࡞ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡡᙔ࡚ࡵࠉ᳔Ằᆀよᨲ㜒ணࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ኣᩐࡡ≓∽⩽Ⓠ⏍ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉᏺᅗࡡහᨳၡ㢗࡛ࡊ ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ᳔Ằᆀࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢᥞ౩ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴධୠ⏲࡞ᣉኬࡊ ࡒࡡࡢࠉ᳔Ằᆀよᨲࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ⮤Ửᶊࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡᶊฺࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾ▩ࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷㏻ྙス ❟௧ᚃࡡࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢩ࣬ࣆ࡚ࣛ࢜ࡡ᳔Ằᆀよᨲᡋணࡷᅗᐓ㛣ᡋண࣬හᡋࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ1954 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1962 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡ⤣ୖ࡞࠵ࡖࡒࣜࢩ࡚࢘ࣛࡡ≺❟ᡋண࡚ࡢࠉ㉝ ༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࠉ㝼ᅗࡡࢲࣖࢼࢩࠉ࣓ࣞࢴࢤ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒ㞬Ằࢅ⌟ᆀࡡ ㉝᩺᭮♣ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᨥᥴࡊࠉࣆࣛ࢜ᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬぞᶅᨥᥴࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾዉᶭ࡛ࡖࡒ49ࠊࡱࡒࠉ1971 ᖳࠉ᮶ࣂ࢞ࢪࢰࣤ㸝⌟ᅹࡡࣁࣤࢡࣚࢸࢨࣖ㸞ࡡこࣂ࢞ࢪࢰࣤ࠾ࡼࡡ≺❟ᡋண࡚ࡢࠉὝỀ⿍ᐐ࡞ఔ࠷ࣤ ࢺ࡞ኬぞᶅ㞬ẰὮථࡊࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࣤࢺᨳᗋ࡛༝ງࡊ࡙㞬Ằࡷ㑂㞬Ằࡡᨥᥴ࡞ᙔ 49 ࡒࡖࡒ50ࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ᡋண࡚ࡢࠉࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑࡞ࡻࡾࢦࢥࣤ㝏ⴘᚃ࡞ࠉኣࡂࡡ㞬Ằ࣭࣍ࢹ࣬ ࣅ࣭ࣈࣜ㸝boat people㸞࡛ࡊ࡙㤮ࡷࡐࡡࡡࢩᆀᇡ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࣥ ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑㞬Ằࡡࡒࡴࡡᏽపᅗࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ㔔さᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒ51ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ1967 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1970 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡࢻࢩ࡚࢘ࣛࡡࣄࣆࣚᡋண㸝Biafran War㸞࡚ࡢࠉ⣑ 200 ெࡡ ᡋ㜒ࡷ㣒㣱࡞ࡻࡾṒ⩽ࢅฝࡊࡒࠉࡆࡡᡋணࢅዉᶭ࡞㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ⌟ᆀ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡈ ࡿ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ᚉࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ52ࠊ1968 ᖳࠉࣜࣚࣤࢺ࡚ࡢࣄࣆࣚᆀ᪁ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ ᩅࡡࡦ࠾ࡄ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤ㸝Concern㸞ス❟ࡈࡿ53ࠉ1971 ᖳࠉࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃ ࡾ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛ࡡ㊪⥲ᑊ❟࠾ࡼࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ༈ᖅࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅ ᅆ㸝Médecins Sans Frontières; MSF㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡵ⤎ᠺࡈࡿࡒ54ࠊ Ⓠᒈ㏭୕ᅗ࡚ࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡቌຊࡷỀ‵ࡡපභ༈⒢࣬පභ⾠⏍࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡὩ ິࡡ୯ᚨᆀࡢ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࠾ࡼࠉࢩࡷࣆ࡛ࣛ࢜⛛ິࡊࠉ࡚ࡢࠉୠ⏲ࡡࡌ࡙ࡡ ᅗᐓࡷᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᅗᐓ࡞ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬ ㉝᩺᭮♣ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࡐࡿ௧አࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡵࠉ⌟ᆀࡡ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡛ࡡ㏻ᦘࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㈠㔘ࡷ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ๑⥲࠾ࡼ㞫ࡿࡒᏭධሔᡜ࡞࠽࠷࡙㞬Ằࡷ㑂㞬Ằࢅᨾᥴࡌࡾሔ ྙኣ࠾ࡖࡒࠉ㍲㏞࣬⛛ິᡥṹࡡᩒങ࡛ሒ࣬㏳ಘᡥṹࡡⓆᒈ࡞ఔ࠷ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ᭩๑⥲ࡡ㑂㞬ᡜ࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ࡵெ㐠ᥴຐὩິࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣࡂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࠉẰ᪐ࡷᏺᩅ ࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅー♟ࡊ࡙ࠉᩓᑊࡌࡾࢸࣤࢷࢷ㞗ᅆࢅᚥᗇⓏ࡞ᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண 㸝New Wars㸞ࠕࡡ≁ᚡࢅങ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙Ṃჹࢅᦘ⾔ࡊ࠷㟸ᡋ㜒ဤኣᩐ≓ ∽࡛ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ℡ᡖ㝷ࡱ࡚Ὡິࡡ⠂ᅑࢅᣉኬࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ ᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡὩິ┘ᵾࡡஊ㞫ࡷࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡೳࡡၡ㢗ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ㸝➠ 6 ❮ཤ↯㸞ࠊ 6 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡ⤎ྙ ෫ᡋ࡞ࡢ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙┞பࡡᥞ᱄࡞ᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙ᢝ 50 ࢅ㜴Ḿࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉᅗ㏻❮ᏽࡊࡒ㞗 ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡢ༎ฦ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞࠽ࡄࡾโⓆິࡡౚࡢࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භ ᅗࡡࣂࣜࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿ࡡ⡷ࢮ෫ᡋ࡛├ࡡ㛭㏻ࡡ࠷ሔྙ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ55ࠊ 1990 ᖳ࡞ࡢ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࣞࢨࡡ㛭౿ᨭၻࡊ࡙෫ᡋ⤂⤎ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᢼྫྷᶊࡡ⏕ࡵ ࠵ࡱࡽぜࡼࡿࡂࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ឺࡡን࡞ᑊᚺࡊ࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾㅎၡ㢗࡞✒ᴗⓏ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ㸝ᅒ 6 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᶊᅗᐓහ ࡡṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉫ࡊࡒெ㐠༱ᶭࢅᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾᏽࡊ ࡙ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾỬ㆗ࢅᢝࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 7 㡧ࡡぞᏽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡡᅗහ⟮㍾ᶊහ࡞࠵ࡾၡ㢗ࡡᖱῦࢅ⚏Ḿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᅗහ⟮㍾ᶊහࡡၡ 㢗࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ㡧࡚࠵ࡿࡣᖱῦセᐖࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᶊᅗᐓහ࡚ ㉫ࡊࡒெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅒ 6 Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽ࡄࡾỬ㆗ᢝᩐ࡛ᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ᩐ㸝1946-2005㸞56 100 20 !"# 90 18 $%&'(# 2003 2000 1997 0 1994 0 1991 2 1988 10 1985 4 1982 20 1979 6 1976 30 1973 8 1970 40 1967 10 1964 50 1961 12 1958 60 1955 14 1952 70 1949 16 1946 80 ➱⩽షᠺ 51 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂิࡴ࡙ࡡᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථᢆヾࡈࡿ࡙ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱࡛ࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᓃᡋணລⓆࡊ ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞ᇱࡘࡂโ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤎ྙࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さౚࡢࠉᓃ ᡋணࡡ├ᚃࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣚࢠ㒂ࡡࢠࣜࢺெṂ⤄⧂ࠉᡋண⤂⤎ᚃ࡞ࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙Ṃ⻇㉫ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࣚࢠ ㌱ཬ㌹ᨯເࡊ࡙ࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࣚࣤࡷࢹࣜࢤᅗሾ࡞ኬぞᶅ࡞ᢪࡊᐞࡎࡒࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉኣᅗ ⡘㌱โ✭ᶊࢅ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᏭධᆀᖈ࡛ࡣࡿࡾ༇ᇡࢅࣚࢠ㒂࡛༞㒂࡞スᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣚࢠ࡚ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ ࡙ࠉᮇⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࡡᮮࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ57ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱โ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ⤎ྙࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉᶊᅗᐓమโ ࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔さཋ์ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩᑊᚺࢅ ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ཬᨶ࡞ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 4 ❮௧ୖ ࡚レ⣵࡞ౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 7 ⤎ㄊ ᶊᅗᐓᡋணࢅᅗ─㏛ịࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࠉ ᶊᅗᐓࡡಕ㆜ࡡአ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࠉ ᤍࠉᩝẰ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙౼─ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭⏍ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᶊᅗᐓమ โࡡᏰⓏᶭ⬗ࢅᢰࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅᅗᐓ࡞さịࡊࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ 㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࡡಕ㆜ࢅ⩇ຸࡘࡄࡾᶭ⬗ࡵᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭ ධಕ㝸โᗐ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⤎ྙࡊ࡙ࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸࡷṂງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ ᶊᅗᐓమโࡡᇱ┑࡛ࡾㅎཋ์ࢅࡾࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ ⾪ 11 ᡋண࣬ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࣬㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡṌྍⓏ┞㛭㛭౿ ᡋண ெ㐠ᨥᥴ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸 52 -1863 ↋ᕣืᡋணふ 1863-1 ྙἪᡋண࡛㐢Ἢᡋண ⤄⧂ࡡᙟᠺ ᮪⣑ࡡᙟᠺ 919 ࡛ࡡᓠื㸝ḿᡋㄵ㸞 ᅗᐓࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ಕ㆜ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ ᅗᐓࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࡡ⚏ Ᏸ Ḿࠉெ㐠Ⓩಕ㆜ࡡ⩇ຸ ࣬ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤ ఌࡡス ࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ 1 ᅂࠉ➠ 2 ᅂ㸞 ❟ ➠ 1 ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ 1919-1 ᡋணࡡୌ㒂㐢Ἢ 945 ࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑ ࣬ ᡋ᮪⣑ ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢࡡᙟ㦹 ࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡ㞬Ằ ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭ࡡス❟ ࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ 3 ᅂ㸞 ᅗ㝷㏻┍ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ ࣬ 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡὩⓆ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᙟ㦹 ➠ 2 ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ 1945-1 ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢ 990 ࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ ᡋணࡡ㐢Ἢࡡᙟ㦹 ࣬ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭ࡡス❟ ࣬ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ ெ㐠ᨥ ࣬ ෫ᡋ ᥴࡡὩⓆ㸝ಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ ࣬ ᳔Ằᆀよᨲ㜒ண ⩽࡛ᑊ㇗ᆀᇡࡡᣉኬ㸞 ࣬ ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ᮪⣑ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ ࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥㅎ᮪⣑࣬㆗ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ ᏽ᭡ ࣬ 㞬 Ằ ࡡᆀ న ࡞㛭 ࡌ ࡾ ᮪⣑࣬㆗ᏽ᭡ ࣬ ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑࣬♣ఌᶊぞ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᙟ㦹 㸝ᢼྫྷᶊࡡⓆິ㸞 ࣬ හᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ ࣬ Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ ⣑ ࣬ ᣕၡ➴⚏Ḿ᮪⣑ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ㸲ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ 1990- ᡋணࡡንᐖ㸲ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋ ࣬ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ ெ㐠ᨥ ணࠕ ᥴࡡὩⓆ㸝ᚃ᪁࠾ࡼ๑ ࣬ ᕰẰ ࡡኬ 㔖ṽ ᐐࡷẰ ⥲㸞 ࣬ ᅗ 㝷 ฬ ึᡜ ࡡ ス ⨠࡛ぞ⛤ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡὩᛮ ᪐Ὧ 㸝ᢼྫྷᶊࡡᢒโ㸞 ࣬ ኬぞ ᶅ࠾ ࡗ᛬ ㏍ࡡெ ࣬ ெ㐠Ⓩථ 㐠༱ᶭࡡⓆ⏍ 1 ࣒ࣛ࢜࣬ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅጟဤఌࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉྜྷጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.afsc.org/about/history.htm (1 January 2007). ࢟ࣛࢪዅ༝㆗ఌࡢࠉQuaker Peace and Social Witness (QPSW) ࡞ྞ⛘ࢅን᭞ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅ⤽⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊྜྷᶭ㛭ࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.quaker.org.uk/peace (1 January 2007)ࠊHaberman, Frederich W. (ed.), Nobel Lectures: Peace, vol.2, Amsterdam; New York: the Nobel Foundation, 1972, pp. 373-402. 2 Dunant, Henry, Un Souvenir de Solférino, Genève: Comité International de la Croix-Rouge, 1928 㸝࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤⴥ࣬ᮄ හฺ㑳ゼࠖ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ⏍㸯ࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗ ࠉⓉỀ♣ࠉ1959 ᖳ㸞 ࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࡆࡡⴥ᭡ࡡኬ༖ࢅࢮࣜࣆ࢘ࣛ ࣭ࢿࡡᡋ࠷࡚ㇿഭࡊࡒඹኃࡡⱖᝎ࡛ㇿഭඹࢅ⒢࡛┫㆜ࢅࡊࡒெࠍ࡛ࡡⱖ㜒ࢅᥝࡂࡆ࡛࡞࠷࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⬗ງࡷᢇ⾙ࡡ࠵ ࡾ༈ᖅࡷ┫㆜ᖅᨾຐ࡞ᚉࡊ࡙࠷ࡿࡣࠉኣࡂࡡㇿഭඹࢅᨾຐ࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡ↋ᛍᡜ᠔࡛ࠉᖏ スࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡス❟ࡡࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡᙁ࠷ິᶭㄖࡲཱིࡿࡾහᐖ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡ༖⏍࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖ ࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊྻᚽḿࠖ㉝༎Ꮚ࡛ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸯ᡋண࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢷࡡ┞๏ࠗࠉ1991 ᖳࠉ୯ኳපㄵ♣ࠊ 53 3 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡞㛭ࡌࡾṌྍⓏฦᯊ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊBoissier, Pierre, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume I: From Solferino to Tsushima, Second Edition, Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1985; Durand, André, History of the International Committee of the Red Cross. Volume II:From Sarajevo to Hiroshima, Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1984; John F. Hutchinson, Champions of Charity: War and the Rise of the Red Cross, Oxford: Westview Press, Inc., 1996. ࡱࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡ⤄⧂࡞㛭ࡌࡾᩝ⊡࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢ௧ୖ ࡡࡵࡡࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊHaug, Hans, Humanity for All: The International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Berne; Stuttgart; Vienna: Paul Haupt Publishers, 1993; International Committee of Red Cross and International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies, Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, Thirteenth Edition, Geneva: ICRC/ IFRC, 1994. 4 ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡡス❟ᖳ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 633-645. 2006 ᖳ࡞ ࡢ 185 ࢜ᅗ࡚㉝༎ Ꮚ♣ ࣬㉝ ᩺᭮ ♣ ス❟ ࡈࡿ ࡙࠽ ࡽࠉ ࡌ ࡙ࡡ ᅗ㏻ ຊ┍ ᅗ࡞ ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣ ⨠ ࠾ࡿ ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊ http://www.ifrc.org/who/society.asp (1 January 2007). 5 Checkland, Olive, Humanitarianism and the Emperor’s Japan 1877-1977, London: Campell Thomson & Mclaughlin Ltd., 1994, pp. 8-11, 144-145, 167㸝㑝ゼࠉ࢛࣭ࣛࣥ࣬ࢲ࢘ࢴࢠࣚࣤࢺⴥࠉᕝ⸠ᩅゼࠖኮⓒ࡛㉝༎Ꮚ̿ᮇࡡெ㐠⩇ 100 ᖳࠗ ࠉἪ ᨳኬᏕฝ∟ᑻࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ10-14ࠉ178-180ࠉ204-205 㡣ࠊ 㸞 6 ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ἢ㸝1952ᖳ8᭮14පᕱἪᚂ305ྒ㸞ࡡ➠3᮪࡞ࡢࠉࠔᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ≁ᛮ࡞࠾ࢆࡲࠉࡐࡡ⮤ᛮࡢࠉᑕ 㔔ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉᨳᗋ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࡒᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ්࡙⏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 7 ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.savethechildren.org/mission/index.asp (1 January 2007). 8 ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.oxfam.org.uk/about_us/history/index.htm (1 January 2007). 9 ࢢࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢢࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.careusa.org/about/history.asp (1 January 2007). 10 United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, p. 15㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯ெ㐠⾔ິ ࡡ 50 ᖳྍࠗ ࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ15 㡣㸞 ࠊ 11 12 Ibid., pp. 13-14, 16㸝㑝ゼࠉ13, 14, 16 㡣㸞 ࠊ United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000, pp. 13-14, 16㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯 ெ㐠⾔ິࡡ 50 ᖳྍࠗ ࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ13-14ࠉ16 㡣㸞 ࠊ 13 14 Ibid., pp. 16-17㸝㑝ゼࠉ16-17 㡣㸞 ࠊ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUnited Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), The State of the World’s Refugees 2000: Fifty Years of Humanitarian Action, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000 㸝ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖୠ⏲㞬ẰⓉ᭡㸯ெ㐠⾔ິࡡ 50 ᖳྍࠗ ࠉ㏳ಘ♣ࠉ2001 ᖳ㸞 ࠊLoescher, Gill, The UNHCR and World Politics: A Perilous Path, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; Loescher, Gill, United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees in the Post-Cold, Westport, Conn.: Praeger, 1997; Holborn, Louise W., Refugees: A Problem of Our Time: the Work of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, 1951-1972, 2 vol., Metuchen, N.J.: Scarecrow Press, 1975. 15 ྜྷぞ⛤➠2᮪ࡡⱝㄊぞ⛤ࡢ௧ୖࡡ࡛࠽ࡽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊThe work of the High Commissioner shall be of an entirely non-political character; it shall be humanitarian and social and shall relate, as a rule, to groups and categories of refugees. 16 ᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥᴏᶭ㛭ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUnited Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, UNRWA: a brief history, 1950-1982, Vienna: UNRWA, 1982. 17 ᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ1986 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1989 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ 12 ᕬษ⾔ࡈࡿࡒ UNICEF History Series Monograph ࢅཤ⩻ 54 ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ 18 ୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊShaw, D. John, The UN World Food Programme and the Development of Food Aid, New York: Palgrave, 2001. 19 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1868 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 22 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ57 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/120?OpenDocument (1January 2007). 20 ICRC-IFRC, Handbook of the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement, pp. 21-22; ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗ ࠉ᩺∟ࠉ 1993 ᖳࠉ127-128 㡣ࠊ 21 ࣇࣛࣖࢴࢬࣜᐃゕ᱄ࡢࠉ1874 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 27 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࡒ㝛ᡋ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾࠊᐃゕࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/135?OpenDocument (1January 2007). 22 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡᒌぞ์➠ 3 ᮪࡞ᤍ㈠࡛ᙽ㐕࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊ᮪⣑࡛ᒌぞ์ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/150?OpenDocument (1January 2007). 23 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1906 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 6 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ52 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/180?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 24 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1929 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 27 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ60 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/300?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 25 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1929 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 27 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ53 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/305?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 26 ྜྷⲙ᱄ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/320?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 27 ⸠⏛ୌࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ153-154 㡣ࠊ 28 ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥࡡṌྍᐓࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࢠ࣭ࣞࢺ࣬ࣆࣥ࢘㸝Jean-Claude Favez㸞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉࢻࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵࡡᙁ โᐖᡜ࡞ᣂᮨࡈࡿࡒெࠍࡡᨾῥ࡞ᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⏊ኬ⏍ࡡࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛ࡡᢀึ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ฦᯊ ࡛フ౮ࢅຊ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣆࣥ࢘ࡢࠉᙔࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌᩝẰࡡᙁโᐖᡜࡡ❟ථㄢᰕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊ㝀ࢅ ᭯ࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᡋண⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥᴏ࡞ெဤ࡛㈠㔘ࢅᢖୖࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉࢻࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵ ࡐࡡᐁឺࢅ㝻ⶰࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᐁࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᾐᴗⓏᑊᚺࡡ⌦⏜ࢅาᣪࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌᙁโᐖᡜ࡚ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ᪡࡞᥀▩ࡊࠉᏋࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࢺࢵࡡ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹࢅ㟸 㞬ࡊࠉࢺࢵࡡྜྷ┍ᅗࡷ⾠᫅ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡࣗࢱࣕெࡡᦑ㏞ࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛ᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 66-68; Favez, Jean-Claude, The Red Cross and the Holocaust, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1999. 29 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 12 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/365?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡ ࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊJean-Marie Henckaerts (ICRC) and Louise Doswald-Beck (International Commission of Jurists), Customary International Humanitarian Law, Geneva: ICRC and Cambridge University Press, 2005; Pictet, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume I, Geneva: ICRC, 1952. 30 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 12 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊPictet, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume II, Geneva: ICRC, 1960. 31 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 12 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/375?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡ ࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊde Preux, Jean, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume III, Geneva: ICRC, 1960. 32 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1949 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 12 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ195 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ 55 ဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡἸ㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUhler, Oscar, Henri Coursier, Commentary on the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949. Volume IV, Geneva: ICRC, 1958. 33 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ྞ⛘ࡡ᮪⣑⌟ᐁ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ 4 ᮪⣑࡛ࡐࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡ࢅ⥪⛘ࡌࡾἪమ ⣌ࢅᣞࡊ♟ࡌᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ௧๑ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡢࠉᡋணࡡᐐᩓ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࠾ࡼࠉࠔᡋணἪ 㸝law of war㸞ࠕ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ1971 ᖳࠉࠔṂງ⣦ண࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ්☔ヾ࡛Ⓠᒈࠕ ࡡࡒࡴࡡᨳᗋᑍ㛓ᐓఌ㆗ࢅዉᶭ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡྞ⛘ࢅ᥆ዜࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙௧ᮮࠉࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠 Ἢࠕᏽ╌ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ්ቌ∟ࠉ2003 ᖳࠉ2 㡣ࠊࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ 㐠Ἢ࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉᡋ㜒አ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡᵋᠺဤ࡛ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞ཤຊࡊ࠷ࡐࡡࡡெࠍࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࠵ࡽࠉ ୌ᪁ࠉࣀ࣭ࢡἪࡢࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡵᡋணἪ࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡽࠉషᡋஹᡋ୯ࡡஹᡋ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊࠉᐐᩓᡥṹࡡ㐽 ᢝࢅぞโࡌࡾ┘Ⓩࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡࡞࠽࠷࡙ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾぞᏽໜྱࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡻ ࡖ࡙ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ༇ืࡢ᪺☔࡚ࡢࡂࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊPictet, Jean, Development and Principles of International Humanitarian Law, Dordrecht; Martinus Nijhoff Publishers; Geneva: Henry Dunant Institute, 1985, pp. 2-3㸝㑝ゼࠉࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࣅࢠࢷⴥࠉ୕ᚽ⏠ゼ ࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡⓆᒈ࡛ㅎཋ์ࠗࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ㉝ఌ㤃ࠉ12-13 㡣ࠊ㸞 34 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1977 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 8 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ166 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/365?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡡἸ 㔐᭡࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊPilloud, Claude, Yves Sandoz, Christophe Swinarski, Bruno Zimmermann, and International Committee of the Red Cross, Commentary on the additional protocols of 8 June 1977 to the Geneva Conventions of 12 August 1949, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross: Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1987. 35 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1977 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 8 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ162 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.icrc.org/ihl.nsf/FULL/475?OpenDocument (1 January 2007). 36 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡṌྍ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ1993 ᖳࠉ3-32 㡣ࠊFleck, Dieter (ed.), The Handbook of Humanitarian Law in Armed Conflicts, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995, pp. 1-38. ࡱࡒࠉ௧ୖࡡ㉝ ༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/section_ihl_history?OpenDocument (1 January 2007); http://www.jrc.or.jp/about/humanity/history.html (1 January 2007). 37 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1948 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 9 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ133 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻ெᶊ㧏➴ ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊhttp://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu3/b/p_genoci.htm (1 January 2007). 38 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡢࠉ1950 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 14 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ140 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ᮪⣑ࡡධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏 ➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10#search=%22Convention%20relat ing%20to%20the%20Status%20of%20Refugee%22 (1 January 2007). 39 ྜྷ᮪⣑ࡡ➠ 33 ᮪➠ 1 㡧࡞ࠔ⥶⣑ᅗࡢࠉ㞬Ằࢅࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ᪁Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡵࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉᅗ⡘ⱕࡊࡂࡢ≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌⓏ㞗 ᅆࡡᵋᠺဤ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ཧࡢᨳⓏណぜࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࡐࡡ⏍ཧࡢ⮤⏜⬛ጸ࡞ࡈࡼࡈࡿࡾ࠽ࡐࡿࡡ࠵ࡾ㡷ᇡࡡᅗሾ㏛ᨲ ࡊཧࡢ㏞㑇ࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ぞᏽスࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 40 ྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ1967 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 31 ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࠉ⌟ᅹࠉ138 ࢜ᅗ⥶⣑ᅗ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊධᩝࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸ ᏻຸᡜࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/protect/opendoc.pdf?tbl=PROTECTION&id=3b66c2aa10#search=%22Convention%20relat ing%20to%20the%20Status%20of%20Refugee%22 (1 January 2007). 41 ᅗ㝷㞬ẰἪ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊFeller, Erika, Volker Türk and Frances Nicholson (eds.), Refugee Protection in International Law: UNHCR’s Global Consultations on International Protection, Cambridge, UK ; New York : Cambridge University Press, 2003; Nicholson, Frances and Patrick Twomey (eds.), Refugee Rights and Realities: Evolving International Concepts and Regimes, Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 1999; Goodwin-Gill, Guy S., The Refugee in International Law, 56 Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1983. 42 ୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉ1948 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌ࡚ᢝࡈࡿࡒᐃゕ㸝A/217 A(III)㸞࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡚ࡡெᶊᐐ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾཬ┤ࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெᶊಕ㝸ࡡ᭩ิࡡモࡲ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᙔิࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡛ୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࠉᅗἪࡡ⤣ ᶭᵋ࡛ெᶊ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾぞᏽ࡛ࡾᏽ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉධఌୌ⮬࡚ࡡᢝ┘ᣞࡈࡿࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ ❮ࡻࡽ㐔ࡿ࡙ᙟᠺࡈࡿࡾ⤊㐛ࢅ㎲ࡖࡒࠊୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡢࠉἪⓏᣂᮨງࡡ࠷ᅗ㏻⥪ఌỬ㆗࡛ࡊ࡙ᢝࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠉἪⓏᣂᮨງࡡ࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ⣑ࡡᙟᠺ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࠊ 43 ᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ⣑ࡢࠉ1966 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌ࡚ᢝࡈࡿࡒᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕࡡහᐖࢅ᮪⣑ࡊࡒࡵࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ ࠔ⤊ῥⓏࠉ♣ఌⓏཀྵࡦᩝⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights㸞 㸝A ぞ⣑ཧࡢ♣ఌᶊぞ⣑㸞ࠕࠉ ࠔᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑㸝International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights㸞 㸝B ぞ⣑ཧࡢ⮤⏜ᶊぞ⣑㸞 ࠕࡡࡗࡡ᮪⣑࡛ࠉ ࠔᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑ࡡ㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights㸞 㸝➠ୌ㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 ࠕࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡࠾ࡼࡽࠉ1989 ᖳࠉࡆࡿ࡞ ࠔṒฬࡡᗣḾࢅ┘ᣞࡌᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑ࡡ➠㐽ᢝ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝Second Optional Protocol to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, Aiming at the Abolition of the Death Penalty㸞 㸝ṒฬᗣḾ㆗ᏽ᭡࣬➠㏛ຊ ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 ࠕ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡࡞ຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠊ 44 ᕰẰⓏཀྵࡦᨳⓏᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ぞ⣑➠ 4 ᮪➠ 2 㡧࡚ࡢࠉᅗẰ⏍Ὡࢅ⬛࠾ࡌපࡡ⥥᛬ឺᏋᅹࡊࠉᅗᐓࡐࡡᏋ ᅹࢅපᘟ࡞ᐃゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ⥥᛬ᛮ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᕰẰⓏ࣬ᨳⓏᶊฺࢅโ㝀࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡぞᏽࡢࠉྜྷぞ⣑ ➠ 6 ᮪㸝⏍࡞ᑊࡌࡾᶊฺ㸞ࠉ➠ 7 ᮪㸝ᣕၡཧࡢṟ⹚ฬࡡ⚏Ḿ㸞 ࠉ➠ 8 ᮪ 1 ཀྵࡦ 2㸝ዦ㞌ཀྵࡦᙁโຘ഼㸞 ࠉ➠ 11 ᮪㸝ዉ ⣑⩇ຸᒓ⾔࡞ࡻࡾᣂ⚏㸞 ࠉ➠ 15 ᮪㸝㐫ཀྵฌ⨡ࡡ⚏Ḿ㸞 ࠉ➠ 16 ᮪㸝ெ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿࡾᶊฺ㸞 ࠉ➠ 18 ᮪㸝ᛦࠉⰃᚨཀྵ ࡦᏺᩅࡡ⮤⏜㸞ࡡᶊฺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐐࢅᐖヾࡊ࠷ࠊ 45 ᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑➠ 12 ᮪➠ 1 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ⪻┍ᅢࣀ⪻┍ᅢ㛣ࢼᅢஹ᩿⤧ࢼ⮫ࣜࢿࣜ⣦∉Ⓢ⏍ࢪࣜࢹ࢞ࣀ␔ル௲ࣣ௯ ึⱕࣀྒྷἪⓏよỬཧࣀ⪻┍⌦᭫ࢿᐼᰕࢼࢪࣉࢠ௯ึᏻࢿึỬⱕࣀྒྷἪึࢿึỬᚃཧࣀ⪻┍⌦᭫ࢿሒ ࿈ᚃࣣ᭮⤺㐛ࢪࣜ㎶ዯరࢻࣜሔྙࢼ᪂ࢷ࣓ᡒ∉ࢼソࣉࢦࣜࢤࢹࣣ⣑ࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉ1924 ᖳࡡᨭḿ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔྒྷἪⓏよ Ửࠕࡡ㒂ฦ๎㝎ࡈࡿࡒࠊ 46 ᅗ㝷㏻┍➠ 16 ᮪➠ 1 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ➠༎ᱼࠉ➠༎ᱼཧࣀ➠༎ᱼࢼ౪ࣜ⣑ᮨࣣ↋っࢨࢷᡒணࢼソࣉࢰࣜ⪻┍ᅢࣀ␔↓ ࢿ⦳ࢷࢿ⪻┍ᅢࢼᑘࢨᡒண⾔∌ࣣ∌ࢨࢰ࣓ࣜࢿࢹ┫ೲࢪࢿ⦳ࢷࢿ⪻┍ᅢࣀࢼᑘࢨ├ࢼୌวࢿ㏳ၛ୕ཧࣀ㔘⼝୕ ࢿ㜕౿ࣣ᩿⤧ࢨ⮤ᅢẰࢹ㐢⣑ᅢᅢẰࢹࢿୌวࢿஹ㏳ࣣ⚏Ḿࢨ⪻┍ᅢࢰࣜࢹྫྷࢹࣣၡࣀࢪࢿ⦳ࢷࢿᅢࢿᅢẰࢹ㐢⣑ ᅢᅢẰࢹࢿ㛣ࢿୌวࢿ㔘⼝୕㏳ၛ୕ཧࣀெⓏஹ㏳ࣣ㜭㐜ࢪࣉ࢞ࢤࢹࣣ⣑ࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉ㏳ၛࡷ㔘⼝୕ࡡ⤊ῥโࢅ โࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙าᣪࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ➠ 16 ᮪➠ 2 㡧࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔ⪻┍⌦᭫ࣀ๑㡧ࢿሔྙࢼ᪂ࢷ⪻┍ࢿ⣑ᮨ᧞㆜ࢿ∌⏕ࢪࣉ ࢞ඹງࢼᑘࢪࣜ⪻┍ᅢࢿ㝛ᾇཧࣀ✭㌱ࢿฦ᧬⛤ᗐࣣ㜕౿ᅢᨳᗋࢼᥞ᱄ࢪࣜࢿ⩇ຸ࣓ࣜࢿࢹࢪࠕ࡛࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ ࡆࡡ⤊ῥโࡡᐁຝᛮࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ຊ┍ᅗ࡞ࡢඹງࢅ౩ฝࡌࡾ⩇ຸᏋᅹࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ ᅗ㝷㏻┍࡚ࡢ⤊ῥโᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡡ㌱㝪ࢅఔ࠹โࡢ༝㆗ࡈࡿࡾ࡞⏻ࡱࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹㸝᭩୕ᨼᶖࠖᅗ㝷 ᶭᵋㄵࠗ ࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉ51-53 㡣㸞 ࠊ 47 ᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔࡆࡡ❮ࡡ࠷࠾ࡾぞᏽࡵࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ṂງᨯᦹⓆ⏍ࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᏭධಕ 㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞ᚪさ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣ࠉืⓏཧࡢ㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ࡡᅖ᭯ࡡᶊฺࢅᐐࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡞ᙔࡖ࡙ຊ┍ᅗ࡛ࡖࡒ᥈⨠ࡢࠉ├ࡔ࡞Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ሒ࿈ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉ ࡆࡡ᥈⨠ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚཧࡢᅂᚗࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࡛ヾࡴࡾ⾔ິࢅ࠷ࡗ࡚ࡵ࡛ࡾࡆࡡ❮ ࡞ᇱࡂᶊ⬗ཀྵࡦ㈈௴࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾᙫ㡢ࡵཀྵࡌࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᑊ㇗ᅗࡡ⮤⾠ᶊ ࡚࠵ࡾืⓏ⮤⾠ᶊ࡛ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᑊ㇗ᅗࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡྜྷ┍ᅗࡡ⮤⾠ᶊ࡚࠵ࡾ㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ୦⩽ᐖヾࡈࡿ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊ 48 ࠔᡋணᨲᲘ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ࠕࡢࠉ1928 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 27 ࡞⨣ྞࡈࡿࡒ᮪⣑࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡᅗຸ㛏ᏻࣆࣚࣤࢠ࣬ࣄࣛࣤࢡ࣬ ࢢࣞࢴࢡ㸝Frank Billings Kellogg㸞࡛ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡአຸኬ⮟ࣛࢪࢷࢴࢺ࣬ࣇࣛࣤ㸝Aristide Briand㸞ࡡ୦ྞࡡྞ࡞ ࡔࢆ࡚ࢢࣞࢴࢡ㸲ࣇࣛࣤ༝ᏽ㸝Kellogg-Briand Pact㸞࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵኣ࠷ࠊྜྷ᮪⣑➠ 1 ᮪࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ⥶⣑ᅢࣀᅢ㝷 57 ⣦∉よỬࢿ∌ᡒ∉ࢼソࣆࣜࢤࢹࣣ㟸ࢹࢨයࢿ┞ப㜕౿ࢼ᪂ࢷᅢᐓࢿᨳ➿ࢿᡥṹࢹࢨࢷࢿᡒ∉ࣣᢛᲘࢪࣜࢤࢹࣣයࢿ ⮤ࢿெẰࢿྞࢼ᪂ࢷᄦ⫋ࢼᐃゕࢪࠕ࡛ぞᏽ࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷⣦ணࢅよỬࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᡋணࢅᨲᲘࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐ ࡡᚃࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡚ࡡṂງ⾔⩇ຸࡡモ㔘▴࡛ࡖࡒ࡛࠷ࢂࡿࡾࠊ 49 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 37-44㸝㑝ゼࠉ37-44 㡣㸞 ࠊHaug, Humanity for All, pp. 97-104. 50 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 59-62, 64-68, 70-74, 76-77㸝㑝ゼࠉ59-62, 64-68, 70-74, 76 㡣㸞; Haug, Humanity for All, pp. 118-123. 51 52 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 79-91㸝㑝ゼࠉ79-91 㡣㸞 ࠊ ࣄࣆ࡚ࣚࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊObiaga, Ndubisi, The Politics of Humanitarian Organizations Intervention, Lanham: University Press of America, 2004. 53 ࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ http://www.concern.net/pressroom/about/started.php (1 January 2007). 54 ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡṌྍⓏ⤊⦃࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊTanguy, Joelle, “The Médecins Sans Frontières Experience,” in K.M. Cahill ed., A Framework for Survival: Health, Human Rights, and Humanitarian Assistance in Conflicts and Disasters, New York: Routledge, 1999, pp. 226-244; Brauman, R. and J. Tanguy, The Medecins Sans Frontieres Experience, Médecins sans Frontiers, 1998, available in the website. http://www.doctorswithoutborders.org/volunteer/field/themsfexperience.cfm (1 January 2007). ࡱࡒࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸝ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㸞 ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࢴࣇࢦࢹࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ http://www.msf.fr/site/site.nsf/pages/histoire14 (1 January 2007). ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡ 1990ᖳࡡὩິ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊMédecins sans Frontière, Life, Death and Aid: The Médecins sans Frontières Report on World Crisis Intervention, London, New York: Hachette, 1993㸝㑝ゼࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ⥽ࠉ㕝ᮄ⛧ゼࠖᅗሾࡀ༈ ᖅᅆࡢぜࡒ̾ᅗ㝷⣦ணࡡහᐁࠗࠉᮇ⤊ῥ᩺⪲♣ࠉ1994ᖳ㸞ࠊMédecins sans Frontières, World in Crisis: the politics of survival at the end of the 20th century, London, New York: Routledge, 1997; Weissman, Fabrice (ed.), In the Shadow of ‘Just Wars’: Violence, Politics and Humanitarian Action, New York: Cornell University Press, 2004. 55 ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗ࡚ࡢࠉᑛᩐὬࡡⓉெࡡභඨᨳᶊࡢࠉኣᩐὬࡡ㯦ெࡡ᭯Ⰵெ⛸ࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ♣ఌ⏍Ὡ࡞ ࠽࠷࡙Ⓣெ࡛ࡐࡿ௧አࡡெ⛸ࢅ㝰㞫ࡊࠉࣁࣤࢵ࣭ࢪࢰࣤ㸝Bantustan㸞ᨳ➿ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉⓉெ࡞ዅࡌࡾຘ഼⩽ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ㝎 ࠷࡙ࠉ㯦ெࢅ㎰ሾࡡᆀࡡஇࡊ࠷Ⲡᆀ࡞ᙁโ⛛పࡈࡎࡾெ⛸㝰㞫ᨳ➿㸝ࣂࣜࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿ Apartheid policy㸞ࢅᐁ⾔ࡊ ࡒࠊ1977 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 4 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢỬ㆗ 418 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗࡡࣂࣜ ࢹࣉࢹᨳ➿ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉ༞ࣆࣛ࢜භᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥโࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊ 56 ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡡᢝᩐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡌ࡙㛸の࡚ࡀࡾࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᩝ᭡ࢬࣤࢰ࣭ 㸝United Nations Documentation Centre㸞ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊhttp://www.un.org/documents/scres.htm (1 January 2007). Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ࡡᅂᩐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛༝㆗㈠ࡡ࠵ࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣜ࣬࣎ ࣛࢨ࣭࣬ࣆ࢚࣭࣑ࣚ㸝Global Policy Forum㸞ࡡ௧ୖࡡ࢘ࣇ࣭࣋ࢩࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ࠽ࠉୌࡗࡡỬ㆗᱄࡞ᑊࡊ࡙々ᩐ ᅗᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊࡒሔྙࠉ々ᩐᅂࡡᢼྫྷᶊ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ゝ⟤ࡊࡒࠊ http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/membship/veto/vetosubj.htm (1 January 2007). 57 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 211-213, 216-218㸝㑝ゼࠉ211-213, 216-217 㡣㸞 ࠊ 58 ➠ 3 ❮ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦ 1 ᗆㄵ 1990 ᖳ࠾ࡼࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㛭ᚨࡡྡྷ୕࡛ᨥᥴࡡቌኬ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᛦⓏᇱ♇࡚ ࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⌦よྊḖ࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡ◂✪࡞࠽࠷࡙ᥴຐࡷථ࡛࠷࠹ ⏕ㄊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢኣᵕ࡚レ⣵㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗࡡṂງ⣦ணࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ㌱ථࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡゕㄕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵᣂࡼࡍࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢరࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠⩇ࡡᮇ㈻Ⓩၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡゕཀྵ࡛ࢆぜࡼࡿ࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ᨥᥴ⩽࡛ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅ୯ᚨ࡞㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡἪⓏ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࠷㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 3 ⟿ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᄿࡗࡡㄵⅤࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᅗ㝷ࡡၡ㢗ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾណࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷ ࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱᮇⓏㄊ⩇ࢅࠔࠖெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㸝ᇱ♇㸞ࠗࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㸝ᑊ ㇗㸞ࠗࠖយ㸝㛭౿㸞ࠗࠕ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊ࡙ᴣᛍࡡහໜࢅ☔ᏽࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡛༡យ⩇ࡷࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࣬ெᶊ ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ᴣᛍࡡአᘇࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠷࠾ࡾぞ⠂Ⓩ ⌦⏜࠾ࡼᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெᶊࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢪ࣭࣑ࣚࡷࢩ࠾ࡼࡡᣦᡋ ぜࡼࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞㝮ࡊ࡙ぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ᥞ㉫ࡈ ࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠⩇ࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡛ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࢅᴣふࡊࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰ ࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽࠉெ㛣ᛮࢅྱࡴࡒᵕࠍᏺᩅ Ⓩ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺♟ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨥᥴ⩽࡛ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡛ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࡀࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆ మࠉᏺᩅⓏᑊ❟ࢅ㉫ᅄ࡛ࡌࡾࢻࢩ࡚࢘ࣛࡡࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࢅඁ㐕ࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࡊ ࡒࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩᒈ㛜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㢟ᅹࡊࡒࠉばᐠᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨥᥴセᐖࡈࡿࡾ 59 ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹⌦Ⓩၡ㢗⫴ᬊ࡞࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸࠉἪ࡛㐠ᚠ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᩒ⌦ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻࡞❟⬦ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠 ⩇࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばᐠᅥࡡយࢅெ࡞ࡵྊ⬗㝀ࡽཀྵ ࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ᄿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩཋ์ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 5 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ➠ࡡㄵⅤ࡛ࡵ㛭㏻ࡌࡾࠉ ࠷࠾ࡾ⾔Ⅵெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷࡞㝮ఔࡊ࡙ ᙟᠺࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡᇱᮇⓏཋ์ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡⱖࢅ⥾ࡊࠉ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ㆜ࡊࠉᑕཚ ࢅᑕ㔔ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉ ࡐࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾපᖲᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢᕣืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂᥞ ౩ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉ࠷࠾ࡾெ㛣ࡵᨾຐ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᕣืࡈࡿ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ୯❟ᛮ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ⣦ண࡞ཤຊࡊ࡙ ࡢࡼࡍࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡖ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡࡗࡡさ௲࡞㐲ྙࡊ࠷⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ ெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞᩺ࡊ࠷▩ぜࢅࡵࡒ ࡼࡌࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡡḿᙔさ௲࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵ ࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㌱ථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ༎ฦ࡞᳠ ッࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹≁Ṟ㢗ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮➠ 3 ⟿࡚ᮇⓏ࡞㆗ㄵࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ⾔Ⅵெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ୌ⯙㢗ࢅ᳠ッࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 2 ெ㐠⩇ࡡᴣᛍ (1) ㎙᭡ࡡᏽ⩇ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⌦よࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡷ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⾪Ⓩㄵ⩽ࡷᩝ⊡᪺☔࡚ ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࠊහአࡡᛦࡷ⌦࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㎙ࢅ 30 ௧୕⧆࠷ࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ㡧┘ࢅങ࠻ࡒ ࡵࡡࡢࢂࡍ࠾ 3 ࡗ࡚࠵ࡽ1ࠉࡐࡡ୯ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࡢࠉࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡ≁ᏽࡡഁ㟻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࢂࡿࡒᮇࡢኣᩐ࠵ࡾ 60 ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠⩇ࢅධమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡖࡒᮇࡢᴗࡴ࡙⛝࡚࠵ࡾࠕ2࡛オ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ ࡼࡵࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ሔྙࠉୌ⯙Ⓩㄊ⩇࠾ࡼฦᯊࢅ㐅ࡴࡾ࠾࡞ㄵ✪ࡌ ࡾᡥṹࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺⱝㄊ㎙࡞࠽ࡄࡾ humanitarian ࡡ㡧┘ࡡ㏛オ࡞ࠉࠔெ㐠Ⓩࡾࡵࡡ 㸝humanitarians㸞ࡡమ⣌࣬ཋ⌦࣬ᐁ㊰ࠕ3࡛࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉhumanitarian ࡡណࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࡡណ ࢅ☔ᏽ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊHumanitarian ࡛ࡢࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮ㸝humanity㸞ࡷெ㛣ࡡយ࠵ࡾ⾔ິ㸝humane action㸞 ࢅᨥᣚࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡌࡾெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᗀࡂெ㢦ࡡ⚗♬࡞㌗ࢅᤕࡅࡾெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ༡យ⩇⩽㸝a philanthropist㸞ࠕ 4 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ᛮ㸝humanity㸞ࡷெ㛣ࡡយ㸝humaneness㸞࡛ࡢࠉࣚࢷࣤㄊࡡெ㸝humanus㸞ࢅ㉫″࡛ࡌ ࡾㄊ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࠔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⾔ິࡷẴ㈻ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉெ㛣ࡷິ∸࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᛦ៎࡛ྜྷࢅᣚࡖ࡙ฌ㐕ࡊࠉ ெ㛣ࡷິ∸ࢅⱖ࠾ࡼᨾῥࡌࡾẴ㈻ࠕ5ࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ༡យ㸝philanthropy㸞࡛ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ ㄊࡡெ㸝anthropos㸞࡛យ㸝philia㸞ࢅㄊ″࡛ࡌࡾㄊ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔெ㢦࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠉெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐁ㊰Ⓩ ይណࠉெ㛣┞பࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾẴ㈻ࡷ✒ᴗⓏຑງࠕ6࡛ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧୕ࡡெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊណࡷㄊ″ ࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࠔࠖெ㛣ᛮࠗ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠗࠖយࠗࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ࠷࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ⾪ 12 ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾさ⣪ ᇱ♇ ࠖெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࠗ ᑊ㇗ ࠖ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾࠗ 㛭౿ ࠖយࠗ э➠ࡡㄵⅤࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࠕ㸝➠ 3 ⟿㸞 э➠ࡡㄵⅤࠔெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࠕ㸝➠ 4 ⟿㸞 (2) ெ㐠⩇࡛༡យ⩇ ெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࢚࣭ࢺⱝㄊ㎙࡞࠽ࡄࡾㄊ⩇࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙༡យ⩇࡛ྜྷ⩇࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ༡យ ⩇࠾ࡼெ㐠⩇ࡡណࢅ᥀✪࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ ༡យ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡူᏕࡷ⌦Ꮥࡡ㎙࡞࠽࠷࡙㡧┘⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉࠖこὊᛦ ኬ㸝Dictionary of the History of Ideas㸞ࠗ࡞࠵ࡾ࣏࣭ࣜ࣬࢜ࣜࢷ㸝Merle Curti㸞ࡡㄵ⩻ࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ ࣭࣏࣬ࣞ௧๑ࡡ᮶こᩝᅥ࠾ࡼ⌟࡞⮫ࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ༡យ࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏ࣓ࢿࢡࣚࣆ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠 61 ⩇࡛⌦Ⓩ࣬ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡡ㛭㏻ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ୕࡚᭯⏕࡚࠵ࡾ7ࠊ ࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉ༡យࢅ≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅࡷᩝ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉᵕࠍᏺᩅࡷᩝࡡᩝ ⬞࡞࠽࠷࡙භ㏳࡞ぜࡼࡿࡒெ㛣ࡡᛦࡷ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔࡆࡡゕⴝࡢኣࡂࡡ⌦࣬ᏺᩅⓏమ ⣌ࠉᛦ㐘ິࠉ࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌⓏᩝ⬞࡞㛭౿ࡘࡄࡼࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡゕⴝࡢិၻ㸤យ㸝charity㸞ࠉපභ⢥♼㸝civil spirit㸞ࠉெ㐠⩇㸝humanitarianism㸞ࠉ♣ఌ⤣โ࠽ࡻࡦ♣ఌ⚗♬ᴏ࡛⤎ࡦࡗࡂࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ20 ୠ⣎࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉපභࡡ┘Ⓩࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெⓏ࠽ࡻࡦ㞗ᅆⓏ࡞ࡈࡿࡾࠉ⚶Ⓩ࡚⮤ⓆⓏ㉏ ࢅណࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡ々㞟Ṍྍࡢࠉࡐࡿࡡ㛣ⓏࠉᆀᇡⓏ㐅ᒈࢅ≁ᚡࡘࡄ࡙ࡀࡒࠉᖼࡗ࠾ࡡ 㛭㏻࠵ࡾㅎふᛍ࡞ࡵ࡛ࡘ࠷࡙᭩ࡵࡻࡂ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠕ8ࠊ ࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉ༡យ࡛㛭㏻ࡡ࠵ࡾㅎふᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ൰ᩅࡡொយ9ࠉᩅࡡិᝊ10ࠉࣗࢱࣕᩅ࣬࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ ౮ೋࡡិၻ࣬យ࡛࠷ࡖࡒཿ࣬୯ୠⓏ౮ೋ࠾ࡼࠉ⮤⏜⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾ༡យࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ௴ណᅆమࡡ⏍ࠉ ᖀᅗ⩇ࡡ᳔Ằᆀ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾῥࡡ⌦ᛍࠉዦ㞌よᨲࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡷ♣ఌᨭ㠁ࡱ࡚ࢅาᣪࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾ11ࠊ ெ㐠⩇ࡡㄊ⩇࠾ࡼよ㔐ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅິᶭ࡛ࡊࡒࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠉṌྍⓏ࡞よ㔐ࡌࡿࡣ༡យ⩇࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉᵕࠍᏺᩅ࣬ᩝ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿ࡙ ࡀࡒ࡛᥆ᐳࡈࡿࠉ⌟࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉᏺᩅ⤄⧂࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷ⓏὩິࡵ㢟ⴥ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᮇ✇ ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅយࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᵕࠍᏺᩅⓏ࣬ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࢅぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ ♇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅセᐖࡌࡾᛦ࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࠾ࡼ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷12ࠊ (3) ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࣬ெᶊ ெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛Ίྜྷࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠉㄊ⩇ࡢ࠾ࡽ┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ⩽ࢅᓠ ืࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛ᑊ↯ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࡡណࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀ ࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑㸞13 ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑㸝humanism㸞ࡢࠉெᩝ⩇࡛ࡵࠔெ㐠⩇ࠕ࡛ࡵゼฝࡈࡿࡾࠉெ㛣ࡡฺᐐ࡞㛭㏻ࡌ 62 ࡾᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິࡡమ⣌ࢅណࡊࠉ♼ࡡᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິ࡛ᑊ↯ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࡡᮇ㈻ࡷᮇᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⌦ㄵࡷᐁ㊰࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾమ⣌࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉெࡡᛦ⩻ࡷ⾔ິ࡛ࡵᑊ↯ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ධమࡡ≁ᛮࡷ≁ᚡ࡞㛭㏻ࡌ ࡾమ⣌࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊṌྍⓏ࡞ぜࡿࡣࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࢅ୯ ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᛦࡷူᏕࡡ୯࡚⏍㉫ࡊࠉⓆᒈࡊࠉᢀึࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᛦࡡమ⣌࡚࠵ࡾ14ࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡿࡣࠉ๑⩽ࠉெࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡛࠷࠹ࠔ㛭౿࡛ࡊ ࡙ࡡெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⌦ᛍࡷᛦ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᚃ⩽ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᮇᛮࡷ≁㈻ࡡⓆ ᥱ࡛࠷࠹ࠔᐁమ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⌦ᛍࡷᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊெ㛣ࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾばวࡡ⾔Ⅵெ㛣ᛮ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᛦࡡ୯࡚ゕཀྵ ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵ௧አࡡெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᮇ✇ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅ㐠ᚠⓏᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉṌྍⓏᩝ⬞࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷࡙⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ┞㐢ࡈࡼ࡞᪺☔࡛ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊᚃ⩽ࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㛣 ୯ᚨࡡཿཿᩝࡡᚗ⮾࡛࠷࠹ࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪ௧ᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᛦ₳ࢅཬ᫆ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ୯ୠࣙ ࣭ࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛࠷ࡖࡒࡵࡡࡢṌྍⓏ࡞ึ᩷ࡊ࡙ࢂࡊ࠷Ⓠ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ ୯ୠ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ୯ୠࡡࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡞ዃዼ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢゕ࠷㞬࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ ࡢࠉெ㛣㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ࡞ฌ㐕ࡈࡿࡒᬧ㯦࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᩅఌࡷಞ 㐠㝌࡚ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡࠔយࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⌟ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ྜྷᵕࡡ⾔Ⅵᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠽ ࡽࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾ㝌ࡵࡐࡡୌࡗࡡౚ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᬧ㯦࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ⌦ᛍࠉ⌟ ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡞࠻ࡒᙫ㡢ࡵྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡡṌྍⓏ㉫″ࡢཿཿࡡ࢟ࣛ ࢨ࣭࣏࣬ࣞ࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡṌྍⓏ㉫″ࡢࠉ㎾௧ᚃࡡࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾ࠵ࡼ ࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ༡យ࡛ࠉࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ㸞 ெᶊ࡛ࡢࠉ⮤↓ἪⓏよ㔐࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㛣⏍ᚋⓏ࡞ಕᣚࡌࡾᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᐁᏽἪⓏよ㔐ࢅཱིࡿ 63 ࡣࠉᅗහ♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓἪ࡚ெᶊࡡහᐖࢅ᪺オࡊࠉ❟ἪࠉྒྷἪࠉ⾔ᨳࡡᶊ⬗ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾ ᅗẰࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉୠ⏲ெᶊᐃゕ㸝Universal Declaration of Human Rights㸞ࡷᅗ㝷ெᶊぞ ⣑㸝International Covenants on Human Rights㸞ࡡᅗ㝷᮪⣑ࡡ୯࡚ࠉெᶊࡡහᐖぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ெ ᶊ⌦ఌ㸝United Nations Human Rights Council; UNHRC㸞ࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩโᗐࡡ୯࡚ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࡡᶊ ฺ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊṌྍⓏ࡞ぜࡿࡣࠉெᶊࡢࠉ୯ୠ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡ㌗ฦโᗐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌗ฦ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸ ࡡమ⣌࠾ࡼெࢅよᨲࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪᕰẰ㠁ࢅ⾪࡛ࡌࡾ㎾࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࡚ࡡᕰẰ㠁ࢅ ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ࡛ᑊᓏࡌࡾெ࡞ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙⌟ฝࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊ15ࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࡞࠽࠷࡙㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ┑ࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⿍ ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾᥴࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡞ࢂࡖ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெᶊಕ㝸ࡢ ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙භ㏳ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ ᭯ࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࣀ࣭࣭ࣥࢺኬᏕࡡெᶊㄵᩅ࡚ࠉ⌟ᅹ࢜ࢻࢱୖ㝌㆗ဤࡡ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬ ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆ㸝Michael Ignatieff㸞ࡢࠉࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕ㸝Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry㸞ࠗࡡ୯ࡡㄵ ✇ࠔெᶊ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᨳ㸝Human Rights as Politics㸞ࠕ࡚ࠉெᶊࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᚪさᛮࢅ ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ16ࠉࡆࡡሔྙࡡெᶊ࡛ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾெᶊࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕࠗ ࡡ⥽⩽࢙࣐࣭࣬࢝ࢴࢹ࣏ࣤ㸝Amy Guttman㸞ࡵࠉࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆࡡㄵ✇࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ྜྷᵕࡡၡࢅ࿆ࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾ17ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெᶊࡢࠉ⾪⌟ࡡ⮤⏜ࡷ⫃ᴏ㐽ᢝࡡ⮤⏜࡛࠷ࡖࡒெࡡᶊฺࡵໜྱࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெᶊᐐࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡚ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᚪさᛮ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡾࡡࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞⏍Ꮛᶊ⬛ጸ࡞ࡈࡿࡾ㝀ᏽⓏ≟ Ἓ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெᶊࢅெ㐠⩇࡛ྜྷ⩇࡛ぜࡌࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ἢ࡛ᶊฺ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ୦⩽ࡡ┞㐢ࡢ᪺☔࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹ࠊெᶊࡢࠉ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࡡᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉᐁᏽἪ࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗහἪ ࡷᅗ㝷ெᶊἪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾරమⓏぞᏽࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉሔᡜࡷ≟Ἓ࡛࡞㛭ࢂࡽࡂᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊୌ ᪁ࠉெ㐠࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ࡡᶊฺ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᶊฺࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛࠷࠹≁ᏽࡡ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ࡞ࡡࡲヾࡴࡼࡿࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉሔᡜࡷ≟Ἓ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊර మⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᶊฺࡢࠉᡋࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ᖲࡡᶊฺ࡚ࡢࡂࠉഭ⩽ࠉᤍࠉᩝẰࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ 64 ࡡ࢜ࢷࢥ࣭ࣛ࡞ᡜᒌࡌࡾெࠍࡡᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࡡᶊฺ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ18ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ࡡ ᶊฺࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡᶊฺࢅណࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࠉᨥᥴ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽࡞㎾ࡊ࡙ りࡌࡾᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࡷࢠࢬࢪᶊ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊฺᘿࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖ࡙ ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉἪ࡛ᶊฺ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙ࡵୌ⮬ࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⤎ㄵ ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⤄⧂࡛ᶭ⬗࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼࡵ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ୦⩽࡞࠾ࡽࡡ⛤ᗐࡡ┞㐢Ꮛᅹ ࡌࡾࠊ➠ 1 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂࡛ࡐࡡᶭ⬗ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡢࠉ ࣑ࢾࢪࢷ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜ㸝Amnesty International; AI㸞ࡷࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࣤ࣬ࣚࢵ࢚࣬ࢴࢲ㸝Human Rights Watch㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒெᶊ᧞㆜ࢅᘿࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࠉᅗ㏻ெᶊ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸝United Nations High Commissioner for Human Rights; OHCHR㸞ࡷᅗ㏻ெᶊ⌦ఌࡡெᶊಕ㝸ࢅ⟮ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡ┘Ⓩࡷᶭ⬗ࠉ➠ 1 ❮࡚ゕཀྵࡊࡒᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛ࡢ ┞㐢ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெᶊᐐࢅㄢᰕ࣬┐っࡊ࡙ࠉெᶊᐐࡡᐁឺ ࢅᅗ㝷ୠㄵ࡞ප⾪ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᐐ⩽ࢅ࿈ⓆࡊࠉࡈࡼࡾெᶊᐐࡡᢒḾࢅ┘ᣞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷 ெᶊᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⑄ࡷഭᐐࡡ⒢ࠉ㣏⣂࣬㑂㞬ᡜࡡᥞ౩ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈀࡛ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࢅᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠽ ࡼࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊ࡙ࡢ࠷࠷ࠊ௧୕ࡡ⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ெᶊࡢࠉ㢦జࡌࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠉ୦⩽ࢅྜྷ⩇ㄊ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡛࠷࠹⾔Ⅵࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊ࡛࠷㛭㏻ࡡ࠵ࡾᴣᛍ࡚࠵ ࡾୌ᪁ࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡷெᶊࡡ⌦ᛍ࡞㑇ඔ࡚ࡀ࠷ᅖ᭯ࡡᛦ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ௧ୖࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ ௧୕ࡡࡗࡡᴣᛍࢅᓠืࡊ࡙⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 3 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ ๑⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉ ெ㐠⩇ெ㛣ᛮ࡞ぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ᣈࢅࡵࡗᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉெ㛣ᛮࢅྱࡴࡒኣᵕᏺ ᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ࡵᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ♟ࡊࡒࠊ ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾさᏺᩅ࡛ᩝ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᬉ㐚Ⓩយࡡᛦ࡛ࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࢅิ 65 ࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㛣ᛮࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾᬉ㐚Ⓩយࡡᛦࢅ㏳ふࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉយࡡᇱ♇࡛ᑊ㇗࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉយࡡᇱ♇࡛ᑊ㇗࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ㆗ㄵࡵᥴ⏕ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉយࡡᇱ♇ࡡኣᵕᛮ࡛យࡡᑊ㇗ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ୦❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᳠ッ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (1) ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ 㸝࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ㸞19 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉិၻ⾔Ⅵ࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ᑛࡂ࠷ࠉࡆࡡិၻ㸝charity㸞ࡢࠉࣚࢷࣤㄊࡡយࢅណ ࡌࡾ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ㸝caritas㸞ࢅㄊ″࡛ࡊࠉࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡚ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒ࢟ࣛࢨㄊࡡយ ࢅណࡌࡾ࣭࢝࣋㸝agape㸞ࡡࣚࢷࣤㄊゼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࢅ⾔ິ ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜࡢࠉᇱᮇⓏ౮ೋࡡ➠ୌ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㛣 ࡡᑕཚࢅᣪࡅ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞よㄕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔெ㛣ࡡᑕཚࡢࠉᠻࠍࡡᇱᮇⓏ㐠⩇Ⓩ౮ೋ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᠻࠍࡢ㈃⩽ࡡර㇗ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࠉ㈃⩽ࢅᠻࠍࡡྜྷࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㈃⩽ࢅᙴࡼ⮤㌗ࡡⓆᒈࡷን 㠁ࡡమ࡛ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ຑࡴࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪࡢࠉ㏸∸࡞ᑊࡌࡾ♼ࡡយࢅୠ⏲࡚᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ ࡌࡾࠕ20ࠊ௧ୖࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㉫″࣬ᑊ㇗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣑⪯᭡࡛᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅ⧆ࡀࡼฦ ᯊࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࣭࡛࢝࣋ࡢࠉ⣑⪯᭡ࡷ᩺⣑⪯᭡࡞࠽ࡄࡾ♼ࡡយ࡛㝼ெយࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ21ࠊ♼ࡡយࡢࠉ♼ ࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞࠻ࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ࡢよㄕࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉ㝼ெយࡢࠉெ㛣ࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣 ࡞࠻ࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔୠオ㸝Genesis㸞ࠕ࡞ㅳࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ♼ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡵࡌ࡙♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡍࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝼 ெយࡢࠉࡐࡡយࡈ࠻ࡵ♼࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㏸ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡞㑇ඔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡄࡿࡣࠉெ㛣ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝼ெយࡵ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㝼ெយࡢࠉ♼ࡡ យ࡞㑇ඔࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᩺⣑⪯᭡࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉ♼យࡐࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㝼ெយ♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡍࡾࡵࡡ᪺☔࡞ㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣙ ࣀࢾࡡᡥ⣤㸝John 1㸞࣬4 ࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔយࡌࡾ⩽ࡒࡔࠉப࠷࡞យࡊྙ࠷ࡱࡊࡺ࠹ࠊ យࡢ♼࠾ࡼฝࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉយࡌࡾ⩽ࡢⓑࠉ♼࠾ࡼ⏍ࡱࡿࠉ♼ࢅ▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠊយࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡡ࠷⩽ 66 ࡢ♼ࢅ▩ࡽࡱࡎࢆࠊ♼ࡢយࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠕ22ࠊ♼ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉយࡡ″ἠ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ ࡼࠉ㝼ெយࢅᐁ㊰࡚ࡀ࠷⩽ࡢ♼ࡡយࢅ▩ࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ㄵ⌦࡛ࡗࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᩺⣑⪯᭡◂✪⩽ࡡ࢛࣓ࣝࣤ࣬ࣛࢪ㸝Leon Morris㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ࡚࠵ࡾ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉ ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡡយ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚᪺☔ᙟࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࡵࡖ࡙࠷ ࡒយ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷⩻࠻᪁ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ᭩Ⰳ࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡾ᪁Ἢࡢࠉࡐࡿࢅ࢙࣭ࣞࢪ࠵ࡼࢂࡌᛦ࡛Ẓ㍉ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㸝୯␆㸞ࠊ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡢࡗࡡࡒࡾ≁ᚡࢅᣚࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡌࢂࡔ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡢࠉ౮ೋ࠵ ࡾࡵࡡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᡜ᭯ࡊࡒ࠷࡛㢢࠹យ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࢝࣋ࡢࡗࡡⅤ࡚ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣭࢝࣋ ࡢ౮ೋ࠵ࡾࡵࡡࡡយ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᡜ᭯ࡊࡒ࠷࡛㢢࠹យ࡚ࡵ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢຉ⦴࡛ࡢࡱࡖࡒࡂ↋㛭౿࡞࠻ ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡢ࠻ࡻ࠹࡛ຑࡴࡾយࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ23ࠊ ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࣭࡚࢝࣋࠵ ࡽࠉ♼ࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࡌ࡙ࡡெࢅ ᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ᪺Ⓣ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ♼ࡌ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡡ㏸⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⨝ࡡ㏸⩽ ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵណࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⨝ࢅ≚ࡊࡒ↋౮ೋெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡵ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾࡢ ࡍࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㝼ெយࡡᑊ㇗ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡெࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅཤ↯ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛࡚ୌᒒ᪺☔࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࢝ࣚࢷࣕࡡಘᚈࡡᡥ⣤㸝Galatians㸞࣬3 ࡞ࡢࠉࠔࣗࢱࣕெࡵ࢟ࣛࢨ ெࡵࡂࠉዦ㞌ࡵ⮤⏜㌗ฦࡡ⩽ࡵࡂࠉ⏠ࡵዥࡵ࠵ࡽࡱࡎࢆࠊ࠵ࡒࡒࡢⓑࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹ࢙࣬ࢪ࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ୌࡗࡓ࠾ࡼ࡚ࡌࠕ24࡛࠵ࡽࠉយࡡᑊ㇗Ằ᪐ࠉ㌗ฦࠉᛮื࡛࠷ࡖࡒሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ ᪺♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡㸝Gospel according to St. Matthew㸞࣬5 ࡚ࡢࠉᙔࡡᚂ Ἢ⩇⩽㸝ࣗࢱࣕᩅ㸞ࡡᩅㄕࠔ㝼ெࢅយࡊࠉᩓࢅ៦ࡴࠕྫྷᏽࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉࠔᩓࢅយࡊࠉ⮤ฦࢅ㏍ᐐࡌ ࡾ⩽ࡡࡒࡴ࡞♫ࡽࡈ࠷ࠕ25࡛ㄕࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࠉཪᩓ࡛࠷࠹༇ืࡵ㉲࠻ࡾࡻ࠹㝼ெࡡយㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊយࡡᑊ㇗ᑛࡂ࡛ࡵெ㛣࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡெ㛣ࡌ࡙ᑊ㇗࡛ࡾយ࣭࡚࢝࣋࠵ࡾࠊ 㝼ெយࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢୌ᪁Ⓩ㉏࡚࠵ࡽࠉ┞பⓏஹᥦ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࣜ࢜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 㸝Luke㸞࣬10 ࡡࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リࡢࠉࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ࠵ࡾெ࢙ࣜࢦ࣑ࣝ ࠾ࡼ࢙ࣛࢤୖࡖ࡙࠷ࡂ㏭୯ࠉ㏛࠷ࡢࡁ࡞ぉࢂࡿࡒࠊ㏛࠷ࡢࡁࡢࡐࡡெࡡ᭱ࢅࡢࡁཱིࡽࠉṸࡽࡗࡄࠉ༖ 67 ṽࡊ࡞ࡊࡒࡱࡱ❟ࡔཡࡖࡒࠊ࠵ࡾ⚅ྒྷࡒࡱࡒࡱࡐࡡ㐠ࢅୖࡖ࡙ᮮࡒࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜࡾ࡛ࠉ㐠ࡡྡྷࡆ࠹ ഁࢅ㏳ࡖ࡙⾔ࡖࡒࠊྜྷࡋࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࣝࣄெࡵࡐࡡሔᡜ࡞ࡷࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜࡾ࡛ࠉ㐠ࡡྡྷࡆ࠹ഁࢅ ㏳ࡖ࡙⾔ࡖࡒࠊ᪉ࢅࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࠵ࡾࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉࡐࡣ࡞ᮮࡾ࡛ࠉࡐࡡெࢅぜ࡙៧ࡿ࡞ᛦ࠷ࠉ㎾ᐞࡖ࡙ഭ ࡞ἔ࡛ࡩ࠹㒿ࢅἸࡁࠉໜᖈࢅࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡࢀࡣ࡞ࡎࠉᐙᒁ࡞㏻ࡿ࡙⾔ࡖ࡙ᢢࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ⩛ ࡞ࡾ࡛ࠉࢸࢻ࢛ࣛࣤ㖗㈄ᯓࢅཱིࡽฝࡊࠉᐙᒁࡡெ࡞ῳࡊ࡙ゕࡖࡒࠊࠖࡆࡡெࢅᢢࡊ࡙ࡂࡓࡈ࠷ࠊ ㈕⏕ࡵࡖ࡛࠾࠾ࡖࡒࡼࠉᖉࡽࡄ࡞ᡮ࠷ࡱࡌࠗࠕ26ࠊ࢙ࢪ࣬࢞ࣛࢪࢹࡢࠉࡆࡡࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡ⾔Ⅵࡆ ࡐ㝼ெយࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᚂἪᏕ⩽࡞ㄕ࠷࡙ࠉࡆࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᬧ࡞ࡋ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࢦ࣏ࣛ ெࡢࠉᨾຐࡊࡒெ࠾ࡼరࡼ࠾ࡡฺ─ࢅさị࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㉏ࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ ࠷ࠊ༟ࡾၻណ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⣑⪯᭡ࡷ᩺⣑⪯᭡ࢅཤ↯ࡊࡼࠉࡐࡡᛮ㈻ࡷ≁ᚡࢅᣪࡅ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࣭࢝࣋ࡡយࡢࠉ♼ࢅ㉫″࡛ࡌࡾ♼࡛㝼ெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉẰ᪐࣬ᏺᩅභ ྜྷమࡡሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉᩓ࡛᪁ࢅ༇ืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂ࠻ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉർࢅịࡴ࠷㉏ࢅ⾔Ⅵ࡛ ࡌࡾយࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅆమࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࣭࢝࣋ࡡយ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡႌᤖ㸞 ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ࡚ࡢࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⮤ⓆⓏ㉏ࢅណࡌࡾᴣᛍࡢࠉࠔႌᤖ㸝ࢦࢱ࢜ࠉsadaqa㸞ࠕ࡛ࡊ ࡙ୌ⯙࡞⌦よࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ㸝ࢤ࣭ࣚࣤ㸞࡚ࡢࠉୌᏽࡡ㈀⏐࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⛊⛧ ࢅណࡌࡾࢧ࣭࢜ࢹ㸝zakat㸞࡛ࠉ⮤ⓆⓏႌᤖࢅណࡌࡾࢦࢱ࡛࢜࠷࠹ࡗࡡႌᤖࡡᴣᛍ᪺☔࡞༇ื ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠉ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࠉ୦⩽ࡢ᪺☔࡞༇ืࡈࡿࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ♣ఌ࡞ᏽ╌ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢧ࢜ ࣭ࢹࡢࠉ㎨⏐∸ࠉ㔘㖗ࠉၛဗࠉᐓ⏾ࡡᡜ᭯㈀⏐࡞ᑊࡌࡾୌᏽẒ⋙ࡡ㈹ㄚࢅណࡌࡾࠉࢦࢱ࢜ࡢࠉ ⮤ⓆⓏណᚷ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ᪃ࢅណࡌࡾ27ࠊ ࢦࢱ࡛࢜ࡢࠉ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ 9࣬60 ࡞௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ᪃ࡊ㸝ࢦࢱ࢜㸞ࡢࠉ㈃⩽ࠉᅏ ❋⩽ࠉࡆࡿ㸝᪃ࡊࡡຸ㸞ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾ⩽ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᚨ㸝┷⌦࡞㸞ല࠷࡙ࡀࡒ⩽ࡡࡒࡴࠉࡱࡒ㌗㔘ࡷㇿ ബࡡ㏁ῥࡡࡒࡴࠉࡱࡒࢴ࣭ࣚࡡ㐠ࡡࡒࡴ㸝࡞⋙ࡊ࡙ຑງࡌࡾ⩽㸞ࠉࡱࡒ᪉ெࡡࡒࡴࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 68 ࡆࡿࡢࢴ࣭ࣚࡡỬᏽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢴ࣭ࣚࡢධ▩࡞ࡊ࡙ⱝ᪺࡚࠵ࡼࡿࡾࠕ28ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢦࢱ࢜ࡡᐁ㊰ࡢࠉ ࢴ࣭ࣚࡡᩅㄕ࡞ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉපᚠࡊ࡙㉚⨝ࡊ㸝࢜ࣆࣚ㸞ࠉ⌟ୠ࡚ࡡᖶ⚗࡛ᐼึࡡࢅ㏳ࡋ ࡒᮮୠ࡚ࡡᖶ⚗ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㈃⩽ࡷᅏ❋⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᪃ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ29ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢦࢱ࢜ࡡ ᑊ㇗⩽ࡢࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㟸࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡵྱࡱࡿࡾ࡛ୌ⯙࡞よ㔐ࡈࡿࡾ30ࠊࡱࡒࠉࠔࡆࡿࢅ⟮⌦ࡌ ࡾ⩽ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ᪃ࡊ∸ࢅຽ㞗ࡊฦ㒼ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᙔࡒࡾ⩽ࢅណࡊࠉࡐࡡ㈕⏕ࢅࢦࢱ࡚࢜ඖᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណ ࡊ31ࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᨾᥴᅆమࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡵࡆࡿ࡞ྱࡱࡿࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢪ࣐ࣚࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆࡢࠉࣚ ࣏ࢱ࣭ࣤ㸝᩷㣏᭮㸞࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᐣ⩽࠾ࡼࢦࢱ࢜ࢅຽࡖ࡙ࠉࡆࡿࢅ㈃⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㣏⣂ᥴຐ࡞ඖᙔࡊ࡙ࡌࡾࣚ ࣏ࢱ࣭࣭ࣤ࣬࢞ࣔࣤ࣋ࣤࢅᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉᏓඡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᗛࡷᩅ⫩ ᨥᥴࢅࡊ࡙ࠉᏓඡ㝌ࢅ㐘ႜࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᙁโຘ഼ࡷᛮⓏᦚཱིࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㌗㈑ࡡ≓∽⩽ࡵᨾῥ ࡌࡾὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ32ࠊ ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚୠ⏲ࡡୠಐⓏโᗐ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡈࡿࠉࠔỄ㐪ࡡࢦࢱ࢜ࠕ࡛ࡣࡿࡒ࣠ࢠࣆ㸝waqf㸞ࡡᐞ㐅โ ᗐ࡛ࠉࡐࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡵᣞᦤࡌࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡ㈀⏐ࢅṒᚃᏄᏘ࡞┞⤾ࡌ ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᡖࡡᤸ๎ࠉ᪉⾔⩽ྡྷࡄࡡ↋㈜పᑽࡡᘋスࠉ㐠㊪ࡷᶣࡡᩒങࠉභྜྷᆀࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ ୯㛏Ⓩ࡞⩽ࡡฺ─࡛ࡾ᪃スࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᥞ౩ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ ᐞ㐅ࢅṒᚃࡵ⤽⤾ࡌࡾโᗐࡡࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࣠ࢠࣆ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡡ࣠ࢠ ࣆࡡᐁ㊰࡞༝ງࡌࡾὩິࡵᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ33ࠊ (2) ୠಐⓏ౮ೋ ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄⧂Ꮛᅹࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ⤄⧂ࡵᑛࡂ࠷ࠊᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡢࠉᇱᮇᩝ᭡ࡷᇱᮇ᮪⣑࡞᥎ࡅࡼࡿࡒ┘Ⓩࢅᐁ㊰ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᅗ㝷 Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉୠಐⓏ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉス❟࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱᮇᩝ᭡ࡷᐃゕ࡞ ์ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ⾔ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⤄⧂࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡾୠಐⓏ౮ೋ↋ᩐ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾྊ⬗ ᛮ࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᙁງᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵࡊ࡙ࡀࡒᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິ࡞ ࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᴣふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 69 㸝ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉୠಐⓏ⤄⧂࡛ࡊ࡙ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡិၻ࣬㝼ெយࡡ ᛦኣኬᙫ㡢ࢅཀྵࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᅗ㝷࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅥᅗᐓཤ ථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ♇࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗㢟ᅹࡊࠉୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠㸝ெ 㛣ᛮ㸞࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡒ⾔ິぞ⠂ࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡス⩽ࡡୌெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉᩏ⹝࢜ࣜࣥࣤὬࡡᐓᗖ࡚ᠺ㛏ࡊࠉ ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ㟯ᖳఌ㸝Young Men’s Christian Association; YMCA㸞ࡡス❟࡛ᅗ㝷ⓏⓆᒈ࡞ᐞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ ࠾ࡼࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡិၻࡡ⢥♼࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᡋ࠷ࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡞ᚉࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢᐖ ᪾࡞ാ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ࡛ࠗ࠷࠹ㄵ⩻࡞࠽࠷࡙௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ⚶ ࡡぜࡒࡵࡡࡢࠉࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᡋ࠷࠾ࡼ⏍ࡋࡒᜅࢀࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ6 ᭮ 24 ࡡኬᡋணࡐࡣ࡚ ⾔ࢂࡿࡒᑚࡈ⏣࢜ࢪࢷ࢛࣭ࣛࢾ࣬ࢸࢴࣚ࣬ࣅ࢙࣭࡚ࣥ࢘ぜࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᆀ࡚⚶ࡢྜྷ࡛ᜅᛟ ࡛៧ࡿࡲ࡛࡞ࡢࡅࡊࡂᚨࢅິ࠾ࡈࡿࠉୠࡡெࠍࢆ࡚ࡂࡿࡒ࡛࠽ࡽࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡࢦ࣏ࣛெࠗ ࡞ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠕ34ࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌス❟ࡡ├ࡡິᶭ࡛ࡖࡒ⤊㥺ࢅ ࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リ࡛㔔ࡠ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿ࡚ࡡᨾ㆜Ὡ ິ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ㝼ெយࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡス❟࡞࠽ࡄࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ⢥♼ࡡᙫ㡢࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵࠉࢸࣖࢻ ࣤࡡⴥ᭡ࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗ࠾ࡼㄖࡲよࡂࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉࡆࡡ୯࡚ഭඹࢅᨾຐ ࡌࡾᨾ㆜ᅆమ㸝㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸞ࢅᖲ࠾ࡼ‵ങࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅᘿࡊࡒオ㏑ࡡᚃ࡚ࠉࠔெ㐠࡛࢞ࣛࢪ ࢹᩅ࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡぜᆀ࠾ࡼࡲ࡙ࠉࡆࡿ㧏ᗐࡡୠ⏲Ⓩ㔔さᛮࢅࡵࡗၡ㢗ࢅ◂✪ࡊࠉࡐࡡよỬࢅịࡴࡾ ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉẒ㍉Ⓩ࡞↋࡚ᖲ✔ࢅ᭯ຝ࡞⏕࠷࡙ࡢࡏ࠷ࡄ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠕ35࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡᩝ⬞࡞࠽࠷࡙㔔さࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡᖏス࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡡᨾ㆜ᅆమࡡᖏスࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠࡛࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡࡗࡡཋ⌦ᥴ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᅗ㝷㉝ ༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㐘ິࡡᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠ࡡ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࢅ⨠ࡂୌ᪁࡚ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ౮ೋ࡞ࡢゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ ࠷ࠊ᪁ࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡡࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝ࡚ࠗࡢࠉெ㐠࡛࠷࠹ୠಐⓏ౮ೋ࡛࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡛࠷࠹ ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࡡ୦᪁࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ౮ೋ⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ㄖࡴࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᙔิࠉ㉝༎ 70 Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡢࠉࡐࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔinter arma caritas㸝ᡋண࡞ិយࢅ㸞ࠕ ࢅ⏕ࡊࡒࠉិយ㸝࢜ࣛࢰࢪ㸞࡛ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉス❟ᙔิࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࡡᙫ㡢ࢅᏰධ࡞ᤴ㝎ࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒ࡛⩻࠻࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹36ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᨥᥴ⩽ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛࠷࠹⩽ࡡࡌ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅභ᭯ࡌࡾ ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᥴ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡢၡ㢗⏍ࡋ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂெࡡ㛣࡚ࡢ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥࡷ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࡡ㟸㞬 ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ཤථࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾၡ㢗ᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙㇗ᚡⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅥࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᵾ❮࡞ᑊࡌࡾᣦᡋ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࠉࢪࢪࡡᅗ᪕ࡡ⣒Ⓣࢅ㏁ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅᵾᴮࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᬉ㐚ᛮࡷᅗ㝷ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࢛ࢪ࣏ࣤ࣬ࢹࣜࢤ ᖀᅗࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡಘ௭ࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ༎Ꮚᯣࢅ⾪㇗ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᖀᅗ㌱㝪ࡡ オ❮࡚࠵ࡾ᩺᭮㸝᭮㸞ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡒ㉝᩺᭮ࢅ⏕ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝᩺᭮ࡡḿ⤣ᛮ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡱ ࡒࠉ࣋ࣜࢨࡡ࣭࢜ࢩ࣭ࣔࣜ᭽ࡢࠉ࢛ࢪ࣏ࣤ࣬ࢹࣜࢤᖀᅗ࡛ࣞࢨᖀᅗ࡛ᑊᓏࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࣋ࣜ ࢨࡡ⊲Ꮔኯ㝟ࢅᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࠉ࣋ࣜࢨ㉝⊲Ꮔኯ㝟♣ࢅス❟ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ37ࠊୌ᪁ࠉᮇࡢࠉ㉝ ༎Ꮚࡡオ❮ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ㟸ᏺᩅᛮࢅᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚༟ୌࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚࢅ ᵾᴮࡊࡒ38ࠊ1929 ᖳࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㉝࡛᩺᭮㉝⊲Ꮔኯ㝟᩺ࡊ࠷ᵾ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᘟ࡞⏕ࡈ ࡿࡾୌ᪁ࠉࡗࡡᵾ❮ࡡ㟸ᏺᩅᛮ☔ヾࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ᩺ࡊ࠷ᵾ❮ࡡ⏕ࡢ⤎ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ39ࠊ ࡗࡱࡽࠉ㟸࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅗᐓࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࡡཤථࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡオ❮ࢅࡴࡃࡾᑊ❟ࢅ⌟ฝࡈࡎࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ⌦ᛍ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠㸝ெ㛣ᛮ㸞࡛࠷࠹ୠಐⓏ౮ ೋࢅᇱ♇࡞࠽ࡂᇱᮇཋ⌦ࢅ㏸ࡌࡾṌྍⓏ⫴ᬊ࡛ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ⏍㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡚ࡢࠉス❟ᙔิ࠾ࡼ⾔ິཋ์࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾཋ์ࡢ Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉమ⣌Ⓩ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉඔ࣬㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌጟဤ㛏ࠉᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽ࢩࣔࣤ࣬ 71 ࣅࢠࢷ㸝Jean Pictet㸞࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࣅࢠࢷࡢࠉ ࠖᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ㞟ヽ㸝Revue International de la Croix-Rouge㸞ࠗ࡞ࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡡㅎཋ์㸝Les Principes de la Croix-Rouge㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ㄵ⩻ࢅ᥎㍍ࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅᩒ⌦ࡊ࡙ࠖ㉝༎Ꮚࡡㅎཋ์࡛ࠗ࠷࠹ୌࡡ᭡⡘࡛ࡊ࡙ ษ⾔ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉெ㐠ཋ์ࡢࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࠉⱖ࡛Ṓ࡛࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㜒࠹ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࠉெ㛣ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ ሔྙ࡞᪂࠷࡙ࠉெ㛣ࡼࡊࡂཱིࡽࢂࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡌࡾ㸝La Croix-Rouge Lute contre la souffrance et la mort. Elle demande qu’en toute circonstance l’homme soit humanement traité㸞ࠕ40࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࡡ➠ୌࡡ ཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞よㄕࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠࡛ࡢࠉࠖெ㢦࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✒ᴗⓏ⾔Ⅵࡡវࠗ ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࡻ࠹ࠊெ㐠࡛ࡢࠉୌࡗࡡ々㞟ິᶭ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡡິᶭࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉばวᚨࠉ࠵ࢂࡿࡲࡡᚨࠉඁ ࡊࡈࠉᐰኬࡈࠉᚰ⪇ࠉࡈࡄࠉ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ࠷ࡂࡗ࠾ࡡ㢦జࡡさ⣪⛤ᗐࢅ␏࡞ࡊ࡙Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ㸝Nous définirons l’humanitè comme un setiment de bienveillance active envers les hommes. Subjectivement, c’est un mobile complexe, où l’on peut discerne plusieurs éléments voisins, présents à des degrés divers, tels que bonté, pitié, douceur, générosité, patience, clémence.㸞ࠕ41ࠊࣅࢠࢷࡡெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࢅណࡌࡾ ༡យ⩇ࢅୠಐⓏ࡞ㄕ㏑ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉࣅࢠࢷࡢࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹វࠉ࢙࣭ࣞࢪࡡ౮ೋ࠵ࡾ⩽ࢅᡜ᭯ࡌࡾយࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ࣭࢝࣋ࡡᑊ㇗ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾ㉏ࡡយ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᣞᦤࡊࠉ㝼ெយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢦ࣏ࣛெ ࡡ㐋リࡵᘤ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵࢅெ㐠⩇ࡡよ㔐࡞ᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1965 ᖳࠉ࣭࡚ࣤࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ḿᘟ࡞ࠔ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠕᢝࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚ࠉ ெ㐠ཋ์ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࠔᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㐘ິ㸝௧ୖࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㸞 ࡢࠉᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᕣืࡂㇿഭ⩽࡞ᨾ㆜ࢅ࠻ࡒ࠷࡛࠷࠹㢢࠷࠾ࡼ⏍ࡱࡿࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ≟Ἓୖ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ 㛣ࡡⱖࢅ㜭ࡊ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩ࠽ࡻࡦᅗහⓏ࡞ຑງࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡ┘Ⓩࡢ⏍࡛ᗛࢅᏬࡽࠉெ 㛣ࡡᑕ㔔ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᅗẰ㛣ࡡ┞ப⌦よࠉཪࠉ༝ງཀྵࡦᇻᅖ ᖲࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾ㸝Née du souci de porter secours sans discrimination aux blessés des champs de bataille, la Croix-Rouge, sous son aspect international et national, s’efforce de prévenir et d’alléger en toutes circonstances 72 les souffrances des hommes. Elle tend à protéger la vie et la santé, ainsi qu’à faire respecter la personne humaine. Elle favorise la compréhension mutuelle, l’amitié, la coopération et une paix durable entre tous les peuples㸞ࠕࠊ ࡆࡡெ㐠ཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᄿࡗࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 5 ⟿ཤ↯㸞ࠉࡆࡡཋ์࠾ࡼெ㐠 ⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ᣈࢅᑙฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1979 ᖳࠉࣅࢠࢷࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࠾ࡼࡡḿᘟࡡさㄫࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉࠔ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠕ࡞ᑊࡌࡾἸ㔐 ᭡ࠖよㄕ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᇱᮇཋ์㸝Les Principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge : commentaire㸞ࠗࢅᇮ➱ࡊࠉษ ⾔ࡊࡒࠊࣅࢠࢷࡢࠉெ㐠ཋ์࡞㛭ࡌࡾူᏕⓏ⩻ᐳࡡ୯࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࡷᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘ ࡄࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠ࡡཋ์ࡡ㉫″ࡢࠉ♣ఌ㐠ᚠࡡᮇ㈻ࡡ୯࡞࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡢࠖ࠵ࡒ ࡊ࡙ḟࡊ࠷࡛ᛦ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅெ࡞ࡊ࡙ࡷࡽࡈ࠷࡛ࠗ࠷࠹⠾༟ゕⴝ࡞さ⣑ࡈࡿࡱࡌࠊࡆࡡᇱᮇⓏᩅ࠻ ࡢࠉࣁ࣓ࣚࣤᩅࠉᩅࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࠉ൰ᩅࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࠉࣗࢱࣕᩅࠉ㐠ᩅࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾኬᏺᩅ ࡡ୯࡞ྜྷࡋᙟ࡚ぜฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡱࡌࠊࡐࡿࡢࡱࡒࠉᏺᩅ࡞㢏ࡼࡍ⌦ᛮࡡྞࡡࡵ࡛࡞⤊㥺࡞ࡻࡾ▩ ㆉࡓࡄࢅಘࡍࡾᐁッ⩇⩽ࡡ㯜㔘ᚂ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽࡱࡌ㸝La source du principe d’humanité est dans la morale sociale, qui peut se résumer en une seule phrase : faites aux autres ce que vous voudriez qu’on vous fasse. Ce précepte fondamental se retrouve, sous une forme presque identique, dans toutes les grandes religions, soit le brahmanisme, le bouddhisme, le christianisme, le confucianisme, l’islamisme, le judaïsme, le taoïsme. Et c’est aussi la règle d’or des positivistes, qui ne tablent pas sur la religion, mais sur les données de l’expérience, au nom de la seule raison.㸞ࠕ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ42ࠊ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ㉫″ࠉୠಐⓏ࣬ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅ㏳ᗇࡌࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾ㯜㔘ᚂ࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾ࠾࠹࠾ࡢ㆗ㄵࡡఴ ᆀ࠵ࡾ࡛ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ㐘ິࡡெ㐠ぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠࡛࠷࠹ୠಐⓏ౮ೋࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡷࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾཋ⌦࡚ࡢ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡢ᪺☔࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ ெ㐠⩇ࠉኣᵕ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྱណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (3) ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ ᅗ㝷㛭౿࡞࠽ࡄࡾぞ⠂⌦ㄵࡡ㔔さ㢗ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡾ⩇ຸࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ㏻ࡡ㆗ ㄵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑㸝භྜྷమ⩇㸞࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑㸝ୠ⏲⩇㸞ࡡ㛣 73 ࡡㄵண࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ၌⩽ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡᩝⓏ࣬ᆀᇡⓏභྜྷమ࡞࠽࠷࡙౮ೋභ᭯ࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᙁㄢࡊࠉභྜྷమࡡሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻ࡒᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋࡡᏋᅹ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞᠔Ⓩ❟ሔࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩ ౮ೋභྜྷమࡡኣᵕ౮ೋࢅᤖ㇗ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮࢅᣞᦤࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ၌⩽ࡢࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩ ౮ೋࡡᏋᅹ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮࢅᙁㄢࡊࠉ≁ᏽࡡᩝⓏ࣬㡷ᇡⓏභྜྷమ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ౮ೋࠉࡡභྜྷమ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᤴ ⩇ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮࢅᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡㄵணࡢࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡛ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾ ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤⓏெ㐠⩇࡛ࠉᆀᇡ࡛ᩝ࡞≁ᏽࡈࡿࡾᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࣤ Ⓩெ㐠⩇ࡡ㛣ࡡㄵண࡞Ⓠᒈࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡛ࡈࡿࡾெᶊࠉ㎾࣭ࣙ ࣞࢴࣂ࡞ṌྍⓏ㉫″ࢅࡵࡗ౮ೋ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚࡷࢩࡡெᶊᴣᛍ࡛᧷ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾ࡛࠷ࡖࡒࠉ ெᶊࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡛㢦జࡊࡒၡ㢗࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞❟⬦ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱ♇ࡡኣᵕᛮ ࡛ᑊ㇗ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ୦❟ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ᥀ࡽࡒ࠷ࠊ យ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡㄵண࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣏࣭ࢦ࣬ࢽࢪࣁ࣑㸝Martha Nussbaum㸞ࡡㄵ⩻ࠔࣂࢹ࢛ࣛࢷࢫ࣑࡛ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑㸝Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism㸞ࠕ࡛࣏ ࢢ࢚ࣜ࣬ࣜࢵ࣭㸝Michael Walzer㸞ࠔយࡡᅥᇡ㸝Spheres of Affection㸞ࠕࡡㄵ⩻ཤ⩻࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹43ࠊࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡢࠉࣛࢲ࣭ࣔࢺ࣭࣬ࣞࢷ㸝Richard Rorty㸞➴ࡡ⡷ᅗ࡚ࡡយᅗᚨࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾᛦ₳ࢅᢀึ ࡊࠉࢪࢹὬࡡࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢪࢹᘿࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉධெ㢦࡞ࡻࡾெ㛣ᛮࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾ㐠ᚠⓏභྜྷమ ࡞➠ୌࡡᚽㄌࢅ࠹ࡀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⮤ฦࡡᐓ᪐ࡷெ⛸Ⓩ࣬Ằ᪐Ⓩ࣬ᩝⓏභྜྷమࢅୠ⏲ࡡ㒂ฦ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よ ࡊࠉୠ⏲ᕰẰࡡୌဤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ⮤ᕤ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙≁ืࡡἸណ࡛㒼៎ࢅࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ44ࠊ ࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡢࠉࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡡୠ⏲ᕰẰ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅ㇗Ⓩ࡚㟸⌟ᐁⓏࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙ ᤴ㝎ࡊࠉࢽࢪࣁ࣑ᥴ⏕ࡊࡒࢪࢹὬࡡྜྷᚨළࡡ࣒࣭ࢩࢅᘤ⏕ࡊࠉ㝼ெយࡡㄵ⌦ࢅ⏕࠷ࡼࠉ➠ ୌࡡᚽㄌࡢࠉአഁࡡළࢅណࡌࡾධெ㢦࡚ࡢࡂࠉහഁࡡළ࡚࠵ࡾ⮤ᕤ࡛ࡐࡡ㝼ெ࡞࠻ࡼࡿࠉࡐࡡយ ࢅአഁࡡළ࡞ᣉᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡெࠍࢅយࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡᣉᘿࡢ⩽ ࡡ⩇ຸࡷ㛭ࢅ΅ᑛࡈࡎࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ࡞㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ45ࠊ ࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡢࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭➴࡞ࡻࡾㅎᢀึ࡞ᚺ➽ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡢࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࠉ 74 ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡛㐪᪁⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࢅྜྷ➴࡞ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㎾ば⩽ࡵ㐪᪁⩽ࡵெ㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㐠⩇ Ⓩ౮ೋࡢྜྷ➴࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ゕࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㛣 ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ౮ೋࡢࠉெ㛣ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ゕⴝ࡚ᙟᐖࡈࡿࠉࡐࡿࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࢅយࡡභྜྷమࡡᠺဤ࡛ࡌࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩ ᇱ♇࡛ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ᅒ 7 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᅒ 7 ࢽࢪࣁ࣑࡛࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ ࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡡྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡡྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ យࡡ⛤ᗐ㸝⃨Ὲ㸞 យࡡ⠂ᅑ㸝አළ㸞 យࡡጙⅤ࣬⤂Ⅴ ➠ୌࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩᚽㄌ ெ㛣ᛮ㸤㝼ெយ ➱⩽షᠺ ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡㄵண࠾ࡼெ㐠⩇࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⠾༟࡞ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙ ࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࡡୌᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠉࡆࡿࡢḿ☔ よ㔐࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡㄵணࡢࠉ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ♇ᬉ㐚 Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࠉሔᡜ࡛ࢅ㝀ᏽࡌࡾᩝⓏ࣬ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡞࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼ⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡚ᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏ౮ೋ࡞㐠⩇Ⓩ ᰷ᣈࢅ⨠ࡂࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠⩇࡛ࡽࠉெ㐠⩇࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ㝼ெ យࡷࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡႌᤖ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞㐠ᚠⓏᇱ♇ࢅịࡴࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠⩇࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞᰷ᣈࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚ ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤⓏெ㐠⩇࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࣤⓏெ㐠⩇ࡡᏋᅹࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࡵࡡ 㸝➱⩽షᠺ㸞 ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ 75 ࡱࡒࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅយࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࡡୌᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ᩷ᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࣤⓏយࡡྊ⬗ᛮࢅᤴ㝎ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼḿ ☔よ㔐࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ࡵゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ㝼ெយࡢࠉᏺᩅࡷẰ᪐ࠉዦ㞌ࡡ㌗ฦࠉᩓ ࡷ᪁࡛࠷࠹ሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻࡙㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞࠻ࡼࡿࡾយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊぞ⠂ Ⓩᇱ♇≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅ࣬ᩝභྜྷమࡡᠺဤ࡞ࡓࡄභ᭯ࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉយࡡᑊ㇗භྜྷమࢅ㉲࠻࡙ ᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡយࡡᛦࠉභྜྷమࡡአࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾយࡡἴཀྵࢅᢼ⤧ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂយ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࡡយࡢࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒយࡡᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ 㛣ᛮࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾெ㛣ࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂយ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࠉெ㛣ᛮ ࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷࠷࡛ࡈࡿࡾ㔕⺽ெࡷዦ㞌࡛࠷ࡖࡒᏋᅹ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙យཀྵࡣ࠷ྊ⬗ᛮࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ ࡀ࠷ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ༡យ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡཪយ㸝philia㸞ࢅㄕ࠷ࡒࣛࢪࢹࢷࣝࢪࡢࠉⴥ᭡ࠖࢼࢤ࣏ࢤࢪ⌦Ꮥ㸝Ητικά Νικοµαχεια㸞ࠗࡡ୯࡚ࠉយࡢெ㛣ࡡ㛭౿࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㐠ර࡚࠵ࡾዦ㞌ࢅយࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ ࠷࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ46ࠉெ㛣ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍᤴⓏലྡྷࢅ᭯ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᅒ 8 ᤴ㝎ࡈࡿࡒெ㛣ࡡᏋᅹࡌࡾࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤ࣬ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰ࣓ࣛࣤࢸࣜ ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰ࣓ࣤࢸࣜ ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰ࣓ࣛࣤࢸࣜ យࡡ⛤ᗐ㸝⃨Ὲ㸞 យࡡ⠂ᅑ㸝አළ㸞 យࡡጙⅤ࣬⤂Ⅴ ➠ୌࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩᚽㄌ ᤴ㝎ࡈࡿࡒெࠍ ➱⩽షᠺ 76 ࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞࡛ࡖ࡙㔔さࡆ࡛ࡢெ㐠⩇ᬉ㐚Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࡡ࠾ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ ≁ᏽࡡᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬ᆀᇡⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࡢࡂࠉយࡡ㡷ᇡ࠾ࡼᤴ㝎ࡈࡿࡒ ṟఴࡡெ㛣ࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽ΅ᑛࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ 4 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ ๑⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽࠉኣᵕᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱ♇ ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅㄵ㏑ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᥦゕࡌࡿࡣࠉយࡡᇱ♇ࡡኣᵕᛮ࡛យࡡᑊ㇗ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ୦ ❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᳠ッ࡚ࡀࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばᐠᅥࡡយࢅ ↋⦍ࡡ⩽࡞ࡱ࡚ཀྵࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉយࡡ⠂ᅑࢅአഁ࡞ᗀࡅࡾࡓࡄ࡚ ࡂࠉយࡡ⛤ᗐࢅአഁ࡞ཉࡂࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡵណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉᨥᥴ ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅฦᯊࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (1) ெ㐠⩇ࡡᶊฺ ெ㐠⩇࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᶊฺࢅᘿࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊ47ࡷࢠࢬࢪᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊெ 㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓአ㒂࠾ࡼࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ ࡈࡿࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡡ࡚ࡀࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢠࢬࢪᶊ࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㎾ࡷり㸝ࢠࢬࢪ㸞ࡡᶊฺࢅࡊࠉᅗᐓࡷ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾࢠࢬࢪࢅᢼ⤧ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ⩽ࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡢᓠืࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡊ ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ௧ୖࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᶊฺࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᶊฺࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡆ࠹ࠊ ᶊฺ㸝rights㸞࡛ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡమ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙≁ᏽࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ḿᙔ㸝right㸞࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾࡴࡾࡵࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெᶊ࡛ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉெ㛣ࡢࠉࡐࡡᇱᮇⓏᶊฺ࡞าᣪࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ 77 ᵕࠍ⾔Ⅵࢅḿᙔ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᶊฺࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᶊฺࢅ⾔ࡌࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾ࡢమࡡ⮤⏜㔖࡞ࡻࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡞ᨥ ᥴࡌࡾᶊฺࢅヾࡴࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡึ᩷࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᨲᲘࡌࡾ≁ᶊࡵヾࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡵࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾຐࢅさㄫࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࡌࡾᶊฺࢅ ࠻ࡿࡣࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡢഎふ⩽࡚࠷࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ἪူᏕࡡฦ㔕࡚ࡢࠉW. N. ࣭࣌ࣆ࢘ࣜࢺ㸝W. N. Hohfeld㸞ᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿࡞㛭ࡌࡾฦᯊᅒᘟࢅᥞ㉫ࡊࠉ ᄿࡗࡡᴣᛍ࡛┞㛭࣬ᑊ❟㛭౿ࢅ᪺♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉㄫịᶊ㸝claim㸞ࠉ ≁ᶊ࣬⮤⏜㸝privilege, liberty㸞ࠉᶊ⬗㸝power㸞ࠉඞ㝎㸝immunity㸞ࡡ 4 ࡗᏋᅹࡊࠉࡐࡿࡑࡿ 4 ࡗࡡ⩇ ຸᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ⩇ຸ㸝duty㸞ࠉ↋ᶊฺ㸝no-right㸞ࠉ㈈௴㸝liability㸞ࠉ↋⬗ງ㸝disability㸞࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾ࡛ࡈ ࡿࡾ㸝⾪ 13 ཤ↯㸞48ࠊ⚶ெ㛣ࡡἪⓏᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿ࡢࠉㄫịᶊ—⩇ຸࡡ㛭౿ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊ ࡆࡡ㢦ᆵࡢࠉ⚶ெ㛣ࡡᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿࡞ࡵ㐲⏕࡚ࡀࡾࠉெ࡛ᅗᐓࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿ࢅ⌦ よࡌࡾ୕࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡ㢦ᆵ࡛ࡂ࡞᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ⮤⏜࡛↋ᶊฺ㸝⚏Ḿ㸞ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ぜࡿ ࡣࠉࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெ⾪⌟ࡡ⮤⏜ࡷಘ௭ࡡ⮤⏜ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓெࡡ⾪⌟ࡷಘ௭ࡡ⮤⏜ ࢅᐐࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᶊ⬗࡛㈈௴࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ぜࡿࡣࠉࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ ெཤᨳᶊࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓெࡡཤᨳᶊࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉඞ 㝎࡛↋⬗ງ࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡚ࡢࠉࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெᚡඹ࠾ࡼඞ㝎ࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡢெࢅᚡඹ࡚ࡀ ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ⾪ 13 ᶊฺ⩇ຸ㛭౿ࡡ 4 ࡗࡡ㢦ᆵ ᶊฺ ⩇ຸ ㄫịᶊ㸝セྊ㸞 ≁ᶊ࣬⮤⏜ ᶊ⬗ ඞ㝎 Right Privilege Power Immunity ⩇ຸ ↋ᶊฺ㸝⚏Ḿ㸞 ㈈௴ ↋⬗ງ Duty No-right Liability Disability 㸝Hohfeld, Fundamental Legal Conceptions ࡡ⾪ࢅ➱⩽ಞḿࡊࡒ49㸞 ᨥᥴ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾຐࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ௧୕ࡡᶊฺࡡᄿ㢦ᆵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ࡵルᙔࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷ࠊ ᨥᥴ⩽ᨾຐࡡ⮤⏜ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡢࡐࡡᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅጄᐐࡊ࡙ࡢࡼࡍࠉࡱࡒࠉᨥᥴ⩽ ᨾຐࡡᶊ⬗ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡢࡐࡡᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅಕ㝸ࡌࡾ㈈௴࠵ࡾࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉᨥᥴ⩽ 78 ᨾຐ࠾ࡼඞ㝎ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡢᨥᥴ⩽ࢅᨾຐ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵࠉெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶊฺᨥᥴ⩽࡞࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ ๑ᥞㄏࡽ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リ࡚ࡢࠉ℔Ṓࡡ᪉⾔⩽ࢅᨾຐࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ⚅ྒྷ࡛ࣝࣄெࡡ⾔Ⅵ㟸㞬ࡈࡿࠉᨾ ຐࡊࡒࢦ࣏ࣛெ㝼ெយࡡᐁ㊰⩽࡛ࡊ࡙㈳㈰ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㝼ெយࡢࠔỚࡡዯࡂࠉỚࡡ㝼ெࢅយ ࡎࡻࠕ࡛࠷࠹௦࡞㞗⣑ࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ௦ࡢୌ⯙࡞ெࠍ࡞⩇ຸࢅㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ 㐠⩇ࡵᶊฺ࡚ࡢࡂ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛᥆ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (2) ἪⓏ⩇ຸ࡛㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡞ࡢ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾᥴࡌࡾ⩇ຸᏋᅹࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡢᨥᥴ⩽࠾ࡼ ⤝ࢅུࡌࡾᶊฺᏋᅹࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊୌ⯙ⓏἪⓏᶊฺ—⩇ຸ㛭౿࡞࠽ࡄࡾ ᶊฺࡢࠉബᶊ⩽࡞ㄫịᶊࢅࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࠉബຸ⩽ബຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡊ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉബᶊ⩽ࡐࡡᒓ⾔ࢅึ ᡜ࡞ㄫịࡊࠉᅗᐓബᶊ⩽࡞ࢂࡖ࡙ബຸ⩽࡞ബຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ㸝⾪ 13 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ἪⓏᶊฺ—⩇ຸ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ ࠹ౚ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵㄫịᶊヾࡴࡼࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᖏⓏౚࢅᣪࡅࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ පᅧࡷ㊪୕࡚⏍Ὡࡊ࡙࠷ࡾெࠍ㣏⣂ࡷ㔘㖱ࢅ㏳ࡽࡌࡽࡡெ࡞ịࡴࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉࡆࡡさㄫࢅ↋っࡊࡒ↋ ᩐࡡெࠍ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᐐ㈴ർࢅㄫị࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆࡡさㄫ࡞ᚺࡋࡒெࠍࡢࠉ⩇ຸࡡᒓ⾔ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ㄫ ịᶊࡡⓆ⏍ࢅよ㝎࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡౚࢅᣪࡅࡿࡣࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᨥᥴ ࢅさㄫࡊࡒ⿍ⅇ⩽Ṓஷࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࡐࡡ㐿᪐࡞㈴ർ㔘ࢅᨥᡮ࠹⩇ຸࢅㇿ࠹࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹࠾ࠊ୕オࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࡐࡡࡻ࠹ㄫịᶊࢅ⏍ࡋࡈࡎࡾἪⓏᶊฺ⩇ ຸ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷ࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࠉㄫịᶊࢅఔࢂ࠷ἪⓏᶊฺ—⩇ຸ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ⿍ ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࢅུࡌࡾᶊ⬗ࢅ࠻ࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠹࡛࠷࠹ἪⓏᶊ⬗ —㈈௴㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾㸝⾪ 13 ཤ↯㸞ࠊᅗᐓ࡛ᅗẰࡡ㛭౿࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉᅗẰ ⑄ࡷഭᐐ࡚ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᨳᗋ࠾ࡼᨥᥴࢅུࡌࡾἪⓏᶊ⬗ࢅ⾔ࡊࠉᨳᗋࡢᅗẰ࡞ 79 ᑊࡊ࡙ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾἪⓏ㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠹࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢ༎ฦ࡞⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᅗᐓᅗẰࡡ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅ ἪⓏ࡞ಕ㝸ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࠉ➠ 1 ❮࡚ゕཀྵࡊࡒᅗᐓࡡᅗẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᨥᥴ⩽ெࡷ♣ఌ⤄⧂࣬ᅗ㝷⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡚ࠉᶊ⬗—㈈ ௴ࡡ㛭౿Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠉἪⓏ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢゕ࠷㞬࠷ࠊἪⓏᶊฺ—⩇ຸ㛭౿࡞ࡗ ࠷࡙ࡢࠉㄫịᶊࡡ㟸࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡊ࠷⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾἪⓏโᏋᅹࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐ ࡡࡻ࠹โࡡྊ⬗ᛮࡢᴗࡴ࡙࠷࡛ᛦࢂࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉࠔࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡ㐋リࠕ࡚ࡡ℔Ṓ⩽ࢅ↋っࡊ࡙㏳ࡽ㐛ࡁࡒ⚅ྒྷࡷࣝࣄெࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢセᐖࡈࡿࡾ ࠾࡛ゕ࠻ࡣࡐ࠹࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊἪⓏโࡢఔࢂ࠷ࡡ࡚ἪⓏ࡞ࡢセᐖࡈࡿࡾࠉ㐠ᚠⓏ࡞ࡢ㟸㞬ࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉἪⓏ⩇ຸ࡚ࡢࡂ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⌦よࡌࡾࡡ㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹ࠊ (3) 㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ ᅗ㝷ぞ⠂⌦ㄵࡡ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࣏ࣜࢠࢪ㸲ࢹࣜࣛࢪ࣬࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞ㸝Marcus Tullius Cicero㸞 ࡷ࣏ࢼ࢙ࣖࣜ࣬࢜ࣤࢹ㸝Immanuel Kant㸞ࢅ⾪࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ຸㄵ㸝deontology㸞࡞❟⬦ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࢅᵋ⠇ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ㐠ᚠⓏᇱ♇ࡘࡄ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉኣᵕᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦ Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡆ࡛ࢅセᐖࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹㐠ᚠⓏኣඔ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࢅཱིࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᮇᮮ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸ ㄵ࡛ࡢ┞ᐖࡿ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡᏰධ⩇ຸ࡛Ᏸධ⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⩇ຸࡡ㢦ᆵࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾㄵ⩻ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾฦᯊᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙᭯ຝ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸㄵࢅ⏕ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ᮇⓏ㆗ㄵ࡞ථࡾ๑࡞ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹ⩇ຸㄵࡡ㐠ᚠⓏᇱ♇ࡘࡄ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄕ㏑ࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠽ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸㄵ࡛ࡢ⩇ຸࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࠖெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄ㸝Grundlegung zur Metaphysik der Sitten㸞ࠗ50࡞࠽࠷࡙ㄵ✪ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡗࡡ⩇ຸࡡ༇ฦࡷ⩇ຸࡡහᐖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࠖெ ࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥ㸝Die Metapysik der Sitten㸞ࠗ51࡚レ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉࠖெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࠗ ࠔᚠㄵࡡᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏᏽ♇ࠕ㸝Metaphysische Anfangsgründe der Tugendlehre㸞ࠗ࡞࠽࠷࡙⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᏰ ධ⩇ຸࡡ୯ᚨⓏ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࢅ㆗㏑ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ᚺ⏕࡚ࡀࡾ 80 ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1) ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸㄵ ࢜ ࣤࢹ ࡡ⩇ ຸㄵ ࡞ ࠽ࡄ ࡾ㐠 ᚠⓏ ⩇ຸ ࡛ ࡢࠉ Ἢ Ⓩ⩇ ຸࡡ ࡻ࠹ ࡞⾔ Ⅵ ⩇ ຸ࡞ 㐲ྙ ࡊ࡙ ࠷ ࡾሔྙ 㸝pflichtmäßig㸞ࡡ⩇ຸ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⾔Ⅵ⩇ຸ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ㸝aus Pflicht㸞ࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ ἪⓏ⩇ຸ㸝Rechtspficht㸞⾔Ⅵࡡ⤎ᯕࡡ㐲Ἢᛮࢅၡ㢗࡛ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸ㸝Tugendpflicht㸞⾔ Ⅵࡡ┘Ⓩࡡ㐠⩇ᛮࢅၡ㢗࡛ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉࠖெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࡡ୯࡚ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡ᮪௲࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⩇ ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ௫ゕἪ㸝Hypothetischer Imperativ㸞࡚ࡢࡂࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡀ⩇ ຸ࡚࠵ࡾᏽゕἪ㸝Kategorischer Imperativ㸞࡛ࡊ࡙௦ࡈࡿࡾᐂふⓏᬉ㐚ᛮࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࠉࡌࢂࡔἪ ์㸝Gesetz㸞࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡐࡡἪ์ࡡᏋᅹࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ⩇ຸࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡᐁ㊰ࡢ⏍ࡋ࠷ࠊ ெࠉெࡡ᭯ࡌࡾふⓏぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ⋙㸝Maxime㸞ࢅࠉࡆࡡἪ์࡛ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⋙ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ណḟ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚⩇ຸᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࠔெࢅṽࡎࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᏽゕἪࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣┞ப࡞ṽࡊྙ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ⩇ຸࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛ ࢅἪ์࡛ࡊࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹Ἢ์ࢅ⮤ᕤࡡふⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉ⩽ࢅṽࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ ᵋࢂ࠷ࠉ⮤ฦࡢṽࡈࡿࡒࡂ࠷࡛࠷࠹❟ሔࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾἪ์ࡡౚ አࢅスࡄ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽセᐖࡈࡿ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉ⋙ࢅࡐࡡἪ์࡛ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞⋙ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ណḟࡊࡄ ࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ⩽ࢅṽࡌࡆ࡛ࢅណḟࡊࠉ ⮤ฦࡵṽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណḟࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࡐࡡࡻ࠹❟ሔࢅណḟ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࡢ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸࡡἪ์࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ 2) ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸࡡ㢦ᆵ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⏕Ἢ࡞ᚉ࠻ࡣࠉ⩇ຸࡢࠉᏰධ⩇ຸ㸝vollkommene Pflicht㸞࡛Ᏸධ⩇ຸ㸝unvollkommene Pflicht㸞 ࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡ⩇ຸ༇ืࡈࡿࡾ52ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࡡ୯࡚୯ᚨⓏ㢗࡛ࡊࡒࠔ⤧ ᑊ⩇ຸࠕ࡛ࠔ୯㛣⩇ຸࠕ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽ53ࠉࣆ࣭ࢥ࣭࣬ࢡ࣭ࣞࢷࢪ㸝Hugo Grotius㸞ࡷࢧ࣐ࣖ ࢙ࣜ࣬ࣆࣚࣉࣜ࣬ࣆ࢚ࣤ࣬ࣈ࣭ࣆ࢘ࣤࢺࣜࣆ㸝Samuel Freiherr von Pufendolf㸞࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽ࡵ㢦 81 జࡡฦ㢦ࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ54ࠊ⩇ຸ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢ୦⩽ࡡᓠื࡛ᫍࡾሔྙኣ࠷ࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡ ࡗࡡ⩇ຸࡡ༇ฦࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ Ᏸධ⩇ຸ࡛ࡢࠉࡐࡡ⩇ຸࡡᒓ⾔࡞ᑊࡌࡾአⓏโ㸝ἪⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏโ㸞Ꮛᅹࡊࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ≟Ἓ࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ࡵᒓ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀᚪ↓Ⓩࡵࡊࡂࡢ㈈ຸⓏ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏰධ⩇ຸ࡞ࡢࠉἪⓏโఔ࠹ࡆ࡛ୌ⯙ Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࡢࠔỚṽࡌࡆ࡛࠾ࡿࠕ55࡛࠷ࡖࡒṽ⏍ࡡ⩇ຸ࠵ࡾࠊ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡚ ࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉㄙୌெ࡛ࡊ࡙ṽࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹⩇ຸࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉኣࡂࡡெ㛣ᒓ⾔ྊ⬗⩇ຸ ࡚࠵ࡽࠉṽெࡢἪⓏฌ⨡ࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉᏰධ⩇ຸࡢࠉࡐࡡ⩇ຸࡡᒓ⾔࡞ᑊࡌࡾአⓏโ࡚ࡢࡂࠉහⓏโ㸝හ┤㸞ࡡࡲᏋᅹࡊࠉ ≁ื࠵ࡿࡣᒓ⾔ࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡵセᐖࡈࡿࡾຉ⦴Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏰධ⩇ຸ࡞ࡢࠉἪⓏโఔ࠹ ࡆ࡛ࡢ㏳ౚ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࡢࠔỚ⮤㌗ࡡࡇ࡛ࡂ㝼ெࢅយࡎࡻࠕ࡛࠷࠹㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࠵ࡾࠊ ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࢅយࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹⩇ຸࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᒓ⾔㝀ࡽࡂྊ⬗ ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡽࠉㄙ࠾ࢅយࡈ࠷࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ἪⓏ࡞ฌ⨡ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ ࠹Ᏸධ⩇ຸࡢࠉ⪯⩽ࡡࡻ࠹ᚠࡡ㧏࠷ெ㛣࡞ࡊ࠾⩇ຸࡡ⾔ⅥࢅᏰ㐑ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ ㄙ࡞࡚ࡵᐁ⾔࡚ࡀࡾᏰධ⩇ຸࡻࡽࡵຉ⦴࡞ೋࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ࢂࡿࡾࠊᏰධ⩇ຸࡢࠉୌ⯙ࡡெ㛣࡞ ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࡆࡡ⩇ຸࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛⮤మ⩇ຸ࡛ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ⩇ຸ ࡻࡽᏰධ࡞ᒓ⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࡞ຉ⦴ᛮቌຊࡌࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 3) ࢜ࣤࢹࡡយࡡ⩇ຸ ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉࠖெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࠗࡡࠔᚠㄵࡡᙟ⪃୕ᏕⓏᇱ♇ࠕࡡ୯࡚ࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᏰධ⩇ຸࡡ୯ᚨ Ⓩ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ㸝Pflicht der Nächstenliebe㸞ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉ㝼ெយ㸝Nächstenliebe㸞 ࢅྱࡴ࡙ࠉெ㛣យ㸝Menschenliebe㸞ࠉᐁ㊰Ⓩெ㛣យ㸝praktische Menschenliebe㸞ࠉ༡យ㸝Philanthropie㸞 ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾪⌟ࢅྜྷ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ㝼ெយ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ㝼ெ យࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉࠔ⩽ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㸝ࡐࡿࡢ㟸ெⓏ࡚࠷࠾ࡁࡽ࡚㸞⚶ࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝sie ist die Pflicht, anderer ihre Zwecke (sofern diese nur nicht unsittlich sin) zu den meinen zu machen㸞ࠕ56ࠊࡆࡿ⩇ຸ࡞ ࡾࡡࡢࠉ⩽࠾ࡼࡡይណࢅ㢢᭻ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉ⩽ࡡይណࢅᐁ㊰ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ57ࠊ 82 ࡱࡒࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉெ㛣យ࡞ೋࡌࡾ࠾࠹࠾࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣┞பࡡ⩇ຸ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾ58ࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࢅெ㐠⩇ࡡᐁ㊰࡛㔔ࡠ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾຐࢅさㄫࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉ⿍ ⅇ⩽ⱖࢅ㍇΅ࡊࠉ⏍Ꮛࡷᗛࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅᨥᥴࡡ ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡࡻ࠹⾔Ⅵ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㛣┞பࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ࡾࡡࡢࠉ⏍Ṓࡡว ㏍ࡊࡒ≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᨾຐࡷᨥᥴࢅ㢢᭻ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ሾ㐕࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡒெࠍ࡞ ౚአࡂᨾຐࡷᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡈࡼ࡞ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉយࡡ⩇ຸ㸝Liebespflichten㸞ࢅばว㸝Wohltätigkeit㸞ࠉវㅨ㸝Dankbarkeit㸞ࠉྜྷ 㸝Teilnehmung㸞ࡡ 3 ࡗ࡞༇ฦࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ59ࠊばวࡢࠉࠔெࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⮤ฦࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⋙㸝Wohltun (…) die Maxime, sich dasselbe zum Zweck zu machen㸞ࠕ60࡚࠵ࡽࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡᖶ⚗ふ࡚ࡢࡂ⩽ࡡᖶ ⚗ふ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉࠔぜ㏁ࡽࢅᙽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡊ࡞ࠉ⮤ฦࡡ⬗ງ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉᅏ❋࡞࠵ࡾ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅಀ㐅ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛㸝Wohltätig, d.i. anderen Menschen in Nöten zu ihrer Glückseligkeit, ohne dafür etwas zu hoffen, nach seinem Vermörgen beförderlich zu sein, ist jades Menschen Pflicht.㸞ࠕ61࡚࠵ࡾࠊវㅨ࡛ࡢࠉࠔࢂࡿࢂࡿ࡞ ࡈࡿࡒばวࡡࡹ࠻࡞ࠉ࠵ࡾெ࡞ᩏណࢅᡮ࠹ࡆ࡛㸝Dankbarkeit ist die Verehrung einer Person wegen einer uns erwiesenen Wohlat.㸞ࠕ62࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔུࡄࡒばว࡛ྜྷ➴ࡡዅ㸝gleiche Dienstleistungen dem Wohltäuter㸞ࠕ 63 ࢅ⩇ຸࡘࡄࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊྜྷࡢࠉ ࠔெࡡ㊂ࡷⱖࡡ≟ឺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᛄ࣬ᛄࡡវ㸝sinnliche Gefühle einer (…) Lust oder Unlust an dem Zustande des Vergnügens sowohl als Schmerzens anderer㸞ࠕ64࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡ វུᛮࢅࠔ⬗ິⓏ࡚⌦ᛮⓏይណࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡᡥṹ㸝Mittel zu Beförderung des tätigen und vernünftigen Wohlwollens㸞ࠕ65࡛ࡊ࡙⏕࠷ࡾࡆ࡛⩇ຸ࡛ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡᬉ㐚Ⓩྜྷ㸝㛭 ࡡវ㸞ࡆࡐࠔெ㛣ᛮ㸝humanitas㸞ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ66ࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞࠽ࡄࡾぞ⠂Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᐁ㊰࡞㐲⏕ࡊ࡙⩻ᐳࡌࡿࡣࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡢࠉᶊฺ࡛⩇ຸ࡛࠷࠹㛭౿࡚ࡢࡂࠉばว࡛វㅨࡡ⩇ຸ࡚⤎ࡣࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᨥᥴ⩽⿍ ⅇ⩽ࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾវⓏິᶭࠉྜྷ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⌦ᛮࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࡐࡡࡻ࠹វࢅ⩇ຸࡡᐁ㊰࡞⏕࠷ࡾࡀ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊྜྷࢅ⌦ᛮ࡞㏳ࡋ࡙ᐁ㊰࡞ንᥦࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ၡࡡఴᆀṟࡾࠉ ྜྷࡢ⾔Ⅵࡡິᶭ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙┘Ⓩ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⾔Ⅵࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉ࠵ࡂࡱ࡚ࡵ⩽ࡡⱖ࠾ࡼࡡよᨲ࡛ᖶ⚗ࡡ㏛ ị࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ 83 ࡱࡒࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉយࡡ⩇ຸࢅᑕᩏࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ᑊ↯ࡈࡎ࡙ࠉ๑⩽ெ࡛ெ࡛ࡡᘤງ㸝Anziehung㸞ࠉᚃ⩽ ᩲງ㸝Abstoßung㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡊ࡙ࠉெ࡛ࡡ㊝㞫㐲ᗐ࡞⥌ᣚࡈࡿࡾ࡛ㄵࡋ࡙࠷ࡾ67ࠊࡐࡡ㝼ெࢅᑕᩏࡌ ࡾ⩇ຸ㸝Pflicht der Achtung㸞࡛ࡢࠉࠔ༟࡞⚶ࡡ┘Ⓩࡡࡒࡴࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெࡡᑕཚࢅዞ࠹ࡻ࠹ࡆ࡛ ࢅࡊ࠷࡛࠷࠹⋙㸝die Pflicht der Achtung meines Nächsten ist in der Maxime enthalten, keinen anderen Menschen bloß als Mittel zu meinen Zwecken abzuwürdigen㸞ࠕ68ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ᅒ 9 ࢜ࣤࢹࡡយࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ យࡡ⩇ຸ ばวࡡ⩇ຸ ᘤງ វㅨࡡ⩇ຸ ᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ ᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ ᩲງ ᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ ➱⩽షᠺ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸࢅெ㐠⩇ࡡᐁ㊰࡞์ࡊ࡙㚯ࡲࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ⩽ࡡណᛦࢅᑕ㔔ࡊࡄࡿࡣば วࡡᢪࡊࡗࡄ࡞ࡾ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡒࡓࠉយࡡᑊ㇗ெࢅ᭯ࡌࡾெ㛣࡞㝀ᏽ ࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢࠉࣛࢪࢹࢷࣝࢪࡡཪយ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉெࡡ࠷࡛ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾ༱㝜࠵ࡽࠉ ⌟࡚ࡵࣂ࣭ࢮࣤၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉយࡡ⩇ຸࡡ⠂ᅑ࡛⛤ᗐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࡡࡻ࠹㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ 84 ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉࠔᬉ㐚Ⓩெ㛣យ࡞࠽ࡄࡾይណࠉ⠂ᅑ࡚ࡢ᭩ኬ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁ࠉ⛤ᗐ࡚ࡢ᭩ᑚ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝Das Wohlwollen in der allgemeinen Menschenliebe ist nun zwar dem Umfrange nach das größte, dem Grade nach aber das kleinste㸞ࠕ࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ69ࠊࡐࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔ㢢᭻࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࡢࠉ⚶ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡࡥ࡛࡞➴ ࡊࡂይណⓏ࡚࠵ࡽ࠹ࡾࠉࡊ࠾ࡊ⾔Ⅵ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉយࡌࡾࡥ࡛␏ࡾ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙㸝ࡐࡡ୯ࡡ࠵ࡾࡥ࡛ ⚶࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉࡡࡥ࡛ࡻࡽࡵばᐠ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ㸞ࠉ⋙ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮࢅẃࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵࡊ࡞ࠉይណࡡ⛤ᗐ ࡢ࠽࠽࠷࡞┞㐢ࡊ࠹ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝Denn im Wünschen kann ich allen gleich wohlwollen, aber im Tun kann der Grad, nach Verschiedenheit der Geliebten (deren einer mich näher angeht als der andere), ohne die Allegemeinheit der Mazime zu verletzen, doch sehr verschieden sein.㸞ࠕ70ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡷばᐠ 㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠉ㐪ெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡞Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ཉࡂ࡙ࡵࠉយࡡᑊ㇗ࡌ࡙ࡡெ⩽ ࡞ཀྵࡩ࠾ࡁࡽࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾ㸝࢙࣭ࣚ! ཤ↯ඔぜࡗ࠾ࡽࡱࡎࢆࠊ ཤ↯㸞ࠊ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࠉࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࡷ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸ࡛ࣜྜྷᵕࡡᵋ㏸ ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾⅤ࡞⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ 㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡛࠷࠹Ἢ์ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾἪ์࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉយ࠾ࡼ ᤴ㝎ࡈࡿࡾெ㛣ࡡᏋᅹࢅᐖヾࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉふⓏぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ⋙ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉࡆࡡἪ์ࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ ࡻ࠹࡞ណḟࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡻࡽࡵ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយഷ࠾࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵយࡡἪ์ࡡ⤧ᑊⓏ ᬉ㐚ᛮࡢࡾ࠷࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ばᐠᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒយࡡ⛤ᗐࡡᕣ␏ࠉெ 㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵセᐖࡈࡿࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾ࠉᮇ⟿ࡡ᭩ኬࡡㄵⅤࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 85 ᅒ 10 ࢜ࣤࢹࡡយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡྜྷᚨළ࣓ࢸࣜ យࡡ⛤ᗐ㸝⃨Ὲ㸞 យࡡ⠂ᅑ㸝አළ㸞 ➠ୌࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩᚽㄌ Ἢ์࡛⋙ࡡୌ⮬ យࡡጙⅤ࣬⤂Ⅴ ➱⩽షᠺ (4) ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ ばᐠᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾࠹࠾ࡢࠉ⌟ᐁࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙㉫ࡊࡒၡ㢗࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ1967 ᖳࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛ࡞࠽࠷࡙᮶㒂ᆀᇡࣄࣆࣚࡡ≺❟ࢅዉᶭ࡛ ࡊࡒࣄࣆࣚᡋணລⓆࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡᡋணࡢࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛ㒂ࡡࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅᚈࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᨳᗋເງ ࡛ࠉᶊງ࠾ࡼᤴ㝎ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ᮶㒂ࡡࣄࣆࣚᆀ᪁ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈ࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࢅ㉫ᅄ࡛ࡌࡾṂງ⣦ண࡚࠵ࡖ ࡒࠊᙔࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᅗ㝷㏳ಘ♣ࢻࢩ࢘ࣛࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡᝲ≟ࢅఎ㐡ࡊࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅิ ࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⌟ᆀࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹ ᩅఎ㐠ᅆమࡷୠ⏲ᩅఌフ㆗ఌ㸝WCC㸞ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᨥᥴᅆమࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛᨳᗋࡡセྊ ࡊ࡞ࣄࣆࣚᆀ᪁࡞㍲㏞ᶭࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉࣄࣆࣚࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈࢅධ㟻Ⓩ࡞ᨥᥴࡌࡾ ࡛࠷࠹మโࢅᵋ⠇ࡊࡒ71ࠊࣄࣆࣚࡡ⿍ⅇ⏊ኬ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠉᏺᩅ୕ࡡྜྷ⬂࡚࠵ࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡞ᨾຐࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ばᐠᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒយࡡᐁ㊰ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⩇ຸࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛ ࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠉᐁ㊰୕ࡡၡ㢗ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ⌦ㄵ୕ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵᥞ㉫ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ⌦Ꮥ୕ࡡㄵ ண࡞ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉ⡷ᅗࡡ⌦Ꮥ⩽ࣅ࣭ࢰ࣭࣬ࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝㸝Peter Singer㸞௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙௧ᮮࡡࡆ 86 ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ⚶࠾ࡼ 10 ࣭ࣕࢺࡡ㎾㝼ࡡᏄࡵࢅຐࡄࡻ࠹࡛ࡵࠉ1 ࣏ࣜ㞫ࡿࡒྞࡵ▩ࡼ࣊ࣤ࢝ࣜெ ࢅຐࡄࡻ࠹࡛ࡵࠉ୦⩽࡞㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ72ࠊ㊝㞫࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ெࡢᨾຐࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊࡒࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼᢀึຊ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᚨ⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫ࠉᨾຐ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ ᘿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ⚶ࡡᏄࡷፃࢅຐࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡛ࠉྞࡵ▩ࡼᏄࡵࢅຐࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡛ࡡ㛣࡞ࡢࠉ㐠 ᚠⓏᕣ␏࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ⏍ࡋࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ၡ࠾ࡼࠉᜂெ࣬ᐓ᪐࣬ཪெ࣬ྜྷ⬂ ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㎾ば⩽ࡡ㈈௴ࡡᒓ⾔ඁࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ཬㄵࡵᥞ㉫ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ73ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫ࡵࠉᨾຐ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏ࢅ࠻ࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾࡛࠷࠹ ᘿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ⮤ฦࡡ┘๑ࡡெ࠾ࡼᨾຐࡡさㄫ࠵ࡖࡒሔྙ࡛ࠉ1 ࣏ࣜࡵ㞫ࡿࡒெ࠾ࡼᨾ ᥴࡡさㄫ࠵ࡖࡒሔྙ࡛࡚ࡢࠉ㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡢࠉᚨ ⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡛∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡞࠽࠷࡙㐠ᚠⓏ࡞㔔ささ⣪ࡢࠉᚨ⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝ 㞫ᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛣ࡡ㐠ᚠⓏ㛭౿࡞࠷࠾ࡾᙫ㡢ࡵཀྵࡣࡈ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹⌦ㄵ ⓏふⅤࡵ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾゕཀྵࢅ්⩻ࡊ࡙ࡲࡒ࠷ࠊ 1) ㎾ば⩽ࡡយ࡛ெࡡយ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㝼ெយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㐋リ࡛ࡡ 㛣࡞□┢ࢅ㉫ࡊ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡒࡊ࠾࡞ࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉெࢅ᭯ࡌࡾெ㛣ࡡ┞ப㛭౿ ࡞࠵ࡾយࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡽࠉយࡡ㉫″ࢅ♼࡞ịࡴࡾ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ࡢ␏㈻ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࠉ୦⩽ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばว⾔Ⅵࢅࡡࡻ࠹࡞㐠ᚠⓏ࡞フ౮ࡊࡒࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ 㛭ᚨࢅභ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リࡢࠉ℔Ṓࡡ᪉ெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ⚅ྒྷࡢ↋っࡊ࡙㏳ࡽ㐛ࡁࠉࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢᢢࡊ ࡒ࡛࠷࠹㐋リ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ࠉࡆࡡ㐋リ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉຉ⦴Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅフ౮ࡈࡿࡒࡡࢦ࣏ࣛெ࡚࠵ࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡢరࡼ࠾ࡡ⌦⏜࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹࠉᨾຐࡡ⾔Ⅵ㝼ெយࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᚂἪ⩇ ⩽࡞ㄕㅅࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡻ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉᨾຐࡡమࡢㄙ࡚ࡵࡻ࠷ࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ᪉ெࢅᨾຐࡊࡒࡡࢦ࣏ࣛ ெ࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉࢦ࣏ࣛெࣗࢱࣕெ࠾ࡼᏺᩅ୕ࡡ⌦⏜࠾ࡼᩓっࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡ⾔Ⅵᩓ 87 ᑊ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾࣗࢱࣕெࡡ᪉ெࢅᨾຐࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ74ࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉࢦ࣏ࣛெ࡞ࡻࡾᢢ ຉ⦴Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙フ౮ࡈࡿࡒࡡࡢࠉࠔᩓࢅࡵយࡎࠕࡡᐁ㊰ࡵណࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࠾ࡼࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡚ࡢࠉ࠵ࡾெࡡெࡻࡽࡵばᐠ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉይណࡡ⛤ᗐࡢኬ ࠷࡞┞㐢ࡊ࠹ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼࠉࠔၻࡀࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕ ࡡ㐋リ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉ℔Ṓࡡ᪉⾔⩽࡛ばᐠ㛭౿࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉ᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐࡡ㛭ᚨࢅ♟ࡌࡓࡄ࡚ 㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࡛᥆ㄵ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉṽெࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ Ᏸධ⩇ຸ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞⩇ຸࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠉྊ⬗㝀ࡽᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ຉ⦴Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡈࡿࡾᏰධ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ㸝ばวࡡ⩇ຸ㸞ࡢࠉ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⮤ฦࡡ┘Ⓩ ࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ⩽࡛ࡢ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅໜྱࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡿࢅᏰධ࡞ᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ ⌟ᐁࡡୠ⏲࡚ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉᏰධ࡞ᒓ⾔࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡞ࡊ࡙↋࡞ᖉ ࡌࡾ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉᏰධᒓ⾔࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉྊ⬗㝀ࡽᏰධᒓ ⾔࡛ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⮤ฦࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵຉ⦴Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛フ౮ࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔၻࡀ ࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リ࡞ᡘࡖ࡙⩻ᐳࡌࡿࡣࠉ℔Ṓ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐࡡ㛭ᚨࢅ♟ࡌ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ ࡡ᭩㝀ᗐࡡយࡡᐁ㊰࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉ℔Ṓ⩽ࢅᢢࡊ࡙ᐙࡱ࡚㏻ࡿ࡙⾔ࡀࠉ ᐙࡱ࡚ᨥᡮࡖࡒࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉ ᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐࡡ㛭ᚨࢅ♟ࡌ⾔Ⅵ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ࡻࡽຉ⦴Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅᐁ㊰ࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ⮤ฦࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡢࠉ↋⦍ࡡ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࡻࡽࡵཉ࠷ࡡ㏳ౚ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ ࡡយ࡞࠵ࡾࠔỚࡡዯࡂࠉỚࡡ㝼ெࢅយࡎࡻࠕࡷࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡばวࡡ⩇ຸ࡞࠵ࡾࠔ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⮤ฦࡡ┘Ⓩ ࡛ࡎࡻࠕ࡛࠷࠹⩇ຸࡢࠉばᐠᅥࢅ㉲࠻࡙យࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ⩽࡞ཀྵࡌࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ฦࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾば ᐠᅥࡡយࢅ⩽࡞࠻ࡾ⩇ຸ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⌦よ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ỬᏽⓏណࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽ࢅ㉲࠻࡙យ ࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばᐠᅥࡡយࢅ⩽࡞ࡵཀྵࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᐓ᪐࡞㣏ࢅ࠻ࡾ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉୌ⯙࡞ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡢヾㆉࡈࡿ࠷ࠉぜࡍ▩ ࡼࡍࡡெ࡞㣏ࢅ࠻ࡾ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙フ౮ࡈࡿࡾࡡࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ㄵ✪ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒெ㐠⩇ ࡡ⩇ຸࡡᛮ㈻࡞ࡻࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ᅒ 11 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ 88 ᅒ 11 ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ㸯យࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ យࡡ⛤ᗐ ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ ຉ⛤ᗐ⦴ យ࣬ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ 㸝⃨Ὲ㸞 ຉ⦴ࡡࡡ⛤ᗐ យࡡ⠂ᅑ㸝አළ㸞 យࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ ཬẒౚࡡ㛭౿ យࡡጙⅤ࣬⤂Ⅴ ➱⩽షᠺ 2) យࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙࡡࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ ⮤ฦࡡ⬗ງ࡚ࡢ⏍ࡷᗛࢅ⥌ᣚ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨾຐࢅさㄫࡌࡾሔྙࡡᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ ࡚ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞ᚪさ࡚ࡢࡂࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞ࡵᚪさᨥᥴ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ㝼ெ យࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢ┞㐢ࡌࡾ࡛⤎ㄵࡌࡾᚪさࡢ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ ばวࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗ࢅ⮤ฦࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ ᨾຐࢅịࡴࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばวࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢᨾຐࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡽࠉᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࠷⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾばวࡡ ⾔Ⅵࡢᨾຐࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ ሔྙࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࠽ࠉ㝼ெយ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ᥴ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡡኣ࠷ࠔၻࡀ ࢦ࣏ࣛெࠕࡡ㐋リࡵࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⩽ࢅᨾຐࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ㝼ெយ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ ຸࡢࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞ໜྱࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾሔྙࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽ ࡡយࢅ⩽࡞ཀྵࡌ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⩽ࡡᖶ⚗࡞ᚺࡋࡒばวࡡ⩇ຸ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ ⩽ࡡᨾຐࡡᚪさ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ⩇ຸ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࠉ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ 89 ࡌࡿࡣᏰධ⩇ຸࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛᥆ㄵ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾெ࡞ࡢཉ࠷ᨥᥴࢅ࠻ࠉࡐ࠹࡚ࡢ ࠷ெ࡞ࡢ᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐࡡ㛭ᚨࢅᡮ࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࢅྊ⬗࠾ࡁࡽᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛⩇ຸ࡛ࡾ࡛ よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᐓ᪐࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㣏ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢெ㐠Ⓩ࡚ࡂࠉெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㣏 ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡡࡢெ㐠Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛๑㏑ࡊࡒࠉࡈࡼ࡞ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㣏ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࠷ெ࡞ᑊࡊ ࡙㣏ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙ࡵெ㐠Ⓩ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠉ㣏ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾெ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㣏ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡿࡣெ㐠Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾ㸝ᅒ 12 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ࠽ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹យࡷ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ᛮࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡢࠉᚃ㏑ ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ୯ࡡࠉᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾපᖲཋ์࡛ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᅒ 12 ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ㸯យ࡛⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ យࡡ⛤ᗐ ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ យ࣬⿍ⅇ࣬ຉ⦴ࡡ ⛤ᗐ㸝⃨Ὲ㸞 ຉ⛤ᗐ⦴ ຉ⦴ࡡࡡ⛤ᗐ ⿍ ⅇ ࡡ ⛤ ᗐ យࡡ⠂ᅑ㸝አළ㸞 យࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐ ЍཬẒౚࡡ㛭౿ ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ຉ⦴ࡡ⛤ᗐЍẒౚࡡ㛭౿ យࡡጙⅤ࣬⤂Ⅴ ➱⩽షᠺ ࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡚ࡡ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡຉ⦴ᛮ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࢅ༎ධ࡞ᒓ⾔ࡊࡒ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᅆమࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈ࡚ ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡞ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡀ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࠷࠾ࡾᏺᩅ࣬ᏺὬࡡಘ⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡳࡊࢀࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅᚈ࡚ࡢ࠷⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᪁ࡻ ࡽຉ⦴Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡡ㊝㞫࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦Ꮥ࡞ࡗ࠷්࡙⩻ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡢࠉ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾຐ࡛ெ࡞ᑊࡌ 㸣㸣 㸣㸣㸣㸣㸣 ࡾᨾຐ࡛ࡡ㛣࡞㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏࠷࡛ᘿࡊࡒࠉᮇ✇ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏ࡂࡾࡻ 90 㸣㸣 ࠹࡞ࠉ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾយ࡛ྜྷ➴ࡡយࢅெ࡞ࡵཀྵࡌ⾔Ⅵࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼぜ࡙ຉ⦴Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ 㸣㸣 ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ㎾ば⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾຐ࡛ெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨾຐ࡛ࡡ㛣࡞ࡢࡳࡊࢀ㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ᚃ⩽๑⩽࡞Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙㐠ᚠⓏ࡞ぜ࡙ࡻࡽ㈳㈰࡞ೋࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ ᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᚨ⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡛㐠⩇Ⓩᕣ␏࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡㄵ✪୯ᚨ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ ຸ࡛ᐁ㊰࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠉ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡛㐠⩇Ⓩណ⩇࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ⇅⩻ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ 3) ெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸ࡛ᐁ㊰࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ぞ⠂࡛ᐁ㊰࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さࡆ࡛ࡢࠉぞ⠂ࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ⩇ຸࡡ⾔Ⅵࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛Ᏸධ࡞ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢ⩇ຸ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ Ᏸධ࡞ྊ⬗⩇ຸᏰධ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᏰධ࡞ྊ⬗⩇ຸᏰධ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼ᥆ㄵ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ㊰ྊ⬗࡛ࡾ᮪௲࡛ࡢࡡࡻ࠹ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ 㸝ヾ▩ࡡᶭఌ࡛ᨾຐࡡ⬗ງ㸞 ➠ୌࡢࠉヾ▩ࡡᶭఌ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾெࢅヾ▩ࡊࡄࡿࡣࠉᨾຐࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠 ⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢ⏍ࡋ࠷ࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ℔Ṓࡡெࠍኣᩐ⏍Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡚ࡵࠉࡐࡡெࠍࡡᏋᅹࢅㄙࡵヾ ▩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡄࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡெࠍࡡெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ℔Ṓ⩽௧አࡡㄙ࡞ࡵㇿࢂࡎࡼࡿ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉᨾຐࡡ⬗ງ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᨾຐࢅࡌࡾெ࡞ᨾຐࡡ⬗ງࡷྊ⬗ᛮࡄࡿࡣࠉᨾຐࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ ࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡢ⏍ࡋ࠷ࠊᨾຐࢅịࡴࡾெࡡᏋᅹࢅヾ▩ࡊࡼࡵࠉᨾຐࡌࡾᡥṹࡄࡿࡣᨾ ຐࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡊࠉࡆࡡሔྙ࡞ࡵࠉ℔Ṓ⩽௧አࡡㄙ࡞ࡵᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸࢅㇿࢂࡎࡼࡿ࠷ࠊ࢜ࣤࢹࡡばว ࡡ⩇ຸࡡᏽ⩇࡞࠵ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⬗ງ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ⩇ຸ࠵ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡗࡡ∸⌦Ⓩ᮪௲ࡢࠉᨾຐ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࡞౪Ꮛࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୦⩽࡞∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫࠵ࡾሔྙ ࡞ࡢࠉヾ▩ࡡᶭఌࡷᨾຐࡡ⬗ງࡵ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸࡵ⏍ࡋ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉᨾຐ ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࢠࢬࢪ㸝り࣬ᡥᙔ㸞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᐁ㊰࡞࠽࠷࡙⫚さࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉᨾຐࡡྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㝀⏲ࢅ⏤ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸࡢᏰධ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡾ 91 ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᨾຐࢅྊ⬗࠾ࡁࡽ᭩ኬ㝀ᗐ࡞ᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉヾ▩ࡡᶭఌࢅቌኬ ࡈࡎࠉᨾຐࡡ⬗ງࢅྡྷ୕ࡈࡎ࡙ࠉ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᨾຐࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾࡌ࡙ࡡெࠍࢅᨾຐࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷ ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉභྜྷమࡷᅗᐓࡡሾ⏲ࢅ㉲࠻ࡒࢡ࣭ࣞࣁ࣒ࣜ࣬ࢸࡷᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࠉᨾຐ ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛣ࢅ௯ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡡᬉ㐚࡞ᐞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 㸝ヾ▩ࡡᶭఌ࡛ᨾຐࡡ⬗ງࡡᣉኬ㸞 ヾ▩ࡡᶭఌࡢࠉఎ㐡ᡥṹࡷ㏳ಘᡥṹࡡᢇ⾙ⓏⓆᒈࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸ⏍ࡋࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅ㧏ࡴ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊ࣒ࢸࡡぞ⠂ఎ㐡ᶭ⬗ࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣜࡊ࡙ࠉᾇአ࡚ࡡ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ணሒ㐠ࡈࡿࡾ࡞ ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛㞹リࡷ㞹Ꮔ࣒࣭࡚ࣜሒఎ㐡࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᏋᅹࢅヾ▩ࡌࡾᶭఌ ቌኬࡊࠉᨾຐࡡᐁ㊰ࡡ⠂ᅑࡵᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡᨾຐࡡさㄫࡡఎ㐡ࡢࠉばᐠࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒఎ㐡࡚ࡢࡂࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒఎ㐡࡚ ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡሒ㐠࡞࠽ࡄࡾ೩ྡྷᛮࠉெ㛣យࡡ㧏ᥥࡷᖲࡡᕵịࡻࡽࡵࠉ≁ᏽ㞗ᅆ ࡡᩓᑊᚨࡷ៦ᝇࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ⇷ᦹ࡚ṽᐐࡈࡿࡒᏄࡵࡡྜྷࡋ ┷ࠉࢬࣜࣄெ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெཫ᪁࡚ᡋணࢅᡢິࡌࡾ┘Ⓩฺ࡚⏕ࡈࡿࡒ࡛࠷࠹75ࠊࡱࡒࠉᨳⓏ࣬ ⤊ῥⓏ㛭ᚨ࡞ᚺࡋࡒሒ㐠ࡢࠉࡻࡽ㛭ᚨࡡ࠷ࣆࣛ࢜ࡷࢩ࡚ࡡ็ெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡሒ㐠ࡡᶭ ఌࢅ┞ᑊⓏ࡞΅ᑛࡈࡎ࡙ࠉெᨾຐᡥ㐔ࡿ࡞ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࣚࢠᡋண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࣒ࢸࣚࢠເࢅ㏻ሒ㐠ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ5 ṋᮅࡡᏄࡵࡡṒஷ⋙ࣚࢠࡡ 2 ಶ௧୕࡚࠵ࡖࡒ ࢨ࢙࢛ࣚࣝࢾࠉࣛ࣊ࣛࠉࢤࣤࢥẰභᅗࠉࣤࢥࣚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩሒ㐠ࡢⓑ↋࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ ᆀᇡࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵሒ㐠ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹76ࠊ ᨾຐࡡ⬗ງࡢࠉ➠ 1 ❮࡚ㄵ✪ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ༈⒢ᢇ⾙ࡡ㠁᩺ࡷᅗ㝷Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡡὩິࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㣍 ㌅Ⓩ࡞ఘᘿࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉᨾຐࡡᐁ㊰ࡡ⠂ᅑࡵᗀࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡌࡾ⤄ ⧂ࡷெࠉࡐࡡὩິ⠂ᅑࢅ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࠾ࡼࢩ࣬ࣆࣛ࢜ᆀᇡࠉ㒌ᕰ࠾ࡼ㎨ᮟࠉᅗሾࡷ⣦ணࡡ⥾ ⾢ᆀᖈ࠾ࡼ๑⥲࡛ᣉኬࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫ࢅ⦨΅ࡈࡎ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᨾຐࡡᑊ㇗ࡵࠉ ᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭ⩽ࡷᤍ࠾ࡼࠉᩝẰࠉ㞬Ằࡷᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ᣉኬࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᬉ㐚Ⓩᨾຐࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ⤄ ⧂ࡷโᗐࢅᵋ⠇ࡊࡗࡗ࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᅗ㝷ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᚪさ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ 92 ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡀ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸᏰධ࡞✭ࡡୠ⏲ࡡࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᏰධ࡚ࡢ࠵ࡾ⌟ᐁ ࡡୠ⏲࡚ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾ⩇ຸ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 5 ெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩཋ์ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ♟ࡊࠉ ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅយࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெ㛣ᛮࢅྱࡴࡒᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㎾ば⩽ࡷཪெࡡばᐠᅥࢅ㉲࠻࡙ெ࡞ࡵយࢅཀྵࡌࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨾຐࡡ⩇ຸࢅណࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡷぞ⠂ࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࢤ࣐ࣖࢼࢰࣛࢼࢫ࣑ࡡ⌦ ㄵࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸㄵࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᏺᩅㄵࡡぞ⠂⌦ㄵࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ぞ⠂ࡢࠉெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵ᪺ᩝぞᏽ⨠࠾ࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ➠ 1 ❮࡚ゕཀྵࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ᅗ㝷ெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ᵕࠍ⤄⧂࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࠍࡡ⤄⧂ࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⾔ິぞ⠂ᙟᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ืࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࠾ࡼࠉ ୌ⯙Ⓩெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡷぞ⠂ࢅᑙฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ≁Ṟ࠾ࡼୌ⯙ࡢᑙࡂࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡぞᶅ࡛ᙫ㡢ࡡⅤ࡚ࡡᶭ㛭ࢅ㥑ࡌࡾࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝ ᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡ⾔ິཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠔ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠕࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ᠺ❟ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ࡐࡡᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ୯࡚ࡵெ㐠ᛮࠉපᖲᛮࠉ୯❟ᛮࡡࡗࡡཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡୌ⯙Ⓩཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ヾ▩ࡈ ࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠉኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞භ᭯ྊ⬗⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ⤊⦃ࢅᴣふࡊࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ୯࡚ࡵெ㐠ࠉපᖲࠉ୯❟࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์ࡡណ ࢅレ㏑ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ (1) ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ 1965 ᖳࠉ࣭࡚ࣤࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠔ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠕᢝࡈࡿࠉெ㐠࣬පᖲ࣬୯❟࣬ ≺❟࣬ዅ࣬༟ୌ࣬ୠ⏲ᛮࡡࡗࡡཋ์࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ㸝⾪ 14 ཤ↯㸞ࠊࡆࡡࡗࡡཋ์ 93 ࡢࠉࣅࢠࢷࡡࠖ㉝༎Ꮚࡡㅎཋ์ࠗ࡞าᣪࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࡗࡡᇱᮇⓏཋ์࡛༎ࡡᶭᵋⓏཋ์ࢅ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ఌ㆗࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㆗ㄵ࡛ಞḿࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ㞗⣑ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂ ࡛⤄⧂ぞ⠂ࡡࡗ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ⾪ 14 ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ ெ㐠 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㐘ິ㸝௧ୖࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮㸞ࡢࠉᡋሔ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᕣืࡂㇿഭ⩽࡞ᨾ㆜ࢅ Humanity ࠻ࡒ࠷࡛࠷࠹㢢࠷࠾ࡼ⏍ࡱࡿࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ≟Ἓୖ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㛣ࡡⱖࢅ㜭ࡊ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࠉ ᅗ㝷Ⓩ࠽ࡻࡦᅗහⓏ࡞ຑງࡌࡾࠊࡐࡡ┘Ⓩࡢ⏍࡛ᗛࢅᏬࡽࠉெ㛣ࡡᑕ㔔ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᅗẰ㛣ࡡ┞ப⌦よࠉཪࠉ༝ງࠉ࠽ࡻࡦᇻᅖᖲࢅຐ㛏 ࡌࡾࠊ පᖲ ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࠉᅗ⡘ࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉ♣ఌⓏᆀనࡱࡒࡢᨳ୕ࡡណぜ࡞ࡻࡾ࠷࠾ࡾᕣืࢅ Impartiality ࡵࡊ࠷ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࡒࡓⱖࡡᗐྙ࠷࡞ࡊࡒࡖ࡙ெࢅᨾ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴࠉࡐࡡሔྙ ࡵࡖ࡛ࡵ᛬ࢅさࡌࡾᅏⱖࢅࡱࡖࡈࡀ࡞ཱིࡽ࠹ࠊ ୯❟ ࡌ࡙ࡡெ࠾ࡼ࠷ࡗࡵಘ㢏ࢅུࡄࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࠉᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡഁ࡞ࡵ Neutrality ຊࢂࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᥅࠻ࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡵᨳⓏࠉெ⛸ⓏࠉᏺᩅⓏࡱࡒࡢᛦⓏᛮࡡ⣦ண࡞ࡢཤ ຊࡊ࠷ࠊ ≺❟ ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢ≺❟࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡢࠉࡐࡡᅗࡡᨳᗋࡡெ㐠Ⓩᴏࡡ Independence ຐ⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡᅗࡡἪᚂ࡞ᚉ࠹ࠉᖏ࡞㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡡㅎཋ์࡞ࡊࡒࡖ࡙⾔ິ࡚ࡀࡾࡻ ࠹ࠉࡐࡡ⮤ᛮࢅಕࡒࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ዅ ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢࠉฺ─ࢅịࡴ࠷ዅⓏᨾ㆜⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ Voluntary Service ༟ୌ ࠷࠾ࡾᅗ࡞ࡵࡒࡓୌࡗࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡊ࠾࠵ࡽ࠻࠷ࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡢࠉ Unity ࡌ࡙ࡡெ࡞㛓ᡖࢅ㛜ࡀࠉࡐࡡᅗࡡධ㡷ᅰ࡞ࢂࡒࡖ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩᴏࢅ⾔ࢂࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ୠ⏲ᛮ ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮ࡢୠ⏲Ⓩᶭᵋ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ୯࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡌ࡙ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡢྜྷ➴ࡡᶊ Universality ฺࢅᣚࡔࠉ┞பᥴຐࡡ⩇ຸࢅᣚࡗࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࠉᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝ ᩺᭮⩽ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ᶭᵋࡷ㟸ᨳᗋ ⤄⧂ࢅᣂᮨࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ᅗ㝷Ⓩ࡞ヾ▩࣬ᢆヾࡈࡿࠉࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡵ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࢅ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡌࡾ࡞ࡊࡒࡖ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᇱᮇⓏཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᛮ ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡞⮫ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 1979 ᖳࠉ1949 ᖳࡡࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ 4 ᮪⣑࡞ᑊࡌࡾ➠ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࢅ ⾔ິᣞ㔢࡛ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙౼─ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࢅㇿ࠹ࡆ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ ࡒࠊྜྷ㆗ᏽ᭡➠ 81 ᮪➠ 2 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ㹷⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉ⮤ᅗࡡ㉝༎Ꮚࠉ㉝᩺᭮ཧࡢ㉝ࡡ࢛ࣚࣤཀྵࡦኯ㝟ࡡ ᅆమ࡞ᑊࡊࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᅆమㅎ᮪⣑ཀྵࡦࡆࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡡぞᏽ୩ࡦ࡞㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙షᠺࡈࡿࡒ㉝ ༎Ꮚࡡᇱᮇཋ์࡞ᚉࡖ࡙⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡࡒࡴࡡெ㐠ⓏὩິࢅ⾔࠹ࡒࡴࠉᚪさ౼ࢅ࠻ࡾ㹸ࠊࡱࡒࠉྜྷ 94 ᮪➠ 3 㡧࡚ࡢࠉࠔ⥶⣑ᅗཀྵࡦ⣦ணᙔᅗࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࠉ㉝᩺᭮ཧࡢ㉝ࡡ࢛ࣚࣤཀྵࡦኯ㝟ࡡᅆమཀྵࡦ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣㏻┍ࠉㅎ᮪⣑ཀྵࡦࡆࡡ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡡぞᏽ୩ࡦ࡞㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙షᠺࡈࡿࡒ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᇱᮇཋ์ ࡞ᚉࡖ࡙⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽࡞࠻ࡾᥴຐࢅࠉ࡚ࡀࡾ㝀ࡽࡡ᪁Ἢ࡚ᐖ᪾࡞ࡌࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉୌ⤄⧂ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࠾ࡼᅗ㝷Ἢ୕ࡡ ヾ▩ࡈࡿࡾᅗ㝷Ⓩぞ⠂ࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ1986 ᖳࡡࢼ࢜ࣚࢡ௲࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷ྒྷἪึᡜึỬ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉୌᒒ᪺☔࡞ࡖࡒࠊึ Ửࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ྙ⾏ᅗࡡࢼ࢜ࣚࢡᅗහአ࡚ࡡཬᨳᗋເງࢤࣤࢹࣚ㸝Contra㸞ࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᮇ✇ࡡᩝ⬞࡚㔔さࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᥴຐࠉ㌱Ⓩ࣬⤊ῥᥴຐ࡛࠷࠾ࡾⅤ ࡚┞㐢ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ึỬࡡහᐖ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩ࡢࠉ㸝ᅗ㸞ࡡᅗහၡ㢗ࡡᖱῦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ 㟸㞬ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᐁ㊰࡞࠽࠷࡙ᑕ㔔ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ┘Ⓩ࡞㝀ᏽ ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡌࢂࡔࠉࡐࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡⱖࢅ㜭ࡊ࡙⥾ࡊࠉெ㛣ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࢅ ಕ㆜ࡊࠉெ㛣ࡡᑕ㔔ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉ࡛ࡽࢂࡄࠉᅏ❋⩽ࡌ࡙࡞ᕣ ืࡂ࠻ࡼࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠕࠊࡆࡡึỬ࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡᥞ౩ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㝀ࡼࡍࠉୌ⯙Ⓩ ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅḿᙔࡌࡾさ௲࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡெ㐠࣬පᖲ࣬୯❟ཋ์ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡒࡆ ࡛㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ἪࡡἪ″ࡡୌࡗ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ึࡡึỬ࡞࠽࠷࡙௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹ ࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡヾᏽࡌࡾ᭯ງெ㐠⩇ぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ 1991 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡢỬ㆗ 46/182 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡㄢᩒ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᣞ㔢♟ ࡈࡿࠉࡆࡡ➠ 2 ࡡᣞ㔢ࡡ୯࡚ࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉெ㐠ࠉ୯❟ࠉපᖲࡡཋ์࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠕࡆ࡛☔ヾࡈࡿࡒ77ࠊᅗ㏻⥪ఌỬ㆗ࡢຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾἪⓏᣂᮨງࢅ᭯ࡊ࠷ࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵᅗ 㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡌࡾᅗ㏻ᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢහ㒂ᣂᮨງࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ ࡞ぜࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹ெ㐠࣬୯❟࣬පᖲࡡཋ์ࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ୌ⯙Ⓩཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1994 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡᚃᥴࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾᇱᮇⓏ⾔ິぞ⠂㸝Code of Conduct㸞ࢅ➿ᏽࡊࡒ78ࠊࡆࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂භ ࡚᭯ࡀࡾ⾔Ⅵぞ⠂ࢅ➿ᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡషᴏࢅᚃᥴࡊࡒ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝ 95 ࣤࠉ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑ࡡ 2 ࡗࡡୠಐⓏ⤄⧂࡛ࠉ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜࠉ࢜ࢮࣛࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆ࣬ࢦ ࣭ࣥࢪࠉᅗ㝷࣭ࣜࢷࣜ㏻┍ࠉୠ⏲ᩅఌフ㆗ఌࡡ 4 ࡗࡡᏺᩅⓏ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡽࠉᏺᩅⓏ⤄⧂࡛ୠಐⓏ⤄⧂ භ࡚᭯ࡀࡾ⾔ິぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡵゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࠉ393 ࡡ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡆࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡞⨣ ྞࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ⤄⧂ࢅ㉲࠻ࡒᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ᶭ⬗ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ⾪ 15 Code of Conduct 1. ெ㐠Ⓩ⩇ຸࠉ᭩ࡵඁࡈࡿࡾ 2. ᥴຐࡢࠉུ─⩽ࡡெ⛸ࠉಘ᮪ࠉᅗ⡘࡞㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡฺᕣืࢅఔ࠹ࡆ࡛ࡂᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࠊᥴຐࡡඁ ᛮࡢࠉᥴຐࡡᚪさᛮ࡞ࡡࡲᇱࡘ࠷࡙⩻៎ࡈࡿࡾࠊ 3. ᥴຐࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᏺᩅⓏ❟ሔࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࠷ࠊ 4. ᠻࠍࡢࠉᨳᗋࡡአஹᨳ➿ࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ິࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ຑࡴࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ 5. ᠻࠍࡢࠉᩝࡷៈ⩞ࢅᑕ㔔ࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ 6. ᠻࠍࡢࠉ⌟ᆀࡡⅇᐐᑊᚺ⬗ງࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ຑງࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ 7. ᨾᥴࡡ㐘ႜ࡞ࠉࡐࡡུ─⩽ࢅ㛭ࡈࡎࡾ᪁Ἢࢅཱིࡼࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ 8. ᨾᥴࡢࠉᇱᮇⓏᚪさࢅࠉࡂ࡚ࡄࡓࡌࡒᑑᮮࡡⅇᐐ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬜ᘽᛮࢅ΅ᑛࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴ࡞┘ᣞࡈࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ 9. ᠻࠍࡢࠉᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽࡛㈠㔘ࡡᥞ౩⩽ࡡཫ᪁࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ㄕ᪺㈈௴ࢅㇿ࠹ࠊ 10. ᠻࠍࡢࠉᗀሒὩິ࡞࠽࠷࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ⤧᭻ࡊࡒᐂమ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂࠉᑕཚࡡ࠵ࡾெ㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ヾㆉࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱᮇⓏ 10 ࡡཋ์ᥞ᱄ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝⾪ 15 ཤ↯㸞ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ➠ୌࡡ ெ㐠Ⓩ⩇ຸ㸝humanitarian imperarive㸞࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹ぞᏽスࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠 ᨥᥴࢅུࡊࠉᥞ౩ࡌࡾᶊฺࡢࠉᇱᮇⓏெ㐠ཋ์࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᅗᐓࡡࡌ࡙ࡡᕰẰ ུࡌࡾࡀࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡୌဤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᠻࠍࡢࠉࡆ࡚ᚪさ࡛ࡈࡿࡻ࠹࡛ࡵெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌ ࡾ⩇ຸࢅヾㆉࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾጄᐐࡡ࠷ࢠࢬࢪࡡᚪさᛮࠉࡆࡡ㈈௴ࢅᐁ⾔ࡌ ࡾ୕࡚ࡡᇱᮇⓏ࡞㔔さࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊⅇᐐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᠻࠍᑊᚺࡌࡾ୕࡚ࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔さິᶭࡘࡄࡢࠉⅇᐐ ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏍ࡋࡒ⥥ᘿ࡞⪇࠻ࡼࡿ࠷ெࠍࡡⱖࢅ⥾ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾࠊᠻࠍெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ࡛ࡀ ࡞ࡢࠉඨὬⓏ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᨳⓏ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹࡞ぜࡈࡿ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠕࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ ᚃ㏑ࡌࡾ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡெ㐠ཋ์࣬୯❟ཋ์ࢅཬ᫆ࡊࡒහᐖ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ➠ཋ์ࡢࠉ㉝༎ Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡපᖲཋ์࡛ྜྷୌࡡᵋᠺࢅᠺࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ➠ཋ์࡛➠ᄿཋ์ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡ୯❟ཋ์ ࡛ྜྷࡋහᐖࢅྱࡳࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⤄⧂ぞ⠂ࡵྱࡴࡒぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡࡌ࡙ࢅெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ ᇱᮇⓏཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵெ㐠࣬පᖲ࣬୯❟ࡡࡗࡡཋ์࡞㛭 ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡛࠷࠹ᛮ㈻ࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࠉኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⾔ິぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ 96 ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱᮇⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᛮ㈻ࡵ᭯ࡌࡾ࡛⩻࠻࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ௧ୖࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎ Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡெ㐠࣬පᖲ࣬୯❟ཋ์ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱᮇⓏཋ์࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ (2) ெ㐠⩇ࡡெ㐠ᛮ ெ㐠⩇ࡡெ㐠ᛮ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࡡெ㐠ཋ์ࡢࠉࡌ࡚࡞ ➠ 3 ⟿ཱི࡚ࡽ୕ࡅࡒࠉࡆࡡ୯࡚ࡢᄿࡗࡡ┘Ⓩᥞ㉫ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉࣅࢠࢷࡡࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᇱᮇཋ์ࠕ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾἸ㔐᭡ࠖよㄕ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์ࠗࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡼࠉࡐࡡᄿࡗࡡ┘Ⓩࢅᴣふࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉ ➠ 5 ❮ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࡆࡡெ㐠⩇ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡾࡡ࡚⏻ណࡈࡿࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡⱖࡡ㜭࡛㍇΅࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ࡡⱖࡢࠉ⮤↓ⅇᐐࡷṂງ⣦ணࢅ㉫ᅄ࡛ࡌࡾ⑄ࡷഭ ᐐ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⫏మⓏⱖࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ ᜅᛟࡷᏭ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᚨ⌦Ⓩⱖࡱ࡚ࡵྱࡳࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ ༈⒢Ὡິࡷප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻ࡛࠷ࡖࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ㐺Ꮼさị ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㛣ࡡⱖࢅ⥾ࡊ㜭ࡌࡾࠊ࠽ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽Ⓠ⏍ࡊ࡙࠾ࡼࡡᚃᑊ ᚺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ㄏよࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࢸࣖࢻࣤࡢࠉᖏスࡡᨾ㆜ᶭ㛭ࢅス❟ࡊ࡙༈⒢ᚉ⩽ࡡ㣬ᠺࡡᚪさᛮࢅ ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᖲ࠾ࡼெ㛣ࡡⱖࢅ㜭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ெ㐠⩇ࡡ┘Ⓩࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࡡಕ㆜࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡡ┘Ⓩெ㛣ࡡⱖ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ➠ ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢெ㛣ࡡṒ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ࡢṒࢅᅂ㑂࡚ࡀ࠷ࠉ⒢ࡷ༈⒢ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙Ṓࢅ⧖ࡽ ᘇࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெࡡᑕ㔔ࡡ☔ಕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㛣ࡡⱖࢅ㍇΅ࡊ࡙ࠉṒࢅ⧖ࡽᘇࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡢ༎ฦ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅୌெࡡெ㛣࡛ࡊ࡙ᑕ㔔ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࣅࢠࢷࡵ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⩇ຸㄵࡡ⾪⌟ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ ெࢅᑕ㔔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡᑕཚࢅᑕ㔔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㛣ࢅᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ฌ㐕ࡊ ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ➠ୌ࡛➠ࡡ┘Ⓩࠉ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ㝼ெយࡡ⩇ຸ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉយࡡ⩇ຸ㸝ばวࡡ⩇ຸ㸞࡞ୌ⮬ࡊࠉ➠ࡡ┘Ⓩᑕ㔔ࡡ⩇ຸ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾ࡛ࡵゕ࠻ ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ᄿࡢࠉெ㐠ࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᖲࡡ㐡ᠺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡᵾㄊࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠔPer humanitatem ad pacem㸝ெ㐠ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᖲ㸞ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵㅳࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌス❟ࡈࡿࡒ 97 ᙔࡡὩິࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡὩິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉெ㛣ࡡⱖࡡཋᅄࡢᡋண࡚ ࠵ࡽࠉெ㛣ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࡢᡋண࠾ࡼࡡಕ㆜ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡ Ὡິࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᡋணࡡ㟸ெ㐠ᛮ࡞ᢤᢘࡊࠉெ㐠ぞ⠂ࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞さịࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᡋண ࡡ㟸ெ㐠ᛮࢅ⥾ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ✪ᴗⓏ┘ᵾࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᐁ㊰ࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᡋணࡡᗣ⤧࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࣅࢠࢷࡡゕ᪺࡞㞗⣑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡢᡋணࡡ㌗㎾࡞࠷ ࡾ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ㄙࡻࡽࡵᡋணࡡ㟸ெ㐠ᛮࢅヾㆉࡊ࡙࠷ࡱࡌࠊࡱࡒࠉᡋணࡢᚪࡍࡊࡵḿ⩇ົฺࡌࡾࢂࡄ࡚ࡢ ࡂࠉḿ⩇ࡷយ࡛ࡢḿཬᑊࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ▩ࡖ࡙࠷ࡱࡌࠊᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡິᶭ㉝༎Ꮚ⢥♼࡞㎾࠷ ࡵࡡࡢ࠵ࡽࡱࡎࢆ㸝Pour en connaître de près les horreurs, plus que quiconque, la Croix-Rouge sait que la guerre est inhumaine, qu’elle est aussi contraire à la charité qu’elle l’est à la justice, n’étant pas forcément le triomphe du meilleur. Il est peu de causes qui lui tiennent plus à cœur que celle de la paix.㸞ࠕ79ࠊࠔୌ⯙Ⓩᖲ ࡡࡒࡴࡡຑງ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡢ㔔さ㐠⩇Ⓩさ⣪ࢅᢰࡖ࡙࠷ࡱࡌࠊࡐࡿࡢᡋணࡡ྅୯࡞Ꮛᅹࡌ ࡾᖲࡡࢨ࡛ࣤ࣍ࣜࡊ࡙ࡡさ⣪࡚ࡌࠊࡆ࠹ࡊ࡙㉝༎ᏊࡡࡐࡿࡑࡿࡡὩິᖲࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡὩິ࡛ ࡾࡡ࡚ࡌ㸝Dans le cadre général de cet effort, la Croix-Rouge n’en constitue pas moins un facteur moral important. Elle est le symbole de la paix au cœur même des combats. Chacun de ses actes est alors un geste pacificateur.㸞ࠕ80ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡெ㐠ᛮࠉᡋணࡡ㟸ெ㐠ᛮࢅ⥾ࡊࠉᡋணࡡᾐ⁓ࢅ┘ᵾ࡛ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠 ⩇ࡢ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡋணࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡞❟⬦ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ≁ᏽࡡᡋணࢅḿᙔࡌࡾḿᡋㄵ࡛ ࡢ□┢ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᡋண࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ ྊ⬗ᛮࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙レ⣵࡞ㄵࡋࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ (3) ெ㐠⩇ࡡපᖲᛮ 1965 ᖳࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᇱᮇཋ์࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ཋ์࡛࡛ࡵ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗࡛᪁Ἢ࡞㛭ࢂࡾ㔔さཋ์ᢝ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉපᖲཋ์࡛୯❟ཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊපᖲཋ์࡛୯❟ཋ์ࡢࠉ1990 ᖳࡡṂງ⣦ணୖࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࣬⿍ⅇ⩽࣬ᨥᥴ⩽࡛ࡡ⩽ࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡊࠉᮇ✇➠ 6 ❮࡚ࡵ㔔っࡌ ࡾཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡆ࡚レ⣵ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 98 පᖲཋ⌦࡛ࡢࠉࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࠉᅗ⡘ࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉ♣ఌⓏཧࡢᨳⓏណぜ࡞ࡻࡾ࠷࠾ࡾᕣืࡵࡊ࠷ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࡒࡓⱖࡡᗐྙ࠷࡞ᚉࡖ࡙ெࢅᨾ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴࠉࡐࡡሔྙࠉ᭩ࡵ᛬ࢅさࡌࡾᅏⱖࢅ┷ࡖ࡞ ཱིࡽ࠹㸝Elle ne fait aucune distinction de nationalité, de race, de religion, de condition sociale ou d’appartenance politique. Elle s’applique seulement à secourir les individus à la mesure de leur souffrance et à subvenir par priorité aux détresses les plus urgentes.㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡཋ์ࡢࠉ1955 ᖳࡡࣅࢠࢷࡡ ࢷ࢞ࢪࢹ࡚ࡢࠉᖲ➴ཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦࡛පᖲཋ⌦ࡡࡗ࡞༇ืࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉ1979 ᖳࡡࣅࢠࢷ ࡡἸ㔐᭡࡚ࡢ↋ᕣื࣬Ẓౚ࣬පᖲࡡࡗࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼࡾ࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡ୯࡚㔔さཋ⌦ࡢࠉᖲ➴࣬ ↋ᕣืཋ⌦㸝௧ୖࠉࠔ↋ᕣืཋ⌦ࠕ㸞࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠊ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛ࡢࠉපᖲཋ์ࡡ๑ᩝ࡞࠵ࡾࠔ㉝ ༎Ꮚࡢࠉᅗ⡘ࠉெ⛸ࠉᏺᩅࠉ♣ఌⓏཧࡢᨳⓏណぜ࡞ࡻࡾ࠷࠾ࡾᕣืࡵࡊ࠷ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᨥᥴ⩽ࡢ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᒌᛮ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᨥᥴࡊ࡙ࡢࡼ࠷࡛࠷࠹ཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ࣭࢝࣋ ࡡយ࡞ࡵ㏳ࡋࡾ⌦ᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊẒౚཋ⌦࡛ࡢࠉපᖲཋ์ࡡᚃᩝ࡞࠵ࡾࠔ㉝༎Ꮚࡢࡒ ࡓⱖࡡᗐྙ࠷࡞ᚉࡖ࡙ெࢅᨾ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ຑࡴࠉࡐࡡሔྙࠉ᭩ࡵ᛬ࢅさࡌࡾᅏⱖࢅ┷ࡖ࡞ཱིࡽ࠹ࠕ ࡛࠷࠹ཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெࡡ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉᨥᥴࡡ㍇㔔࣬⥾᛬ࢅỬᏽࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌ ࡾཋ⌦࡚࠵ࡾࠊ පᖲཋ์ࡡ୯࡞࠵ࡾ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦ࡢࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ⌦⏜࠾ࡼୌࡗࡡཋ์࡞⤣ྙࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹࠾ࠉࡱࡒࠉ୦⩽ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦ୌࡗࡡཋ์࡛ࡈࡿ࡙ ࠷ࡾࡡࡢࠉࡗࡡཋ⌦ᴗࡴ࡙⥥ᐠ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊẒౚཋ⌦ࢅ㐲⏕ࡎࡍ࡞ࠉ↋ ᕣืཋ⌦ࡓࡄࢅ㐲⏕ࡌࡿࡣࠉ㔔⩽࡛㍇⩽ࡢ⒢ࡡ㍇㔔ࡷ⥾᛬ࢅ༇ืࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡂ⒢ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡾࠊெ㐠ཋ์ࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉெ㛣ࡡⱖࡡ㜭࡛㍇΅ࠉெ㛣ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛࡡಕ㆜࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛↋㛭౿ᨥᥴࡢࠉெ㐠ཋ์ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡌࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱ ࡒࠉ↋ᕣืཋ⌦ࢅ㐲⏕ࡎࡍ࡞ࠉẒౚཋ⌦ࡓࡄࢅ㐲⏕ࡌࡿࡣࠉ㔔⩽࡛㍇⩽ࡡ⒢࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㍇㔔࡛⥾᛬ ⩻៎ࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ㔔⩽ࡡ୯࡚ࡢࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ㯦ெዥᛮࡻࡽࡵ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓉெ⏠ᛮࢅඁࡊ࡙ ⒢ࡊ࡙ࡵࡻ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠ཋ์ࡡ┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾெࡡᑕ㔔ࡡ☔ಕ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼぜ ࡿࡣၡ㢗࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊெ㐠ཋ์ࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛࠷࠹ふⅤ࠾ࡼࡡපᖲᛮ࡛ࡢࠉெࢅ↋ᕣื࡞ᨥᥴ ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉெࡡ⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴࢅណࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 99 පᖲཋ์ࡢࠉ๑⟿࡚ㄵ✪ࡊࡒᨥᥴ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛⤎ㄵୌ⮬ ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽ࡡばᐠᅥࢅ㉲࠻࡙យࡡᑊ㇗ࢅአ࡞ᗀࡅࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉばᐠᅥ ࡡយࢅአ࡞㐲⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᥦゕࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡ⩇ຸࡢࠉばᐠࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࡂ㸝↋ ᕣืཋ⌦㸞ࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴ㸝Ẓౚཋ⌦㸞࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ පᖲཋ์ࡢࠉ⌟ࡡᨳ⌦ㄵ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡱࡖࡒࡂྜྷࡋᵋ㏸ࢅ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡛࠷࠹⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈀࡛ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᥞ౩ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛࠷࠹㈠″᭯㝀࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ㒼ฦࡡၡ㢗 ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 6 ❮࡚レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ (4) ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ ୯❟ཋ์࡛ࡢࠉࠔࡌ࡙ࡡெࠍ࠾ࡼ࠷ࡗࡵಘ㢏ࢅུࡄࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡢᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࡡࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡഁ ࡞ࡵຊࢂࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᥅࠻ࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡵᨳⓏࠉெ⛸ⓏࠉᏺᩅⓏཧࡢᛦⓏᛮࡡ⣦ண࡞ࡢཤຊࡊ ࠷㸝Afin de garder la confiance de tous, elle s’abstient de prendre part aux hostilités et, en tout temps, aux controverses d’ordre politique, racial, religieux ou philosophique.㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1979 ᖳࡡࣅࢠࢷࡡㄵ⩻࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾ㌱⣦ண࠾ࡼࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾ 㟸㌱Ⓩ⣦ண࠾ࡼࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᡋ࣬ᖲࡡ⣦ணࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵ㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ ࡛᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡୌ᪁࡞Ⲭᢰࡊࠉ ⣦ண࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᕣࡊ᥅࠻ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡼ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ཪᩓࡡ༇ืࢅࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡵ ណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࣭࢜ࣜ࣬ࢨ࣐ࣖࢴࢹ㸝Carl Schmitt㸞ࠖᨳⓏࡾࡵࡡࡡᴣᛍ㸝Der Begriff des Politischen㸞ࠗ 81 ࡚㆗ㄵࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉཪᩓࡡᓠืᨳࡡᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ୯❟ᛮࡢ㟸ᨳᛮ࡛ᥦゕࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ පᖲཋ์࡛୯❟ཋ์ࡢΊྜྷࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡡኣ࠷ᴣᛍ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ୦⩽ࡢࡡࡻ࠹␏ࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ පᖲཋ์ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉ୯❟ཋ์ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊṂງ⣦ண࡞㛭ࢂࡾ⣦ணᙔ⩽࣬⿍ⅇ⩽࣬ᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⩽㛭 ౿ࡡ୯࡚ࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢපᖲཋ์㐲⏕ࡈࡿࠉᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ᑊᚺ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ୯❟ཋ์㐲⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉ୯❟ཋ์࡛පᖲཋ์ࡢࠉ↋㛭౿ཋ์࡚࠵ 100 ࡾ࠾࡛ゕ࠻ࡣࡐ࠹࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ㛣࡚ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣࡚ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾ ⣦ணᑛ࠾ࡼࡍ㉫ࡊࠉࡆࡡሔྙࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽පᖲཋ์࡞ᣦᡋࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚୯❟ཋ์ິࡌࡾ࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࢂࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡛ೳ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ㔔さㄵⅤ࡚ ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ➠ 6 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 6 ⤎ㄊ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡㄵ✪ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࠕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࡛♟ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡᇱᮇⓏㄊ⩇࡞ᑊࡌࡾよ㔐ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗ࡡᬉ㐚ᛮ☔ಕ ࡈࡿࡾ㝀ࡽ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂Ⓩᇱ♇ࡢࠉኣᵕᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞᰷ᣈࢅ⨠ࡂࡆ࡛ ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉយࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᣉᘿࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⮤ᕤࡷ㎾ば⩽ ࡡយࢅ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᣉኬࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ 㐠⩇ࢅ༎ฦ࡞よ᪺ࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒථ࡚࠵ࡾࡒࡴࡡぞ⠂Ⓩ᮪௲᪺☔ ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᮇ❮࡚ࡡெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡷぞ⠂ࡡㄵ✪ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉࡆࡡⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡖࡒ ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࠉḗ❮࡚ ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ㆗ㄵࡡ๑ᥞ࡛ࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ ࠷ࠊ 1 1971 ᖳ࡞ᖲฉ♣࠾ࡼฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒࠖူᏕ㸝ᨭゖ᩺∟㸞ࠗ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ㡧┘࡞ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞オ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ ࡾࠊࠔ⌦ࠉᏺᩅ୕ࠉெ㐠ࢅࡵࡖ࡙⌦࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ࠊ༡យ⩇ࠉᄿᾇྜྷ⬂⩇ࠉୠ⏲⩇ࢅࡨࡂࡳࠊᩝᏕ୕ࡡெ㐠 ⩇ࡢࡆࡡࡻ࠹⌦ࠉᏺᩅふ࡞❟ࡔࠉࡈࡼ࡞ᖲ⩇ࠉ↋ᢤᢘ⩇ࠉយ⩇ࢅ࡛࠻ࡾࡵࡡࠊࢹࣜࢪࢹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ᩝᏕ୕ࡡୌ⩇࡛ࡖࡒࠊࣞࣚࣤ Romain RollandࠉṂ⩽ᑚ㊪ᐁ⠔ࠉ᭯ᓞṂ㑳ࠉಲ⏛Ⓤࡼࡢࡆࡿ࡞ᒌࡌࡾࠕ㸝ᯐ㐡ኰ࣬ ┐ಞࠖူᏕࠗࠉᨭゖ᩺∟ࠉᖲฉ♣ࠉ1971 ᖳࠉ752 㡣㸞ࠊࡆࡡ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ❻Ⓩ࡞ࠔ⌦ࠉᏺᩅ୕ࠉெ 㐠ࢅࡵࡖ࡙⌦࡛ࡌࡾ⩇ࠕ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ⌦ࡷᏺᩅெ㐠⩇࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾࡡ࠾ࠉࡱࡒࠉெ㐠࡛ࡢ࠷ ࠾ࡾណࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡡ࠾ࡢึ↓࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡆࡡࠖူᏕࠗ࡞ࡢࠔெ㐠ࠕࡡ㡧┘ࡵᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࡆࡡᏽ⩇ࡢࠉ ᮇ✇ࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡂ࡞ࡢ㊂ࡡ࠷ࡂࡵࡡ࡛ࡢ࠷࠻࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉThe Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment ࡡ୯࡞࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡ㡧┘࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡၤⵒ㸝Enlightenment㸞 101 ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㒂ฦⓏഁ㟻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡࡲオ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷㸝John W. Yolton and Basil Blackwell Publisher, The Blackwell Companion to the Enlightenment, Oxford, U.K.; Cambridge, Mass.: Blackwell, 1992, p. 1735㸞ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ20 ୠ⣎ิ㢄࡞ฝ∟ࡈࡿࡒ Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics ࡚ࡢࠉ࠽ࡵ࡞ࠉெ࡛ິ∸࡞㐠ᚠⓏᕣ␏ࢅヾࡴࡾ ࡀ࠾ྫྷ࠾࡛࠷࠹ິ∸យ㆜ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼெ㐠⩇ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡࡆ࡛⮤మࡢࠉெᩝ⩇㸝humanism㸞࡛ெ㐠⩇ 㸝humanitarianism㸞ࡡ┞㐢Ⅴࢅᾃࡀᙦࡽ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼ⮾࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠⩇࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱᮇⓏၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷ ࡙᪺☔࡞ㄵッࡌࡾ࡞ࡢ༎ฦ࡛ࡢ࠷࠻࠷㸝James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie and Louis Herbert Gray, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics. vol. vi., C. Scribner's sons: New York, 1925, pp. 836-840㸞ࠊ 2 James Hastings, John Alexander Selbie, and Louis Herbert Gray, Encyclopædia of Religion and Ethics, vol. vi., New York: C. Scribner’s Sons, 1925, p. 840. 3 J.A. Simpson and E.S.C. Weiner, eds., The Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition, vol. vii., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 475. 4 Ibid. 5 Ibid., p. 476. 6 J.A. Simpson, The Oxford English Dictionary: Second Edition, vol. xi., Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989, p. 679. 7 Curti, Merle, “Philanthropy” in Philip P. Wiener, Dictionary of the History of Ideas; Studies of Selected Pivotal Ideas, New York, vol. III, 1973, pp. 486-493.㸝㑝ゼࠉ࣭࣏࢜ࣜ࣬ࣜࢷࠔ༡យࠕࠉࣆࣛࢴࣈ࣬P࣭࣬ࢻ࣭⥽ࠖこὊᛦኬࠗ ࠉ➠ ᕬࠉᖲฉ♣ࠉ522-528 㡣ࠊ⛼ᇄⰃࡡ㑝ゼࢅᘤ⏕ࡊࡒ㸞 ࠊ 8 Ibid., p. 486. 㸝㑝ゼࠉ522 㡣㸞 ࠊ 9 Ibid. 㸝㑝ゼࠉ๑᥎㡣㸞ࠊࠔ୯ᅗࡡཿⓏᛦࡢࠉ༡យ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ࠵ࡾ▩Ⓩὑ⦆ཀྵࡦぜよࡡኣᵕᛮࢅ♟ࡊࡒࠊᏇᏄ࡛ᏑᏄࡢ ᬉ㐚Ⓩ࡞ொិࢅெⓏᚠ࡛ࡊ࡙⛘ᥥࡊࡒࠕ࡛࠷࠹オ㏑࠵ࡾࠊ 10 Ibid., p. 487. 㸝㑝ゼࠉ523 㡣㸞 ࠊ ࠔࢥ࣭ࢱ࣏࣬ࣇࢴࢱ㸝๑ 450 㡥㸞ࡡᩅ࠻ࡢࠉ᪃ࢅெⓏᚠ࡛ࡊ࡙☔❟ࡊࡒࡡࡲ࡚ࡂࠉ ࡐࡿࢅḿࡊ࠷⏍ࡀ᪁ࡡ᪺ッ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ⮤ᕤᢒโ࡛⤎ࡦࡗࡄࡒࠊᩅ༡យࢅโᗐࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ㝌ࡡス❟ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦࢨ ࣭ࣘ࢜⋜ࡡౚ࡚ゕ࠻ࡣࠉᩅࡡ┷⌦ࢅᘧᕱࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᝨࡊࡲࡂ᪃ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ヾࡴࡼࡿࡾࠕ࡛࠵ࡽࠉិᝊ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾཋጙᩅ࡛ኬᩅࡡぜよࡡ┞㐢࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡオ㏑ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉᩅࡡិᝊࡵ༡យࡡ㢦⩇ㄊ࡞ንࢂࡽࡢ࠷ࠊ 11 ࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚୠ⏲࡚ࡢ⚶Ⓩ࡚⮤ⓆⓏ㉏༎ฦ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚୠ⏲࡞ ࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉႌᤖ㸝ࢧ࣭࢜ࢹ࣬ࢦࢱ࢜㸞ࢅᡥṹ࡛ࡊࡒ┞பຐࡡୠ⏲ᙟᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࢧ࣭࢜ࢹ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ โᗐࡵぜࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢜ࣜࢷࡡᣞᦤࡢ㐲ᙔ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ࢜ࣜࢷࡢࠉࡱࡒࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ࣭࣏࣬ࣞࡡ༡យࡢࠉ⚶ Ⓩ࡚⮤ⓆⓏ㉏ࡻࡽࡵපⓏโᗐࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᅏ❋⩽ࡡᨾῥᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒ࡛ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 12 ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉெ㐠⩇ࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᬉ㐚Ⓩយࡡᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ཚ࡞よ㔐ࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយࡢࠉ㝼 ெយࢅྱࡴ࡙ࠔ♼ᛮࠕ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᬉ㐚Ⓩយ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࡢࠔ♼ᛮࠕࢅྫྷᏽࡊࡒ୕࡚⏍ࡊࡒ㎾ᛦࡡᴣᛍ࡚࠵ ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒយࡡᐁ㊰ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࢞ࣛࢪ ࢹᩅࡡយࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕࢅ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾୠಐⓏ⤄⧂࡞࠻ࡒṌྍⓏᙫ㡢ࡡᏋᅹࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀࡍࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᏺᩅⓏ౮ೋࢅ⩻ᐳࡡᑊ㇗࠾ࡼᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࡻࡽࡵࠉໜྱࡊ࡙⩻ᐳࡊࡒ᪁ୠಐⓏெ㐠⩇ࡡ㇇ ࠾⌦よࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࠔெ㛣ᛮࠕ࡚ࡢ࠷ᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝⓏ࣬⌦Ⓩ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡵࠉெ 㐠⩇࡞᰷ࡉࡊࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ࡙ぜࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 13 ெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࢅࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼよ᪺ࡊࡒㄵ⩻࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡵࡡᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊ⏛୯ᚽࠔெ㐠ふᛍࡡ ㅎ┞ࠕ ࠉᑈἉୌ➴⥽ࠖᅗ㝷ἪᏕࡡ්ᵋ⠇ࠗ୕ᕬᡜࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ1977 ᖳࠉ95-148 㡣ࠊ⏛୯ᚽࡢࠉᅗ㝷ἪᏕࡡெ㐠 ふᛍࢅᴣふࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠㸝humanitas㸞ࡡណࢅよ᪺ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ふᛍࡡᛦⓏ⫴ᬊ࡛ࡊ࡙ெᩝ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࣃࣖ ࣭࣏ࢼࢫ࣑ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉࠔࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢷ࣭࡛࠷࠹ㄊ࠾ࡼ├ࡔ࡞㏻ࡈࡿࡾࡡࡢࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛ ࠷࠹ࠉୌࡗࡡ❟ሔ࠷ࡊ⢥♼Ⓩឺᗐࢅ⾪ࡌㄊ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡒࡐࡡࡻ࠹❟ሔࢅ࡛ࡾெࢅណࡌࡾࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢪࢹ࡛࠷࠹ㄊ ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠕ 㸝133 㡣㸞࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࡢࠉெ㛣⩇㸝human㸠ism㸞࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇㸝humanity 㸠arian㸠ism㸞࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡱࡒࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢷࡡᐁ㊰⩽ࡢࠉெ㛣㸝୯ᚨ㸞⩇⩽㸝human㸠ist㸞࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠⩇⩽ 102 㸝humanity㸠arian㸠ist㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ㄊ″ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼぜ࡙ࠉெ㐠㸝humanity㸞ࡡὬ⏍ㄊ࡚ࡢ࠷ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ ࡛ࠉࡐࡡὬ⏍ㄊ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇ࢅΊྜྷࡌࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉㄊ⩇ࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼぜࡿࡣࠉᮇ✇࡚ゕཀྵࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞୦⩽ ࡡណ࡞㔔々ぜࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 14 ࠖᒷἴူᏕ࣬ᛦࠗࡡࠔࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࠕࡡ㡧┘࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᓞୌࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࠔ⌟࡞࠽ ࠷࡙ࠖࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛ࠗ࠷࠹ゕⴝࡢࠉୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ெ㛣ࡡ౮ೋ࡛ᑕཚࢅ㔔っࡌࡾ❟ሔࢅ⾪ࢂࡊࠉࠔெ㐠⩇ࠕࡷࠔ༡យ ⩇ࠕ࡛㢦జࡊࡒណ࡚⏕࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵኣ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪࡡᛦࢅ≁ᚡࡘࡄࡾࠔெᩝ⩇ࠕࡢࠉࡆࡡ⏕Ἢ࡛ࡢ ࡱࡖࡒࡂ↋㛭౿࡚ࡢ࠷ࡵࡡࡡ᪺☔࡞༇ืࡈࡿࡾࡀࠉୌࡗࡡṌྍⓏᴣᛍ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠕཱུ࡛㏑ࡊࠉࣜࢾࢦࣤࢪࡡெᩝ ⩇ࠉ18 ୠ⣎ࢺࢵࡡ᩺ெᩝ⩇ࠉ࣏ࣜࢠࢪ⩇௧ᚃࡡ⌟ᛦ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெᩝ⩇ࡡᢀึ࡞ࡵゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᓞୌ ࠔࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࠕ ࠉᗽᮿῦ⥽ࠖᒷἴူᏕ࣬ᛦ㎙ࠗᡜࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1998 ᖳࠉ1332-1334 㡣㸞 ࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡵࠉࣃ࣭ࣖ ࣏ࢼࢫ࣑ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡷ༡យ⩇࡛㢦జࡡ⏕Ἢࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽࡊ࠷ࠉெᩝ⩇ࡡṌྍⓏ࣬ᛦⓏఎ⤣ࡵណࡌ ࡾ⏕ㄊ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑࡛ெ㐠⩇ࢅᓠืࡌࡾᚪさᛮ࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 15 ⏍Ꮛᶊ࡛ࡢࠉ ࠔᗀ⩇࡚ࡢࠉெࡡ⏍Ꮛཧࡢ⏍Ὡࡡ⥌ᣚཀྵࡦⓆᒈ࡞ᚪさㅎ᮪௲ࡡ☔ಕࢅᅗᐓ࡞さịࡌࡾᅗẰࡡᶊฺࠕ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ 㸝Ἢ௦⏕ㄊ◂✪ఌ⥽ࠖ᭯ᩣ㛮Ἢᚂ⏕ㄊࠗ ࠉ➠ 3 ∟ࠉ᭯ᩣ㛮ࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ810 㡣㸞 ࠊ 16 Ignatieff, Michael, ‘Human Rights as Politics’, in Michael Ignaieff and Amy Guttman (ed.), Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. 3-52㸝㑝ゼࠉ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆࠔᨳ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெᶊࠕࠉ ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆⴥࠉ࢙࣐࣭࣬࢝ࢴࢹ࣏ࣤ⥽ࠉ῟ㆺ⫩ᚷ࣬㔘⏛⪌ୌゼࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕࠗᡜࠉ㢴⾔♣ࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ35-100 㡣㸞ࠊ 17 Guttman, Amy, ‘Introduction, in Michael Ignaieff and Amy Guttman (ed.), Human Rights as Politics and Idolatry, Princeton, N.J., Princeton University Press, 2001, pp. vii-xxviii㸝㑝ゼࠉ࢙࣐࣭࣬࢝ࢴࢹ࣏ࣤࠔᗆࠕ ࠉ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆⴥࠉ࢙ ࣐࣭࣬࢝ࢴࢹ࣏ࣤ⥽ࠉ῟ㆺ⫩ᚷ࣬㔘⏛⪌ୌゼࠖெᶊࡡᨳᏕࠗᡜࠉ㢴⾔♣ࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ1-31 㡣㸞 ࠊ 18 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛ᅗ㝷ெᶊἪࡡໜᣋⓏẒ㍉◂✪ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊProvost, Réne, International Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, Cambridge, UK; New York, Cambridge University Press, 2002. 19 ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡយ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅ࡛ࡂ࡞ཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊMorris, Leon, Testaments of Love: A Study of Love in the Bible, William B. Eeradmans Publishing Company: Grand Rapids, Michigan, 1981㸝㑝ゼࠉ࢛࣓ࣝࣤ࣬ࣛࢪⴥ࣬ ఫࠍᮄົᙢゼࠖយ̿⪯᭡࡞࠽ࡄࡾយࡡ◂✪ࠗࠉᩅᩝ㤃ࠉ1989ᖳ㸞ࠊC.S. Lewis, The Four Loves, Harcourt Brace Jovanovich. Inc.: New York, 1960.㸝㑝ゼࠉC࣬S࣬ࣜࢪ࣬⺼ᑋ㞕ゼࠖᄿࡗࡡយࠗࠉ᩺ᩅฝ∟♣ࠉ1961ᖳ㸞ࠊ㔘Ꮔᬍຩࠖយࡡᛦྍ Ѹយࡡ㢦ᆵ࡛⛓ᗆࡡᛦྍࠗࠉ▩ἠ᭡㤃ࠉ2003ᖳࠊ 20 21 http://www.caritas.org/jumpCh.asp?idUser=0&idChannel=15&idLang=ENG (1 January 2007). ࠔỚ⮤㌗ࡡࡻ࠹࡞Ớࡡ㝼ெࢅយࡎࡻࠕ࡛࠷࠹௦ࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⩇ຸࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣏ࣜࢤ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 12ࠉ ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 19ࠉ22ࠉ࢝ࣚࢷࣕࡡಘᚈࡡᡥ⣤ 5 ࡞࠽࠷࡙㝼ெយㄕ࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 22 ࣙࣀࢾࡡᡥ⣤࣬4ࠉ7-8ࠊ⣑⪯᭡࣬᩺⣑⪯᭡ࡡᘤ⏕࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ⩳ゼ࠾ࡼࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ⪯᭡ᩅఌࠖ⪯᭡ ᩺භྜྷゼࠗ ࠉᮇ⪯᭡ᩅఌࠉ1987 ᖳࠊ 23 Morris, Testaments of Love, p. 128.㸝㑝ゼࠉ149 㡣㸞ࠊ 24 ࢝ࣚࢷࣕࡡಘᚈࡡᡥ⣤࣬3ࠉ28ࠊ 25 ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡࣬5ࠉ43-44ࠊ 26 ࣜ࢜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡࣬10ࠉ25-37ࠊ 27 ኬሪኰ⥽ࠖᒷἴࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ㎙ࠗ ࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ395-396ࠉ398-399 㡣ࠊ 28 ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ 9࣬60ࠊࢠ࣭ࣜࣤࡢࠉᏺᩅἪࡡぞᏽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⩳ゼヾࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࣚࣄㄊࡡཋ࠾ࡼࡡᘤ⏕ࡡ ࡲセᐖࡈࡿࡾࠉ➱⩽࡞ࡢࣚࣄㄊࡡ⣪㣬࠷ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᮇㄊよ㔐᭡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ⏛ゼࢅᘤ⏕ࡊࡒࠊ⏛ ୌゼࠖ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ㸯லᑊゼἸよࠗ ࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉᮇ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛ༝ఌࠉ1983 ᖳࠉ232 㡣ࠊ➼ಆᙢゼࠖࢤ࣭ࣚࣤ㸝୕㸞ࠗ ࠉ ᨭ∟ࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1964 ᖳࠉ260 㡣ࠊ 29 ெ㐠⩇࡛ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ࡛ࡡ⌦ㄵ࣬ᐁ㊰୕ࡡ㛭౿࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࢪ࣐ࣚࢴࢠ࣭࣬ࣛࣛࣆ㸝Islamic Relief㸞ຸᑻ㛏ࢩ 103 ࣏࣭ࣔࣜ࣬ࢠࣚࣆ࢘ࢪࡡㄵ✇レࡊ࠷ࠊKrafess, Jamal, ‘The Influence of the Muslim Religion in Humanitarian Aid,’ International Review of the Red Cross, Volume 87, Number 858, June 2005, pp. 327-332. 30 Krafess, ‘The Influence of the Muslim Religion in Humanitarian Aid,’ p. 327, 329. ࡒࡓࡊࠉ⌟ᅹࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉࢮ࣏ ࣛࡷ࣍ࢪࢼࡡࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ♣ఌࡷ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛᥴຐࡡ᭩ኬࡡུ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚභྜྷమ࠾ࡼࡡᏺᩅⓏ භྜྷమ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢ㔔さㄵⅤ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ 31 ⏛ୌゼࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉྜྷ㡣ࠊ 32 Krafess, ‘The Influence of the Muslim Religion in Humanitarian Aid,’ pp. 339-340. 33 Krafess, ‘The Influence of the Muslim Religion in Humanitarian Aid,’ p. 340. 34 ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤࠔࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࠕࠉࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤⴥࠉᮄහฺ㑳ゼࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗᡜࠉ1969 ᖳࠉ㉝ఌ㤃ࠉ163 㡣ࠊ 35 36 ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤⴥࠉᮄහฺ㑳ゼࠖࢮࣜࣆ࣭࢘ࣛࢿࡡᛦ࠷ฝࠗ ࠉ1969 ᖳࠉ㉝ఌ㤃ࠉ144 㡣ࠊ 1961 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡢࠉࡆࡡᵾㄊ࠾ࡼࠔPer Humanitatem ad Pacem㸝ெ㐠ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᖲࢅ㸞ࠕ࡞ን᭞ࡊ ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ㸝ិយ㸞࠾ࡼெ㐠ᴣᛍࡡ㔔Ⅴࡡ⛛⾔ࢅ❒࠷▩ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ 37 ㉝⊲Ꮔኯ㝟ࡡオ❮ࡢࠉ1979 ᖳࡡࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ㠁ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ᗣḾࡈࡿࠉ1980 ᖳ௧ᚃࠉ࡚ࣚࣤࡢ㉝᩺᭮オ❮࡛ࡊ࡙ ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 38 ᮇࡡ㉝༎Ꮚオ❮࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡レࡊ࠷ࠊKosuge, N. Margaret, ‘The “Non-religious” Red Cross Emblem and Japan,’ International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 85, no. 849, March 2003, pp. 75-93. 39 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡᵾ❮࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡㄵ✇ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊBugnion, François, ‘The Red Cross and Red Crescent Emblems,’ International Review of the Red Cross, vol. 71, no. 272, October 1989, pp. 408-419. 40 Pictet, Jean S., Les Principes de la Croix-Rouge, Genève: Comitè International de la Croix-Rouge, 1955, p. 14㸝㑝ゼࠉࢩࣔࣤ࣬ ࣅࢠࢷⴥࠉ୕─ኯ㑳ゼࠖ㉝༎Ꮚࡡㅎཋ์ࠗ ࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ1958 ᖳࠉ19 㡣㸞 ࠊ 41 Ibid.㸝㑝ゼࠉ๑᥎㸞 ࠊ 42 Pictet, Jean S., Les Principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge: commentaire, Genève: Comitè International de la Croix-Rouge, 1979㸝㑝ゼࠉࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࣅࢠࢷⴥࠉ୕ᚽ⏠ゼࠖよㄕ㉝༎Ꮚࡡᇱᮇཋ์㸯ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ⌦ᛍ࡛⾔ິぞ⠂ࠗࠉ᮶ಘᇸࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ 37 㡣㸞 ࠊ 43 យᅗ⩇࡛ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࢅࡴࡃࡾၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊNussbaum, Martha C. and Joshua Cohen, eds., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press: Boston, 1996㸝㑝ゼࠉ࣏࣭ࢦ࣬C࣬ࢽࢪࣁ ࣑ࠉ㎦ᕦఘ▩࣬⬗ᕖඔୌゼࠖᅗࢅយࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛㸯យᅗ⩇ࡡ㝀⏲ࢅࡴࡃࡾㄵணࠗࠉெᩝ᭡㝌ࠉ2000 ᖳ㸞 ࠊࡆࡡ୯ࡡ ࢽࢪࣁࢪ࣑ࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡡㄵ⩻ࢅཤ↯ࡊࡒࠊ 44 Nussbaum, Martha C., ‘Patriotism and Cosmopolitanism, in Nussbaum, Martha C. and Joshua Cohen, eds., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press: Boston, 1996, pp. 2-20㸝㑝ゼࠉ࣏࣭ࢦ࣬C࣬ࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࠔយᅗ⩇࡛ࢤࢪ࣓ ࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑ࠕ ࠉ࣏࣭ࢦ࣬C࣬ࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࠉ㎦ᕦఘ▩࣬⬗ᕖඔୌゼࠖᅗࢅយࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛㸯យᅗ⩇ࡡ㝀⏲ࢅࡴࡃࡾ ㄵணࠗᡜࠉெᩝ᭡㝌ࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ19-44 㡣㸞 ࠊ 45 Walzer, Michael, ‘Spheres of Affection,’ in Nussbaum, Martha C. and Joshua Cohen, eds., For Love of Country: Debating the Limits of Patriotism, Beacon Press: Boston, 1996, pp. 125-127㸝㑝ゼࠉ࣏ࢢ࢚ࣜ࣬ࣜࢵ࣭ࠔយࡡᅥᇡࠕ ࠉ࣏࣭ࢦ࣬C࣬ ࢽࢪࣁ࣑ࠉ㎦ᕦఘ▩࣬⬗ᕖඔୌゼࠖᅗࢅយࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛㸯យᅗ⩇ࡡ㝀⏲ࢅࡴࡃࡾㄵணࠗᡜࠉெᩝ᭡㝌ࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ208-210 㡣㸞 ࠊ 46 ࣛࢪࢹࢷࣝࢪⴥࠉ㧏⏛㑳ゼࠖࢼࢤ࣏ࢤࢪ⌦Ꮥࠗ㸝ୖ㸞ࠉᒷἴᩝᗔࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ 1973ᖳࠉ96㡣ࠊ 47 ெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊこᾇ┷ᶖࠔெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࠕࠖᅗ㝷ெᶊࠗࠉ➠ 12 ᕬࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ 29-34 㡣ࠊこᾇ┷ᶖࠔெ㐠ⓏᨾᥴᶊࡡἪⓏᵋᠺࡡモࡲ㸯ࣆࣚࣤࢪㄊᅥࡡㅎᏕㄕࢅᡥ࠾ࡽ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠕࠖἪᏕ᩺ሒࠗࠉ➠ 102 ᕬࠉ➠ 5࣬6 ྒࠉ1-54 㡣ࠊこᾇ┷ᶖࠔࠖெ㐠ⓏᨾᥴᶊࠗㄵࠕࠖἪᏕ᩺ሒࠗࠉ➠ 102 ᕬࠉ➠ 3࣬4 ྒࠉ187-221 㡣ࠊこᾇ┷ 104 ᶖࠔெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࡡᥞ၌ࠕࠖ↻ᮇἪᏕࠗࠉ➠ 81 ᕬࠉ1-52 㡣ࠊᩢ⸠ᝬᙢࠔெ㐠Ⓩ⥥᛬ᨾᥴᶊ࡛ᅗᐓᶊࠕࠖἪᏕࢬ࣐ࢻ ࣭ࠗࠉ448 ྒࠉ1992 ᖳࠉ20-24 㡣ࠊ 48 Hohfeld, Wesley Newcomb, Fundamental Legal Conceptions as Applied in Judicial Reasoning, Westport, Conn.: Greenwood Press, Publishers, 1978, pp. 23-64. 49 Ibid., p. 31. 50 Immanuel Kant: Grundlegung zur Metaphsik der Sitten. 1785. In Hans Ebeling (Hrsg.): Immanuel Kant. Grundlegung zur Metaphsik der Sitten. Reclam. Universal-Bibliothek Nr. 4507. Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co. Stuttgart 2004. Ꮻ㒌ᐋⰶ᪺ゼ ࠖ㐠ᚠᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ௧ᩝ♣ࠉ2004 ᖳࠊᅰᒪ㑝ኰࠉふᒜ㞯㝟࣬㔕⏛ཧኰゼࠉࠖࣈࣞࣝࢥ࣭࣒ࢻ ெࡡᙟ⪃୕ Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ୯ኳපㄵ᩺♣ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊᆊ㒂ᜠ࣬ཿ⏛⌦࣬ᖲ⏛ಆ༡ゼࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗 7㸯ᐁ㊰⌦ᛮᢀึ࣬ெࡡᙟ⪃ ୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2000 ᖳࠊ⠓⏛ⱝ⏠ゼࠖ㐠ᚠⓏᙟ⪃୕Ꮥཋㄵࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1992 ᖳࠊషᏬᩝゼࠉࠖ࢜ ࣤࢹධ㞗࣬➠ 7 ᕬ㸯ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ⌦♣ࠉ1965 ᖳࠊ 51 Immanuel Kant: Die Metaphysik der Sitten. 1797. In Hans Ebeling (Hrsg.): Immanuel Kant. Die Metaphysik der Sitten. Reclam. Universal-Bibliothek Nr. 4508. Philipp Reclam jun. GmbH & Co. Stuttgart 2001. ௧ୖ A ∟ࡡ㡣ᩐࢅオ㍍ࡌࡾࠊᶙḿ⩇࣬ờᑹ ୌゼࠉࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗 11㸯ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2002 ᖳࠊྚ⃕പ㑳࣬ᑹ⏛ᖶ⏠ゼࠉࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗࣬➠ 11 ᕬ㸯 ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࠗࠉ⌦♣ࠉ1967 ᖳࠊⓉᠺඒ࣬ᑚಲㇾ⚵ゼࠖ㐠ᚠူᏕࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1954 ᖳࠊ௧ୖࡡࡌ࡙ࡡᘤ⏕ ᩝࡢࠉᶙ࣬ờᑹゼ࡞ᚉࡖࡒࠊ 52 ࢜ࣤࢹࡢࠉᏰධ⩇ຸࡢࠉࠔἪࡡ⩇ຸࡌࢂࡔአⓏ❟Ἢྊ⬗⩇ຸ㸝officia iuris㸞ࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᏰධ⩇ຸࡢࠉࠔࡐࡿ ྊ⬗ᚠࡡ⩇ຸ㸝officia virtutis s. ethica㸞ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛㏑࡙ࠉአⓏᙁโࡡ᭯↋࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⩇ຸࡡᏰධᛮ࡛Ᏸධᛮࢅᓠ ืࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊEbenda, S. 239-240.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ60-61㡣㸞ࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞࢜ࣤࢹࡡᏰධ⩇ຸ࡛Ᏸධ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ ᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊSchumaker, Millard, Sharing Without Reckoning: Imperfect Right and the Norms of Reciprocity, Waterloo, Ontario: Wilfrid Laurier University Press, 1992, pp. 41-56㸝࣐࣭ࣛࣔࢺ࣬ࢨ࣭࣒࣭࣭ࣖ࢜ⴥࠉຊ⸠ᑠṂ࣬ᮿᕖಆኰゼࠖយ࡛ḿ ⩇ࡡᵋ㏸㸯⌦ࡡெ㛣ᏕⓏᇱ♇ࠗࠉὊ᭡ᡛࠉ2001ᖳࠉ107-141㡣㸞ࠊᑚಲᚷ⚀ࠖ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⌦ᛦࠗࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ 1972ᖳࠉ398-404㡣ࠊ 53 ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉ㧏ᶣᏳᖶゼࠖ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞ㐽㞗9㸯⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1999ᖳࠉ132㡣ࠊ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉἠຐゼ ࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1961ᖳࠉ12㡣ࠊSchumaker, Sharing Without Reckoning, pp. 8-9.㸝ຊ⸠࣬ᮿᕖゼࠉ22-23ࠉ25 㡣㸞ࠊ 54 Ibid., p. 12.㸝ຊ⸠࣬ᮿᕖゼࠉ34-36㡣ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞36㡣ࡡゼἸཤ⩻࡞ࡾ㸞ࠊ 55 ࠔỚṽࡌࡆ࡛࠾ࡿࠕࡢࠉ⣑⪯᭡ࡷ᩺⣑⪯᭡ࡡ௦࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠉࡡᏺᩅࠉ㐠ᚠࠉἪ࡞ୌ⯙࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 56 Ebenda, S. 450.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ332 㡣㸞 ࠊ 57 Ebenda, S. 450.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ332-333 㡣㸞 ࠊ 58 Ebenda, S. 450-451.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ333-334 㡣㸞 ࠊ 59 Ebenda, S. 452-455.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ336-337 㡣㸞 ࠊ 60 Ebenda, S. 452.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ336 㡣㸞 ࠊ 61 Ebenda, S. 453.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ337 㡣㸞 ࠊ 62 Ebenda, S. 454.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ339 㡣㸞 ࠊ 63 Ebenda, S. 456.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ341 㡣㸞 ࠊ 64 Ebenda, S. 456.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ342 㡣㸞 ࠊ 65 Ebenda, S. 456.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ342 㡣㸞 ࠊ 66 Ebenda, S. 456.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ342 㡣㸞 ࠊ 67 Ebenda, S. 449.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ331 㡣㸞 ࠊ 68 Ebenda, S. 450.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ332 㡣㸞 ࠊ 69 Ebenda, S. 451.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ335 㡣㸞 ࠊ 105 70 Ebenda, S. 452.㸝ᶙ࣬ờᑹゼࠉ335-336 㡣㸞 ࠊ 71 Obiaga, The Politics of Humanitarian Organizations Intervention, pp. 69-93. 72 Singer, Peter, “Famine, Affluence and Morality”, Philosophy and Public Affairs, Vol. 1, No. 3, spring, 1972, pp. 231-232. 73 ᥴຐ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㊝㞫࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵண࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊDeen K. Chatterjee, The Ethics of Assistance: Morality and the Distant Needy, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2004. ࡆࡡ୯࡚ࠉࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡢࠉ∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫ࡻࡽࡵᚨ ⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫⌦୕ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞∸⌦Ⓩ㊝㞫ࡵெ㐠⩇ࡡ⩇ຸࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さ さ⣪࡛ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ࡡ᭩㎾ࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊSinger, Peter, One World: The Ethics of Globalization, and second edition, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004, pp. 150-195㸝㑝ゼࠉࣅ࣭ࢰ࣭࣬ࢨ࣭ࣤ࢝ⴥࠉᒜ හཪ㑳࣬ᶌ์❮┐ゼࠖࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣛࢭ࣭ࢨࣘࣤࡡ⌦Ꮥࠗࠉᇸࠉ2005 ᖳࠉ190-247 㡣㸞 ࠊ 74 ࢦ࣏ࣛெ࡛ࡢࠉࣗࢱࣕᩅ࠾ࡼฦ㞫ࡊࡒࢦ࣏ࣛᩅᅆ࡞ᡜᒌࡌࡾெࠍࢅᣞࡊࠉࢣࣛࢩ࣑ᒜ࡞♼Ẃࢅ⠇ࡀࠉ࣓࣭ࢬ᭡ ࡡࡲࢅḿ࡛ࡊࡒࠊࣉࣝࢼࢫ࣑ᨳ➿ࢅུᐖࡊࡒࢦ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉࢣࣛࢩ࣑ᒜ࡞␏ᩅ♼ࡵᏭ⨠ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࣗࢱࣕெ࡛Ử ࡊࡒࠊ࢙ࢪ࡛ࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡዥ࡛ࡡఌリ࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣗࢱࣕெ࡛ࢦ࣏ࣛெࡡ㛭౿᪺♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔࢦ࣏ࣛ ெࡡዥࡢࠉ ࠖࣗࢱࣕெࡡ࠵ࡒࢦ࣏ࣛࡡዥࡡࢂࡒࡊ࡞ࠉ࠹ࡊ࡙Ềࢅ㣟ࡱࡎ࡙ḟࡊ࠷࡛㢏ࡳࡡ࡚ࡌ࠾࡛ࠗゕࡖࡒࠊ ࣗࢱࣕெࡢࢦ࣏ࣛெ࡛ࡢஹ㝷ࡊ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠕ㸝ࣙࣀࢾ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡㸝John㸞࣬4:9㸞ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࣗࢱࣕெ࡛ࢦ࣏ࣛ ெࡡ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉࢦ࣏ࣛெࣗࢱࣕெࡡ᪉ெࢅᨾῥࡊࡒ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉࡻࡽຉ⦴Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ 75 Sontag, Susan, Regarding the Pain of Others, New York: Picador, 2004, p. 10㸝㑝ゼࠉࢪ࣭ࢧࣤ࣬ࢮࣤࢰࢡⴥࠉᱼᩝ⥬ゼࠖ ⩽ࡡⱖࡡࡱࡉࡊࠗ ࠉࡲࡌࡍ᭡ᡛࠉ9 㡣㸞 ࠊ 76 5 ṋᮅṒஷ⋙ࡡࢸ࣭ࢰࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊRyan, William A., ed., The State of World Population 2004, New York: United Nations Population Fund, 2004, pp. 102-111. 77 A/RES/46/182, 19 December 1991. 78 Code of Conduct ࡡḿᘟྞ⛘ࡢࠉ“Code of Conduct for the International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement and Non-Governmental Organizations (NGOs) in Disaster Relief” ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ୯࡚ࡵᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡞ භ᭯ྊ⬗⾔ິぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ࠽ࠉࡆࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡞ࡢࠉࡗࡡᒌᩝ᭡࠵ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇᅗᨳᗋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᒌᩝ ᭡ࠉᥴຐᅗᨳᗋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᒌᩝ᭡ࠉᨳᗋ㛣ᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡌࡾᒌᩝ᭡ࡡࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 79 Pictet, Les Principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge: commentaire, p. 28㸝㑝ゼࠉ35 㡣㸞 ࠊ 80 Ibid., p. 29㸝㑝ゼࠉ36 㡣㸞 ࠊ 81 Carl Shumitt. Der Begriff des Politischen. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. 1963.㸝ゼࠉC࣬ࢨ࣐ࣖࢴࢹⴥࠉ⏛୯ᾀ࣬ཋ⏛Ṃ㞕 ゼࠖᨳⓏࡵࡡࡡᴣᛍࠗ ࠉᮅᮮ♣ࠉ2000 ᖳ㸞 ࠊ 106 ➠ 2 㒂 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ ➠ 4 ❮ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰ 1 ᗆㄵ ➠ 1 㒂࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡమࠉᐁ㊰ࠉぞ⠂ࡡᅗ㝷࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⩻ᐳࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾ⣦ண ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິୠ⏲ぞᶅ࡞ᣉኬࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱ᆵ ࡡఎ⤣Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິⓆᒈࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷࡙ࠉᙁโ࣬㌱ᆵࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ✒ᴗⓏ࡞Ὡ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉṂງ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ ථᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ ෫ᡋ࡞ࡢࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࢅ㡤Ⅴ࡛ࡌࡾ᮶こ୦㝍ႜࠉᰶඹჹࡡ㛜Ⓠ࡛㒼ങࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ᜅᛟ ࡡᆍ⾦ࢅᙟᠺࡊࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗᱄࡞ᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ᶭ⬗ࢅ㯖 ⑯ࡈࡎࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉ᮶こ୦㝍ႜࡡ⥥ᘿ⥾ࡊࠉ♣ఌ⩇ࢅᵾᴮࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡵよమࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡢኬᅗࡡୌ⮬࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒỬ㆗ࡡᢝྊ⬗⎌ሾ ⏍ࡱࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞ࡻࡾ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 7 ❮ࡡぞᏽࢅ᰷ᣈ࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ 39 ᮪ࡢࠉࠔᏭ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᖲ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠉᖲࡡ◒ቪཧࡢ␆⾔ⅥࡡᏋᅹࢅỬᏽࡊࠉ୩ࡦ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵ ࡦᏭධࢅ⥌ᣚࡊཧࡢᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࿈ࢅࡊࠉཧࡢ➠ 41 ᮪୩ࡦ࡞➠ 42 ᮪࡞ᚉࡖ࡙࠷࠾ࡾ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ ࡾ࠾ࢅỬᏽࡌࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡊࠉ➠ 41 ᮪࡞ࡢ㟸㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔ⤊ῥ㛭౿ཀྵࡦ㕪㐠ࠉ⯗✭ࠉ㒉౼ࠉ㞹 ಘࠉ↋⥲㏳ಘࡐࡡࡡ㐘㍲㏳ಘࡡᡥṹࡡධ㒂ཧࡢୌ㒂ࡡ୯᩷୩ࡦ࡞አஹ㛭౿ࡡ᩷⤧ࠕᣪࡅࡼࡿࠉ➠ 42 ᮪࡞ࡢ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲཀྵࡦᏭධࡡ⥌ᣚཧࡢᅂᚗ࡞ᚪさ✭㌱ࠉᾇ㌱ཧࡢ㝛㌱ࡡ⾔ິ ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡆࡡ⾔ິࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙຊ┍ᅗࡡ✭㌱ࠉᾇ㌱ཧࡢ㝛㌱࡞ࡻࡾ♟ጸࠉᑌ㙈ࡐࡡࡡ⾔ ິࢅྱࡳࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᖲ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠉᖲࡡ◒ ቪཧࡢ␆⾔Ⅵࢅヾᏽࡊࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛ᅂᚗࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࠉࡐࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡ⤊ῥⓏ࣬㌱ ⓏโࢅⓆິࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᶊ⬗࡛ࡊ࡙ಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡡᢝ࡞ࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ ࢜ࠉ࢟ࣛࢪࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࠉࣞࢨࠉ୯⳱ெẰභᅗࡡᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡྜྷណᢖ⚂1࡛ 15 ⌦ᅗࡡ 9 ࢜ᅗ௧୕ 107 ࡡ㈰ᠺᢖ⚂2ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᖏ௴⌦ᅗᢼྫྷᶊࢅ⾔ࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ᶭ⬗ࡡ᭩㝀ᗐ ࡡ᮪௲࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡞ࡻࡾ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโࡡᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ1990 ᖳࡡࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ ࡙Ὡ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1990 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 2 ࠉࣚࢠࢠ࣭࢘ࢹ࡞ᨯࡊࠉྜྷࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢ Ử㆗ 660 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡ㌱ᨯࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲࡡᏭධࡡ◒ቪࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ3ࠉ6 ࠉỬ㆗ 661 ࡞࠽࠷࡙ ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࣚࢠ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥโࢅⓆິࡊࡒ4ࠊ11 ᭮ 29 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 678 ࢅᢝࡊࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹ㏝ࡡࢅ 1991 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 15 ࡞スᏽࡊࠉ㏝ᐁ⌟ࡈࡿ࠷ሔྙ ࡞ࡢࠉຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾࠕࡒࡴ࡞Ṃງ⾔ࢅྱࡴࡒࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹ 㸝all necessary means㸞ࠕࢅⓆິࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅヾࡴࡒ5ࠊ1 ᭮ 17 ࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡾᓃᡋண㛜ጙࡈࡿࡒࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᅗᐓ㛣⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ᓃᡋணࡢࡐࡡᆵⓏౚࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᓃᡋண௧㜾ࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡኬ༖ᅗහṂງ⣦ண࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡢහᡋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡛࠷࠹ᙟឺࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 7 㡧ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙຊ┍ᅗࡡᅗහ⟮㍾㡧࡞ථࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪ ➠ 4 㡧ࡢࠉຊ┍ᅗᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙Ṃງࢅ⾔ࡊࠉṂງ࡚ጸᄋࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡐࡡౚአ࡛ࡊ ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅセᐖࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉᅗ ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ ࡛ヾᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗහṂງ⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ࡻࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏよỬࡷᅗẰⓏ よࡡ㐡ᠺࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ௴ຸࡵᯕࡒࡌࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡡ㌱ථ㸝ᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋࠉOperation Restore Hope㸞ࠉ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡ㌱ථ㸝ࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋࠉOpération Turquoise㸞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡞Ὡິࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㝀ᏽࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹᩺ࡊ࠷ឺࡢࠉᚉᮮࡡೳᡋྙណࡷᖲ ྙណ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡᩝ⬞࡚ࡢ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡀᖲᏋᅹ ࡊ࠷≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡⱖᝆࢅ⥾ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡெ㐠Ⓩථᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡒ࡛⌦よࡌࡾࡆ 108 ࡛㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ࡞ิࡴ࡙ᑙථࡈࡿࡒ᩺ࡊ࠷㌱⾔ິࡡᙟឺ ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ෫ᡋ௧๑࠾ࡼୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㌱ථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࢅ㌱⾔ິࡡḿᙔࡡ᰷ ᣈ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡኣࡂࡢኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ୦⩽ ࢅᓠืࡌࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࡌࡾ௧ୖࡡⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣ ᛍ࡛ᶭ⬗ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 4 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ ථࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ㆜ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ ᥈⨠࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ➠ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࠉெ㐠 ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒⅤࢅࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡࡗࡡᶭ⬗࡞ゕཀྵࡊࡼౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙よ᪺ࡊࡒ ࠷㸝➠ 4 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣࠉ➠ୌ࡞ࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㝷ࡡὩິெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡾᚪさ࠵ࡽࠉ➠࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ ⌦⏜ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡾࠊᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉ➠ୌࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ ౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙᳠ッࡊࠉ➠ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡన⨠ࡘࡄ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ➠ 5 ❮࡚᳠ッࡊ ࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡷࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿࣬ ථ㌱࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 6 ❮࡚㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 2 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣᛍ࡛ᶭ⬗ (1) ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᴣᛍ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࠔெ㐠Ⓩථࠕࡢࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථࠕࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡌࡾࠊࠔெ 㐠ᨥᥴࠕ࡛ࡢࠉᮇ✇➠ 1 ❮➠ 3 ⟿࡚レ㏑ࡊࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᄿࡗࡡὩິࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉරమⓏ࡞ࡢࠉ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༈⒢⾔Ⅵࠉ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࡡᥞ౩࡛ᨭၻࠉප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻࠉ㑂㞬ᡜࡡス⨠࡛ᖏ⏍Ὡࡡ☔ಕ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࠕ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵࡵྱࡱࡿࡾ࡛よ㔐ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐ ࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡಕ㆜ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡළ⁝ᅒࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ㌱㝪㛣Ⓩ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㈁ 109 ⊡ࡊࡒ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉ㌱㝪ࡡ⤄⧂࡛⬗ງࢅὩ⏕ࡊࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉḗ⟿ ࡚レ㏑ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡさ┘Ⓩ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ ࢅណࡌࡾࠊ㌱ථࡐࡿ௧አࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡐࡡ㌱Ὡິࡡさ┘Ⓩ ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛☔ヾ࡚ࡀࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡ㌱⾔ິࢅெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ㌱ථࡡさ┘Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅึᏽࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡᐁ㊰࡛ぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾ ࡗࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࢂࡾᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㌱ථࡡさὩິ ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ඖᙔࡈࡿࡒ࠾࠹࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞⌦よࡈࡿ ࡾථࡢࠉࡐࡡὩິࡡࡌ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㌱ථࡡὩິࡡኣࡂெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ྡྷࡄࡼࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㌱ථࡡさὩິெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡථࢅெ㐠Ⓩ ථ࡛⌦よࡊ࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ➠ࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡぞ⠂࡞㛭ࢂࡾᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㌱ථࡡḿᙔࡡさ ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᥴ⏕ࡈࡿࡒ࠾࠹࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ㌱ථḿᙔࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ ࡐࡡ⌦⏜࠷ࡂࡗ࠾าᣪࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡさḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᚪさᛮᣪࡅࡼࡿࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ㌱ථࢅெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛⌦よࡊ࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ࠉ㌱ථ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴさὩິ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅḿᙔࡡ⌦ ⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅ࡙࠷࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉࡐࡡ㌱ථࡢெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹㌱ථ ࡢࠉ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩຝᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚ࡢ ࠷ࡡ࡚ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ㌱ථ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅ ࡼࠉᐁ㝷ࡡὩິࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡵࠉࡐࡡ㌱ථࡢெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ゕ࠻࠷ࠊࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹㌱ථࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛⛘ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡢืࡡ┘Ⓩ ࢅ௺ᅒࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾ࡞㐛ࡁ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠉ㌱ථ ࡡᐁ㊰࡛ぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡᇱ‵ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ㔔さࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ ࡢᮇ❮࡚⩻ᐳࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡぞ⠂㸝ྙἪᛮ࣬ḿᙔᛮ㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ➠ 5 ❮➠ 4 ⟿࣬➠ 5 ⟿࡚㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜 ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉࠔெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠕ⾔Ⅵࢅᚪࡍࡊࡵណࡊ࠷ࠊ 110 ࡐࡿࡢࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵࡛ࠉࠔெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠕ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ ‵ୌ⮬ࡊ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠕ⾔Ⅵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࡷぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ➠ 3 ❮࡚㆗ㄵ ࢅᑸࡂࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࠵ࡾ⾔Ⅵࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ┘Ⓩࢅࡵࡖ࡙ࡈࡿࡒᨾῥࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡿ ࡣࠉࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ⾔Ⅵࠉ≁ᏽࡡẰ᪐ࡷ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ࡞ᑊ㇗ࢅ㝀ᏽ ࡊࡒᨾῥࡡ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡපᖲཋ์࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾࡡ࡚ெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࠾ ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࡢ㆗ㄵࡡఴᆀ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡡ᰷ᖷ ࡛ࡾ㒂ฦ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡿࢅᮇⓏ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾ➠ 5 ❮➠ 3 ⟿࡚㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࠔ㌱ථࠕ࡛ࡢࠉṂງࢅᡥṹ࡛ࡊࡒᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡌࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡊ ࡙ࡡࠔᖱῦ㸝interference㸞ࠕ࡛ࠔථ㸝intervention㸞ࠕࢅྜྷ⩇ㄊ࡛ࡊ࡙༇ืࡎࡍ࡞⏕ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࠉ ࠔථࠕࡢࠉᅗᐓࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡞ࡻࡾᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙁโⓏ࣬௦Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗࡡᑊአⓏᶊ㸝≺ ❟ᶊ㸞࣬ᅗහ⟮㍾ᶊࢅᐐࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࠔථࠕࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪ ➠ 7 㡧ࡷࠔᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡞ᚉࡖࡒㅎᅗ㛣ࡡཪይ㛭౿ཀྵࡦ༝ງ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡᅗ㝷Ἢࡡཋ์࡞㛭ࡌࡾᐃゕ㸝ᅗ ㏻⥪ఌỬ㆗ 2625(XXV)ࠉ௧ୖࠉཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ; Declaration on Principles of International Law concerning Friendly Relations and Co-operation among States in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations㸞ࠕ6࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸࢅ≚ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ ຸࢅ≚ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉ⿍ථᅗ࠾ࡼࡡྜྷណ࠵ࡿࡣᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙁโⓏ࣬௦Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ࡛ࡢゕ ࠻࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉࠔථࠕࡢࠉ⿍ⅇᅗࡡྜྷណࡡᅹࢅྱណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔ㌱ථࠕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡṂງ࡛ࡢࠉථ㌱ࡡḿぞ㌱ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡷᆀᇡᶭᵋ ࡡࡗ௧୕ࡡᅗᐓ࡞ࡻࡾ⥽ᠺ㌱ࡵྱࡱࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⿍ථᅗࡡཬᨳᗋ㌱አᅗࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࠾ ࡼ㌱ᨥᥴࢅུࡊ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉࡐࡡཬᨳᗋ㌱ࡵṂງࡡさ⣪ࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࠔ㌱ථࠕ ࡛ࡢࠉṂງࢅ⏕࠷ࡒථ࣬ᖱῦ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗࡡ㡷ᇡࢅ≚ࡊࡒ␆⾔Ⅵࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ Ṃງࡡ⾔ࡷጸᄋ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾔Ⅵࡷᅗࡡཬᨳᗋ㌱࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ᨥᥴࡵྱࡱࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡿ ࡹ࠻ࠉࠔ㌱ථࠕࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 4 㡧ࡷཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒṂງ⾔⩇ຸࢅ ẃࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 111 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ㟸ᅗᐓమࢅ୯ᚨⓏమ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ㸝➠ 1 ❮-➠ 3 ❮ࡡ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗㸞࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾ ࡛ࠉெ㐠ⓏථᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉఎ⤣Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᡥṹ࡛⾔ⅥࡡⅤ࡚┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ๑⩽࡞ࡢࠉහᨳ ᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡᅗ㝷⛓ᗆぞ⠂࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾᏋᅹࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᚃ⩽࡞ࡢࡐࡡ Ꮛᅹࡊ࠷Ⅴ࡚ࡵ┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝⾪ 16 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ⾪ 16 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ మ ெ㐠Ⓩථ ㌱ථ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᅗᐓ࣬ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸝㌱㝪㸞 ᅗᐓ࣬ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ㸝㌱㝪㸞 ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭㸝ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࣬㉝༎Ꮚ ♣࣬㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡኣࡂ㸞 ┘Ⓩ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ௧አࡡ┘Ⓩ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᡥṹ Ṃງ Ṃງ 㟸Ṃ ⾔Ⅵ ථ㸤ᖱῦ ථ㸤ᖱῦ ྜྷណ (2) ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗࡞ࡢࠉమ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࡗࡡᶭ⬗Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡὩິࢅᏰࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ 㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㍲㏞ࡷ㒼⤝ࡡ㆑㆜ࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴ⫃ဤࡡ㆜⾠࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᏭ ධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱᥈⨠࡚࠵ࡽࠉೳᡋࡷᖲྙណࡡ┐っࠉṂ よ㝎ࡡᐁ᪃࡛࠷ࡖࡒఎ⤣Ⓩᖲ⥌ᣚᶭ⬗ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉೳᡋࡷᖲྙណ࡞㐢ཬࡌࡾṂເງ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾṂງ⾔ࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᖲᇮ⾔ᶭ⬗ࡵໜྱࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 112 ᅒ 13 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗࡛మ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ㌱Ⓩ᥈⨠ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ಕ㆜ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ ථ㌱ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ ➱⩽షᠺ 1) ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉᄿࡗ ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅาᣪ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ༈⒢Ὡິ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡡᵋᠺဤ࡞ࡢࠉᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵ࡞ᚉࡌࡾᡋ㜒 ဤࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙༈⒢⾔Ⅵ࡞ᚉࡌࡾ⾠⏍ඹࡵྱࡱࡿࡾࠊ⾠⏍ඹࡢࠉ㌱㝪ࡡ⤄⧂࡞ᡜᒌ ࡌࡾ㌱༈㸝༈ᏻ㸞ࠉṉ⛁༈ᖅࠉⷾᖅࠉ┫㆜ᖅࡡ⥪⛘࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⮤⾠ᡥṹ௧አ ࡡṂࡷᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵ⚏Ḿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ㌱ெ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉ༈⒢⾔Ⅵ࡞ࡢࠉഭඹࡡᤒ⣬࣬ᐖ࣬㍲㏞࣬ ⒢ࠉ㝌ࡡ᪃ス⟮⌦ྱࡱࡿࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹༈⒢ᢇ⾙ࡡ࠵ࡾ⾠⏍ඹ࡞ࡻࡾ༈⒢ᨥᥴࡷ㌱㝪 ࡡ༈⒢᪃スࢅࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡐࡡᶭ ⬗ࢅⓆᥱࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ㣏⣂࣬ᰜ㣬ࡡᥞ౩࡛ᨭၻ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡢࠉᚃ᪁ࡡ⤝ᇱᆀ࠾ࡼ๑⥲ࡡ㒂㝪࡞ྡྷࡄ࡙ࠉṂჹࡷ ᙆⷾࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱∸㈠ࢅ㍲㏞ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㍲㏞㌬୦࣬㍲㏞ᶭ࣬㍲㏞⯼ࢅಕ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡢࠉ 113 ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㍲㏞ᡥṹࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙㣏⣂࡛࠷ࡖࡒெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ㍲㏞ࡊ࡙ࠉ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞㒼⤝ࡊࠉ㍲㏞࡛㒼⤝ᅏ㞬ᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ✭୯࠾ࡼᨥᥴ∸㈠ࢅᢖୖࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉ ㌱㝪࡞ࡻࡾ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞㔖ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ㄢ㐡ࡌࡾ㍲㏞㌬୦ࡷ㍲㏞ᶭ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ඁࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ㍲㏞ ㈕⏕࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ㌱㝪ࡡ᪁ࡾ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉප⾏⾠⏍ࡡᨭၻ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡢࠉප⾏౼ᡜࡷᤴỀ‹ࡡス⨠ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉප⾏⾠⏍≟ឺࡡᨭ ၻࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࠊ㌱㝪ࡡ⤝Ề㌬ࡷὯỀ⨠ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᏰࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㌱㝪ࡡප⾏⾠⏍ฦ㔕࡞㛭ࡌࡾᨥᥴࡢࠉ㌱㝪⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡࢼ࣭ࢫ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᑍ㛓▩ㆉ ࡷᢇ⬗ࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᨥᥴࡻࡽࡵຝᯕⓏ࡚ຝ⋙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡱ࡚ࡢゕ࠻ ࠷ࠊ ➠ᄿࡢࠉ㑂㞬ᡜࡡス⨠࡛ᖏ⏍Ὡࡡ☔ಕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡスႜᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ ࣔࣤࣈࡡሔᡜࡡ㐽ᏽࡷぞᶅࡡ☔ᏽࡡషᴏᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ㌱㝪ࡢࠉ▯㛣࡞ኬ㔖ࡡඹኃࢅິဤࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ▯㛣ࡡኬぞᶅ㞬ẰࡡὮථ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡスႜ࡚ ຝᯕⓏᶭ⬗ࢅⓆᥱ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ⟮⌦ࡷ㐘ႜ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ㌱㝪࡞ࡢ⤊㥺ࡷᢇ⬗Ḗ ዯࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ᪁㐲วெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 2) ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡌࡾὩິࡡಕ㆜ Ṃງ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡡࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔᅗࡡᇱᮇⓏ㈈ຸ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗᐓ㛣 ⣦ணࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᡋணࡡ๑⥲࡛ᚃ᪁࡛ࡡ༇ื᪺☔࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢᚃ᪁࡞スႜࡊࡒᏭධ 㑂㞬ᡜ࡚ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔᅗ㑂㞬ᡜ࡛ࡐࡡ࿔㎰ࡡᏭࢅ☔ಕࡊࡒࠊᅗහṂງ⣦ணࡡሔྙ࡚ ࡢࠉᡋሔࡡ๑⥲࡛ᚃ᪁ࡡ༇ื᪺☔࡛ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㑂㞬ᡜࡡᏭධᛮࡢ┞ᑊⓏ࡞ୖࡌࡾࠉࡐࡿ࡚ࡵࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡚ࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡷࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡡ㉰ኬᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㌱ᨥᥴ΅ᑛࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࠾ࡼ㈠″ࢅዞࡊ࡙ࠉᡋண࡞ㄢ㐡ࡌࡾലྡྷ㩥᪺࡛ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ෫ᡋ⤂ ⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࡢࠉ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ㛣ࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷࡡ⾢✲࡞ᇱࡘࡂࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ≁ᚡࡵ᭯ࡊ࡙࠽ ࡽࠉᡋ㜒ဤྜྷኃࡡᡋ㜒࠾ࡼࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᕰẰࢅᵾⓏ࡛ࡌࡾᡋ㜒࡛ᛮ㈻ࢅንᐖࡈࡎ࡙ 114 ࡀࡒࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᕰẰࢅさᵾⓏ࡛ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢᕰẰࢅᨾῥࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ୦ ⩽ࡡ❟ሔࡢᇱᮇⓏ࡞㱀㱊ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᾐᴗⓏ࡞ ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊ࠽ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ┘ᵾࡡஊ㞫ࡷࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾ➠ 6 ❮࡚レ⣵࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࢂࡖ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࢅᢰ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࡡࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾᶭ⬗࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ࡷ㒼⤝ࡡ㆜⾠ࡷࠉ㑂 㞬ᡜࡡᏭ⥌ᣚ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ௴ຸࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᏽᆀᇡࢅᏭධᆀᇡ㸝safe area㸞࣬Ꮽධᆀ༇㸝safe zone㸞࡞ᣞᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡚ࡡ㣍⾔⚏Ḿࡷິဤ࣬Ṃよ㝎ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅළ⁝࡞ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࡵໜྱࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࠽ࠉᏭධᆀ༇ࡢࠉࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑➠ 4 ᮪⣑㸝ᩝẰ᮪⣑㸞➠ 14 ᮪ࡡ㝌࣬Ꮽධᆀᖈࠉ➠ 15 ᮪ࡡ୯❟ᆀᖈ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ┘Ⓩ࡛ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࠉᩝẰ᮪⣑࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ス⨠ࡈࡿ ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬᏽ࡛ථ㌱ࡡ㥌⏻࡛┐っࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙スᏽࡈࡿࡾᅖ᭯ࡡᛮ㈻ࡡࡵࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾ7ࠊ 3) ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱᥈⨠ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱᥈⨠ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡌࡾಕ㆜ࡡᶭ⬗࡛ࡢ┞ 㐢ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞≁᭯ࡡᶭ⬗࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉ㌱᥈⨠ࡡࡲࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࡢெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡢゕ ࠻࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠 Ⓩථࡡථ㌱ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾ ྊ⬗ᛮࡢᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡞ࡢࠉᖲ⥌ᣚࡡᶭ⬗࡛ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡚ᑙථࡈࡿࡒ ᖲᇮ⾔࡛ᖲᵋ⠇ࡡᶭ⬗࠵ࡾࠊᖲ⥌ᣚᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ೳᡋྙណ࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉṂງ⣦ணᆀ ᇡ࡞⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡀᖲᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙࡡ㌱㝪ࡡᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡೳᡋྙណࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅ┐っࡌࡾᶭ ⬗ࡷࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡິဤ࣬Ṃよ㝎ࢅ┐っࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࡵᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᖲᇮ⾔ᶭ⬗ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ண ᆀᇡ࡞⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡀᖲᏋᅹࡊ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ೳᡋ༝ᏽࡷᖲ༝ᏽ࡞ྙណࡌࡾࡻ࠹ ࡞㌱Ⓩᡥṹࢅ⏕࠷࡙ᙁโࡌࡾᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᖲᘋスᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ೳᡋ༝ᏽࡷᖲ༝ᏽ࡞ྙណ 115 ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉṂງ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞⥌ᣚࡌࡀᖲᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ්㛜ࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᨳ Ⓩ⤣ྙ࡛ᅗẰⓏよࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾㅎᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞ࡢࠉᨳⓏ⤣ྙ࡛ᅗẰⓏよࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ ᨳⓏࣈࣞࢬࢪ࡛ࡊ࡙ཬమโເງࢅໜᦜࡊࡒᬳᏽᨳᶊࡡᶖ❟ࠉἪโᏽ࡛᩺ᨳᗋᶖ❟ࡡࡒࡴࡡ㐽ᣪ㐘ႜ ࡛⟮⌦ࠉᅗẰⓏよࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡඹኃࡡ♣ఌᚗᖉࠉ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࠉெᶊᐐࡡ┐っࠉྒྷἪᶭ㛭࣬㆑ᐳ ᶭᵋࡡᩒങ࡛ゥ⦆ࠉᆀ㞶ࡡཡࡡᵕࠍᶭ⬗ໜྱࡈࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 3 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻ࡢࠉ㈻࡛㔖࡛ࡵ࡞༎ฦỀ‵࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᮇ✇࡚レ ⣵ౚ◂✪ࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡌᚪさࡢ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾẒ㍉◂✪࡛ࡊ࡙⾪Ⓩࡵࡡ ࡢࠉࢼࢤࣚࢪ࣭࣬ࣚ㸝Nicholas J. Wheeler㸞ࠖ␏㑝ெࡡᨾຐ㸝Saving Strangers㸞ࠗ8ࠉࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬࣠ࢪ 㸝Thomas G. Weiss㸞ࠖ㌱㝪࡛ᕰẰࡡ┞பష⏕㸝Military-Civilian Interactions㸞ࠗ9ࠉ࢛࣑ࣛࣥ࣬ࣚࢫ࣍ࢦ ࣑㸝Oliver Ramsbotham㸞㸲ࢹ࣑࣬ࢴࢺࣀࢪ㸝Tom Woodhouse㸞ࠖ⌟⣦ண࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ 㸝Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict㸞ࠗ10ࠉࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡẒ㍉ฦᯊ࡛ࡊ࡙ ࡡ⾪Ⓩᩝ⊡ࡢࠉࢦ࣓ࣤ࣬ࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭࣏ࣤ㸝Simon Chesterman㸞ࠖḿࡊ࠷ᡋண࠾ḿࡊ࠷ᖲ࠾㸝Just War or Peace?㸞ࠗ11ࠉࣆ࢘ࣜࢻࣤࢺ࣬ࢷࢮࣤ㸝Fernando R. Tesón㸞ࠖெ㐠Ⓩථ㸝Humanitarian Intervention㸞ࠗ 12 ⾪Ⓩᩝ⊡࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒẒ㍉ౚฦᯊࡢࠉ⥬᪁ㇾᏄ㸝Ogata Sadako㸞ࠖ⣦ண ࡛㞬Ằ㸝The Turbulent Decade㸞ࠗ13ࠉࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬࣠ࢪ㸝Thomas G.Weiss㸞㸲ࢨࣤࢸ࣬ࢤࣛࣤࢫ㸝Cindy Collins㸞 ࠖெ㐠Ⓩㄚ㢗࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸝Humanitarian Challenges & Intervention㸞ࠗ14ࠉࣝࢠࢪ࣬ࢺ࢚࣭࣬ࣜ㸝Alex de Waal㸞ࠖ㣒㣱ࡡ≚⨝㸝Famine Crimes㸞ࠗ15ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉืࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ◂✪⩽ ࡷ◂✪ᶭ㛭ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࠾ࡼኣᩐࡡᏕ⾙ᩝ⊡ࠉㄢᰕ᭡ࠉሒ࿈⩽ኣᩐษ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡレ⣵ᐁฦᯊ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧୕ࡡᩝ⊡࡞㆙ࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࠉᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ 㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴࡡࡒࡴࡡ㌱ථ࠾ࡼࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࢅ ಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㌱Ὡິࡱ࡚ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙ࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡぞᶅ࡛᛬㏍ࡡ⛤ᗐࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ⫴ᬊ࡛ཋᅄࠉெ 㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࡡⅤࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ᐁࢅ☔ヾࡊࠉ㌱ථெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾ࢅ᳠ッࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡡᐁฦᯊࡢࠉ➠ 5 ❮࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩ 116 ථࡡḿᙔ࡛➠ 6 ❮ࡡ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㆗ㄵࡡᇱ♇࡛ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (1) ࢠࣜࢺ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࣚࢠ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ ౚ࡞Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙◂✪ᑛࡂࠉᓃᡋண࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪࡛Ẓ㍉ࡌࡿࡣᴗࡴ࡙ᑛᩐ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹16ࠊ ࡐࡿࡢࠉࣚࢠ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࠉࡡౚ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙▯㛣࡞ຝᯕⓏ࡞ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒ࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡิࡴ࡙ࡡౚ࡛ୌ⯙࡞ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉ㞬ẰὮฝ࡛ெ㐠༱ᶭࡡぞᶅ࡛᛬㏍ࡡ⛤ᗐࠉெ㐠༱ ᶭࡡ⫴ᬊ࡛ཋᅄࠉ㞬ẰὮฝ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ୯ᚨ࡞⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⫴ᬊ㸞 ࢠࣜࢺெࡢࠉ୯᮶࡚➠ 4 నࡡெཾ㸝⣑ 2,000 ெ௧୕㸞ࢅಕᣚࡊࡼࡵࠉ≺⮤ࡡᅗᐓࢅᘋᅗࡌࡾᶭ ఌ࡞ᜠࡱࡿࡍࠉࢹࣜࢤࠉࣚࢠࠉࣚࣤࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ୯᮶ㅎᅗ࡞ᑽపࡊ࡙≺⮤ࡡゕㄊ࡛ᩝࢅ⥌ᣚࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾẰ᪐㞗ᅆ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1921 ᖳࠉࣚࢠࡢ࢟ࣛࢪ࠾ࡼ≺❟ࡊࠉࢪࣤࢼὬࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅᚈ࡞ࡻࡾࣚࢠࡡ ⤣㛜ጙࡊࡒࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࢠࣜࢺெࡢࠉ≺❟ࡷ⮤ࢅさịࡊ࡙ᨳᗋ࡛ᑊ❟ࡊࡒࠊ1960 ᖳࠉ࣑ࢪ ࢰࣆ࣬ࣁࣜࢧ࣭ࢼ㸝Mustafa Barzani㸞ࢅᣞᑙ⩽࡛ࡌࡾࢠࣜࢺẰඨ㸝Kurdish Democratic Party; KDP㸞 ࡢࠉࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡛ࡡṂ㜒ணࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉ1964 ᖳࠉࣚࢠ࡚ࡡୌᏽࡡ⮤ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ ࡐࡡᚃࠉࢠࣜࢺẰඨࡢࠉࣁࣜࢧ࣭ࢼ࡛ࢩࣔࣚࣜ࣬ࢰࣚࣁ࣭ࢼ㸝Jalal Talabani㸞ࡡᣞᑙ⩽ྜྷኃࡡᑊ❟ࢅ よᾐࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᩃࡊࠉࢰࣚࣁ࣭ࢼࢠࣜࢺយᅗྜྷ┍㸝Patriotic Union of Kurdistan; PUK㸞ࢅ⤎ᠺࡌࡾࡆ ࡛࡚ࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠࣜࢺெṂເງࡢฦࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1968 ᖳࠉࣚࢠ࡚ࡢࣁࢪඨ㸝Hizbul-Ba’ath㸞ࢠ࣭ࢸࢰ࡚ධᶊࢅᤰᥩࡊࠉ1975 ᖳࠉ࡚ࣚࣤࡢ࣭ ࣕࢹࢴ࣭࣭ࣚ࣬ࣜ࣌ࢴ࣭࣒ࣚ࣬࣌ࢼ࣭㸝Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini㸞ࡡࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ㠁ᠺຉࡊࠉ ࣚࢠ࡛ࣚࣤࡡᨳንࣚࢠࡡࢠࣜࢺெṂເງࢅ୦ᅗࡡᅗ㝷㛭౿࡞ᕬࡀ㎲ࡳࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1980 ᖳࠉ ࣚࢠࡡࢦࢱ࣑࣬ࣆࢬࣤ㸝Saddam Hussein㸞ᨳᶊࡢࣚࣤ࡞㌱ᨯࡊࠉࣚࣤࡡ࣒࣌ࢼᨳᶊࡢ ࣚࢠࡡࢠࣜࢺெ୦ເງ࡞㌱ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᑊᢘࡊࠉࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊࡢࢠࣜࢺெເງࢅᩓっࡊ࡙ᙆ 117 ᅸࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1985 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1988 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ 5 ெ࠾ࡼ 20 ெࡡࢠࣜࢺெࣚࢠ㌱࡞ṽᐐࡈࡿࠉ 10 ெ㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢹࣜࢤ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࠉ80 ெᐓࢅ㏛ࢂࡿࠉࢠࣜࢺெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙆᅸ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙Ꮥඹჹ ⏕ࡈࡿࡒ࡛ࡵゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ17ࠊ 1990 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 2 ࠉࣚࢠࡡࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊࡢࠉࣚࣤ㸲ࣚࢠᡋணᚃࡡ⤊ῥ༱ᶭࢅᡬ㛜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࢠ ࣭࢘ࢹ࡞㌱ᨯࡊࠉెྙࢅᐃゕࡊࡒࠊྜྷࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 660 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠࡡ ㌱ථࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ◒ቪࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙ࠉ↋᮪௲㏝ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊ8 ᭮ 6 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 661 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࣚࢠࡡ⤊ῥโࢅⓆິࡊ18ࠉ8 ᭮ 9 ࠉỬ㆗ 662 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ␆ࢅ㐢Ἢ࡛᩷ᏽࡊࡒ19ࠊ8 ᭮ 25 ࠉᅗ㏻ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ⤊ῥโࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉỬ㆗ 665 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ᾇ୕ᑌ㙈ࢅỬᏽࡊ20ࠉ9 ᭮ 25 ࠉ Ử㆗ 670 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࢅ㝎࠷ࡒ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲ࡵ⚏Ḿࡊࡒ21ࠊࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊࡢࠉࢠ࣭࢘ࢹࡷ ࣚࢠᅹపࡡአᅗெࢅ㌶⚏≟ឺ࡞⨠ࡂࡊ࡙ᑊᢘࡊࡒࠉࡳࡊࢀࠉᅗ㝷ୠㄵࡡཬⓆࢅ㉫ࡊࡒࠊ 1990 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 29 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 678 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉ1991 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 15 ࡱ࡚࡞ࣚࢠ㌱ ࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹ࠾ࡼࡡ㏝ࡡᏰࢅࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡞さịࡊࠉࣚࢠᨳᗋさị࡞ᚺࡋ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉࠔᅗ㝷 ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾࠕࡒࡴ࡞Ṃງ⾔ࢅྱࡴࡒࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹ㸝all necessary means㸞ࠕࢅⓆ ິࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᶊࡊࡒ22ࠊࣚࢠ㌱ࡢࢠ࣭࢘ࢹ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡎࡍࠉ1 ᭮ 17 ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡ ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࣚࢠࡡ㌱᪃スࡷⓆ㞹ᡜࡡẰᨳ᪃スࢅࠉ6 㐄㛣࡞ࢂࡒࡽ᩷⤾Ⓩ࡞✭⇷ࡊࠉ2 ᭮ 24 ࠉ ᆀ୕㌱ࡡᢖථࡵ㛜ጙࡊ࡙ࠉ2 ᭮ 27 ࠉࢠ࣭࢘ࢹࡡよᨲ࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 3 ࠉࣚࢠᨳᗋࡢࠉᏭධಕ 㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗ 660ࠉỬ㆗ 662 ࡡ㐺Ꮼ࡞ྜྷណࡊࠉೳᡋ༝ᏽ࡞⨣ྞࡊࡒࠊ 㸝ࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㸞 1991 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 4 ࠉࢠࣜࢺṂເງࡢࠉ༞㒂࡚ࡡࢨ࣭ὬເງࡡṂ⻇㉫࡞㐔ࡿ࡙ࠉཬࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉ ࣚࢠ㒂ࡡኣࡂࡡ㒌ᕰࡡโᅸ࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊࢠࣜࢺṂເງࡢࠉࡆࡡ㌱⾔ິ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࣁࢪඨඨဤ࡛ᨥ ᣚ⩽ࢅṽᐐࡊࠉᣕၡࡊࠉฌฬࡊࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺெࡡཬ࡞ᑊᢘࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㌱ࡷ ㆑ᐳࢅὬ㐭ࡊࠉࢠࣜࢺெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ↋ᕣืᨯᦹࠉᣕၡࠉᙁጩࠉฌฬࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊᨳᗋ㌱࡛㆑ᐳ࡞ࡻࡾᙆᅸ ࡚ࠉᩐெࡡࢠࣜࢺெ࡛ࢨ࣭ὬపẰ≓∽࡛ࡖࡒ࡛ࡵゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ23ࠊ 118 1991 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 28 ࠉࣚࢠᨳᗋࡡሒᚗࢅᜅࡿࡒࢠࣜࢺெࢹࣜࢤᅗሾ࡛ࣚࣤᅗሾ࡞ྡྷࡄ࡙㑂㞬ࢅ㛜 ጙࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࡡ 1 㐄㛣࡛࠷࠹▯㛣࡞ࠉࢹࣜࢤᅗሾ࡞ࡢ⣑ 45 ெ௧୕ࡡࢠࣜࢺெᢪࡊᐞࡎࠉ4 ᭮୯ ᪢ࡱ࡚࡞ࣚࣤᅗሾ࡞ࡢ⣑ 130 ெ㑂㞬ࡊࡒ24ࠊࢹࣜࢤᨳᗋࠉࢠࣜࢺṂເງࡡࢹࣜࢤᅗහࡡᙫ 㡢ࢅᜅࡿ࡙ᅗሾࢅᑌ㙈ࡊࠉ㞬Ằࡡུථࢅᢼྫྷࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡢࠉࢹࣜࢤᅗሾࡡᒜᒾᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᴗ ᐨࡡẴುࡡ୯࡚㑂㞬⏍Ὡࢅᙁ࠷ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᝇ⎌ሾ࡚ࡡ㑂㞬⏍Ὡࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ Ṓஷ⋙ࢅᘤࡀ୕ࡅࡾ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ࣒ࣛ࢜⑄ᑊ➿㜭ࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸝American Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; CDC㸞ࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻ ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ็࡚࠵ࡖࡒ 4 ᭮ิ᪢㸝4 ᭮ 4 -18 㸞ࡡ 3 ࡗࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙㸝1 ࣬ 1 ெᙔࡒࡽࡡṒ⩽ᩐࡡᴣᩐࠉ⾪ 3 ཤ↯㸞ࡢࠉ4.0-10.4 ࡛᥆ῼࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࢛ࢠࣜ࢜㸝Oukurca㸞࡚ሒ ࿈ࡈࡿࡒ᭩ࡵ็ 10.4 ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢࠉࣚࢠࡡᖲᆍ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡡ 45 ಶ௧୕ࡡṒஷ⋙࡞┞ᙔࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ ࢧ࣌㸝Zakho㸞ࡡ㞬Ằࡡୌᐖ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ4 ᭮ 13 -26 ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ 5.7 ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࢅ 1.0 ᮅ⥥ࡾࡌ࡞᛬ࡡ┘ᵾ࡞᥎ࡅ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴ⥥᛬࡞ᚪさெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠽ࠉṒஷ⩽ࡡ 6 ௧୕ࠉ ெཾࡡ 18 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥ࡴࡾ 5 ṋᮅᖺඡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉṒஷ⩽ࡡさṒᅄࡢୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀࠉ⫭ⅎࠉአഭ࡚࠵ ࡖࡒ25ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞 1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 5 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 688 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࠔ᭩㎾ࡡࢠࣜࢺெᑽపᆀᇡࢅྱࡴࡒ ࣚࢠࡡኣࡂࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚ࡡࣚࢠᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᢒᅸࠉᅗሾ࡞ྡྷࡄࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒኬぞᶅ㞬ẰࡡὮฝ࡛ࠉ ᙔルᆀᇡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⬛࠾ࡌᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡾථࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅࡂᠩᛍࡊࠕ࡛ぞᏽ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢠࣜࢺ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗࡛న⨠ࡘࡄࡒ26ࠊࡆࡡぞᏽ࡛ࠉࡐࡿ ࡱ࡚ࡡࣚࢠ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 6 ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᨳᗋࡢࠉ ࠔ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࣈࣞࣥࢺ࣬ࢤ࣑ࣆ࢚࣭ࢹ㸝Operation Provide Comfort㸞ࠕࢅᢆヾࡊࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࠉ࢟ࣛࢪࠉࢰࣛࠉࢺࢵࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱ࡡ㍲㏞ᶭ 50 ᅂ௧୕ࡡெ 㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࡡᢖୖࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࠉิ࡚ 32,000 ࣎ࣤࢺ㸝⣑ 14.5 ࢞ࣞࢡ࣑ࣚ㸞ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉ1 㐄㛣࡚ 119 173 ࣎ࣤࢺ㸝⣑ 780 ࢞ࣞࢡ࣑ࣚ㸞ࡡ㣏⣂ࠉỀࠉ⾨㢦ࠉࢷࣤࢹࠉẗᕱࢅᢖୖࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒ27ࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᢖୖࡢ㈕⏕ᔗࡳୌ᪁࡚ࠉࢹࣜࢤᅗሾᆀᇡࡡ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࢅಀࡌࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿ ࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࣚࢠᨳᗋࡡሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙ࣚࢠࡡᖉ㑇ࢅ᭻ࡱ࠾ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᥴຐ∸ ㈠ࢅ✭㍲ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉࣚࢠ㌱࠾ࡼࡡ㍲㏞ᶭࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾᚪさࡵ࠵ࡽࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡾ᩺ࡒᑊ ᚺᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ 1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 16 ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᨳᗋࡢࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࠉ࢟ࣛࢪࠉࢹࣜࢤ࡛༝ງࡊ࡙ࠉࣚࢠ㒂࡞Ꮽධᆀ ᇡ㸝safe haven㸞ࢅス⨠ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ 12,000 ெ࡛ࡐࡡࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ 10,000 ெࢹࣜ ࢤ࡛ࣚࢠ㒂࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊࠉࡐࡿࡱ࡚࡞ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ 2,500 ࣎ࣤࢺ㸝⣑ 11.3 ࢹࣤ㸞ࡡ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡒ28ࠊ ᒜᒾᆀᖈ࡚ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ㝛୕࡚ࡡ㌱ᒈ㛜ࡢᒜᒾ㒂࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒኣࡂࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࢅ ࣚࢠ㒂ࡡᖲᆀ࡞ㄇᑙࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡛㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡞ᘤࡀ⤽ࡃࡆ࡛ࢅ᭩ ኬࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊභྜྷ௴ຸ㒂㝪㸝The Joint Task Force㸞ࡢࠉᒜᒾᆀᖈࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ᥞ౩ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࢧ࣌ୌᙽᶭ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅスႜࡊ࡙㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࡡ‵ങࢅࡊࡒࠊ࠽ࠉࢧ࣌㞬Ằ࢞ࣔ ࣤࣈࡢࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱࡛ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡᅗ㏻ᶭ㛭࡛㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡛ࡡㄢᩒࢬࣤࢰ࣭ࡡᶭ⬗ࡵ ᯕࡒࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 18 ࠉࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡛ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡢࠉࣚࢠ㡷ᇡහ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ⛛⟮࡞ ࡗ࠷࡙ྙណࡊࡒ29ࠊኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ᒈ㛜ࡢᙁโ࣬㌱ᆵࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࡆࡡྙណ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ථ㌱ࡡὩິࢅ⤽ᢆࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᇱ♇࡚ࡀ ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮௧ᚃࠉࢹࣜࢤᅗሾᆀᇡࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇㛜ጙࡊࠉ1991 ᖳ 6 ᭮ࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࢅಀ 㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㣍⾔⚏Ḿ༇ᇡ⦃ 36 ᗐ௧ࡡࣚࢠ࡞スᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ಀ㐅ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࢹ ࣜࢤ㡷ᇡහࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ㛚㙈Ᏸࡊࡒ30ࠊ6 ᭮ 7 ࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㈈௴භྜྷ௴ ຸ㒂㝪࠾ࡼᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞⛛⾔ࡊࠉ7 ᭮ 15 ࠉභྜྷ௴ຸ㒂㝪ࡢࠉࣚࢠᅗ㏻㆑㆜㝪㸝UN Guards Contingent in Iraq; UNGCI㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡ㆑㆜ࢅ௴ຸ࡛ࡌࡾᑛᩐࡡ㒂㝪ࢅṟࡊ࡙ࡌ࡙ ࣚࢠ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡊࡒࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉࢹࣜࢤ༞᮶㒂࡞ 8 ࠾ᅗࡡ⥥᛬ᒈ㛜㌱ 2,500 ெ㥌⏻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉࣚ ࢠ࡚ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹࢅࢹࣜࢤ࠾ࡼ┐っࡌࡾឺເࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡒ31ࠊ 120 㸝ࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡᨭၻ㸞 ࢹࣜࢤᅗሾ࡛ࣚࣤᅗሾᆀᇡ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡢࠉࣚࢠࡡ㌱㝪ࡷ㆑ᐳ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐓ◒ቪࡈࡿࡒ ሔྙࡵᑛࡂ࠾ࡖࡒᨶ㒋ࡡࣚࢠ㒂ᆀ᪁࡞ᖉ㑇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒ32ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㎷㏷ ࠾ࡗኬぞᶅᥞ౩ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉṒஷ⋙ࡡୖぜࡼࡿࡒࠊ࢛ࢠࣜ࢜ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ1991 ᖳ 5 ᭮ 3 -9 ࡡ㐄࡞ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ 2.0 ௧ୖ࡞ᨭၻࡊࠉ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࢅಀࡌࡒࡴ࡞ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒࢧ ࣌ࡡୌᙽᶭ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡵࠉ1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 27 -5 ᭮ 10 ࡡ㛣࡞⢊Ṓஷ⋙ 2.2 ࡞ୖࡊࡒ33ࠊ⢊ Ṓஷ⋙ࡡ 2 ࡛࠷࠹Ề‵ࡢࠉ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ≟ឺ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬ ㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡾᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲࡛㝛୕࡚ࡡᒈ㛜࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᨭၻࡈࡿࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹ࠊ 㸝ᑚᣋ㸞 ࢠࣜࢺࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉ ࣚࢠᨳᗋࡡᙆᅸࢅᜅࡿࡒࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡ㑂㞬࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉫ࡊࠉ ࢹࣜࢤᅗሾᆀᇡࡡᒜᒾᆀᖈ࡞㊂Ḿࡴࡈࡿࡒࢠࣜࢺ㞬ẰࡡṒஷ⋙ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⥥᛬࡞ᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾỀ‵࡞ 㐡ࡊࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲ࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡスႜࠉᏭධᆀᇡࡡスᏽ ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࢅெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡྊ⬗ࣚࢠ㒂ࡡᖲ㔕ᆀ᪁࡞ᖉ㑇ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ㞬Ằ ࡡṒஷ⋙ࢅୖࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞㈁⊡ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺெࢅᙆᅸࡊࡒࣚࢠᨳᗋ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ ᩺ࡒ㌱⾔ິࢅ㉫ࡆࡌࡆ࡛ࡂࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࢅὬ㐭ࡊࡒこഁㅎᅗࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺெࡡ⮤࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵ≁ṹࡡ ᨳ⾔ິࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࣚࢠ㒂࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (2) ࢮ࣏ࣛ ࢮ࣏ࣛࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛࣒ࣛ࢜࡞ࡻࡾථࡡ㌱Ⓩഁ㟻ࢅᙁㄢࡌࡾࡵࡡ ኣ࠷34ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࢩ࣭ࣘࢩ H. W. ࣇࢴࢨࣖ㸝George Herbert Walker Bush㸞ኬ⤣㡷௴ࡡ วࡿࡾ├๑ࡡ1992ᖳᮆ࡞ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࠔᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋ㸝Operation Restore Hope㸞ࠕ 121 ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉ࣑ࣛ࣬ࢩ࢘ࣆ࣭ࢮࣤ࣬ࢠࣛࣤࢹࣤ㸝William Jefferson Clinton㸞ኬ⤣㡷ࠔᯕᩊ࣏ࣜ ࢷࣚࢷࣚࣛࢫ࣑㸝aggressive multilateralism㸞ࠕࢅᵾᴮࡊ࡙ࢮ࣏ࣛࡡ㌱ථࢅᙁࡊࡒⅤࡷࠉ࢝ࣛ ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡㄚ㢗㸝An Agenda for Peace㸞ࠕ࡚ᘿࡊࡒᖲᇮ⾔㒂㝪ࢅᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ㸝United Nations Somalia Operation: UNOSOM㸞ࢅࠉᅗ ㏻❮➠7❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡞௴ຸࢅᣉኬࡊࡒⅤࠉࡱࡒࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱࡛ࢮ࣏ࣛ࣬ࢸ࣭ ࢺᑑ㌱Ὤ࡛ࡡᡋ㜒࡞ࡻࡖ࡙࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ඹኃṒഭࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡධ㟻Ⓩ㏝ࢅ㉫ࡊࡒⅤ ୯ᚨ࡞◂✪ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹◂✪ᠺᯕࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒㄵⅤࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ ౚࢅぜ࡙࠷ࡂࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⫴ᬊ㸞 ࢮ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛㄊࢅẍㄊ࡛ࡊࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࢪࣤࢼὬࢅಘዅࡌࡾẰ᪐㞗ᅆ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㐗∶ࢅ⏍Ὡࡡ ୯ᚨⓏᇱ┑࡞⨠ࡀࠉ⾉⦍㛭౿ࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡊࡒẮ᪐♣ఌࢅᙟᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ35ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࡢࠉெཾࡡ 9 ࢅࢮ࣏ ࣛெ༥᭯ࡌࡾẰ᪐Ⓩ࡞⤣ୌࡈࡿࡒᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛெࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡ㡷ᇡࢅ㉲࠻࡙࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ ࠉࢩࣇࢲࠉࢢࢼࡡ㝼ᅗ࡞ࡵᑽపࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢮ࣏࡛ࣛࡐࡡ㝼ᅗࡢࠉࡐࡡᑽపᆀᇡࡡ㡷 ᭯ࢅࡴࡃࡾኣࡂࡡᅗሾ⣦ணࢅᢢ࠻࡙࠷ࡒ36ࠊ 1960 ᖳࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢪ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺ࡛ࢰࣛ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺࢅྙెࡊ࡙⏍ࡊࡒࠉࢮ ࣏ࣛ᭩ኬࡡࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡡ∶ⲙᆀࡢࠉࢮ࣏࡛࢙ࣛࢲ࢛ࣅࡡ࢛࢝ࢸࣤᆀ᪁࡞ฦ᩷ࡈࡿࡒࠊ1963 ᖳࠉ ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࢛࢝ࢸࣤᆀ᪁ࡡࢮ࣏ࣛெ࡞ᐓ⏾⛧ࢅ㈹ㄚࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࡒࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡡࢮ࣏ࣛெኣ ᩐṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࠊ1964 ᖳࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅࢮ࣏ࣛᅗሾࢅ≚ࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛධᅰ࡚⥥᛬ឺⓆິࡈࡿࡾࡆ ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࢮ࣏ࣛᨳᗋࡢࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅུࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢮ࢙ࣥࢹ ࡞㎾ࡊ࡙᮶ഁㅎᅗ࠾ࡼኣ㢘ࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ1969 ᖳࠉẮ᪐♣ఌ࡞ᇱ♇ࢅ⨠࠷ࡒ ࢮ࣏ࣛẰᨳࡢࠉࢨࢴࢺ࣬ࣁࣝ㸝Siad Barre㸞ᑑ㌱ࡡ㌱ࢠ࣭ࢸࢰ࡚ᓻቪࡊࠉ1991 ᖳࡡᨳᶊᓻቪࡱ ࡚ࡡ㛏≺ᨳᶊ⏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ37ࠊ 1974 ᖳࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅࡡⓒᖀࣀࣝ࣬ࢬࣚࢨ࢙ 1 ୠ㸝Haile Selassie I㸞ࠉ࣒ࣤ࢟ࢪࢵ࣬ࣀ࣏ࣝ࣬ࣛ ࣑㸝Mengistu Haile Mariam㸞ᣞᑙࡌࡾභ⏐⩇㠁࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᡬࡈࡿࡒࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࡡࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢࠉ࢙ 122 ࢲ࢛ࣅࡡᨳᏭ࡞ࡋ࡙ࠉ࢛࢝ࢸࣤࡡこࢮ࣏ࣛよᨲᡋ⥲ࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࡚㌱ථࢅࡊ࡙ࠉ୦ᅗ㛣 ࡞࢛࢝ࢸࣤᡋணລⓆࡊࡒࠊ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡚ࡡභ⏐⩇ᨳᶊࡡᶖ❟࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡢཪይ༝ງ᮪⣑ ࢅ⥶⤎ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࢮ࣏ࣛࢅวࡽࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ᨥᥴࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡢࢮ࢙ࣥࢹ࡛ࡡ ཪይ༝ງ᮪⣑ࢅ◒Იࡊ࡙࣒ࣛ࢜࠾ࡼࡡ㌱ᥴຐ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ࢛࢝ࢸࣤᡋண ࡢࠉ ᳔Ằᆀࡡᅗሾ࡛Ằ᪐ฦᕱࡡୌ⮬࡞ఔ࠹ᆵⓏࣆ࡚ࣛ࢜ࡡᡋணࡡᛮࢅ᭯ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ ⡷ࢮ෫ᡋࡡ⌦ᡋணࡡ≁ᚡࡵ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1978 ᖳࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ㌱࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࢛࢝ࢸ ࣤᡋணࡢ⤂ࡊࡒ38ࠊ࢛࢝ࢸࣤᆀ᪁࠾ࡼࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐࢛࢝ࢸࢼࡡ㞬Ằࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡞Ὦථࡊࠉࣁࣝ ᨳᶊ࡛ᑊ❟㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒࢮ࣏ࣛ㒂ࢦࢴࢠ㸝Issaq㸞Ắ᪐࡛ࡡ㛣࡚∶ⲙᆀࢅࡴࡃࡾ⾢✲ࢅ㉫ࡊࠉࣁ ࣝᨳᶊࡢ㞬Ằࢅᚡඹࡊ࡙ࢦࢴࢠẮ᪐࡞ᑊᢘࡊࡒࠊ1981 ᖳࠉࢦࢴࢠẮ᪐ẍమࡡࢮ࣏ࣛᅗẰ㐘ິ 㸝Somali National Movement; SNM㸞⤎ᠺࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬᨳᗋ㐘ິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ ࡒࠊ 1980 ᖳ௧㜾ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡢ࣒ࣛ࢜ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾこഁㅎᅗ࠾ࡼ㌱Ⓩ࣬⤊ῥⓏᥴຐࢅུࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࠾ࡼ㞬Ằᨥᥴࢅུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ⤊ῥࡢࠉᾇአᥴຐ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊ࡛ࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐࣏ࣝࣀ࣭ࣤ㸝Marehan㸞⤊ῥᥴຐࡡฺ─ࢅᜓ࡞ࡊࠉ㤫㒌 ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛㸝Mogadishu㸞ࡡ㒌ᕰୌᴗ㞗୯ࡡ⤊ῥⓆᒈࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᆀ᪁ࡷ㎨ᮟࡢࡐࡡฺ─ࢅུ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂࠉ㒌ᕰ࡛㎨ᮟࡡᑊ❟ࡷẮ᪐㛣ᑊ❟ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ39ࠊ ࣁࣝᨳᗋࡢࠉ㉰ኬᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ㌱ങᣉᘿ࡞ฺ⏕ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᩓᑊࡌࡾ┞பࡡཬᨳ ᗋເງࡡ㌱ᨥᥴ࡞ࡵ㌹⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡷࢮ࢙ࣥࢹ࠾ࡼኬ㔖ࡡṂჹ୦ᅗ࡞ᥞ౩ࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉཬᨳᗋເງࡡ㌱ງቌᙁࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ୦ᅗᨳᗋࡡᨳᶊᇱ┑Ꮽᏽࡌࡾ⤎ᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1987 ᖳࠉ୦ᅗᨳᗋࡢࠉᶊງᇱ┑ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞┞ப࡞ཬᨳᗋເງࢅᨥᥴࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ྜྷ ណࡊࡒ40ࠊ1988 ᖳࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞ᣈⅤࢅ⨠࠷ࡒ SNM ࡢᣈⅤࢅ㏛ࢂࡿ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ㒂࡞ᖉ㑇ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ ࣏ࣛ㒂ࢅᐁຝⓏᨥ㒼࡞⨠࠷ࡒ41ࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉᨳᗋ㌱ሒᚗᨯᦹࢅຊ࠻ࠉ5 ᭮ࠉ⣑ 5,000 ெࡡࢦࢴࢠ పẰṒஷࡊ42ࠉ⣑ 40 ெࡡపẰ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㏠ࡿࡒ43ࠊ1989 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢࠉ⣑ 2,000 ெࡡཬᨳᗋὩິᐓࢅ㐂ᤍࡊ࡙ᙆᅸࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ9 ᭮ࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࢅᢖථࡊ࡙ཬᨳᗋὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࡒᩐⓊெࡡெࠍ ࢅṽᐐࡊࠉ1,000 ெ௧୕ࡡᕰẰࢅㇿഭࡈࡎࡒ44ࠊ 123 1990 ᖳ 2 ᭮ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெᶊၡ㢗ࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࡌ࡙ࡡᥴຐࢅୌೳḾࡊࠉ3 ᭮ࠉࢮ࣏ ࣛ㌱ࢩࣇࢲ࡛ࡡᅗሾࢅ≚ࡊ࡙Ί࡞ᢷ㌬ࢅ࠾ࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ5 ᭮ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛධ ᅰ࡞ᠼཚ௦ࢅᩔ࠷࡙ឺࡡᡬ㛜ࢅᅒࢀ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠉཬᨳᗋ㐘ິࡢᮨࡎࡍࠉ6 ᭮ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ≺❟ࡡᣞᑙ ⩽ࠉ▩ㆉெࠉᐁᴏᐓ୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙⤎ᠺࡊࡒ࣏ࢼࣆ࢘ࢪࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈኇ᪺ࢅⓆ⾪ࡊࠉࣁࣝࡡ㎙௴ ࡛ᬳᏽᨳᶊࡡᶖ❟ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢࠉิኬ⤣㡷ࢱ࣑࣬ࣇࢺ࢛ࣚ࣬ࢪ࣏ࣤ㸝Adam Abdullah Osman㸞ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ࣏ࢼࣆ࢘ࢪࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࡡ࣒ࣤࣁ࣭ࢅ㐂ᤍࡊࡒ45ࠊ SNM ࡢẮ᪐࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࣁࣝᨳᶊࡡᡬࢅࡦ࠾ࡄࡾୌ᪁ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢ㌱㝪ࡡಕᣚࡌࡾ㎾ඹჹࢅẮ ᪐࡞ฦ㒼ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉẮ᪐㛣ࡡᶊງᆍ⾦࡚ᨳᶊࡡᘇࢅ௺ᅒࡊࡒ46ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᮮࡡࣁࣝᨳᶊᨥᣚເງ ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣀࣕ㸝Hawiye㸞Ắ᪐ࡡ⤣ୌࢮ࣏ࣛఌ㆗㸝United Somali Congress; USC㸞ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ୯㒂 ࠾ࡼ㤫㒌࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ྡྷࡄ࡙Ṃ⻇㉫ࡊࠉຊເࢅᚋࡒཬ㌱ࠉ1990 ᖳ 12 ᭮࡞㤫㒌ࢅᑌ㙈ࡊࡒࠊ1991 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 26 ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࡢᓻቪࡊࠉࣁ࡛ࣝᨳᗋ㌱ࡢࠉ࣏ࣝࣀ࣭ࣤᨥ᪐ࡡᣈⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࢣࢺ࣭㑾ࡡ㤫ᗋ࢝ࣜ ࣁࣀࣝ࡞ᩃ㉦ࡊࡒ47ࠊ 1991 ᖳ 1 ᭮ࠉẮ᪐㛣ࡡᑊ❟ࡷẮ᪐හ㒂ࡡᑊ❟࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡢහ㒂ᓻቪࡊࡒࠊ1991 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 29 ࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊࢅࡊࡒ USC ࡡ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸ㸝Ali Mahdi㸞ࠉ࣏ࢼࣆ࢘ࢪࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࡡྜྷណࢅུࡄ ࡙ᬳᏽኬ⤣㡷࡞ᑯ௴ࡊࠉᬳᏽᨳᗋࢅᶖ❟ࡊࡒࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉྜྷὬࡡᐁ㈻Ⓩᶊງ⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࣓ࣀ࣒ࢺ࣬ࣆ ࣚࣀ࣬ࢸ࣭ࢺ㸝Mohammed Farah Aideed㸞ᑑ㌱ࠉࡆࡡᑯ௴࡞ཬᑊࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉUSC ࡢࢸ ࣭ࢺὬ࡛࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸὬ࡞ฦࡊࡒ48ࠊ4 ᭮ࠉᩃ㉦ࡊࡒࣁࣝ㌱ࠉUSC ࡡฦ࡞ࡋ࡙ࢮ࣏ࣛ༞㒂 ࠾ࡼ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහ࡞ྡྷࡄ࡙㐅㌱ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉUSC ࡢ༝ງࡊ࡙ࡆࡿࢅᤴᦹࡊࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉ5 ᭮ࠉSNM ࡢࢮ ࣏ࣛ㒂ࢅ⤣ྙࡊ࡙ࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡡ࢟ࣛࢪ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺࡡ㡷ᇡ࡞ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺභᅗ㸝Jamhuuriyadda Soomaalilan㸞ࢅᘋᅗࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡฦ᩷࡞ᢷ㌬ࢅ࠾ࡄࡒ49ࠊ 1991 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ⣦ணὬ࡞ࡻࡾᖲఌ㆗ࢩࣇࢲ࡚ 2 ᅂ㛜തࡈࡿࡒࠉSNM ࡢཤຊࡎࡍࠉ ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸὬ࡛ࢸ࣭ࢺὬኬ⤣㡷⫃࡞㛭ࡌࡾᑊ❟ࢅよᾐࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ8 ᭮ࠉ୦Ὤ USC ࡡ⤣ྙ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒྙណ࡛࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸࡡᬳᏽኬ⤣㡷ࡡᑯ௴࡞ྙណࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ9 ᭮ࠉࢸ ࣭ࢺὬṂよ㝎ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊ࡙ࠉ୦Ὤࡡᡋ㜒࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒࠊ11 ᭮ 17 ࠉ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸὬࢸ࣭ࢺ ὬࡡᣈⅤ࡞㌱㝪ࢅ㐅㥌ࡈࡎࡒࠉࢸ࣭ࢺὬཬ㌹ᨯເࡊࠉ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸὬࡡ㌱㝪ࢅ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ 124 ࢛ᕰ୯㒂࣬༞㒂࠾ࡼᦹ㏝ࡊࠉ✭࡛ࡡ࠵ࡾ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰࡡ༞㒂࡛こ㒂ࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࠉୌ᪁ࠉ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀ ࢸὬࡢࠉᕰࡡ㒂࡞ᙽ㑂ࡊࡒ50ࠊ1992 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛࡚ࡡᡋ㜒࡚᭩ኬ 3 ெṒஷࡊࡒ࡛ ゕࢂࡿࡾ51ࠊୌ᪁ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ༞こ㒂࡚ࡢࠉᨳᶊ࠾ࡼ㏛ᨲࡈࡿࡒࣁࣝᨳᗋ㌱ࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࠉ࣓࢝ࢸ ࢨ࢛㎾㑱ࡡࣆࢥ㸝Afgoi㸞ࡱ࡚㌱㝪ࢅ㐅㌱ࡈࡎ࡙ࡀࡒࠉ5 ᭮ࠉUSC ㌱ࡢࡡ⣦ணὬ࡛༝ງࡊ࡙ࡆ ࡿࢅᦹ㏝ࡊࠉࣁࣝࡢࢢࢼ࡞ᚃ㏝ࡊࠉࢻࢩ࢘ࣛ࡞ஷࡊࡒ52ࠊࡐࡡᚃࡵࠉUSC ࡷࡡ 20 ㎾ࡂࡡ⣦ண Ὤ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ࡡᡋ㜒⤽⤾ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡢᅗᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ႕ࡊࠉ◒⥚ᅗᐓ㸝failed states㸞ࡡ ⾪Ⓩౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾᅗᐓࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡖࡒ53ࠊ 㸝ࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㸞 ࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙⿍ᐐ᭩ࡵ⏊ኬ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ༞こ㒂࡞న⨠ࡌࡾࢩࣖࣁᕖ㸝Jubba㸞࡛ ࢨࣔ࣊ࣜᕖ㸝Shabelle㸞ࢅᣫࢆࡓᆀᇡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡさ⿍ᐐࡡཋᅄࡢ㣒㣱࡚࠵ࡖࡒ5455ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛ༞こ 㒂ࡡ㣒㣱ࡢࠉኮು㡨࡛࠷࠹⮤↓Ⓩ᮪௲ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋࡡ⃥࡛࠷࠹ெⅥⓏཋᅄ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ㉫ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᆀᇡࡢࠉ1984 ᖳࡡ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ㣒㤙࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉ㣏⣂ࢅ㍲ฝ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ㇇✠ ㎨⪌ᆀᇡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡚᭩ࡵ㣏⣂࡞ᜠࡱࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᆀᇡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡞ࡢࠉ㐗∶Ằ᪐ ࡡẮ᪐ᵋ㏸࡞ᒌࡊ࡙࠷࠷࣏ࢿࣛࢷ࡚࠵ࡾࣁࣤࢹ࣭㸝Bantu㸞࡛࣊ࢻࢸ࣭ࣜ㸝Benadir㸞࡛ࡣ ࡿࡾ㎨⪌Ằ᪐࡛ࠉ㌱Ⓩ࡞ເ࡞࠵ࡖࡒ㐗∶Ằ᪐ࣚࣀࣤ㸝Ranhanweyn㸞Ắ᪐ᑽపࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡࢅఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞ᨥ㒼ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡࡢࠉࢱࣞࢴࢺ㸝Darod㸞Ắ᪐࡛ࣀࣕẮ᪐࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢱࣞࢴࢺ Ắ᪐ࡡᣞᑙ⩽ࠉ ᨳᶊࢅ㏛ࢂࡿࡒࣁ࡚ࣝ࠵ࡽࠉ ࣀࣕẮ᪐ࡡ㌱㛰ࣁࣝࢅ⬦ࡈࡎࡒ USC ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ56ࠊ ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡࡢࠉࣁࣝࡡᮇᣈᆀ࡚࠵ࡾࢣࢺ࣭㑾᭩ኬࡡ⾜࢝ࣜࣁࣀࣝ㸝Garbahare㸞࡛ USC ᨥ㒼ࡌ ࡾ㤫㒌࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛࡛ࡡ୯㛣࡞న⨠ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀ࠾ࡼࠉ୦㝍ႜࡡ⃥ᡋᆀᇡ࡛ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡷࣀࣕẮ᪐ࡢࠉࡆࡡᆀ᪁ࡡ㎨Ằࢅᡋண࡞ᕬࡀ㎲ࢆ࡚㣏⣂ࢅᦚཱིࡊࠉ㎨Ằ㎨ష ᆀࢅᨲᲘࡊ࡙㒌ᕰ࡞㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡆࡡ㎨⪌ᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙㣒㣱Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉኣࡂࡡ≓∽⩽ ࢅฝࡊࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮࠾ࡼᖳᮆ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ᆀࢨࣔ࣊ࣜ࣬ࢩࣖࣁᆀ᪁࡚ࡢࠉ⏊ኬெ㐠༱ᶭ ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1991 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࠉࣁࣝࡡ㌱㝪ࡢࡆࡡᆀ᪁ࢅ༥㡷ࡊࠉ⌟ᆀపẰ USC ࡞ཪይⓏ࡚࠵ࡖ ࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉኣࡂࡡᮟ࡚㣏⣂ࡷ㈀⏐ࡡᦚཱིࠉ↕ࡀゞࡔࠉࣝࣈࠉṽெࢅሒᚗ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡊࡒ57ࠊ 125 ࡐࡡᚃࠉUSC ࡡࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱ᙟເࢅ❟࡙├ࡊ࡙ࠉࣁࣝࡡ㌱㝪ࢅࢢࢼᅗሾἚ࠷ࡱ࡚ᢪࡊ㏁ࡌࡆ࡛ ࡞ᠺຉࡊࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡࢅ්༥㡷ࡊࡒࠉࣁ࡛ࣝྜྷᵕ࡞ࣁࣤࢹ࣭᪐࠾ࡼ∸ဗࢅᦚཱིࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹58ࠊ6 ᭮ࠉ USC ࡆࡡᆀᇡ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡊ࡙ࠉࣁࣝ⋙࠷ࡾࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡆࡡᆀᇡࢅᨥ㒼ࡊ࡙ࠉ⌟ᆀపẰࡡ⇒Ⅷ ሒᚗࢅᐁ⾔ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡚ࡢࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡡ㌱㝪ฦࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚↋Ἢᡋ㜒ᆀᇡ࡛ࡊࡒ59ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ1991ᖳᮆ࠾ࡼࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞1992ᖳ4᭮࠾ࡼ6᭮࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉࣁ㸝Bay㸞ᆀᇡ࡚ࡵெ㐠༱ᶭ็≟Ἓ ࡞ࡖࡒࠊࣁࣝࠉ㧏ᆀࢩࣖࣁࡡࣇࣜࢺ࣭ࣇ㸝Burdhubu㸞࡞ᣈⅤࢅ⨠࠷࡙ࠉ5,000ெࡡඹງࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙ 㤫㒌࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛࡛ᑊᓏࡊࠉࣁᆀ᪁ࡡ᭩ኬࡡ㒌ᕰࣁࢺ㸝Baidoa㸞ࢅᨥ㒼ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊࣁࣝ ࡡ⋙࠷ࡾࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡡ㌱㝪ࡢࠉࣁࢺࡡ࣏ࣝࣀ࣭ࣤẮ᪐ࡡపẰࢅUSC࡛༝ງ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛ぜࡊ ࡙ࠉኣᩐࡡపẰࢅṽᐐࡊ࡙Ṓమࢅࡊࡵࡡ࡞ࡊࡒࠊࣁࢺ࡚ࡢపẰࡡኬኣᩐࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐ࡡ㌱㝪ࡡ ሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙㑂㞬ࡊࡒ60ࠊ ࢮ࣏ࣛ༞こ㒂ࡡ㒌ᕰࣁࢺ࡚ࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ 8 ᭮ࡡெཾࡢ 37,000 ெ࡛᥆ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ11 ᭮ 20 ࡱ࡚࡞ 21,000 ெ࡞΅ᑛࡊࠉࣁࢺࡡ 2 ࡗࡡ᭩ኬぞᶅࡡ㑂㞬ᡜ࡞ࡢ 5,200 ெ㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜ ⑄ᑊ➿㜭ࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸝CDC㸞ࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 3 ࠾ࡼ 11 ᭮ 21 ࡱ࡚ࡡṒ⩽ࡡ⤣ゝ࠾ࡼࠉ 㑂㞬Ằࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ 16.9 ࡞㐡ࡊࠉඡṒஷ⋙ࡵ 30.1 ࡛࠷࠹ኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡỀ‵࡞㐡ࡊࡒ ࡆ࡛᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊṒᅄࡢࠉୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀ 56 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥ࡴ࡙࠷ࡒ61ࠊ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛㎾㑱ࡡ 㒌ᕰࣆࢥ࡚ࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 3 ࠾ࡼ 12 ᭮ 6 ࡱ࡚ࡡṒ⩽ࡡㄢᰕ࠾ࡼࠉ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢ 4.0 ࡚࠵ࡽࠉṒᅄ ࡢ㯖⑀ 28 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࠉୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀ 22 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ62ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ༞こ㒂࡚ࡡெ 㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ⥥᛬࡞ᚪさ༱㝜Ề‵࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࢮ࣏ࣛெ㐠༱ᶭ࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡿ࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉኣࡂࡡ㑂㞬Ằ࡛㞬ẰⓆ⏍ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ ࡡ㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⤣ゝ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ1991 ᖳᮆࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒ㞬Ằࡢࠉ⣑ 51 ெࠉࢢࢼ࡞⣑ 9 6,000 ெࠉࢩࣇࢲ࡞⣑ 8 5,000 ெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1992 ᖳᮆࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞⣑ 40 6,000 ெࠉࢢࢼ࡞⣑ 28 6,000 ெࠉࢩࣇࢲ࡞⣑ 2 ெ㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛࠷࠹63ࠊᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࡡ⤣ゝ࡚ࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ࡞ ⣑ 86 5,000 ெࡡ㞬Ằ࡛ᗂ㆜ᕵ᭻⩽Ꮛᅹࡊࠉ⣑ 200 ெ㑂㞬Ằ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ64ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࡡெཾࡢࠉ࠽ ࡻࡐ 725 ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉெཾࡡ⣑ 3 ᡋணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗහአ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉኬ ぞᶅ㑂㞬ࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠༱ᶭ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 126 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞 ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡷᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋࢅᮨࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪࢅ㛜ጙ ࡊࡒࠊ1992 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 23 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢỬ㆗ 733 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒṂჹ⚏㍲ࢅ Ⓠິࡊࠉ⣦ணὬ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ఆᡋࠉᖲࡡ᥆㐅ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᏭධ㍲㏞ࡡ☔ಕࢅさịࡊࡒ65ࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ⣦ ணὬࡢᩓᑊ⾔ິࡡ༳ೳḾ࡛ఆᡋࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞ྙណࡊࡒࠊ4 ᭮ 24 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉࡆࡡྙណࢅ ུࡄỬ㆗ 751 ࢅᢝࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡよ࡛ᨳⓏよỬࡡ㐛⛤ࢅ๑㐅ࡈࡎࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ௴ຸࢅᯕ ࡒࡌᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ࡚࠵ࡾࠔᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ㸝UNOSOM㸞ࠕࡡス⨠࡛ࠉࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⥥᛬ெ㐠ᨥ ᥴ 90 ⾔ິゝ⏤㸝Consolidated inter-agency 90-day Plan of Action for Emergency Humanitarian Assistance to Somalia㸞ࠕࡡᐁ᪃ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒ66ࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉỬ㆗ 751࣬➠ 7 㡧࡚ࡢࠉࠔຸ⥪㛏࡞ᑊࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄ ࡾ⤽⤾ࡌࡾ௴ຸࡡୌ㒂࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾよཀྵࡦᨳⓏよỬࡡࣈࣞࢬࢪࢅ๑㐅ࡈࡎࠉ࠽ࡻࡦࠉ ⥥᛬ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㎷㏷࡚ຝᯕⓏᩓᑊ⾔ⅥࡡೳḾ࠽ࡻࡦᅗᅰධᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙ೳᡋࡡ⥌ᣚࢅ ಀ㐅ࡈࡎࡾࡻ࠹さㄫࡌࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏよỬ࡛ よࣈࣞࢬࢪࡡಀ㐅ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩ࡵᣪࡅࡼࡿࡒ67ࠊ ࣓ࣀ࣒ࢺ࣬ࢦࢽ࣭ࣤ㸝Mohamed Sahnoun㸞ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื⾪ࡢࠉ⣦ணὬ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ 50 ྞࡡೳᡋ┐ っᅆ࡛ 500 ྞࡡெ㐠ᥴຐ㒂㝪ࡡᒈ㛜࡞㛭ࡌࡾஹῦࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ7 ᭮࡞ೳᡋ┐っᅆࢅࠉࡱࡒ 9 ᭮࡞ெ㐠ᥴຐ㒂 㝪ࢅࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡈࡎࡒࠊࢦࢽ࣭ࣤࡢࠉ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸࠉࢸ࣭ࢺ୦Ắ࡛㢎⦶࡞りࡊ࡙ࠉೳᡋ ࡛᩺ᨳᶊᶖ❟ࡡࡒࡴࡡஹῦࢅ⤽⤾ࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࢅఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞⤣ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒẮ᪐ࡡ㛏⩹࡞ࠉ㌱㛰㛣ࡡᑊ ❟ࢅ⥾ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞さㄫࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢦࢽ࣭ࣤ࡞ࡻࡾᖲஹῦࡵࡳࡊࡂ୦Ὤࡡᡋ㜒ࡢ⤽⤾ࡊࡒ68ࠊ 12 ᭮ࠉࢦࢽ࣭ࣤࡡ㎙௴ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉࣇࢹࣞࢪ࣬ࣇࢹࣞࢪ࣬࢝ࣛ㸝Boutros Boutros-Gahli㸞ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡢࠉ ᩺ࡊ࠷ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื⾪࡞ࢪ࣏ࢴࢹ࣬࢞ࢴࢰࢼ㸝Ismat Kittani㸞ࢅᣞྞࡊࠉஹῦ࡞ࡻࡾᖲࡡᐁ⌟ ࡻࡽࡵᅗ㝷㏻ྙᑙࡌࡾᖲᇮ⾔Ὡິࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉࡆࡡឺࢅよỬࡊࡻ࠹࡛௺ᅒࡊࡒࠊ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱ථ㸞 1992 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 3 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 794 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂࢮ࣏࡚ࣛ 127 ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅළ⁝࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹ㸝all necessary means㸞ࠕࢅ࡛ࡾᶊ㝀ࢅຊ┍ᅗ࡞ ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࢅᐖヾࡊࡒ69ࠊᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏよỬࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚪさᏭࡡᅂᚗࢅ┘ Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡈ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 1992 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 4 ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡢࠉỬ㆗ 794 ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠔᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋ㸝Operation Restore Hope㸞ࠕࢅ㛜 ጙࡊࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ 26,000 ெ࡛ 20 ࠾ᅗࡡ 10,000 ெࡡ㒂㝪ࠉࠔ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪ㸝United Task Force; UNITAF㸞ࠕࢅ⥽ᠺࡊ࡙ࠉỬ㆗ 794 ࡡ௴ຸࡡᐁ⾔࡞ᙔࡒࡖࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡡථ㒂㝪ࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺᨥᥴ࡚ ࡵᒈ㛜ࡊࡒᾇඹ㝪ᨯඹᅆ㸝Marine Expeditionary Force; MEF㸞ࢅງ࡛ࡌࡾ㒂㝪࡚࠵ࡽࠉᚗ⮾ᨥᥴࢅᢰ ᙔࡌࡾẰ⏍㒂㸝Army Civil Affairs㸞࡛㆑ᐳ㌱㸝a military force㸞ࡡ㒂㝪ࡢὬ㐭ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊᕵ᭻ᅂᚗష ᡋࡡ┘ᵾࡢࠉ㒂㝪ࡡ⥽ᠺ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋࡡᨳⓏ࣬㌱ⓏよỬ࡚ࡢࡂ⥥᛬ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹70ࠊ 1992 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 9 ࠉ୕㝛షᡋ㒂㝪ࠉ⣦ணὬ࠾ࡼࡡጄᐐࡵࡂ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහ࡞㐡ࡊࠉ࣓࢝ࢸ ࢨ࢛ᕰẰࡡḴ㎼ࢅུࡄࡒࠊ⣦ணὬࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡὩິ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷណࢅ࠻ ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠉࢸ࣭ࢺὬࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ⣦ணὬࡢࡆࡡථࢅཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ヾᐖࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ⤣ ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡢࠉ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛✭࡛࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ࢅ☔ಕࡊࠉெ㐠ᨾᥴ㡷ᇡ㸝Humanitarian Relief Sectors㸞࡞ᣞᏽࡊࡒࢮ࣏ࣛ୯㒂࣬༞㒂࡞㐅㥌ࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡᅗᅰࡡ 4 ࡛ெཾࡡ 6 ࢅ⤣โୖ࡞⨠ࡂ ࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡢࠉ㐅㥌㛜ጙࡡ 45 㛣࡞ࠉ25,000 ࢹࣤࡡ㣏⣂ᥴຐࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉ8,000 ࢹࣤࡡ⛸Ꮔࡷᶭᮞࡡᚗ⮾㛜Ⓠᥴຐࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡒ71ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᨳᗋࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡡ❟᱄ࡡṹ㝭࠾ࡼୌ㈇ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡṂよ㝎࡞ួ 㔔ጶເࢅ࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒ72ࠊ࢝ࣛᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩᬳᏽ ⤣࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉ㐽ᣪࡡᐁ᪃࡛㆗ఌࡷ᩺ᨳᗋࡡス⨠ࢅྱࡴࡒໜᣋⓏᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪࢅ᥆㐅ࡊࡻ࠹࡛௺ᅒࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᨳᗋࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ථࡡさ┘Ⓩࢅெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㝀ᏽࡊࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞ ᘤࡀ㎲ࡱࡿࡾࡡ࠵ࡾṂよ㝎ࡢ㌱ථࡡ௴ຸ࠾ࡼአࡌ❟ሔࢅ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚ ࣭ࢪࡡᒈ㛜ࡡ㝀ࠉ1993 ᖳ 1 ᭮ᮆ࡞スᏽࡈࡿࠉᒈ㛜ࡡ㛣 2 ࣧ᭮ࡡࡲ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵ⌦よ ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡡ㏝㝀ࡢᘇ㛏ࡈࡿࡒࠉ1993 ᖳ 2 ᭮ᮆࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ 128 ࡡ㌱さဤࡢ 16,000 ெ࡞ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡᅗᐓࡡ㌱㝪ࡵ 5,000 ெ࡞ࡱ࡚⦨ᑚࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ ࢚࣭ࢪ࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒ㌱㝪ࡡୌ㒂ࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡ㒂㝪࡛ࡊ࡙ࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞㥌⏻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ 73 ࠊ௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪ࡞ࡻࡾᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹㌱ථຝᯕⓏ࡚ ຝ⋙Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡒ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼ࠷ࠊࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪ㌱ ථࡊࡒ 1992 ᖳ 12 ᭮௧๑࡞ᮨࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ぜࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢢࡡࢮ࣏ࣛᕰሔ࡚ࡡ㣏ᩩ౮ㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡾ ࡛ࠉහᡋ⃥ࡌࡾ๑ࡡ✈∸ࡡ⏍⏐⩽౮ࡢ࠷ࡍࡿࡵ 1 ࢞ࣞࢡ࣑ࣚᙔࡒࡽ 1,000-2,000 ࢨࣛࣤࢡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ 1992 ᖳ 10 ᭮࡞✈∸ᑚ౮㏳ᖏࡡỀ‵࡞ᅂᚗࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ௧ᚃࡢࠉ㎨Ằࡡ⏍⏐ណḟࢅ΅㏝ࡈࡎࡾ Ề‵࡞ࡱ࡚ୖⴘࡊࡒ㸝⾪ 17 ཤ↯㸞74ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐࢅ㍇΅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᭩ኬࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡌࡾࡼ ࡣࠉ1992 ᖳ 12 ᭮௧๑࡞ࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞㌱ථࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡽࠉහᡋ௧๑ࡡᑚ౮ࢅୖᅂࡾỀ‵࡞ୖ ࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹㒼៎ࡵᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ⾪ 17 ࢢ࡞ࡻࡾ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහࡡ✈∸౮ࡡㄢᰕ 1992.7 1992.8 1992.9 1992.10 1992.11 1992.12 1993.1 1993.2 1993.3 ࢮ࣑ࣜ࢝ 3788 2349 1458 866 855 791 720 661 500 ᑚ㯇 3233 2824 1858 1100 910 824 745 657 550 ࢹ࣓ࣞࢤࢨ 4800 2674 1733 1266 1199 1041 891 763 625 CARE monetization programme, ͆Cereal Prices in South Mogadishu (Somali shillings per kg)͇75 1993 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 15 ࠉ⣦ணὬࢸࢪ࣊ࣁ࡞࠽࠷࡙よఌ㆗ࢅ㛜തࡊࠉ3 ᭮ 26 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ử㆗ 814 ࢅᢝࡊ76ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱࡞ࡻࡾᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋ࠾ࡼࠉ➠ 2 ḗᅗ ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ࡛Ὡິᘤࡀ⤽ࡿࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 27 ࠉ⣦ணὬࡢࢸࢪ࣊ࣁྙណࢅᢝࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ ᖲᠺ❟ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࡛ᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࠉೳᡋࡡ┐っ࡛Ṃよ㝎ࠉ㐽ᣪࡡᐁ᪃ ࡛ᨳⓏよࡡᐁ⌟ࠉ㆑ᐳࡡ්ᘋࠉẰᨳ᪃スࡡᘋスࠉ㎨ᴏࡷ∶⏾ࡡᨥᥴᵕࠍᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪࡡ᥆ 㐅࡛ᖲᵋ⠇ゝ⏤ࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࠉ20,000 ெࡡ㌱㝪࡛ 8,000 ெࡡඹ ❨さဤࠉ2,800 ெࡡᩝẰさဤ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾኬぞᶅᖲᇮ⾔Ὡິࢅណᅒࡊ࡙ス⨠ࡈࡿࡒࠉ1993 ᖳ 5 ᭮ࠉᏽࡈࡿࡒさဤࡡ 25 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡊ࠾☔ಕ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࢮ࣏ 129 ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋࡡᨳⓏよỬ࡛ᅗẰⓏよࡵ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ ࡒࠉ㈠″࡛ெဤࡡ㊂࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ゝ⏤ࡈࡿࡒ௴ຸࡡኣࡂࢅ㐑⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉᅗ㏻ ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࠉᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪࢅጄᐐࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࢸ࣭ࢺὬ࡛ࡡ㌭㎒ቌຊࡌࡾ࡞ࡗࡿ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡷᨳⓏよỬࡻࡽࡵ㌱ⓏよỬࢅ┘ᣞࡌࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ77ࠊ 1993 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 6 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒỬ㆗ 837 ࢅᢝࡊ78ࠉ6 ᭮ 5 ࡡࣂ ࢞ࢪࢰࣤඹࢅぉᦹ௲ࡡ㤫ㅓ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱ࡡ㐂ᤍࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱Ὡິࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊỬ㆗ 837࣬➠ 5 㡧࡞ࡢࠉࠔṂງᨯᦹ࡞㈈௴࠵ࡾ⩽ࡌ࡙࡞ᑊࡊࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹ᨯᦹࡡප↓ࡒࡾ㰐⯑࡞㈈௴࠵ࡾ ⩽ࡵྱࡴ࡙ࠉᚪさࡌ࡙ࡡ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬ㆗ 814㸝1993 ᖳ㸞ࡡࡵ࡛࡚セྊࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ්☔ ヾࡌࡾࠕ79࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࠉᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪ࡞ཬᑊࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻㌱࡞ᨯᦹࢅຊ࠻ࡒ ࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱ࡡ㐂ᤍࢅᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ80ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱Ὤࡢୌ⯙ᕰẰࢅ┢࡛ࡊฺ࡙⏕ࡊࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࣝࣤࢩ࣭ࣔ㒂㝪ࡢ㝌ࢅ◑ᦹࡌ ࡾࡊ࡙⾢✲ࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡊࠉᩐⓊྞࡡࢮ࣏ࣛெࢅ≓∽࡞ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡ⤎ᯕࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ ᣚ㌱࡞ࡻࡾᡋண⾔Ⅵࢅᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ཬࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡌࡾឺ࡞⮫ࡖࡒ81ࠊ10 ᭮ 3 ࠉࢸ ࣭ࢺὬࡡ㌱㝪ࡢࠉ18 ெࡡ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࣝࣤࢩ࣭ࣔ㒂㝪ඹኃࢅṽᐐࡊࠉࡆࡡ᫆ാ࣒ࢸࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ධୠ⏲ ࡞㏞ಘࡈࡿࡒࡡࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ᨳᗋࡢࠉ1994 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞㌱㝪ࢅࢮ࣏ࣛ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ ࢅୌ᪁Ⓩ࡞ኇ᪺ࡊࠉᅗࡵ㏛㝮ࡊ࡙㌱㝪ࢅ㏝ࡈࡎࡒ82ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 2 ᭮ 4 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 897 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙83ࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࢅᙁโງࡡ࠷ఎ⤣ Ⓩᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ࡞ᶊ⬗ࢅโ㝀ࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ3 ᭮ 24 ࠉ⣦ணὬࡢࢻࣞࣄᐃゕࢅᢝࡊ࡙ୌᚺ ࡡᖲྙណ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⣦ணὬࡢᡋணࢅ⤽⤾ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹࡵ ຊ࠻⤾ࡄࠉ1994 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 4 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 954 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙84ࠉ1995 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞Ὡິࢅ⤂ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊ 㸝ᑚᣋ㸞 ࢮ࣏ࣛࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉࣁࣝᨳᶊ㌱ࡡࢱࣞࢴࢺẮ᪐࡛ USC ࡡࣀẮ᪐ࡡẮ᪐㛣ᑊ❟ࡷ USC හ 㒂ࡡ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸὬ࡛ࢸ࣭ࢺὬ࡛ࡡᶊງ㜒ண࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㉫ࡊࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉࢨࣔ࣊ࣜ࣬ࢩࣖࣁᕖ 130 Ὦᇡ࡚ࡡ⣦ணὬ࡞ࡻࡾዞ࡛ᬸງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ㎨⪌ᆀᖈ࡚ࡡ⏍⏐Ὡິỷࡊࠉᕰሔ࡚ࡡ㣏⣂౩⤝ೳ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㣏⣂౮ࡡ㧏㦈ࢅ㉫ࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡኣࡂ㣒㣱࡚Ṓஷࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ⣦ணὬࡡᬸງ࠾ࡼ㏠ ࡿࡾࡒࡴ࡞ኣࡂࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻࡙㞬Ằ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ࣒ࣛ࢜మࡡ⤣ୌ ࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡢࠉ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࢮ࣏ࣛ୯༞㒂࡞㥌⏻ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾ ῥࡊࡒࠊ➠ 2 ḗᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢࠉᖲ༝ᏽࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉහᡋࡡ ᨳⓏよỬ࡛ᅗẰⓏよࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩࢅᐁ⌟ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒࠉࢸ࣭ࢺὬ࡛ࡡᡋ㜒ࡡ⃥ ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙௴ຸࢅን㈻ࡈࡎࡾ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡢࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾࠉ➠ 2 ḗᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡼࡵࠉᖲᵋ⠇ࢅさ ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (3) ࣍ࢪࢼ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡡᓻቪ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᨳເࡷ⤊ ῥ≟ἛࡡᅗහⓏさᅄࡷ⡷ࢮ෫ᡋ⤂⤎ࡡᙫ㡢ࡡᅗ㝷Ⓩさᅄ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝 ࢅᵋᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࣍ࢪࢼභᅗ≺❟ࢅ㐡ᠺࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහ㒂࡚ࡡẰ᪐ᑊ❟ࢅ㉫ࡊ࡙ࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ ࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞⮫ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒᨳⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ⫴ᬊ࣬⤊⦃ࠉᨳᣞᑙ⩽ࡡᙲ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚ ࣥ㏻㑝࡚ᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡒᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱㸝United Nations Protect Force; UNPROFOR㸞ࡡ㥌⏻࡛ኬこὊ᮪⣑ ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ࡡຝᯕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉḚᕗ㏻ྙᑙࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼᖲఌ㆗࡛࣍ࢪࢼฦ᱄࡞㛭ࡌࡾஹ ῦ⤊⦃࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋᚃࡡᡋᚃᚗ⮾ࡷẰ᪐ᨳඨࡡ┊⾮࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ᴗࡴ࡙ኣᵕ࡚ ࠵ࡾ85ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡞㛭ࡌࡾኣみⓏ࡚㔔ᒒⓏฦᯊࡌ࡚࡞Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹◂✪ᠺᯕࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉ ㏑ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵⅤࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ฦᯊࢅ㐅ࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⫴ᬊ㸞 ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡢࠉ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡࢻࢲࢪ࣬ࢺࢵࡡ༥㡷⤣࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣂࣜࢲࢧࣤ㜒ணࢅ ⤊࡙ࠉ1946 ᖳࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥẰ㏻㑝㸝Democratic Federal Yugoslavia㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᘋᅗࡈࡿࠉ1963 ᖳࠉ 131 ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ♣ఌ⩇භᅗ㏻㑝㸝Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia㸞࡞ᅗྒࢅን᭞ࡊࡒࠊࣂࣜ ࢲࢧࣤ㜒ணࡡᣞᑙ⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣙࢨࢴࣈ࣬ࣇࣞࢫ࣬ࢷࢹ࣭㸝Josip Broz Tito㸞ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥᘋᅗᚃ࡞㤫┞࡞ ᑯ௴ࡊࠉ1953 ᖳࠉኬ⤣㡷࡞㐽ฝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ1974 ᖳࠉἪࢅᨭḿࡊ࡙⤂㌗ኬ⤣㡷ࡡᑯ௴ࢅᐃゕࡊࠉ1980 ᖳ࡞Ṓཡࡌࡾࡱ࡚᭩㧏ᣞᑙ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡞ྦ⮣ࡊࡒࠊ ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡢࠉ6 භᅗ㸝ࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼࠉࢠࣞࢲࠉࢬࣜࣄࠉ࣓ࣤࢷࢾࢡࣞࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼ㸞࡛ 2 ⮤ᕗ㸝࢚࢚ࣥࣥࢸࢻࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ㸞࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾ㏻㑝 ᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ 1991 ᖳⅤ࡚ࡡධெཾ 2,350 ெࡡ࠹ࡔࢬࣜࣄெ 36.2 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࠉ ࢠࣞࢲெ 19.7 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ 10 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࠉࣜࣁࢼெ 9 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥ࡴࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ ெࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼெࠉ࣓ࣤࢷࢾࢡࣞெࡡẰ᪐㞗ᅆࡵ࣏ࢿࣛࢷ࡛ࡊ࡙ᵋᠺࡌࡾኣẰ᪐ᅗᐓ࡚ࡵ࠵ ࡖࡒ86ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡢࠉࡡኣẰ᪐ᅗᐓ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉᨳⓏ༟న࡛Ằ᪐ฦᕱ࡛ࡢᏰධ ࡞ࡢୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࡆࡿẰ᪐ᑊ❟࡛ᅗᐓよమࡡさᅄ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ1991 ᖳࡡெཾ⤣ゝ࡞ࡻࡿ ࡣࠉࢬࣜࣄெࡢࢬࣜࣄභᅗࡡெཾࡡ 65.8 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥ࡴࡾ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝හ ࡡࢬࣜࣄெࡡ 23 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡢࢬࣜࣄභᅗ௧አ࡞ᑽపࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ87ࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥ ࣥࢻභᅗࡢࠉධெཾࡡ࠹ࡔ 43.7 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ88ࠉ31.4 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢬࣜࣄெࠉ17.3 ࣂ ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢠࣞࢲெ࡛࠷࠹Ằ᪐ᵋᠺ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢬࣜࣄெ᮶㒂ࠉࢠࣞࢲெこ㒂ࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ㸝Sarajevo; Сарајево㸞ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ୯㒂࡛こ㒂࡞㞗୯ࡊ࡙ᑽపࡌࡾലྡྷࡢぜࡼࡿࡒࠉ Ίపᆀᇡᩋᅹࡌࡾᴗࡴ࡙々㞟Ằ᪐ฦᕱࢅᙟᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ89ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢷࢹ࣭ࡢࠉභᅗ࡞⮤ ᶊࢅ࠻࡙ᑛᩐẰ᪐ࢅඁ㐕ࡊࠉ᭩ኬເງࡡࢬࣜࣄெࡡࡡẰ᪐㞗ᅆ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≁ᶊⓏᆀనࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒ ࡴࡡᅗහᨳ࡞⭁ᚨࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ ࢷࢹ࣭ࡡ⤣࡞ࡢࠉ Ằ᪐ᑊ❟≁ṹ࡞⾪㟻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 1980 ᖳࠉࢷࢹ࣭ࡡṒᚃࠉ࣭ࣗࢥභ⏐ඨࡢභᅗᶊ㝀ࢅᙁࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄ࡛ࠉ㏻㑝ᶊ㝀ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࢠ ࣞࢲࠉࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ࡞ฦࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ࢛࣊ࢡ࣭ࣚࢺࡡ୯ኳᨳᗋࡡᶊງ΅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ 1970 ᖳ௧ᚃࡡബຸ༱ᶭ࡛ࣤࣆ࣭ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࡞ࡻࡾ⤊ῥ≟ឺࡡᝇࡵ㔔ࡖ࡙ࠉභᅗᣞᑙ⩽ࡢẰ᪐ ⩇࡞౪ᣈࡊ࡙ᨳᶊᇱ┑ࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡻ࠹࡛௺ᅒࡊࡒࠊ1989 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࠉࢪࣞ࣍ࢱ࣐ࣤ࣬ࣞࢨ࢘ࣥࢴࢲ㸝Slobodan Milošević㸞ࢬࣜࣄභ⏐ඨ㆗㛏ࠉἪࢅᨭḿࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄභᅗࡡࡗࡡ⮤ᕗ࡚࠵ࡾ࢚࢚ࣥࣥ ࢸࢻ࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ⮤ᶊࢅ๎΅ࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெࡡᶊ㝀ࢅᙁࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ዉᶭ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡡභ 132 ᅗࡡ㏻㑝࠾ࡼࡡ㞫⬲ࡡິࡀຊ㏷ࡊࡒ90ࠊ 1991 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 25 ࠉࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ࡛ࢠࣞࢲࡢࠉᅗẰᢖ⚂ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙≺❟ࢅᐃゕࡊࠉ㏻㑝ࡡ ⥌ᣚࢅ௺ᅒࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄᑙࡡ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࠉ≺❟ࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞୦ᅗ࡞㌱ථࡊࡒࠊ ࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼᡋணࡢࠉ㏻㑝㌱ࡡ㏷ࡷ࠾㏝࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 10 㛣࡚⤂ࡊࠉ≁ṹࡡ⿍ᐐࡵࡂࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ ࡡ≺❟㐡ᠺࡈࡿࡒࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉࢠࣞࢲ࡚ࡢࠉභᅗහࡡᑛᩐὬࢬࣜࣄெࠔࢠࣚࢻ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெභᅗ㸝the Republic of Serbian Krajina: Република Српска Крајина㸞ࠕࢅスࡌࡾ᪠ࡡᐃゕࢅ⾔࠹࡞⮫ࡖ࡙ࠉࢠࣞࢲ㌱࡛㏻ 㑝㌱࣬ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᡋ㜒⃥ࡊࡒࠊ1991 ᖳᮆࡱ࡚ࡡහᡋ࡚ࠉ6,000 ெ௧୕ṽᐐࡈࡿࠉ1 ெㇿഭࡊࠉࢠࣚࢻᆀ᪁ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾࢠࣞࢲெ 10 ெࡷࢠࣞࢲ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெ 25 ெ⮤ Ꮹࢅ◒ቪࡈࡿࡾࡊ࡙㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡖࡒ91ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢦࣝࢪ࣬ࣥࣤࢪ㸝Cyrus Vance㸞ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏 ≁ㄢೳࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ1992 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 2 ࠉೳᡋᐁ⌟ࡊࠉ2 ᭮ 21 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 743 ࢅ ᢝࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅࢠࣞࢲ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࠉࢠࣞࢲࡡࢬࣜࣄெᑽప༇ࢅࠔᅗ㏻ಕ㆜ ༇㸝United Nations Protected Areas; UNPA㸞ࠕ࡞ᣞᏽࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡᏭධᆀ༇ࡡ㑂㞬Ằࢅಕ㆜ࡊ࡙Ꮽࢅ⥌ᣚ ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࡚ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ㥌⏻㛜ጙࡊࡒ92ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡᏭධᆀ༇࡚ࡢࠉᏽࡈࡿࡒṂよ㝎ᐁ᪃ࡈ ࡿࡍࠉᑛᩐὬࡡࢬࣜࣄெເງࡆࡡᆀᇡࢅᐁ㈻Ⓩ࡞ᨥ㒼ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࢠࣞࢲᨳᗋ࡛භᅗහࡡࢬࣜ ࣄெເງ࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࡢࠉ1995 ᖳ 8 ᭮ࡡೳᡋࡱ࡚⤽⤾ࡊࡒࠊ 㸝࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡ㛜ጙ㸞 1992 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 3 ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࡢᅗẰᢖ⚂ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࠾ࡼࡡ ࣍ࢪࢼࡡ≺❟ࢅᐃゕࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡ≺❟࡞ཬᑊࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெ ເງࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂࡚ࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾṽᐐ࡛ᙁโ㏛ᨲ࡞╌ᡥࡊࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝㌱ࡵ࣍ ࢪࢼ㡷හ࡞㌱ථࡊ࡙㤫㒌ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡡ◑ᦹࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ᮆࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂ࡡさ 㒌ᕰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᨯເ࡛ໜᅑ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉྜྷᆀ᪁ࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெࡡ 95 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤ ࢹ㑂㞬ࢅఴൢࡂࡈࡿࡒࠊ6 ᭮༖ࡣࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࣍ࢪࢼᅗᅰࡡ 3 ฦࡡ 2 ࢅโᅸࡊ࡙ࠉ⣑ 100 ெࡡ࣍ࢪࢼᕰẰᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ṟ⏻ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡷࢠࣞࢲ 133 ࡞㑂㞬ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ93ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ—✭㍲—㸞 1991 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 25 ࠉࢸࢠຸ࢙ࣕࣜ⥪㛏ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥධᇡࡡ 㞬Ằ࣬㑂㞬Ằࡡᨥᥴࢅさㄫࡊࠉ1992 ᖳ 5 ᭮ 12 ࠉຸ࢝ࣛ⥪㛏ྜྷຸᡜ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑙᶭ㛭㸝lead agency㸞ࡡ㈈ຸࢅ࠻ࡒ94ࠊྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᅗහ࡚ࡡᥴຐὩິࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾᙁ ㏍ࠉ✴┈ࠉጸᄋ࡚ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ጄᐐࡈࡿࠉ⫃ဤࡡᏭධࡡ☔ಕࡵᅏ㞬≟Ἓ࡞├㟻ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ95ࠊ5 ᭮ 18 ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡ⫃ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾぉᦹࢅུࡄ࡙Ὡິࢅධ㟻Ⓩ࡞ೳḾࡊ96ࠉᅗ㝷ெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡጄᐐࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ᥈⨠ᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ6 ᭮ 5 ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛⣦ண Ὤெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ්㛜࡞㛭ࡌࡾྙណ࡞㐡ࡊ࡙ࠉ6 ᭮ 29 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 761 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ්㛜࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩ࡡ☔ಕࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ ࡚ࡡᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡᒈ㛜ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 3 ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲㛜ጙࡈ ࡿ࡙ࠉิࡴࡡ 1 㐄㛣࡚ 100 ᅂ௧୕ࡡ㣍⾔࡚ 1,200 ࢹࣤࡡெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᦑථࡊࡒ97ࠊ7 ᭮ 3 ࠾ࡼ 1993 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 31 ࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ2,476 ᅂࡡ㣍⾔࡚㣏⣂ࡷ༈ⷾဗࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ 27,460 ࢹࣤࢅ㍲㏞ࡊࡒ98ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ9 ᭮ 3 ࠉࢰࣛࡡ㍲㏞ᶭ G222 ᦹቍࡈࡿ࡙ࠉဤ 4 ெṒஷࡌࡾ௲Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉ✭㍲ୌೳḾࡈ ࡿࠉ10 ᭮ 3 ࡞✭㍲්㛜ࡈࡿࡾࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣ࠉ༱㝜㝛୕㍲㏞࡞ࡻࡾᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᥞ౩ࡡቌኬ࡚ᑊᚺࡌࡾ ឺ࡞ࡵࡖࡒ99ࠊ 1992 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 13 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢỬ㆗ 770 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮ࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠 ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᥴຐࡡ౩ࢅᐖ᪾࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴࠕ࡞ࠉຊ┍ᅗ࡞ࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ᥈⨠㸝all necessary measures㸞ࠕࢅཱིࡾࡻ࠹࡞さㄫࡊࡒ100ࠊࡆࡡṂງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᑊ❟ ࡡ⥾ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㆜⾠ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒⅤ࡞ ⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡛㌱㝪༝ງ㛭౿ࢅᵋ⠇ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ༝ྜྷࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾโᗐࡡᵋ ⠇モࡲࡼࡿࡒ101ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡ㆜⾠ࡡᚪさெဤࡢࠉ10 ெ௧୕࡛᥆ゝࡈࡿࡒࠉ1993 ᖳิ㢄ࡱ࡚࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡぞᶅࡢ 8,723 ெ࡞㐛ࡁ࠾ࡖࡒ102ࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡢࠉỬ㆗ 770 ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᶊ㝀ࢅ࠻ࡼࡿࡒࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡཋ์࡚࠵ࡾྜྷណ࣬୯❟࣬⮤⾠࡞ 134 ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ິࡊࡒࡡ࡚103ࠉᒈ㛜ࡡྜྷណ☔ಕ࡚ࡀࡒࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡡᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࡞ᒈ㛜 ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉྜྷណࡡ☔ಕ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࡚࠵ࡾ᮶㒂࡞ࡢᒈ㛜ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐ ࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ㌱㝪ࡡ㆜⾠ࡊ ࡞ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㝛୕㍲㏞ࢅఴൢࡂࡈࡿࡒ104ࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡᏭ⥌ᣚ⬗ງࡵ༎ฦ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ1992 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱㥌⏻㌱ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞⾔ࡂᡥࢅ㜴Ḿࡈࡿࡾ௲ࡵⓆ⏍ࡊࡒ105ࠊ1992 ᖳᮆࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡢ 200 ெ௧୕ࡡ㑂㞬Ằᨾᥴ∸㈠ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊࠉ㉲ࡡࡒࡴࡡ㏛ຊⓏᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡢࠉ34,600 ࢹࣤࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ࣍ࢪࢼࡡ 110 ⟘ᡜࡡ㑂㞬ᡜ࡞㍲㏞ࡌࡾ㆜⾠࡞ᙔࡒࡖࡒ106ࠊᅗ ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ㌱ථࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉぞᶅ࡛⬗ງࡡࡈ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡ㌱ⓏよỬ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ 㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑ㏞ࡡ㆜⾠࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ—Ꮽධᆀᇡࡡスᏽ—㸞 1993 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 2 ࠉᅗ㏻≁ࢦࣝࢪ࣬ࣥࣤࢪ࡛Ḛᕗභྜྷమ≁ࢸࣥࢴࢺ࢛࣭࣬࢘ࣤ㸝David Owen 㸞භྜྷ㆗ 㛏ࢅຸࡴࡾ ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚ ࣥ ᖲఌ㆗㸝International Conference for the Former Yugoslavia; ICTY㸞࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉࣥࣤࢪ㸲࢛࣭࢘ࣤ᱄㸝Vance Owen Peace Plan㸞࡛⛘ࡈࡿࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ 10 ฦ᱄ᥞ♟ࡈࡿࡒ107ࠊࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡᡋἛࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெ ເງ࣬࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ࡛࠷࠹㝍ႜࡡᑊ❟࠾ࡼࠉ10 ฦ᱄ࢅࡴࡃࡾࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ࡛ࡡ ᑊ❟⃥ࡌࡾ࡞ࡗࡿ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ୯㒂࡚ࡡᡋ㜒ࢅ㉫ࡊ࡙ࡗᕧࡡᡋண࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ108ࠊ 1993 ᖳ 2 ᭮࣬3 ᭮ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂ࡡࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ㸝Srebernica; Сребреница㸞ࠉࢩ࢘ࣂ㸝Žepa; Жепа㸞ࠉ ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ㸝Goražde; Горажде㸞ࡡ㒌ᕰࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ໜᅑࡈࡿࡒ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࡡ㑂㞬ᡜ࡛ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງୌ༥㡷࡞ᠺຉࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ዞ 㑇ࡈࡿࡾᡋணࡡ᭩๑⥲࡞న⨠ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡሔᡜ࡞ 5 ெࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெపẰ࡛㑂㞬ẰᏓ❟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ109ࠊ 3 ᭮ࠉ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜᨾᥴ∸㈠࡛༈ⷾဗࢅࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࡞㍲㏞ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉ㑂㞬Ằ 5,560 ெ௧୕㍲㏞ࢹࣚࢴࢠ࡚㑂㞬ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ṽࡌࡾ௲⏍ࡋࡒ110ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࡡ㑂㞬ᆀᇡࡡᏭ ධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾ⥥᛬ࡡᑊᚺᚪさ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ 1993 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 16 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 819 ࢅᢝࡊࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࢅࠔᏭධᆀᇡ㸝safe 135 area㸞ࠕ࡞ᣞᏽࡊࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅᒈ㛜ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒ111ࠊ5 ᭮ 6 ࠉỬ㆗ 824 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉࡆࡡᏭ ධᆀᇡࡢࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࠉࢵࢫࣚ㸝Tuzla: Тузла㸞ࠉࢩ࢘ࣂࠉࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࠉࣄࣀࢲ㸝Bihać: Бихаћ㸞ࢅྱ ࡴࡒ 6 㒌ᕰ࡞ᣉኬࡈࡿࡒ112ࠊᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡᒈ㛜࡞ 3 4 ༐ெࡡ㏛ຊඹງᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ ࡛ᘿࡊࡒࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢ 7,500 ெࡡᒈ㛜ࡊ࠾ヾࡴࡍࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡢᏭධᆀᇡࡡᏭධࢅ༎ฦ࡞ಕ 㝸ࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅಕᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡢࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡཋ์ࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ ㌱㝪ࡡ⛛ິ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡセྊᚪさ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡセྊᚋࡼࡿ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢ㌱㝪㊂Ḿࡴࡈࡿ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ113ࠊ ࣍ࢪࢼࡡᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ୕ࡡ୯❟ᆀᖈ࡛ࡢ┞㐢ࡊ114ࠉࢬࣜࣄெṂເງ࡞ࡻࡾ࣑ࢪࣛ ࣑ெࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾᡋ␆ⓏណᅒᏋᅹࡊࡒࠊᏭධᆀᇡࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ㌱ࡡṂよ㝎ࡈࡿ ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉ㌱ᇱᆀ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᶭ⬗ࡵᢰࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࡡẰ᪐Ὧࢅ௺ᅒࡊࡒࢬࣜࣄ ெເງࡢࠉࡆࡡᏭධᆀᇡࢅໜᅑࡊ࡙ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑථࢅ㜴Ḿࡊ࡙ඹ⣂ᨯࡴ࡞ࡊࠉ㑂㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙◑ᦹࢅ ᩷⤾Ⓩ࡞ຊ࠻ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ115ࠊ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງࡢࠉᏭධᆀᇡࢅṒᏬࡌࡾᡋ␆Ⓩᚪさ࠾ࡼࠉ㑂㞬ẰࡡᏭධᆀ ᇡ࠾ࡼࡡ㑂㞬ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㑂㞬ẰࡢᏭධᆀᇡ࡚Ꮣ❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡさဤࡷ ⬗ງࡢᏭධᆀᇡࡡಕ㆜࡞ࡢ༎ฦ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᏭධᆀᇡࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒ116ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ—⯗✭ᨯᦹ—㸞 1993 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 4 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 836 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ௴ຸ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ ࡷᏭධᆀᇡࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㆜⾠࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉᏭධᆀᇡࡡさᆀⅤࢅ༥ᣈࡊ࡙㥌⏻ࡊࠉ⮤⾠ࡡࡒࡴࡡṂງ ⾔ࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࠊṂງ⾔࡞ࡢࠉᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ◑ᦹࡷṂເງࡡぉᦹ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬᦹࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡷ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞࡞ᑊࡌࡾጄᐐ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᚺᡋࡵྱࡱࡿࡾ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ࡡ㆜⾠࡛ࠉᏭධᆀᇡࡡᏭධࡡ☔ಕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅᣉኬࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉỬ㆗ 836 ࡢࠉ ᅗᐓࡷᆀᇡᶭ㛭ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ✭㌱ງࡡ⾔ࡵᐖヾࡊࡒ117ࠊࡆࡡỬ㆗ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ Ṃ㞗ᅆ࠾ࡼᨯᦹࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱✭⇷ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙Ṃ㞗ᅆࡡ⾔ິࢅᑌࡋࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណ ᅒࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡞ᑊࡌࡾṂ ເງࡡሒᚗᨯᦹࢅㄇⓆࡊ࡙ࠉ➠ 2 ḗᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡛࣍ࢪࢼὬ࡛ࡡධ㟻ᡋ 136 ண࡞⃥ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮ࠵ࡖࡒ118ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 2 ᭮ 4 ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ࣬ࢺࣇࣛࢼࣔᆀ༇࡞◑ᦹ࠵ࡽࠉ9 ெṒஷࡊ 15 ெㇿഭࡊࡒࠊ2 ᭮ 5 ࠉ࣏ࣜ࢜ࣝᕰሔ࡞◑ᦹຊ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙ࠉ68 ெṒஷࡊ⣑ 200 ெㇿഭࡌࡾ௲Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒࠊ࣏ࣜ࢜ࣝ ᕰሔ௲ࡢࠉ༟ୌࡡᨯᦹ࡚ࡢ᭩ኬࡡṒഭ⩽ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ௲࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᨼវཬᚺࢅㄇⓆࡊࡒ119ࠊ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெṂເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ㌱࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥᕰ୯ᚨ࠾ࡼ༖ᙼ 20 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜ௧හ࠾ࡼ㔔ℾჹࢅཡࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ⟮⌦ୖ࡞⛛⟮ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞さịࡊࠉ㝀 හ࡞Ṃよ㝎ࡊࡄࡿࡣ✭⇷ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾ࡛ᐃゕࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢྜྷᆀᇡ࡚ࡡṂ よ㝎ࢅ࠽࠽ࡻࡐᏰࡈࡎ࡙ࠉ✭⇷ࡢᅂ㑂ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ ᶭᵋ࡛ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื⾪ࡡྜྷណ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࠔࡗࡡ㘵㸝dual key㸞᪁ᘟࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉୌ᪁ࡡᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ᪺▴ᗛᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื⾪ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡞ ᑊࡌࡾሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙✭⇷ࡡ⏕࡞ួ㔔࡚࠵ࡖࡒ120ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 2 ᭮ 23 ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛ࡡఆᡋྙណࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡᮨ ᙽࡈࡿࡒࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯເࢅᙁࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊ4 ᭮ิࡴࠉࢬࣜࣄெ ເງࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸᕰ࠾ࡼ 10 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜࡱ࡚㐅㌱ࡊࠉ4 ᭮ 9 ࠉ࢝ࣛᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ᨯᦹ௧๑ࡡᆀⅤࡱ ࡚ࡡ㏝ࢅࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞さịࡊࠉ4 ᭮ 10 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡ࣭ࣞࢫྒྷ௦ᏻ࡛᪺▴ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏 ≁ื⾪ࡡྜྷណࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ F-17 ᡋ㜒ᶭࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊ4 ᭮ 16 ࠉ ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࢟ࣛࢪ㌱ᶭࢨ࣭ࣀ࣭ࣛᶭࢅᦹቍࡊࠉ200 ெࡡᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅ㌶⚏≟ឺ࡞⨠࠷ࡒࠊ4 ᭮ 20 ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ㌱࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ೳᡋྙណࡈࡿࡒࠉྜྷ◒Იࡈࡿࠉࢬࣜࣄெເ ງࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸᕰහࡡ✲ථࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉྜྷࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢỬ㆗ 913 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࡡ ᡋ㜒්㛜ࢅ㟸㞬ࡊࡒ121ࠊ4 ᭮ 22 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙᭩ᚃ㏳‖ࢅⓆࡊ࡙ࠉ 24 ࡱ࡚࡞ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ୯ᚨ㒂࠾ࡼ 3 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜ௧හ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡊࠉ27 ࡱ࡚࡞༖ᙼ 20 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜ௧ හࡡ㔔ℾჹࢅཡࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢ㔔ℾჹࢅཡࡊ࡙ࠉኬぞᶅ ✭⇷ᅂ㑂ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ122ࠊ ࡆࡡ௲ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱✭⇷ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙Ꮽධࢅ ☔ಕࡌࡾណᛦࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ1995 ᖳࡡࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ㝏ⴘᚃࡡࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾධ 137 㟻Ⓩᨯᦹࡡ❻⥬࡛ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ ಕ㆜㌱ࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢬࣜࣄெṂເງ࡞⬛࠾ࡈࡿࡾ༱㝜ࢅቌኬࡈࡎࡾ༱㝜ᛮࡵ᭯ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ㝏ⴘ࡞ᑊࡌࡾධ㟻Ⓩ✭⇷ࡡ㝷࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡඹኃṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࡽ㌶⚏≟ឺ࡞⨠ ࠾ࡿࡒࡽࡌࡾࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິධ㟻Ⓩ࡞ೳḾࡌࡾឺࡵ㉫ࡊࡒࠊ 㸝࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㸞 ࡆࡆ࡚ࠉ1993 ᖳࡡ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ⏊ኬᛮ࡛᛬㏍ᛮ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅ ᅆࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮࠾ࡼ 1993 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࡱ࡚ࡡࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ6,800 ெ௧୕አഭ࡚Ṓ ஷࡊࠉ16,000 ெࡡㇿഭ⩽Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒࠊአഭ࡚ࡡṒ⩽ࡢࠉሒ࿈ࡈࡿࡒṒஷౚࡡ 57 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥ࡴࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ཋᅄ࠾ࡼࠉࢦ࢚࡚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢࠉ1991 ᖳࡡ 0.24 ࠾ࡼ 1993 ᖳ 4 ᭮࡞ࡢ 0.97 ࡞ ᝇࡊࡒ123ࠊࡱࡒࠉࢭࢼࢵᆀ᪁ࡡ㝌ࡡㄢᰕ࡚ࡢࠉᡋண㛜ጙࡡ 1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࠉአഭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾአ⛁ᡥ⾙ ࡡྙࡢ 22 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ12 ᭮ࠉ78 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࡞᛬୕᪴ࡊࠉ1993 ᖳ 8 ᭮࡞ࡢ 40 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ ࡞΅ᑛࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ 4 ᭮࠾ࡼ 1993 ᖳ 1 ᭮ࡱ࡚ࡡ୯࣬༞㒂ᆀ᪁ࡡṒᅄ࡞༥ࡴ ࡾአഭࡡྙࡢࠉ4-11 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࡛ㄢᰕࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡚ࡢࠉධమࡡṒஷ⋙࠷ ୌ᪁࡚ࠉᡋ㜒ࡡ├ࡡㇿഭ⩽ᴗࡴ࡙ኣ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀࡷ⫚ⅎࡡ⑄ ࡵࠉ1990 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1993 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣࡞ 5-16 ಶ࡞ቌຊࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡࡻ࠹࡞ප⾏⾠⏍ࡡỀ‵㧏࠷ᆀ ᇡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᏭධỀࡡࢠࢬࢪஇࡊ࠷≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙Ẵⶕᘇࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹124ࠊ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉṒஷ⋙࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡿࡣ 1 ⛤ᗐࡡỀ‵࡚࠵ࡽ⏊ኬᛮ࡛᛬㏍ᛮࡢࡡౚࡻࡽ ࡵ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ึ᩷ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠉࢠࣜࢺࡷࢮ࣏ࣛࡡౚ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉẰ᪐Ὧࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ ࡙ࡡᙁโ㏛ᨲࡷᙁጩ࣬ᙁโዲፈࡡᡥṹ᥆㐅ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࡷ㞬Ằࡡぞᶅ⏊ኬ࠾ࡗ㛏 ࡊࡒⅤࡡౚ࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ࡻࡽ็࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1995 ᖳ 12 ᭮ᮆࡡⅤ࡚ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡ 440 ெࡡ ༖ᩐࠉẰ᪐Ὧࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ᬸງ࡛ᜅᛟ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙పࡲៈࡿࡒపᑽࢅᙁโⓏ࡞㏛ᨲࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ130 ெ ᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡽࠉ50 ெ㝼ᅗ࡞㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡊࠉ⣑ 70 ெこḚㅎᅗฝᅗࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡡࡒ ࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᅗහࡓࡄ࡚ெཾࡡ༖ᩐ௧୕࡞ᙔࡒࡾ ⣑ 275 ࡞㐡ࡊࡒ125ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡢࠉ㏭୕ᅗࡡ㣒㣱࡛⑄࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠༱ᶭ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉᡋ 138 㜒ࡷᙁጩࡡ├Ⓩᬸງࡡ⿍ᐐ࡛ᙁโ⛛ప࣬㏛ᨲࢅ㏳ࡋࡒ⏍Ὡᇱ┑ࡡ◒ቪࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠༱ᶭ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ—ೳᡋྙណ࣬ᨯເ࣬ᖲ༝ᏽ—㸞 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡞㛭ࡌࡾさᅗࡡ㏻⤙ㄢᩒࡡሔ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࠉࣞࢨࠉ࢟ࣛࢪࠉࣆ ࣚࣤࢪࠉࢺࢵࡡさᅗཤຊࡌࡾࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ㸝Contact Group㸞ス⨠ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහ ᡋࡡᖲྙណࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡአஹஹῦࡡ୯ᚨ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ7 ᭮ࠉࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈᖲ᱄ࢅᥞ♟ ࡊࠉࡆࡿࡢ࣍ࢪࢼࢅẰ᪐ฦᕱ࡞ᚉࡖ࡙㡷ᇡ࡞ฦࡊࠉࢠࣞࢲெເງ࣬࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ 51 ࣂ࣭ࢬ ࣤࢹࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ 49 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥᭯ࡌࡾ᱄࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡࢬࣜࣄ ெභᅗ᮶こ࡞ฦ᩷ࡈࡿࡾฦ᱄࡞ཬᑊࡊࡒ126ࠊࡌ࡚࡞ࠉ3 ᭮ 1 ࡡ࣠ࢨࣤࢹࣤ༝ᏽ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࢠࣞ ࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡡ༥㡷ᆀᇡࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࡊࡒ࣍ࢪࢼ㏻㑝ࡡス❟Ửᏽࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ㏻㑝࡛ࢠ ࣞࢲභᅗࡡᅗᐓ㏻ྙࡵ☔ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉኬࢬࣜࣄ⩇࡞⌦ ᛍ࡛ྙ⮬ࡌࡾ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡛ࢠࣚࢻ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெභᅗ࡛ࡡᅗᐓ㏻ྙࢅ௺ᅒࡊࡒࠊ1994 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᅗᐓ㏻ྙࢅᐖヾࡌࡾᖲಞḿ᱄ࢅᥞ᱄ࡊࠉࢩ࣐࣭࣭࣬࢜ ࢰ࣭㸝Jimmy Carter㸞ඔ࣒ࣛ࢜ኬ⤣㡷ࡡ௯࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ1994 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 31 ࡞⣦ணὬᖲஹῦࢅ᥆ 㐅ࡌࡾ๑ᥞ࡛ࡾೳᡋྙណ࡞⨣ྞࡊ࡙ࠉ1995 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ࠾ࡼ 4 ࣧ᭮㛣ࡡೳᡋ࡞ථࡖࡒ127ࠊ 1995 ᖳ 5 ᭮ࠉೳᡋ㝀ࢅ㎼࠻࡙ࠉᡋງࢅඖࡊࡒ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ㌱࡛ࢠࣞࢲ㌱࣬ࢠࣞࢲெṂ ⤄⧂ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬᨯ࡞㌹ࡋࡒࠊࢠࣞࢲ㌱ࠉ᮶ࢪ࢚ࣚࣥࢼࢅ㝎࠷ࡒࢠࣚࢻ࣬ ࢬࣜࣄெභᅗࡡ㡷ᅰࢅ༥㡷ࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼこ㒂࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨯເࢅຊ࠻ࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 9 ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࠉ ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡᏭධᆀ༇ࡡሾ⏲ 3 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜࡱ࡚㐅㌱ࡊ࡙ࠉ4 ⟘ᡜࡡ┐っᡜࢅ༥ᣈࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜ ㌱ࡡ࢛ࣚࣤࢱඹࢅᣂᮨࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࠉࢩ࢘ࣂࡡᏭධᆀ༇࡞ࡵ㐅㌱ࡊ࡙ࠉ ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ࢛ࣚࣤࢱࠉࢠࣚࢻ㌱ࡡᇱᆀࢅ༥ᣈࡊࠉṂჹࢅᙁዞࡊࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 11 ࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ 㝏ⴘࡊࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ⏠ᛮ࡛ᑛᖳ࡞ᑊࡌࡾฌฬ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⣑ 2,500 ெṒஷࡊࡒ࡛᥆ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ128ࠊ7 ᭮ 14 ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࢩ࢘ࣂ୯ᚨ㒂࠾ࡼ 1.5 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜࡱ࡚๑㐅ࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳ ᗋ㌱ᅗ㏻┐っᡜࢅ༥ᣈࡊ࡙ࢠࣚࢻ㌱ඹኃࢅᣂᮨࡊࠉṂჹࢅࡊࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 20 ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ ࢩ࢘ࣂ࡞㐅㌱ࡊࠉ25 ࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງࡢࢩ࢘ࣂࢅᨲᲘࡊࡒ129ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱Ꮽධࢅ☔ಕ 139 ࡌࡾ௴ຸࢅ᭯ࡌࡾᏭධᆀᇡࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ḗࠍ࡞༥㡷ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥ ᥴ࡛Ꮽධᆀ༇ࡡಕ㆜࡛࠷࠹ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ௴ຸࡢ㐡ᠺྊ⬗ࡵࡡ࡞ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡᏭ⥌ᣚࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ࡡᐁ᪃࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1995 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 28 ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥᕰහࡡ࣏ࣜ࢜ࣝᕰሔ්ࡦ◑ᦹࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ37 ெṒஷࡊࠉ89 ெㇿഭ ࡌࡾឺⓆ⏍ࡊࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ࡻࡾ◑ᦹ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᅗ㏻㌱ᑍ㛓ᐓࡡㄢᰕ࡚᩷ᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊ 8 ᭮ 30 ࠉ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡢࠉࢦ࢙࢚ࣚࣥࠉࢵࢫࣚࠉࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࠉ࣓ࢪࢰࣜࡡࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ࣐ࢦࣜᣈ Ⅴࡷ࣭ࣝࢱ࣭࡞✭⇷ࢅࡊࡒࠊ8 ᭮ 31 ௧ᚃࡵࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ✭⇷ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ9 ᭮ 5 ࠾ࡼ 14 ࡱ࡚᩷⤾Ⓩ✭⇷࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᣈⅤᨯᦹࡈࡿࡒࠊ9 ᭮ 20 ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເ ງࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡさị࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ୯ᚨ㒂࠾ࡼࡡ㔔ℾჹࡡ㏝ࢅᏰࡊࡒࠊ✭⇷ࢅ᩷ ⤾Ⓩ࡞ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᏭධᆀ༇ࢅໜᅑࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄெ㒂㝪ࢅ⥪ᨯᦹࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ ᨳᗋ㌱࡛ࢠࣞࢲெເງ㒂㝪ྙྜྷࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࡞ᨯࡊࠉኣࡂࡡ㡷ᇡࢅ࣍ࢪ ࢼഁ࡞ཱིࡽᡘࡌࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ 1995 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 21 ࠉࡆࡡ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெເງࡡ㌱Ⓩඁເࢅ⫴ᬊ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࢅ୯ ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᖲஹῦࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࠉࢠࣞࢲᨳᗋࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢠࣞࢲெເງࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳ ᗋ࡛࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெເງࢸࢹࣤ㸝Dayton㸞ᖲ᱄࡞ጂ⤎ࡊࡒࠊࢸࢹࣤྙណ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪ ࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ㸝Bosnia and Herzegovina: Bosna i Hercegovina: Босна и Херцеговина㸞ࡢࠉ㡷ᅰࡡ 51 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥᭯ࡌࡾ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ࡛ࢠࣞࢲெࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ㏻㑝㸝The Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina: Federacija Bosne i Hercegovine㸞࡛ࠉ49 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥᭯ࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄ ெࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾࢪࣜࣈࢪ࢜භᅗ㸝Republika Srpska: Република Српска㸞ࡡࡗ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾ㏻㑝ᅗ ᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ᠺ❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ හᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࡷ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࡡᶊฺ්☔ヾࡈࡿࡒ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉᨶ㒋ྜྷ⬂ࡡᨥ㒼ᆀ ᇡ࡞ᣞᏽࡈࡿࡒெࠍࡢᖉ㑇ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉᨶ㒋␏Ằ᪐ࡡᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࡞⥽ථࡈࡿࡒெࠍࡢᬸງ࡛⬛㏍ ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᖉ㑇ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉᖲ༝ᏽ⥶⤎௧ᚃࡵࠉ࣏ࢿࣛࢷ㞗ᅆ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸງ ࡷጸᅸ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ㐅⾔ࡌࡾឺ࡞ࡵࡖࡒ130ࠊ 140 㸝ᑚᣋ㸞 ࣍ࢪࢼࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᬸງ࡛ጸᅸࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉẰ᪐Ὧࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉኬ㔖ࡡ㞬Ằ ࡛ᅗහ㑂㞬ẰⓆ⏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㉫ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡌࡾ ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ්㛜࡛ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑ㏞ࡡ㆜⾠ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉࢦࣚ࢘ ࢚ࣥࡷࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡ㒌ᕰࢅᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ᣞᏽࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ௴ຸ࡞ᏭධᆀᇡࡡᏭ⥌ᣚࢅ ㏛ຊࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋࡡ㌱ⓏよỬࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ さ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾୌ ᪁࡚ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡢ✭⇷ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩโࢅ⛁ࡊࡒࠊኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ ㌱ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞├Ⓩ࡞ᚉࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (4) ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ◂✪ࡢࠉ᳔Ằᆀ⤣࡛ࢵࢲ㸝Tutsi㸞᪐࡛ࣆࢵ㸝Futu㸞᪐ࡡẰ᪐㛣㛭౿ ࡡᙫ㡢ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ≺❟ࡡࢵࢲ᪐࡛ࣆࢵ᪐ࡡẰ᪐㛣㛭౿ࡡንᐖ࡛୦ເງ㛣ࡡහᡋࠉ࢝ࣤࢱࡡࢵࢲ ᪐ࡡ㞬ẰὮฝࠉ࢝ࣤࢱࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅུࡄࡒࢵࢲ᪐ཬᨳᗋເງ࡛ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡛ࡡහᡋࠉࢵࢲ᪐ࡷࣆࢵ ᪐ཬమโເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ⫴ᬊࡷཋᅄࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᑊᚺࡡ㐔ᘇࠉࢩ࢘ ࢿࢦࢺ௧ᚃࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽࡞ࡻࡾ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᨥ㒼࡛᩺ᨳᗋ㌱࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱහᡋࡡ ࣇࣜࣤࢩࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ㸝ࢤࣤࢥẰභᅗ㸞ࡡἴཀྵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ131ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ⫴ᬊ࡛ཋᅄࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡぞᶅ࡛᛬㏍ᛮࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡ ౚࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⫴ᬊ㸞 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡢࠉ≻㔖㡷ᅰ࡞⣑ 760 ெࡡெཾࢅᢢ࠻ࡾࣆࣛ࢜᭯ᩐࡡெཾᐠᗐࡡ㧏࠷ᅗ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ ࠹ࡔࡡ 85 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹኣᩐὬࡡࣆࢵ᪐࡚࠵ࡽࠉṟࡽࡡ 14 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢵࢲ᪐ࠉ1 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢹ࣠ 㸝Twa㸞᪐࡚࠵ࡾࠊኣᩐὬࡡࣆࢵ᪐࡛ᑛᩐὬࡡࢵࢲ᪐࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࠉ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮࠾ࡼࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ 141 ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠉࡆࡡᑊ❟ࡢࠉࢺࢵ࡛࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ࡡ᳔Ằᆀᨥ㒼ࢅ㉫ᅄ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ᳔Ằᆀ ᨥ㒼௧๑ࡡ࡞ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ1899 ᖳࠉࢺࢵࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡛ࣇࣜࣤࢩࢅᨥ㒼ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࡆࡡᆀᇡࢅࢺࢵ㡷᮶ࣆ࡛ࣛ࢜ࡊ᳔࡙Ằᆀᨥ㒼ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊࢺࢵࡢࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡࡡఎ⤣Ⓩᨥ㒼⩽࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࢵࢲ᪐ࡡ⋜โࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉኣᩐὬࡡࣆࢵ᪐ࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࢵࢲ᪐ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡᨳⓏ ᶊ㝀ࢅ≺༥ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ࢙࣭ࣛࢹ㞗ᅆࢅᙟᠺࡊࠉࣆࢵ᪐࡞Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙㧏࠷ᩅ⫩Ề‵ࡵུࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ ࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉࢵࢲ᪐࡛ࣆࢵ᪐ࡡ㛣࡞ᨳⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏᕣ㉫ࡊ࡙ࠉẰ᪐㛣ࡡಘវቌኬࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1918 ᖳࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᨥ㒼ࡢࠉࢺࢵ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ࡞ᩃࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡಘォ⤣ࢅᢰᙔࡊࡒ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟࡞⛛⾔ࡊࡒࠊ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ࡢࠉࢵࢲ᪐ࢅඁ㐕ࡊ࡙ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࢅᨥ㒼ࡌࡾࢺࢵࡡ᳔Ằᆀᨳ➿ࢅ⤽ᢆࡊࠉ1945 ᖳ௧ᚃࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡಘォ⤣࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࣜ࣠ࣤ ࢱࡡᨥ㒼ࢅ⤽⤾ࡊࡒ132ࠊ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡢࠉ▩ㆉெࡷ࢙࣭ࣛࢹ㞗ᅆࢅኣᩐᢢ࠻ࡒࢵࢲ᪐ࠉ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≺❟㐘ິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ ࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ࡢࠉࡆࡡ≺❟㐘ິ࡞ᑊᢘࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᕣืⓏ࡞ฌ㐕ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒኣᩐὬࡡࣆࢵ᪐ࢅᨥᥴ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ࡡ᳔Ằᆀᨳ➿ࡡ㌹ᥦ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢵࢲ᪐ࡡᨥ㒼ࢅ㛏ࡼࡂུࡄ࡙ࡀࡒࣆࢵ᪐ࠉ ࢵࢲ᪐ᨳᶊ࡞ᢤᢘࡊ࡙⾢✲ࢅ⧖ࡽ㏁ࡌࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1962 ᖳࠉ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ࡢࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡ≺❟ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾࡓ ࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࢵࢲ᪐ࡡ⋜โࢅᗣḾࡊ࡙ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᨳమโࢅẰ⩇మโ࡞⛛⾔ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤ ࢱࡡᨳᶊງࡢᑛᩐὬࡡࢵࢲ᪐࠾ࡼኣᩐὬࡡࣆࢵ᪐࡞⛛⾔ࡊࡒࠊ1962 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1967 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤ ࢱ᩺ᨳᗋ࠾ࡼࢵࢲ᪐పẰࡢ㏍ᐐࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㝼ᅗ࢝ࣤࢱ࡞㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡊࠉࡐࡡ㞬Ằࡡᩐࡢ⣑ 15 ெ࡞ ୕ࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ133ࠊ 1963 ᖳࠉࢡࣝࢥ࣭࣠ࣜ࣬࢜ࣁࣤࢱ㸝Grégoire Kayibanda㸞ኬ⤣㡷ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᶊ㝀ࢅᤰᥩࡊࠉ1969 ᖳࠉཬమโὬࢅᙆᅸࡊ࡙ኬ⤣㡷࡞්㐽ࡈࡿࡒࠊ1970 ᖳࠉ࢜ࣁࣤࢱኬ⤣㡷ࡢࠉᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᘽమࢅᅂ 㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡཬࢵࢲࡡࣈࣞࣂ࢝ࣤࢱࢅฺ⏕ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠉᆀ᪁࡚ࡡẰ᪐⾢✲ࡡ⃥࡞ ࡻࡖ࡙ᅗහᏭᏽࡊࡒࠊ1973 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 5 ࠉࢩࣖࣥ࢘ࢻ࣭ࣜ࣬ࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻ㸝Juvénal Habyarimana㸞 ᑑ㌱㌱ࢠ࣭ࢸࢰ࡚ᨳᶊࢅᤰᥩࡊࡒࠊࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ⤣㡷ࡢࠉᙔิࠉẰ᪐㛣ᑊ❟ࢅᨳ࡞㌹⏕ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅᅂ㑂ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉẰ᪐㛣ᕣࢅよᾐࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1974 ᖳ௧ᚃࠉࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ ⤣㡷ࡢࠉ㛜Ⓠࡡࡒࡴࡡᅗᐓ㠁㐘ິ㸝Mouvement Révolutionaire National pour le Développement; MRND㸞 142 ࢅᣞᑙࡊ࡙ୌඨ≺మโࢅᩔࡀࠉ୯ኳ㞗ᶊࢅಀ㐅ࡊࡒ134ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ࡚ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡࢵࢲ᪐㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࣙ࢘ࣛ࣬࢜ࢡࢰ࣑࣬ࢬ࣊ࢼ 㸝Yoweri Kaguta Museveni㸞㆗㛏⋙࠷ࡒᅗẰᢤᢘ㐘ິ㸝National Resistance Movement; NRM㸞ࢵࢲ᪐ 㞬Ằࢅᚡ⏕ࡊࠉࡐࡡඹງࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙ࢸ࣐࣬ࣤ࣬ࢱࢱ㸝Idi Amin Dada㸞ᨳᶊࢅᡬࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉ ࣑ࢬ࣊ࢼᨳᶊࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࣬ࢵࢲ᪐ࢅᅗ㜭┞࡞Ⓡ⏕ࡊࠉࡐࡡ㌱Ⓩ㈁⊡ࢅ㧏ࡂフ౮ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ ࡻ࠹⤊⦃࠾ࡼࠉ࢝ࣤࢱࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᶊࢅᡬࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㌱ᇱᆀࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 1990 ᖳࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ6,000 ெࡡࢵࢲ᪐ඹኃ࡛ 3,000 ெࡡ࢝ࣤࢱḿぞ㌱࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࣜ࣠ࣤ ࢱយᅗᡋ⥲㸝Rwandese Patriotic Front; RPF㸞⤎ᠺࡈࡿࡒࠊ10 ᭮ࠉRPF ࡢࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᨯࡊࠉ㤫㒌࢞࢝ ࣛࡡ 20 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜࡱ࡚㐅㌱ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㌱ࡢࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ࠾ࡼࡡ㌱ᥴຐ࡛ 㒂㝪Ὤ㐭ࢅུࡄ࡙ࡆࡿࢅᦹ㏝ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉRPF ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㒂࡚ࢣࣛࣚᡋࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ හᡋࡢ⭲╌≟ឺ࡞㝏ࡖࡒ135ࠊ 1990 ᖳࠉࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ⤣㡷ࡢࠉᅗහአ࠾ࡼࡡẰࡡさịࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᨳᶊࡡභྜྷ㐘ႜ࡞㛭ࡌ ࡾ᪃➿ࢅᒓ⾔ࡊࠉ✔Ὤࡷࡡᨳඨᨳᗋ࡞ཤ⏤ࡊ࡙ࠉኬ⤣㡷ࡡᶊງᙁࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉୌ㏻ࡡᨭ㠁ࡢࠉ ㌱㝪ࡡୌ㒂ࡡ࢙࣭ࣛࢹ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾභᅗ㜭⾠㏻ྙ㸝Coalition pour la defense de la république; CDR㸞࡛ ⛘ࡈࡿࡾࣆࢵ᪐ࡡ㐛⃥Ὤࢅᙁࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ㛜Ⓠࡡࡒࡴࡡᅗᐓ㠁㐘ິࡢࠉࣤࢰ࣭ࣀ࣑࢘ 㸝interahamwe㸞࡛࠷࠹Ằඹ⤄⧂ࢅス❟ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉභᅗ㜭⾠㏻ྙࡵࣤࣈࢧ࣑࢝ࣤࣄ㸝impuzamugambi㸞 ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ≺⮤ࡡẰඹ⤄⧂ࢅᙟᠺࡊ࡙ࠉెࡎ࡙ 3 ெ࠾ࡼ 5 ெࡡ㌱㝪⤄⧂࡞ᠺ㛏ࡈࡎࡒࠊࡆࡡẰඹ⤄ ⧂୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮௧ᚃࡡࢵࢲ᪐࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ RPF ࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᨯᦹࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ằඹ㞗ᅆ᩺⪲ࡷࣚࢩ࢛࣬ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡷᨲ㏞ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࣆࢵ᪐ పẰࡡ㛣࡞ᜅᛟ࡛៦ᝇࢅᣲ㉫ࡈࡎ࡙ࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞ḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ࠻ࡾ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡖࡒ136ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ㛭㸞 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡛ RPF ࡛ࡡᖲஹῦࠉࣆࣛ࢜⤣ୌᶭᵋ㸝Organization of African Unity; OAU㸞ࡷࢰࣤ ࢧࢼᨳᗋࡡ௯ࡡୖ࡚⾔ࢂࡿࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ୦ᨳᗋࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㌱┐っ ᅆࡡὬ㐭ࢅさㄫࡊࡒࠊ1993 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 22 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 846 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻࢝ࣤࢱ࣬ 143 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ┐っᅆ㸝United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda; UNOMUR㸞ࡡス⨠ࢅỬᏽࡊࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ ᨳᗋ RPF ㌱ᨥᥴࢅ⾔ࢂ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᅗ㏻࢝ࣤࢱ࣬ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ┐っᅆࡢࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗሾἚ࠷࡚ࡆࡿࢅ ┐っࡊࡒ137ࠊ 1993 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 4 ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡛ RPF ೳᡋ࡞ྜྷណࡊࠉ࣭ࣜࢨࣔ༝ᏽ㸝Arusha Accords㸞⥶⤎ࡈ ࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ8 ᭮ 5 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 872 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ㸝United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda; UNAMIR㸞ࡡス⨠ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒ138ࠊᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤ ࢱᨳᗋ࡛ RPF ࡛ࡡೳᡋࢅ┐っࡊࠉࢵࢲ᪐㞬Ằࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᖉ㑇࡛ᨳᗋࡡཤ⏤ࢅಀ㐅ࡊࠉRPF ࡡẰඹ ⤄⧂ࢅᨳᗋ㌱࡞⥽ථࡊ࡙ࠉᅗẰⓏよ࡛⤣ྙࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᖲ⥌ᣚὩິ࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡢࠉࡐࡡὩິࡡ➠ୌṹ㝭࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉఆᡋࡡ┐っ࡛Ꮽධࡡ☔ಕࠉRPF ࡡᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ⥽ථ ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾὩິࢅ㛜ጙࡊ࡙ 1,217 ெࡡᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࡵὬ㐭ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᨳᗋ㌱࡛ RPF ࡢᖲྙណࢅᒓ ⾔ࡌࡾᨳⓏណᛦ࡞Ḗዯࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡὩິࡢೳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ࠽ࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ ᨥᥴᅆࡢࠉ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡱ࡚࡞ 2,548 ெ࡞ඹງࢅᣉኬࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ139ࠊ 㸝ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㸞 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 6 እࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡࢩࣖࣥ࢘ࢻ࣭ࣜ࣬ࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ⤣㡷࡛ࣇࣜࣤࢩࡡࢨࣈࣛࣤ࣬ࢽࢰ ࣐ࣛࣔࣚ㸝Cyprien Ntryamirwa㸞ኬ⤣㡷ࡡࡖࡒ㣍⾔ᶭర⩽࠾࡞ᦹቍࡈࡿࠉ୦ኬ⤣㡷ࡢṒஷࡊࡒࠊ4 ᭮ 7 ༔๑ 6 ࠉࣚࢩ࢛࣬ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኬ⤣㡷ࡡṒஷࢅఎ㐡ࡊࠉࡐࡡ├ᚃ࠾ࡼኬ⤣㡷࡛ᨳⓏ❟ሔࡡ㎾࠾ࡖ ࡒࣆࢵ᪐ເງ୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ཬమโὬࡡṽᐐࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅᣞᑙࡊࡒ㞗ᅆࡢࠉ㛜Ⓠࡡࡒࡴ ࡡᅗẰභ㐘ິࠉභᅗ㜭⾠㏻ྙࠉᴏ୯ࡡⱕ⩽࡚ᵋᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࣤࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘ࡷࣤࣈࢧ࣑࢝ࣤ ࣄࡡẰඹ⤄⧂ࡷࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㌱࡚࠵ࡖࡒ140ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡເງ࡞ᡢິࡈࡿࡒࣆࢵ᪐ࡡᕰẰࡵࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ ࢺ࡞ຊᢰࡊࡒࠊᨳᗋ࡞ᢀึⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣆࢵ᪐ฝ㌗ࡡࣙࢬࣆ࣬࢜ࣥࣜ࢝ࣤࢱ㸝Joseph Kavaruganda㸞 Ἢึᡜ㛏ᏻ࡛ࣆ࢚ࢪࢰࣤ࣬ࣜࢤࢥࢧ㸝Faustin Rucogoza㸞ሒኬ⮟ᬧṽࡈࡿࠉ༔๑ 10 ࠉᬳᏽ㤫┞ ࢝ࢷ࣬ࣗࣛࣤࢩ࣏ࢻ㸝Agathe Uwilingiyimara㸞࡛ࡐࡡ㆑㆜ࢅᢰᙔࡊࡒᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡ࣊ࣜ ࣭࢟ඹ 10 ெࡵṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡ㔕ඨᣞᑙ⩽ࠉᨳᗋ࡞ᢀึⓏࢩ࣭ࣔࢻࣛࢪࢹࡷெᶊὩິ ᐓḗࠍ࡞ṽᐐࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ4 ᭮ 9 ࠉࢷ࢛ࢺ࣭ࣜ࣬ࢨࣤࢸࢠࣇ࣠࣍㸝Théodore Sindikubwabo㸞ࢅኬ⤣㡷 144 ࡛ࡌࡾࣆࢵ᪐మࡡᬳᏽᨳᗋᶖ❟ࡈࡿࡒ141ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 7 ࠉࣤࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘ࡷࣤࣈࢧࣤ࢝ࣤࣄࡡẰඹ㞗ᅆࡷᨳᗋ㌱࣬㆑ᐳ㒂㝪࣬ᨳᗋ㛭 ౿⩽ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ㤫ㅓ⩽ࡢࠉ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛ࠾ࡼࢵࢲ᪐ࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬ㔖ṽᐐࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊࣤ ࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘㏠ࡅᝠ࠹ࢵࢲ᪐ᕰẰࢅᘋ∸࡞ཱིࡽᅑࡲࠉඹኃࡷඹ㝪ᩔᆀ࡞ᢪࡊථࡖ࡙↋ᕣื࡞పẰ ࢅṽᐐࡊࡒࠊ㝌ࠉᏕᰧࠉࢦࢴ࣭࢜ሔ࡞పẰࢅᢪࡊ㎲ࢆ࡚ୌ࡞ṽᐐࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉᒁአ࡚ࡵฌฬᐁ ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࠊẰඹ㞗ᅆࡷඹኃࡢࠉ㖘ࡷ◒◃ᛮᡥᴼᙆ࡚ྜྷ࡞ኣᩐࡡெࠍࢅṽഭࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㔔ഭ⩽࡞ ᑊࡊ࡙㕮ࠉᵍࠉ㕅ࡗࡀᲠᲤ㸝masus㸞࡚࡛ࡴࢅๆࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉẰඹ㞗ᅆࡷඹኃࡢࠉ㞗ᅆṽᐐࡡ⌟ሔࢅ් ザࡊ࡙⏍Ꮛ⩽ࢅᚥᗇⓏ࡞ṽᐐࡊࠉࢵࢲ᪐పẰࡡධ⁓ࢅ┘ᣞࡊࡒࠊ⏍Ꮛ⩽ࡢࠉ㢄ࡷ㤫࡞㕮ࡷᲠᲤ࡞ࡻ ࡾᛱᠻࢅㇿ࠷ࠉ㢄ࡷ㤫ࡡ├ᦹࢅᅂ㑂࡚ࡀࡒெࡵ⭆ࡷᡥ࡞ᛱᠻࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᣕၡࡵ┊ࢆ࡞⾔ࢂ ࡿࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ᠺெ⏠ᛮࡷᑛᖳࡢ୦㊂ࡡ࢞ࣝࢪ⭕ࢅว᩷ࡈࡿ࡙Ṅ⾔⬗࡞ࡈࡿࡒ⩽ࡵᑛࡂ࠾ࡖࡒ142ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ᮆࡱ࡚࡞ 20 ெṽᐐࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡᚃࡡ 6 㐄㛣࡚ 50 ெ࡞≓∽⩽ᣉኬࡊࡒ143ࠊ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮࠾ࡼ 7 ᭮ࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣࡞ࠉ⣑ 80 ெࡡெࠍࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ≓∽࡞㐴ࡖࡒ࡛᥆ῼࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ144ࠊ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ᮆࡱ࡚ࡡṽᐐᩐࡡ᥆ゝḿࡊ࠷࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 7 -29 ࡡ㛣ࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱධᅰ࡚ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ ࡢࠉ11.4 ࡛ࡽࠉᴗࡴ࡙็ெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ࡛ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㒂ࢅᣈⅤ࡛ࡊࡒ PRF ࡢ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛ࡞ྡྷࡄ ࡙㐅㌱ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊRPF ༥㡷ࡊࡒᆀᇡ࡚ࡢࠉࢵࢲ᪐࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺᮨࡊࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࠾ ࡼ㏠ࡿࡒࢵࢲ᪐ 20 ெ㒂࡞㑂㞬ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉࣆࢵ᪐పẰࡢ RPF ࡷࢵࢲ᪐పẰ࠾ࡼࡡሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙ࠉ4 ᭮ 29 ࠉ࢞ࣇࣤࢥᕗࡡࣆࢵ᪐పẰ⣑ 25 ெࢰࣤࢧࢼ㒂ࡡࣤ࢝ࣚ㸝Ngara㸞ᆀ᪁࡞Ὦථࡊࡒ145ࠊ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ㐅⾔࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉᴗࡴ࡙ᾐᴗⓏ ᑊᚺࡊ࠾ཱིࡼ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 21 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡈࡿ ࡒ࣭࣊ࣜ࢟ඹṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉỬ㆗ 912 ࢅᢝࡊࠉ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡀᖲᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦ ⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ೳᡋ┐っࡡࡒࡴ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡඹဤぞᶅࢅ 270 ெ࡞⦨ᑚࡈࡎࡒ146ࠊᅗ ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡ௴ຸࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡೳᡋࢅᘤࡀ⤾ࡀᑸງࡊࠉ࡚ࡀࡾ⠂ᅑ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡ් 㛜ࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡷ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ ࡵᴗࡴ࡙โ⣑ࡈࡿࡒ≟Ἓ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢࠉࣇࢰࣝ㸝Butare㸞࡚ 145 ༈⒢ࣈࣞࢡ࣑ࣚࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠉ⫃ဤࡡ㌗࡞༱㝜ཀྵࡦࠉṽᐐ௲ࡵ㉫ࡀࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࣇࢰࣝ ࡞ཀྵࡩ๑࡞ὩິࢅೳḾࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹147ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 5 ᭮ 17 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ≟Ἓ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺࢅ㏍ࡼࡿࡾ ᙟ࡚ࠉỬ㆗ 918 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡඹဤࢅ 5,500 ெ࡞ᣉኬࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ ࡡಕ㆜ୖ࡞࠵ࡾࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᕰẰࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᨯᦹຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒሔྙࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ⮤ ⾠ᶊࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᚉᮮࡡᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡᶊ㝀ࢅᙁࡊࡒ148ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣆ ࣛ࢜ㅎᅗమ࡚ᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡὬඹ࡞㛣࠾࠾ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ ࢺࡡ≟Ἓࡈࡼ࡞็࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱ථ㸞 1994 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 17 ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ᪃ࢅ ⾪᪺ࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮ୖࡡᙁโⓏ㌱Ὡິ࡛ࡊ࡙ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡᥞ ᱄ࡢࠉࣆࣛ࢜࡞ᑊࡌࡾじᶊࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡡᛍࡵ⌦ᅗࡡ㛣࡚ࡢぜࡼࡿࡒࠊࣆࣚࣤ ࢪࡢࠉ1975 ᖳࡡ㌱༝ງ༝ᏽ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞㌱ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉ1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮࣬5 ᭮ࠉ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛ ࠾ࡼአᅗெࢅ㏝ཡࡈࡎࡾ㝷࡞ࡵࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㧏ᏻࡡฝᅗ࡞౼ࢅᅒࡽࠉ1994 ᖳ 6 ᭮ࡱ࡚ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㌱ ࡞Ṃჹࢅ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ149ࠊࣆࣚࣤࢪࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡᢀึ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡථ 1994 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 22 ࡱ࡚ࡡ 2 ࣧ᭮㛣ࡡ▯㛣ࡡὬඹ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢬࢾ࢝ࣜࠉࢲࣔࢺࠉࢤࣤࢥࠉ࢟ࢼࣄࢧࠉ࣓࣭ࣛࢰࢼࠉ ࢼࢩ࣭࢘ࣜࡡࣆࣛ࢜ࡡࣆࣚࣤࢪㄊᅥㅎᅗ࡛ࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡථ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱ࡡ㏝༴௧ᚃࠉ ࣆࣚࣤࢪㄊㅎᅗ㌱ࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ࡞ྙὮࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெ㐠࡛୯❟ࡡཋ์࡞❟⬦ ࡊࡒ㌱㝪ࡡὩິ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡵᘿࡊࡒ150ࠊᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ㐅⾔୯ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ㜴Ḿࡌ ࡾ᪁ἪᏋᅹࡊ࠷≟Ἓࡡ୯࡚ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡᥞ᱄ࢅᐖヾࡎࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 1994 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 22 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 929 ࢅᢝࡊࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡὬඹࢅᐖヾࡊࡒ151ࠊ ྜྷࠉ ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡢࠉࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋ㸝Opération Turquoise㸞ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࢥ࣏㸝Goma㸞࡞ඹ❨ᨥᥴࢬࣤࢰ࣭ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉὩິࡡ㛜ጙ࠾ࡼ 1 㐄㛣࡚ 2,500 ெࡡඹဤ࡛ 700 ྋࡡ㍲㏞㌬୦ࢅࣆࢵ᪐ࡡ㑂㞬Ằኣࡂ㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞㐅㥌ࡈࡎࡒ 146 152 ࠊ7 ᭮ 7 ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡢࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞ெ㐠ಕ㆜༇㸝Zone humanitaire sûre; ZHS㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉࡆࡡᆀ ᪁࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࣆࢵ᪐ࡡ㑂㞬Ằࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗአ࡞㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡊ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ெࠍࡡ⛛ິ ࢅโᚒࡊࡒࠊࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋࡡิ࡞ࠉ⣑ 8,000 ெࡡࢵࢲ᪐㑂㞬Ằࢅᨾῥࡊࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࠉ11,500 ெ࠾ࡼ 14,000 ெ⛤ᗐࡡᕰẰࢅಕ㆜ࡊࡒ153ࠊࡱࡒࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡெ㐠ಕ㆜༇ࡡᦑ㏞ࢅ ㆑㆜ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡌࡾᏭධ⎌ሾࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᐁ⾔ࡊࡒ154ࠊࡈࡼ࡞ࠉኣᅗ⡘㌱ ࡡ༈⒢㒂㛓ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㑂㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙አ⛁ᡥ⾙ࡡ༈⒢ฌ⨠ࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ ᢰ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ௧୕ࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙫ㡢ງ ࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩࡻࡽࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒὩິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛フ౮ࡊ࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 4 ࠉRPF ࡢ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛࢅโᅸࡊࠉ5 ࠉ➠ࡡ㒌ᕰࣇࢰࣝࢅᙹ᭱ࡊࠉ14 ࠉࣜࣉࣤࢣࣛ ࢅ㝏ⴘࡈࡎ࡙ࠉ17 ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱධᅰࢅᡥ୯࡞ࡴࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 18 ࠉRPF ࡢୌ᪁Ⓩೳᡋࢅ ᐃゕࡊࠉ⩛ࠉࣆࢵ᪐࡛ࢵࢲ᪐ࡡ୦Ằ᪐࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡒ᩺ᨳᶊࢅᶖ❟ࡊࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱහᡋࡢᐁ୕⤂⤎ࡊ ࡒ155ࠊ 㸝ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㝼ᅗ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㸞 RPF ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㒂࠾ࡼ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛࡷࡡ㒌ᕰࢅโᅸࡌࡾ࡞ࡗࡿ࡙ࠉRPF ࡷࢵࢲ᪐పẰࡡሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ ࡒࣆࢵ᪐పẰᅗአࡡ㑂㞬ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊ7 ᭮ࠉRPF ࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᨥ㒼☔ᏽⓏ࡞ࡾ࡞ࡗࡿ࡙ࠉࣆࢵ ᪐ࡡ㞬Ằኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏷࡞ࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࢥ࣏㸝Goma㸞ᆀ᪁࡛ࣇ࢜ࣇ㸝Bukavu㸞࡞㑂㞬ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ ࡒࠊ 7 ᭮ 14 ࠉ ࢥ࣏ࡡ㞬ẰࡡὮථ㛜ጙࡊࠉ 17 ࡱ࡚࡞⣑ 80 ெ࠾ࡼ⣑ 100 ெࡡ㞬Ằ㑂㞬ࡊࡒ156ࠊ ࡆࡡ㞬ẰࡡὮථࡢࠉ1 ฦ㛣࡞ 100 ெ௧୕᩷⤾Ⓩ࡞ᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡾ㏷ᗐ࡞༆ᩓࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᴗࡴ࡙ ็ெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ1994 ᖳᮆࡱ࡚࡞ࠉࣇࣜࣤࢩ࡞⣑ 28 ெࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞⣑ 125 ெࠉࢰࣤࢧࢼ࡞⣑ 63 ࠉ࢝ࣤࢱ࡞⣑ 9 7,000 ெࡡ㞬Ằ㑂㞬ࡊࡒ157ࠊࡐࡡ࠹ࡔࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ Ⲭᢰࡈࡿࡒ࡛ぜࡈࡿࡒᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࠉᆀ᪁ᙔᑻ⩽ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㌱ࠉẰඹࡡᩐࡢ⣑ 30 ெ࡞୕ࡖࡒ 158 ࠊ ࣒ࣛ࢜⑄ᑊ➿㜭ࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸝CDC㸞ࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࣇࣜࣤࢩࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ1994 ᖳ 5 ᭮ ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᩐೋ࡞ᖕᏋᅹࡊࡒࠉ0 ࠾ࡼ 8 ࡱ࡚ࡡೋ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ7 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞ 0 147 ࠾ࡼ 2 ࡱ࡚ࡡᩐೋ࡞ᨭၻࡊࡒࠊさṒᅄࡢୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⨧ᝀ⩽ࡡさ⑄ࡢ࣏ࣚࣛࠉฝ⾉ ᛮୖ②ࠉ᛬ᛮྺჹ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࣇࣜࣤࢩࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằࡢࠉ➠ୌἴ࡛ࡊ࡙ 4 ᭮࡞ 6 ெࠉ➠ἴ࡛ࡊ ࡙ 7 ᭮࡞ 17 ெ࡛࠷࠹ぞᶅ࡛㏷ᗐ࡚ࣇࣜࣤࢩ࡞Ὦථࡊࡒࠉୌ᪁ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằࡢࠉ5 㛣 ࡞ 100 ெ࡛࠷࠹ኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏷㏷ᗐ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ ࡢᴗࡴ࡙็ெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉㄢᰕᑊ㇗ࡡ㞬Ằᩐࢅ 60 ெ࡛ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ1994 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 8 -21 ࡡ㛣ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ 54.5 ࡛࠷࠹็ᩐೋࢅ♟ࡊࠉ9 ᭮ 29 ࡞ 2.5 ࡱ࡚΅ᑛࡊࠉ11 ᭮ 30 ࡞ 0.2 ࡱ࡚ᨭၻࡊࡒࠊࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉୖ②ᛮ⑄ᝀࡓࡄ࡚ ࡂࠉࢤࣝࣚኬὮ⾔ࡊ࡙ኣࡂࡡ⨧ᝀ⩽ࢅฝࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒ159ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ ኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ㉫ࡊࡒࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࣆࢵ᪐㞬Ằࡡኬ㔖Ὦฝࡵ⥥᛬ᑊᚺᚪさெ㐠༱ ᶭࢅ⏍㉫ࡊࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩ㈁⊡ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ㞬Ằུථᅗ࡚ ࠵ࡾࢧ࣭ࣜࡡྜྷណ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴ㒂㝪ࠕࡡౚ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡆ࡚ᴣ␆ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ ࠷ࠊࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉࢧ࣭ࣜᨳᗋࡷᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࢅิࡴ࡛ ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⬗ງࢅ㥑ࡌࡾぞᶅᚪさ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ7 ᭮ 19 ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉ✭ ࡡ⟮⌦㐘ႜࠉᚃ᪁ᨥᥴᇱᆀᴏຸࠉ㐠㊪ᩒങ࡛㐠㊪ࡡᏭ⥌ᣚࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈスႜࡡ‵ങࠉㄢ⌦⏕ᐓᗖ ⇖ᩩࡡ౩⤝ࠉ⾠⏍スങࠉ⤝Ề⟮⌦ࠉ✭㍲ᇱᆀࡡ⟮⌦࡛࠷࠹ 8 ࡗࡡᨥᥴゝ⏤ࢅ❟᱄ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗᨳᗋ࡞さㄫ ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࣆࣚࣤࢪࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ 10 ࠾ᅗ㌱㝪ࢅࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽ ࡊࡒࠊࣆࣚࣤࢪࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱ࡡୌ㒂ࢅࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞⛛ິࡊ࡙ᑊᚺࡊࠉ ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡢࠉࠔ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࢦ࣭࣎ࢹ࣭࣬࣌ࣈ㸝Operation Support Hope; OHS㸞ࠕࢅ❟᱄ࡊ࡙ 3,000 ெ ࡡ㌱㝪ࢅὬ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲࡛✭᪃スࡡᩒങࠉᏭධỀࡡ౩⤝ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᒈ 㛜ࡊࡒࠊᮇࡵࠉ⮤⾠㝪ࡡὬ㐭࡞ួ㔔♣ఌඨ㏻❟ᨳᶊࡡୖ࡚ࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ༝ງἪ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ 300 ெࡡ⮤ ⾠㝪ဤࢅὬ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉ⤝Ềࠉ⾠⏍⟮⌦ࠉ༈⒢Ὡິ࡞ᚉࡊࡒ160ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡷࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱࡞ࡻࡾࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㥌⏻ࡢࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡெ㐠༱ᶭᏰධ࡞ᮨࡌࡾ๑ ࡞⤂ࡊࡒࠊ1994 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 22 ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱ࡢࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗහࡡெ㐠ಕ㆜༇࡛ࢧ࣭ࣜ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡊࠉ8 ᭮ 28 ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡢࢧ࣭ࣜ࠾ࡼ㏝ࡊࡒࠉ8 ᭮ࡡࢧ࣭ࣜ࣬ࢥ࣏࡚ࡡ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ࡢࠉ๑㏑ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ 2 148 ௧୕ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡỀ‵࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࢜ࢻࢱ㌱ࡢ 7 ᭮ 25 ࠾ࡼ 10 ᭮ 21 ࡱ࡚ᒈ㛜ࡊࠉᮇࡡ⮤⾠㝪ࡢ 9 ᭮࠾ࡼ 12 ᭮ࡱ࡚Ὤ㐭ࡈࡿࡒࠉ1994 ᖳᮆ࡞ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡຊ┍ᅗ㌱㏝ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴ㒂㝪 ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞Ὦථࡊࡒᨳᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹ⤄⧂ࡡ 㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࠾ࡼࡡ㝰㞫ࢅ௴ຸ࡛ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭࡢࠉ㞬Ằུථᅗࡡࢧ ࣭࡛ࣜ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᢰᙔࡊࡒᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ௴ຸ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ 1994 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅ☔ಕࡌ ࡾࡒࡴࡡᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂᅗ㏻㌱ࡡὬ㐭ࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡὬ 㐭ࡡྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ゞ㆗ࡊࡒࠉ1995 ᖳ 1 ᭮ࠉᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡡさㄫ࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍຊ┍ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㒂㝪Ὤ㐭 ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ୌᅗࡡࡲ๑ྡྷࡀᅂ➽ࢅ♟ࡊࡒ࡞㐛ࡁ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡡ Ꮽ⥌ᣚࡡ㈈௴ࢅࠉ㞬Ằུථᅗࡡࢧ࣭࡛ࣜᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜㇿ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ161ࠊࢰࣤࢧࢼ ࡚ࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡢࠉࢰࣤࢧࢼ㆑ᐳ㒂㝪㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ⟮⌦ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤ ࣈ࡚ࡢࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡᏭ㒂㝪㤫㒌࠾ࡼ㐪᪁ࡡࢧ࣭ࣜ᮶㒂ᆀ᪁ࢅ⟮⌦࡚ࡀࡾ≟Ἓ࡞࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉᅗ ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉࢧ࣭ࣜᨳᗋ࡛ࢧ࣭ࣜಕᏭ㝪㸝Zairian Camp Security Contingent; CZSC㸞 ࡡス❟࡞㛭ࡌࡾ༝ᏽࢅ⥶⤎ࡊࠉࢧ࣭ࣜኬ⤣㡷㆑㆜㝪 100 ெ࡞ሒዜ㔘ࢅ࠻࡙㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭධࢅ☔ ಕࡈࡎࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡷࣆࣛ࢜ㅎᅗࡡ㌱㝪࡛㆑ᐳᏻࢧ࣭ࣜಕᏭ㝪ࡡ┐╡࡛ゥ⦆࡞ᙔࡒࡼࡎࡾ࡛࠷࠹ ᩺ࡊ࠷᪁➿ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ162ࠊ 㸝ᑚᣋ㸞 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡚ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኬ⤣㡷ࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻࡡᬧṽࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳ ᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹ⤄⧂࡞ࡻࡾᑛᩐὬࣆࢵ᪐࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࠊࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡾ㌱ථࡢࠉ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞ெ㐠ಕ㆜༇ࢅス⨠ࡊ࡙ࠉࣆࢵ᪐ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡒ ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒࠉࢧ࣭ ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ⢊Ṓஷ⋙ᴗࡴ࡙㧏࠷Ề‵࡞ࡾெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡさㄫ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࢧ࣭࡚ࣜᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡒ㌱㝪࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌ 149 ࡾ㌱Ὡິࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࢧ࣭ࣜᨳᗋࡡྜྷណࢅᚋࡒὩິ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᮇ✇㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡౚ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ (5) ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ◂✪ࡢࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ࡛ࢬࣜࣄ࡛ࡡṌྍⓏ࣬ᨳⓏ 㛭౿࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡṂງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗ࡊ࡞ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ㐢Ἢᛮࡷḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ ✭⇷ᚃ࡞ኬ㔖ࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࠾ࡼ㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙Ὦฝࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡຝᯕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࠉ ✭⇷ᚃࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡᖉ㑇࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡࢬࣜࣄ⣌పẰ࡛࣏ࣞ࡞ᑊࡌࡾẰ᪐Ὧ ࡡ◂✪ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊẒ㍉Ⓩ᩺ࡊ࠷ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡ㛭ᚨ ┞ᑊⓏ࡞㧏ࡂࠉࡱࡒࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡊࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵⓏ㛭ᚨࡵ㧏 ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡㄵⅤ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪࠷ࡂࡗ࠾Ꮛᅹࡌࡾ163ࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ᛬ ㏍ᛮ࡛⏊ኬᛮࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡཋᅄ࡛⫴ᬊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᶭ⬗࡞Ⅴࢅᙔ࡙࡙㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷Ⓩ⫴ᬊ㸞 1989 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࠉࢬࣜࣄභ⏐ඨ㆗㛏ࢪࣞ࣍ࢱ࣐ࣤ࣬ࣞࢨ࢘ࣥࢴࢲࠉἪࢅᨭḿࡊ࡙ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ⮤ ᶊࢅ๎΅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡᣞᑙ⩽ࡢࢬࣜࣄභᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ≺❟ࢅ┘ᣞࡊࡒࠊ1998 ᖳࠉࢬࣜࣄ㌱ ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥよᨲ㌱㸝Kosovo Liberation Army; KLA: Ushtria Çlirimtare e Kosovës; UÇK㸞ࡡᣈⅤᆀ࡚࠵ ࡾࢺࣝࢼࢵ㸝Drenica㸞ᆀ᪁࡚ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ 83 ெࢅṽᐐࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ୦⩽ࡡᑊ❟⃥ࡊࠉࢤࢮ 164 ࢚ࣥよᨲ㌱࡛ࢬࣜࣄ㌱࣬㆑ᐳ࣬Ꮽ㒂㝪࡛Ṃງ⾢✲ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ ࠊ 㸝ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ㛭࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞 1998 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 31 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1160 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄ㆑ᐳࡡ㐛ᗐࡡṂງ⾔ ࡛ KLA ࡡࢷࣞࣛࢪࢹ⾔Ⅵࢅཚࡊࡂ㟸㞬ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡡୌమᛮࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࡼࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ 165 ࡡ⮤ᶊࢅᣉኬࡌࡾよỬ᱄ࡡᨥᣚࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࡒ ࠊᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗᱄ࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌ 150 ࡾこഁㅎᅗࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ࡡよమࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ≺❟ࢅᐖヾࡊ࠷ጶເࢅ♟ࡌࡵࡡ ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 1998 ᖳ 9 ᭮ࠉ ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡ⣑ 17 5,000 ெᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡻࡽᏭධᆀᇡ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡࢬࣜࣄெṂ㞗ᅆࡢࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡᮟ࡞ザࡿ࡙ࠉṂჹࡡᘤࡀῳࡊࢅさịࡊࠉ㞹Ẵࡷ පභࢦ࣭ࣄࢪࡡᥞ౩ࢅೳḾࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉᮟࢅ◑ᦹࡊ࡙ࠉపẰࢅ┐⚏ࡊ࡙⬛㏍ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ຝᯕⓏ࡞ᙁโ㏝ཡ ࢅ᥆㐅ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ166ࠊ9 ᭮ 23 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1199 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࠔࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ≟Ἓࡡᝇࠉ ࡆࡡᆀᇡࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࠕࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ヾࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉỬ㆗ 1199 ࡚ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᖲ ࡚ኬࡀᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ 6 ᭮ 12 ࡞ᥞ᱄ࡊࡒ㌱㝪࡞ࡻࡾᨯᦹࡡೳḾࠉ㞬Ằ࡛㑂 㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡ☔ಕࢅ㐺Ꮼࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡞さịࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ ࡆࡡᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽᏽࢅ⥌ᣚࡊᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࡈࡼࡾ⾔ິ࡛㏛ຊⓏ᥈⨠ࢅ᳠ゞࡌࡾ࡛ࡵぞᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࡐࡡᚃࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡢࠉࡆࡡᩝゕࢅᇱ♇࡞ࡊ࡙࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾධ㟻Ⓩ✭⇷ࢅḿᙔ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄ㌱ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ 30 ெࢅṽᐐࡌࡾᗐࡡ௲ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗ ࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡞Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗ 1199 ࢅᒓ⾔ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡ‵ങࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊ1998 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 13 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࣀࣄ࢙ࣜ࣬ࢮࣚࢻ㸝Javier Solana㸞ࡢࠉஹῦࢅセᐖࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᑛࡂ࡛ ࡵ 4 ௧හࡡ✭⇷ࡡ㛜ጙࢅྫྷᏽࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉ ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗ 1199 ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ⌟ᅹ ࡡ༱ᶭ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡾ≁ᏽࡡ≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉྜྷ┍ᅗṂງࡡጸᄋࠉᚪさ࡚࠵ࡿࡣṂງࡡ⾔ࢅḿᙔ ࡌࡾ᰷ᣈ࠵ࡾ࡛ぜࡌ࡛Ⓠゕࡊࡒ167ࠊ10 ᭮ 15 ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡛ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ྙណᠺ ❟ࡊࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ⯗✭┐っᅆ㸝Air Verification Mission㸞ࡡス⨠ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉධḚᏭධಕ㝸༝ງ ᶭᵋ㸝OSCE㸞࡛࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡵྙណ࡞㐡ࡊ࡙ࠉOSCE ࡡᣞᥱ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ 2,000 ெࡡ㌱㝪࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࢤ ࢮ࢚ࣥ᳠ッ⟿ᅆ㸝Kosovo Verification Mission; KVM㸞ࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡὬ㐭ࡵཱིࡽỬࡴࡼࡿࡒࠊ10 ᭮ 25 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡛࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱࡛㆑ᐳ㒂㝪ࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࠾ࡼࡡ㏝ࢅ☔ヾࡊࠉ26 ࠉ ࣭ࣗࢥ㌱ࡢ㏝ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒ168ࠊࡆࡡ㏝ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣜࣁࢼࡡ㝼ᅗࡷࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⮤ᕗࡡᏭධ ᆀᇡ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ⮤Ꮹࡡᖉ㑇ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒ169ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡᙁโ㏛ᨲࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠༱ᶭࡢᮨࡊࡒࠊ 151 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ┞ᑊⓏ࡞Ꮽᏽࡊࡒເࡡୖ࡚ࠉKLA Ằඹ⤄⧂ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡୌ㒂ࡡᮟ࡛㒌ᕰࢅᨥ 㒼ୖ࡞⨠ࡀࠉୌ᪁ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⮤ᕗ࡛ࡡᕗሾ࡞㞗⤎ࡊ࡙ࠉཫ᪁ࡡᩋⓆⓏᡋ㜒ぜࡼࡿ ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒ170ࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ1999 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 15 ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱ࣚࢲࣔࢴࢠᮟࢅぉᦹࡊࠉ45 ெࡡࣜࣁ ࢼ⣌పẰࢅṽᐐࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥເୌẴ࡞Ὦິࡊࡒ171ࠊࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ᳠ッ⟿ᅆࡢࠉࣚ ࢨࣔࢴࢠ௲ࢅㄢᰕࡊ࡙⹚ṽࡡᐁࢅヾᏽࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡛ධḚᏭධಕ㝸༝ງᶭ ᵋࠉ௲ࢅ㟸㞬ࡊࠉᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵࡡ༳ೳḾࢅさịࡊࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡛ࡡஹῦࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ172ࠊ 1999 ᖳ 2 ᭮ 6 ࠉࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡛ࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ⾪⩽ࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌ప Ằࡡ⾪⩽ࢅᣅ⪰ࡊ࡙ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡࣚࣤࣇ࢙㸝Rambouillet㸞࡚ᖲஹῦࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ ࣭ࣜࣈࡢࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᖲ᱄ࢅ⣦ணὬ࡞ᥞ♟ࡊࡒࠊᖲ᱄ࡢࠉKLA ࡡṂよ㝎࡛ࢬࣜࣄ㌱ࡡ㏝ࠉࢤࢮ ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ⮤ᶊࡡᅂᚗࢅὬ࡞さịࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉධḚᏭධಕ㝸༝ງᶭᵋḚᕗ㏻ྙ࡛༝ງࡊ࡙ᒓ⾔ ⟿ᅆࢅὬ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉ㐽ᣪࡷἪᚂࡡᒓ⾔ࡡ┐っ࡞ᙔࡒࡽࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᒈ㛜㌱㸝Kosovo Force; KFOR㸞ࢅὬඹࡊ࡙ࠉᅗሾᆀᇡࡡṂよ㝎ࢅಀ㐅ࡊࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ㡷✭ࢅ⟮⌦ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ධᅰ ࡞ᒈ㛜ࡌࡾහᐖࢅྱࡳࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡ⾪ࡢࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᖲ᱄࡞⨣ྞࡊࡒࠉ࣭ࣗ ࢥ㏻㑝࡛ࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ⾪⩽ࡢࡆࡿࢅᢼ⤧ࡊ࡙ࠉ3 ᭮ 18 ࠉஹῦࡢỬࡊࡒ173ࠊ 1993 ᖳ 3 ᭮ 24 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⮤ᕗࡡࢬࣜࣄṂເງࡡ㌱ᇱᆀ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ✭⇷ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢬࣜࣄெṂເງࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ⤄⧂Ⓩᙁโ㏛ᨲࢅ㛜ጙࡊ࡙ࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡኬ㔖㑂㞬ࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 26 ࠉ ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡢࠉࣜࣁࢼ㒂ࡡࢠ࣭ࢢࢪ㸝Kukes: Kukës㸞࡞Ὦථࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼභ ᅗ࡞ྡྷ࠾࠹ெࠍࣇࣚࢵ࢘㸝Blace: Блаце㸞ࡡ⏣࡞ࡵኬ㔖࡞Ὦථࡊࡒࠊ᭩ิࡡ 1 㐄㛣࡚ࠉ10 ெ ࣜࣁࢼ࡞Ὦථࡊࠉ2 9,000 ெ࣏ࢢࢺࢼࠉ2 7,000 ெ࣓ࣤࢷࢾࢡ࡛ࣞ㑂㞬ࡊࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ 㞬Ằࡡ⥪ᩐࡢ 15 6,000 ெ࡞㐡ࡊࡒࠊ ࣜࣁࢼᨳᗋࡢࠉ ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡུථ࡞✒ᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ ࣏ࢢࢺࢼᨳᗋࡢࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼࡡெཾࡡ 1 ࢅ༥ࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࣜࣁࢼெ࡛ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡ࣏ࢢࢺࢼெ࡛ ࡡẰ᪐ᵋᠺ㞬ẰࡡὮථ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ንࡊࠉ୦Ằ᪐ࡡᑊ❟ࢅๆ⃥ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᜅࡿ࡙ࠉ㞬ẰࡡὮථ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ ᴗࡴ࡙ួ㔔ጶເࢅ♟ࡊࠉථᅗ⟮⌦ࢅཚ࡞ࡊࡒࠊ࣏ࢢࢺࢼᨳᗋࡡᐁ୕ࡡᅗሾᑌ㙈ࡢࠉࣇࣚࢵ࢘࿔ ㎰ᆀ༇ࡡ㞬Ằࢅ⭶ᘿࡈࡎࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗ㝷ୠㄵࡡཬⓆࡵ㉫ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉ 152 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࣈࣚࢵ࡚࢘ࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡスႜࢅさㄫࡊࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼ࡞㥌⏻ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ࢟ࣛ ࢪ㌱࡛ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱ࡆࡿ࡞ᙔࡒࡽࠉ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡛ཪይ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒ࣏ࢢࢺࢼࢅ᠔ࡈࡎࠉ ࡱࡒࠉ ࣏ࢢࢺࢼᅗሾᆀᇡࡡ㞬Ằࢅࣜࣁࢼ࡞⛛㏞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᙔᅗ㛣࡚ྙណࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼᨳ ᗋࡢ㞬Ằᐖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ྜྷណࡊࡒ174ࠊ 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 3 ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࢮࣚࢻຸ⥪㛏࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằᨥᥴࡡ ⏞ࡊฝ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡ 4 㡧┘࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ᨥᥴࢅさㄫࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲ࡡᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠ ࡢࠉࣜࣁࢼ࡛࣏ࢢࢺࢼࡡᥴຐ∸㈠࡞Ⲭୖࢀࡊ࡛ಕ⟮ࡡᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡼࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ௴ຸ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈスႜࡡᚃ᪁ᨥᥴ࡛ࠉ➠ᄿࡢࠉ࣏ࢢࢺ ࢼࡡ㞬Ằࡡୌ㒂ࢅኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋຊ┍ᅗࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ ࢟ࣛࢨ࡞ུࡄථࡿࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡚ࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅᢰᙔࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⣦ண࡚ࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ᮇⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ ࡽฝࡊࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࣜࣁࢼ࡛㌱༝ງ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒࢰ࡛ࣛ࢟ࣛࢨࡢࣜࣁࢼ࡞㒂㝪ࢅ 㥌⏻ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡒࠉኬぞᶅ㞬ẰὮථ࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࢰࣛ㌱࡛࢟ࣛࢨ㌱ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ ࡌࡾὩິ࡞╌ᡥࡊࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ175ࠊ 1999 ᖳ 4 ᭮௧ᚃࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡡ࢛࣊ࢡ࣭ࣚࢺ㸝Belgrade:Београд㸞࡞ࡵ✭⇷ ࢅᣉኬࡊ࡙ࠉࢷࣝࣄᑻࡷⓆ㞹᪃スࡡẰ⏍᪃ス࡞ࡵᨯᦹࢅຊ࠻ࡒࠊ࣭ࣗࢥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷࡚ࡢࠉኬこ Ὂ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ⇷ᦹᶭ 997 ᶭ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ 35,219 ᅂฝᦹࡊࠉ✭⇷ࡡṒ⩽ࡢ⣑ 5,000 ெ࡞㐡ࡊࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ20 ௲ࡡㄏ⇷࡚ 2,000 ெࡡẰ㛣ெ≓∽࡞ࡖࡒ࡛ࡵゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ176ࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹✭⇷ࡢࠉࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࢅᙁโⓏ࡞ᤴ㝎ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࣭ࣗࢥ㌱ࡷ࣭ࣗࢥ㆑ᐳࠉ ࢬࣜࣄெṂເງ࡞├Ⓩ࡞༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌ పẰࡡ㑂㞬ࡢ⤽⤾ࡊࠉ5 ᭮༖ࡣ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㞬Ằࡡ⥪ᩐࡢ⣑ 75 ெ࡛ࡽࠉ3 ᭮ࡡ㞬ẰὮථࡡ㛜ጙ࡞Ẓ㍉ ࡊ࡙㞬Ằᩐቌኬࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࣜࣁࢼ㞬Ằࡢࠉࣜࣁࢼ࡞ 43 1,000 ெࠉ࣏ࢢࢺࢼ࡞ 23 4,000 ெࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ࡞ 1 8,500 ெᅹࡊ࡙㑂㞬⏍Ὡࢅఴൢࡂࡈࡿࡒ177ࠊ 㸝ೳᡋྙណ࡛㞬Ằᖉ㑇㸞 153 G8 አ┞ఌ㆗ࡢࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏよỬࡡୌ⯙ཋ์ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉࣥࢠࢹࣜ࣬ࢲ࢘ࣜࢿ࣑ࣜࢩࣤ 㸝Виктор Черномырди㸞≁ࢅ࢛࣊ࢡ࣭ࣚࢺ࡞Ὤ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㌱ࡷࢬࣜࣄெṂເງࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࠾ ࡼࡡ㏝࡛ࠉᅗ㏻ࡡᣞᥱୖ࡚ࡡኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ㥌⏻ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊ5 ࠉኬこὊ᮪ ⣑ᶭᵋ࡛࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝ೳᡋ࡞ྙណࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ10 ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ ㆗ 1244 ࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱୯ᚨ࡛ࡾࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᒈ㛜㌱㸝Kosovo Force㸞࡛ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ మ࡛ࡾᅗ㏻ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᬳᏽ⾔ᨳ࣐ࢴࢨࣘࣤ㸝United Nations Interim Admission Mission in Kosovo; UNMIK㸞ࡡス❟ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊྜྷࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱ࡷ࣭ࣗࢥ㆑ᐳ㒂㝪ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࠾ࡼࡡ㏝ࢅ㛜ጙࡊ࡙ࠉ 12 ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡ㥌⏻ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊ 1999 ᖳ 6 ᭮ࠉࣜࣁࢼࡷ࣏ࢢࢺࢼ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ㏝࡛ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ㥌⏻ࡡ▩ࡼࡎࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏷࡞ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡᖉ㑇ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊ6 ᭮ 15 -20 ࡡ㛣࡞ࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ 10 ெ⮤Ⓩ࡞ᖉ㑇ࡊࡒࠊิࡴࡡ 3 㐄㛣࡚ࠉ50 ெᖉ㑇ࡊ࡙ࠉ 1999 ᖳᮆࠉ✭⇷௧๑ࡡ㞬Ằࢅྱࡴ࡙ 82 ெ௧୕ᖉ㑇࡞ᠺຉࡊࡒ178ࠊࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰᖉ㑇ࡌࡾୌ ᪁࡚ࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ࡞ࡻࡾࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ࣏ࢿࣛࢷ㞗ᅆ࡚࠵ࡾࢬࣜࣄெపẰࡷ࣏ࣞ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᙁโ ㏝ཡ௲⤾Ⓠࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᒈ㛜㌱ࢬࣜࣄெపẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ᩺ࡒឺ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ179ࠊ 㸝ᑚᣋ㸞 ࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡚ࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾࢬࣜࣄெເງࠉࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⬛㏍࡛ጸᅸࢅ⏕࠷࡙ᙁโ㏝ཡ ࢅ᥆㐅ࡊࠉ 75 ெࡡ㞬Ằࢅ㝼ᅗࡡࣜࣁࢼࡷ࣏ࢢࢺࢼ࡞Ὦฝࡈࡎࡒࠊ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⮤ᕗࡡெཾࡢ⣑ 200 ெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡ 9 ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ ⣑༖ᩐࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰ㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙ฝᅗࡊࠉ ࡱࡒࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࡞ṟ⏻ࡊࡒெࠍࡵᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ็ெ㐠༱ᶭࡡ≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡖ ࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅ⤽⤾ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸ ᏻຸᡜࡡさㄫࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉࣜࣁࢼࡷ࣏ࢢࢺࢼࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡスႜࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅ ᒈ㛜ࡊࡒࠊ 154 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡ㌱ථࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉࣜࣁࢼ࡛࣏ࢢࢺࢼ 㡷ᇡහ࡚୦ᅗࡡྜྷណࢅᚋ࡙ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡ⾔ິࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࡂ✭⇷࡞㐛ࡁ࠾ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㡷ᇡහ࡚ࡡኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡᒈ㛜ࡢࠉ ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࡡᖲ᱄ࢅུࡄථࡿ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㡷ᇡහ࡚ࡡ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᒈ㛜㌱࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 4 ⤎ㄊ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡㄵ✪ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᏽ⩇࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࢅࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘ Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࠕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ㌱㝪࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸 ㌱Ⓩ㟸ᅗᐓమ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᓠืࡊ࡙ࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡡㄵ✪ࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ๑⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࠔெ㐠 ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ㌱ථࡡさὩິெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㌱ථࡡさ ḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᮇ❮࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗ࢅ๑⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡊ࡙ࠉᚃ⩽ࡢḗ❮ ࡚᳠ッࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒࠊ㌱㝪࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾಕ㆜ࡡᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱᥈⨠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗࡞㝮ࡌࡾᶭ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㌱᥈ ⨠ࡡࡲࡡὩິࡢெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᏽ⩇࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ࡊ࡙ୌ⯙࡞ヾㆉࡈࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾࢠࣜࢺ࠾ࡼࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡱ࡚ࡡ 5 ࡗࡡౚࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙ࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡさ௲ࢅඖ㊂ࡌࡾ࠾ྫྷ ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙᳠ッࡊࡒࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡡౚ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠༱ᶭኬぞᶅ࡚࠾ࡗ᛬㏍࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⥥᛬࡞ ᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾౚ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡౚࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉࢠࣜ ࢺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡ㌱ථࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡡࠔᕵ᭻ᅂᚗ షᡋࠕࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡὩິࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡࠔࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋࠕ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ➠ 2 ḗᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ࡛ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡞ࡻࡾ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⣦ண࡞ 㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵெ㐠Ⓩථࡡୌౚ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾኣ࠷ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ ࡊࡒ㌱Ὡິ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᖲ༝ᏽྙណࢅᙁโࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࡚⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞Ṃງ⾔ࡈࡿࡾᖲᇮ⾔ࡡౚ 155 ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛⮤↓࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉᖲᇮ⾔Ὡິࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡౚ࡚ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさὩ ິ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ㌱⾔ິ࡛ᖲ⾔ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉḗ❮࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ ௧୕ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱ථࡡౚ࡛ࠉᖲᇮ⾔Ὡິࡡࡗࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙᳠ッࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊ ࡒ࠷ࠊ ᮇ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᏽ⩇࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ᮪௲ࢅᑙฝࡊࠉࡐࡡ᮪௲ࢅᐁ㝷ࡡெ㐠 Ⓩථ࡞㐲⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡐ࠹࡚ࡢ࠷㌱⾔ິࢅᓠืࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ㌱ථࡡさ Ὡິெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡢࠉࡐࡡ㌱ථࢅெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ヾࡴࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊḗ❮࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ ᳠ッࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾさࡗࡡㄵⅤࡡ࠹ࡔࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ 㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࢅᥴ⏕࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾ࠉࡱࡒࠉெ㐠⩇ࢅ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔ ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉ࠷࠾ࡾ᰷ᣈ࡛ᇱ‵࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡㄵⅤ࡞ࡗ ࠷࡙ࡵㄵ✪ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 1 ྜྷណᢖ⚂࡛ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡៈ⾔࡚࠵ࡽࠉỬ㆗᱄࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈰ᠺ࡛Იᶊࠉ㏝ᖆࢅྱࡳࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 2 ㈰ᠺᢖ⚂࡛ࡢࠉỬ㆗᱄࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈰ᠺࡡࡲࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ9 ࢜ᅗࡡ㈰ᠺᢖ⚂ࡢࠉ9 ࢜ᅗᲘᶊࠉ㏝ᖆࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡂ㈰ᠺ⚂ࢅ⌟࡞ᢖࡋࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡ୯࡚ 3 ⌦ᅗ㈰ᠺࡊ࡙ࠉ2 ⌦ᅗᲘᶊࡊࡒሔྙࠉỬ㆗ ࡡᢝ࡞ࡢࠉ㟸ᖏ௴⌦ᅗ 6 ⌦ᅗ௧୕ࡡ㈰ᠺᢖ⚂ᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ 3 S/RES/660 (1990), 2 August 1990. 4 S/RES/661 (1990), 6 August 1990. 5 S/RES/678 (1990), 29 November 1990. 6 A/RES/2625 (XXV), 24 October 1970. 7 ᩝẰ᮪⣑➠ 14 ᮪࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔ⥶⣑ᅗࡢᖲ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔᅗࡢᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵࡡ㛜ጙࡡ௧ᚃࠉ⮤ᅗࡡ㡷ᇡཀྵࡦᚪさ࠵ࡾ ሔྙ࡞ࡢ༥㡷ᆀ༇࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉഭ⩽ࠉ⩽ࠉ⩹⩽ࠉ༎ṋᮅࡡඡ❲ࠉዲ⏐፦ཀྵࡦṋᮅࡡᖺඡࡡẍࢅᡋணࡡᙫ㡢࠾ࡼ ಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞⤄⧂ࡈࡿࡾ㝌ཀྵࡦᏭධࡡࡒࡴࡡᆀᖈཀྵࡦᆀ༇ࢅスᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩ ථ࡚スᏽࡈࡿࡾᏭධᆀ༇ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔᅗ࡚ࡢࡂᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡷථᅗスᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉഭ⩽ࢅิࡴ ࡛ࡌࡾ➠ 14 ᮪࡞าᣪࡈࡿࡒᩝẰ௧አࡡெࠍࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉᩝẰ᮪⣑➠ 15 ᮪࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ⣦ ணᙔᅗࡢࠉḗࡡ⩽ࢅᕣืࡊ࠷࡚ᡋணࡡ༱㝜࠾ࡼ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡ୯❟ᆀᖈࢅᡋண⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᆀᇡහ࡞スᏽࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅࠉ├࡞ཧࡢ୯❟ᅗⱕࡊࡂࡢெ㐠Ⓩᅆమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᩓᅗ࡞ᥞ᱄ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ 㸝a㸞ഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽㸝ᡋ㜒ဤ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࡛㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࢅၡࢂ࠷ࠊ㸞㸝b㸞ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞ཤຊࡎࡍࠉࡗࠉࡐࡡᆀᖈ࡞ᑽపࡌࡾ㛣࠷࠾ࡾ㌱Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ ᭯ࡌࡾ࡞ࡵᚉࡊ࡙࠷࠷పẰࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡᏭධᆀ༇ࡡスᏽమࡢ⣦ணᙔᅗ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᏭ 156 ධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡷථ㌱࡚࠵ࡾⅤ┞㐢ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉṂງ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᡋ㜒࡞ᚉࡊ࠷㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ ┘Ⓩࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡᏭධᆀ༇ࡵࠉᩝẰ᮪⣑➠ 14 ᮪࣬➠ 15 ᮪ࡵྜྷୌ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 8 Wheeler, Nicholas J., Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000. 9 Weiss, Thomas G., Military-Civilian Interactions: Humanitarian Crises and the Responsibility to Protect, Second Edition, Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield Publishers, 2005. 10 Ramsbotham, Oliver and Tom Woodhouse, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict: A Reconceputualization, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1998. 11 Chesterman, Simon, Just War or Peace?: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001. 12 Tesón, Fernando R., Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, Third Edition, Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005. 13 Ogata, Sadako, The Turbulent Decade: Confronting the Refugee Crises in the 1990s, New York and London: W. W. Norton, 2005㸝㑝ゼࠉ⥬᪁ㇾᏄⴥࠖ⣦ண࡛㞬Ằ㸯⥬᪁ㇾᏄࡡᅂࠗࠉ㞗ⱝ♣ࠉ2006 ᖳ㸞 ࠊ 14 Weiss, Thomas G. and Cindy Collins, Humanitarian Challenges & Intervention, Second Edition, Boulder Colo.: Westview Press, 2000. 15 de Waal, Alex, Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, African Issues, London: African Rights & the International African Institute in association with James Currey Oxford & Indiana University Press Bloomington, 1997. 16 ࢠࣜࢺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔࢠࣜࢺ㞬ẰᨾᥴὩິ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩ ථㄵࠕ ࠖྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ ➠ 37 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ 1992 ᖳࠉ 169-181 㡣ࠊRudd, Gordon W., Humanitarian Intervention: Assisting the Iraqi Kurds in Operation Provide Comfort, 1991 (CMH Pub), Washington D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office, 2004; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 39-53; Wheeler, Saving Strangers, pp. 139-171; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 27-49㸝㑝ゼࠉ 37-61 㡣㸞ࠊUNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees, 2000, pp. 211-213, 216-217㸝㑝ゼࠉ211-213, 216-217 㡣㸞ࠊ 17 UNHCR, Centre for Documentation and Research, Background Paper on Iraqi Refugees and Asylum Seekers, Geneva: UNHCR, September 1996, (http://www.unhcr.ch/refworld/country/cdr/cdriq2.htm (1 January 2007)). 18 S/RES/661 (1990), 6 August 1990. 19 S/RES/662 (1990), 9 August 1990. 20 S/RES/665 (1990), 25 August 1990. 21 S/RES/670 (1990), 25 September 1990. 22 S/RES/678 (1990), 29 November 1990. 23 Middle East Watch/Human Rights Watch, Endless Torment: The 1991 Uprising in Iraq and Its Aftermath, New York: Middle East Watch/Human Rights Watch, 1992, pp. 48-49, 60-66. 24 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 212㸝㑝ゼࠉ212 㡣㸞 ࠊ 25 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “International Notes Public Health Consequences of Acute Displacement of Iraqi Citizens -- March-May 1991,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 40, No. 26, 5 July 1991, pp. 443-446. 26 S/RES/688 (1990), 5 April 1991. 27 Operation Provide Comfort Fact Sheet (http://www.incirlik.af.mil/orgs/opc/opcfact.html (1 January 2007)). ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࣈ ࣞࣥࢺ࣬ࢤ࣑ࣆ࢚࣭ࢹࡢࠉᙔิࠉ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨ࢙ࣘࣤ࣬ࢠࢪࣈࣝࢪ࣬ࢢ㸝Operation Express Care㸞࡛࠷࠹ྞ⛘ࡡ㌱ Ὡິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 28 Freedman, Lawrance and David Boren, “ ‘Safe Havens’ for Kurds in Post-War Iraq,” in Nigel S. Rodley ed., To Loose the Bands of Wickedness: International Intervention in Defence of Human Rights, London: Brassey’s, 1992, pp. 43-92. 29 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, p. 213㸝㑝ゼࠉ213 㡣㸞 ࠊOgata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 37㸝㑝ゼࠉ48-49 157 㡣㸞 ࠊ 30 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 213, 216-217㸝㑝ゼࠉ213, 216-217 㡣㸞 ࠊOgata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 37㸝㑝ゼ 42-44 㡣㸞 ࠊ 31 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 47. 32 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, pp. 213, 216-217㸝㑝ゼࠉ213, 216-217 㡣㸞 ࠊOgata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 37㸝㑝ゼ 42-44 㡣㸞 ࠊ 33 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “International Notes Public Health Consequences of Acute Displacement of Iraqi Citizens,” pp. 443-446. 34 ࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊClarke, Walter and Jeffrey Herbst eds., Learning from Somalia: The Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, Boulder Colo.: Westview Press, 1997; Sahnoun, Mohamed, Somalia: The Missed Opportunities, Washington D.C.: United States Institute of Peace Press, 1994; Lyons, Terrence and Ahmed I. Samatar, Somalia: State Collapse, Multilateral Intervention, and Strategies for Political Reconstruction, Washington D.C.: The Brookings Institution, 1995; United Nations Department of Public Information, The United Nations and Somalia, 1992-1996. New York, Department of Public Information United Nations, 1996; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 55-70; Wheeler, Saving Strangers, pp. 172-207; Ramsbotham, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict, pp. 193-216; de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 159-191 Médecins sans Frontière, Life, Death and Aid, 1993, pp. 98-107㸝㑝ゼࠉ169-185㡣㸞ࠊᰐ⏛ྍࠖࢮ࣏࡚ࣛర㸴ࠗࠉ ᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1993ᖳࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛၡ㢗࡛ᅗ㏻ࡡᙁโ᥈⨠ࠕࠖྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ➠38ᕬ➠1ྒࠉ1993ᖳࠉ211-253 㡣ࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔ➠2ḗࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ㸝UNOSOMII㸞ࡡṂງ⾔ࠕ ࠖJournal of Economics and Management㸝ྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕ㸞ࠗࠉ ➠39ᕬ➠1ྒࠉ1994ᖳࠉ71-98㡣ࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛၡ㢗࡛ᅗ㏻ຊ┍ᅗࡡ㌱Ⓩ᥈⨠ࠕ ࠖJournal of Economics and Management 㸝ྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕ㸞ࠗࠉ➠42ᕬ➠2ྒࠉ1998ᖳࠉ161-175㡣ࠊኬἠᩏᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡථ㸯ఎ⤣Ⓩ NGO࡛ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࠕࠖᅗ㝷㛭౿Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ➠24ᕬࠉ1997ᖳࠉ75-91㡣ࠊኬἠᩏᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㏻Ὡິࡡࠖெ㐠Ⓩᖱ ῦᛮ࡛ࠗᅗᐓᶊ࡛ࡡ࠾࠾ࢂࡽ㸯ࠖெ㛣ࡡᏭධಕ㝸ᆵᖲὩິࠗࡡ㐠ࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ἢአஹ㞟ヽࠗࠉ➠99ᕬ➠5ྒࠉ2000ᖳࠉ 495-534㡣ࠊ୕ᐁࠔᅗ㏻࡞ࡻࡾᅗහ⣦ணよỬ࡛ࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ㸯ࠖெ㐠ⓏᖱῦࠗࠉPKOࠉᅗ㏻ࡡᑊᚺ࡞࠽ࡄࡾὩິࡡ ┞ப㛭㏻ᛮࠕࠖᅗ㝷㛭౿Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ➠29ᕬࠉ2003ᖳࠉ37-54㡣ࠊ⃕⨶ఫᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ᐁ ຝᛮࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠493ྒࠉ2001ᖳࠉ48-62㡣ࠊ 35 ࢮ࣏ࣛࡡ㐗∶♣ఌࡷẮ᪐♣ఌࡡ≁ᚡ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᰐ⏛ྍࠔࢮ࣏࡚ࣛర㸴ࠕ ࠉ16-28 㡣ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ࠽ࠉࢮ ࣏ࣛ࡞ࡢࠉࣚࣀࣤ㸝Rahanwein㸞 ࠉࢸ࢟ࣜ㸝Digil㸞 ࠉࢦࢴࢠ㸝Isaaq㸞 ࠉࢱࣞࢴࢺ㸝Darod㸞 ࠉࢸࣜ㸝Dir㸞 ࠉࣀ ࣕ㸝Hawiye㸞࡛ࡣࡿࡾ 6 ࡗࡡẮ᪐࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡡẮ᪐ࡡୖన㞗ᅆࠔᨥ᪐ࠕ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࠔࢸࣕ㞗ᅆࠕ࡛ࡣࡿࡾ㞗ᅆ ࠔᨥ᪐ࠕࢅᵋᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝ᰐ⏛ྍࠖࢮ࣏࡚ࣛర㸴ࠗ ࠉ19 㡣㸞 ࠊ 36 ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂㅎᅗࡡ᳔Ằᆀฦ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛெࡡᑽపᆀᇡࡢ 5 ࡗ࡞ฦ᩷ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࢟ࣛࢪ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺ 㸝ࢮ࣏ࣛ㒂㸞ࠉࢰࣛ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛ㸝ࢮ࣏ࣛ༞㒂㸞ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺ㸝ࢩࣇࢲ㸞ࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅࡡ࢛࢝ࢸࣤ ᆀ᪁ࠉ࢟ࣛࢪಕ㆜㡷᮶ࣆࣛ࢜㸝ࢢࢼ㸞ࡡ᮶㒂࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⌟ᅹࡡࢮ࣏ࣛࡢ࢟ࣛࢪ㡷࡛ࢰࣛ㡷ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺ ࡡ㡷ᇡࡡࡲ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡡ 3 ࡗࡡᆀᇡ࡞ࡢࢮ࣏ࣛெᑽపࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࡌ࡙ࡡࢮ࣏ࣛெᑽపᆀᇡࡡᨥ㒼ࢅ┘ㄵ ࡳࠔኬࢮ࣏ࣛ⩇ࠕࢅ᥎ࡅ࡙ࠉᅗࡡ㡷ᅰࢅ≚ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㝼ᅗ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ᝇࡊࡒ㸝ᰐ⏛ྍࠖࢮ࣏࡚ࣛర㸴ࠗ ࠉ 26 㡣㸞 ࠊ 37 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ27-29 㡣ࠊಕᒱᏏ㢟ࠔࢮ࣏ࣛࡡᝊࢅᣅ࠷ࡒ᳔Ằᆀᅗሾ࡛Ắ᪐ᑊ❟ࠕ ࠉ ࠖୠ⏲㐄ሒࠗ ࠉ➠ 74 ᕬ➠ 2 ྒࠉ1993 ᖳ 2 ᭮ 23 ࠉ40-45 㡣ࠊ 38 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ32-33 㡣 39 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ35-43 㡣ࠊ 40 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 58-59. 41 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 59. 42 Sahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, pp. 5-6. 158 43 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ46㡣ࠊ 44 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ46 㡣ࠊSahnoun, Somalia: The Missed Opportunities, pp. 5-6. 45 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ47 㡣ࠊSahnoun, Somalia: The Missed Opportunities, pp. 6-8. 46 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ47-48 㡣ࠊ 47 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ48㡣ࠊSahnoun, Somalia: The Missed Opportunities, pp. 8-11. 48 ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸࡢࠉࣀࣕẮ᪐ࣇ࢝ࣜẮ᪐࡞ᡜᒌࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᩓᑊࡌࡾࢸ࣭ࢺࡢࠉࣀࣕẮ᪐ࣀࣇࣜࢣࢸ ࣜẮ᪐࡞ᡜᒌࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ୦⩽ࡡᑊ❟ࡢࠉࠔᨥ᪐ࠕ㛣ࡡᑊ❟࡛ぜࡌࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࡡࡓࠉ୦ᨥ᪐㛣࡞ࡢᏺᩅⓏ࣬ᩝ Ⓩ┞㐢ࡢࡂࠉఎ⤣Ⓩ࡞ᩓᑊ㛭౿࡞⮫ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࡵ࠷ࡡ࡚㸝ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ53㡣㸞ࠉᛮ᛬࡞ࠔᨥ᪐ࠕ㛣ࡡᑊ❟࡛⤎ ㄵࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠷ࠊᶊງ⩽ᶊງ㜒ணࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉẮ᪐࣬ᨥ᪐㛣ࡡ┞㐢ࢅᙁㄢࡊࠉᑊ❟ࢅᡢິࡊࡒ⤎ᯕࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ Ắ᪐࣬ᨥ᪐㛣ࡡṂງ㜒ணࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ 49 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ48㡣ࠊSahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, pp. 8-9. ࠽ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺභᅗࡢᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ ᅗᐓᢆヾࢅུࡄ࡙࠷࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢᅗᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᆀనࢅಕ㝸ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ 50 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ49-51 㡣ࠊSahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, pp. 8-11. 51 Sahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, p. 11. 52 ᰐ⏛ྍࠉ๑᥎᭡ࠉ52 㡣ࠊ 53 ᙔࡡࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡ⣦ணὬ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ཤ⩻࡛ࡾࠊSahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, pp. 57-58. 54 ࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉUSAID ⾔ᨳᏻఫᙲ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛࡡ⥥᛬ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᦘࢂࡖࡒࢾࢲࢪࡡㄵ ᩝ࡛ࠉெᶊᅆమࣆࣛ࢜ࣤࣚࢵࡡ⾪࡚࠵ࡾࢺ࢛࣭࣬ࣜࡡⴥ᭡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊNatsios, Andrew S, “Humanitarian Relief Intervention in Somalia: The Economics of Chaos,” in Walter S. Clarke and Jeffrey Ira Herbst eds., Learning from Somalia: the Lessons of Armed Humanitarian Intervention, Boulder, Colo.: Westview Press, 1997, pp. 77-95; de Waal, Alex, Famine Crimes: Politics & the Disaster Relief Industry in Africa, African Issues, London: African Rights & the International African Institute in association with James Currey Oxford & Indiana University Press Bloomington, 1997. 55 de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 163-166. 56 Natsios, “Humanitarin Relief Intervention in Somalia,” pp.78-80. 57 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 164. 58 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 164. 59 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 164. 60 de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 164-165. 61 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Population-Based Mortality Assessment -- Baidoa and Afgoi, Somalia, 1992,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 41, No. 49, 11 December 1992, pp. 913-917. 62 Ibid. 63 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 1993, p. 149. 64 International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRC), World Disasters Report 1999, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1999, p.153, 158. 65 S/RES/733 (1992), 23 January 1992. 66 S/RES/751 (1992), 24 April 1992; S/23839/Add.1, 21 April 1992. 67 S/RES/751 (1992), 24 April 1992. 68 Sahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, pp. 25-41. 69 S/RES/794 (1992), 3 December 1992. 70 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 64. 71 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 64-65. 159 72 ᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡢࠉᡖืㄢᰕࡢᐁ᪃ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠉ2,255 ࡡᑚℾჹࠉ636 ࡡ㔔ℾჹࢅᐖࡊࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහࡓࡄ࡚ࠉ50 ࡡᑚℾჹᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉṂよ㝎࡞ᑊࡌࡾᾐᴗⓏጶເ ࡢ᪺☔࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊWeiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 65-66. 73 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 66. 74 CARE monetization programme, “Cereal Prices in South Mogadishu (Somali shillings per kg)”, quoted in African Rights, Somalia: Operation Restore Hope: A Preliminary Assessment, London: African Rights, 1993, p. 9. 75 Ibid. 76 S/RES/814 (1993), 26 March 1993. 77 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 66-67. 78 S/RES/837 (1993), 6 June 1993. 79 S/RES/837 (1993), 6 June 1993. 80 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 67-68. 81 ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࠖᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢぜࡒ㸯ᅗ㝷⣦ணࡡහᐁࠗࠉᮇ⤊ῥ᩺⪲♣ࠉ1994ᖳࠉ177-178㡣ࠊᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ ࡞ࡻࡾெᶊᐐ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࣆࣛ࢜ࣤࣚࢵレ⣵࡞ሒ࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝African Rights, Somalia: Human Rights Abuses by the United Nations Forces, London: African Rights, 1993ࢅཤ↯ࡡࡆ࡛㸞ࠊ 82 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 67. 83 S/RES/897 (1994), 4 February 1994. 84 S/RES/954 (1994), 4 November 1994. 85 ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊBiermann, Wolfgang and Martin Vadset, eds., UN Peacekeeping in Trouble: Lessons Learned from the Former Yugoslavia, Aldershot: Ashgate Publishing Lim., 1998; Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Vol. 1, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1992; Helsinki Watch, War Crimes in Bosnia-Hercegovina, Vol. 2, New York: Human Rights Watch, 1993; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 71-93; Wheeler, Saving Strangers, pp. 242-257; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 50-132㸝㑝ゼࠉ65-157㡣㸞ࠊMédecins sans Frontière, Life, Death and Aid, 1993, pp. 88-96㸝㑝ゼࠉ153-168㡣㸞ࠊRamsbotham, Humanitarian Intervention in Contemporary Conflict, pp. 167-192; de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 159-191; UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees, 2000, pp. 217-233,㸝㑝ゼࠉ217-233㡣㸞ࠊ᪺▴ᗛ ࠔ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ࠽ࡻࡦ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ434ྒࠉ1996ᖳࠉ5-22㡣ࠊ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ ࢪࢼPKO᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ700̾ᙔ⩽ࢅ┞ᡥ࡞࡚࢟ࣛ࢟ࣛᅂ㑂ࡊࡒ✭⇷Ửᏽࠕ ࠖᩝ⸜᫋⚽ࠗࠉ➠74ᕬ➠4ྒࠉ1996ᖳࠉ122-138 㡣ࠊ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ࢪࢼPKO᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ700̾ᙔ⩽ᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡ㝀⏲ࠕ ࠖᩝ⸜᫋⚽ࠗࠉ➠74ᕬ➠6ྒࠉ1996ᖳࠉ298-311 㡣ࠊ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋ㸯ᨳ࣭ࣛࢱ࣭࡛Ằ᪐⩇ࠗࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ2006ᖳࠊᰐᘧࠔ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡛ᅗ㝷♣ఌ ࡡᑊᚺ㸯࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥよమ࠾ࡼᖲ༝ᏽㄢ༰ࡱ࡚ࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠434ྒࠉ1996ᖳࠉ2-14㡣ࠊ᭮ᮟኯ㑳ࠔẰ᪐⣦ண ࡡࠖᅗ㝷ࠗ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᗆㄵⓏ⩻ᐳ㸯࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥẰ᪐⣦ணࢅ㢗ᮞ࡞ࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ἢአஹ㞟ヽࠗࠉ➠93ᕬ➠5ྒࠉ1994ᖳࠉ 611-634㡣ࠊᰐᘧ࣭ࠖࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ⌟ྍࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1996ᖳࠊ༐⏛ၻ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ⣦ண㸯ኣẰ᪐࣓࣬ࢧࢠᅗᐓࡡᝊ ࠗࠉㅦㄧ♣ࠉ1993ᖳࠊ༐⏛ၻ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ⣦ணࡢࡏ㛏ࡊࡒࡡ࠾㸯ᝊࢅኬࡀࡂࡈࡎࡒḚ⡷ㅎᅗࡡ㈈௴ࠗࠉⲙ᭡ᡛࠉ 1999ᖳࠊ㤣ሔᙢࠔெ㐠ⓏථࡡっⅤ࠾ࡼぜࡒ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣄ⣦ண㸯࣍ࢪࢼUNPROFOR࡞㛭ࡌࡾࠖḿᙔᛮࠗࠖᐁຝ ᛮࠗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼࡡ᳠ッࠕࠖᅗ㝷පභᨳ➿◂✪ࠗࠉ➠2ᕬ➠1ྒࠉ1998ᖳࠉ111-134㡣ࠊᮿⰶ㑳ࠔNATO࡞ࡻࡾ࣭ࣗࢥ✭⇷ ࡛ᅗ㝷Ἢࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠493ྒࠉ2001ᖳࠉ33-47㡣ࠊᶣᮇᩏᕰࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪѸ ᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡞ࡻࡾᙁᶊⓏථࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠520ྒࠉ2003ᖳࠉ21-40㡣ࠊ 86 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 74-75. 87 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 75. 88 ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ࡛࠷࠹ྞ⛘ࡢࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ࠾ࡼẰ᪐Ⓡ㘋ྞ⛘࡛ࡊ࡙⏕࠷ࡼࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅᚈ࡞ࡢࣜࣁࢼெ ࡵྱࡱࡿࡾࡒࡴࠉᏽ⩇࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢᗀࡌࡁࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣍ࢪࢼெ࡛࠷࠹ࡦྞࡵぜུࡄࡼࡿࡾࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞పࡳࢬࣜࣄ ெࡷࢠࣞࢲெࢅࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢠࣞࢲெ࡛ࡩࡒࡴࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞పࡳࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅᚈࡓ 160 ࡄࢅ࣍ࢪࢼெ࡛࠷࠹ࡡࡢࡷࡷ⮤↓࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࢅ⏕࠷ࡾࠊ༐⏛ၻ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ⣦ண㸯ኣẰ᪐࣓࣬ࢧࢠ ᅗᐓࡡᝊࠗ ࠉㅦㄧ♣ࠉ1993 ᖳࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ 89 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 78. 90 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 76. 91 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 77. 92 S/RES/743 (1992), 21 February 1992. 93 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, p. 218㸝㑝ゼࠉ218 㡣㸞 ࠊ 94 S/23900, 12 May 1992, para.16; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p.108.࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᑙᶭ㛭ࡡᴣᛍ࡞㛭 ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉCunliffe, S. Alex and Michael Pugh. “The UNHCR as Lead Agency in the Former Yugoslavia,” The Journal of Humanitarian Assistance, http://www.jha.ac/articles/a008.htm (1 January 2007); Cunliffe, S. Alex and Michael Pugh. “The Politicization of UNCHR in the Former Yugoslavia.” Journal of Refugee Studies, 1997, 10(2), pp. 134-153; Pugh, Michael and S. Alex Cunliffe. “The Lead Agency Concept in Humanitarian Assistance - The Case of the UNHCR.” Security Dialogue, 1997, 28(1), pp. 17-30 レࡊ࠷ࠊ 95 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 57㸝㑝ゼࠉ72 㡣㸞 ࠊ 96 Mercier, Michèle, Crimes Without Punishment: Humanitarian Action in Former Yugoslavia, London: Pluto Press, 1994, pp. 70-81. 1992 ᖳ 7 ᭮ࠉICRC ࡢ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅ්㛜ࡊࡒࠊ 97 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 62-63㸝㑝ゼࠉ73 㡣㸞 ࠊ 98 United Nations, The Blue Helmets: A Review of United Nations Peace-Keeping, and 3rd ed., New York: United Nations, 1996, p. 522. 99 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 62-63㸝㑝ゼࠉ80-81 㡣㸞 ࠊ 100 S/RES/761 (1992), 29 June 1992; S/RES/770 (1992), 11 August 1992. 101 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 78-79㸝㑝ゼࠉ97-98 㡣㸞 ࠊ 102 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p.79; Durch, William J. and James A. Schear, “Faultlines: UN Operations in the Former Yugoslavia,” in William J. Durch ed., UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s, pp. 228, 239. 103 ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡᇱᮇཋ์࡛ࡢࠔྜྷណ࣬୯❟࣬⮤⾠ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᖲ⥌ᣚὩິᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ㛭౿ᙔ ᅗࡷ⣦ண ᙔ⩽ࡡྜྷណࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊࠉࡐࡡྜྷណ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ ❮➠ 7 ❮ୖ࡚ࡡᙁโ⾔ິࡡሔྙࠉ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ྜྷណࡂࡊ࡙Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱㝪ࢅὬ㐭ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ୯❟࡛ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࢅᕣืࡎࡍ࡞Ὡິࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡷࡢࡽࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮ୖ࡚ࡡᙁโ⾔ິ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡ୯❟ࡢὩ ິࡡ᮪௲࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ᭩ᚃ࡞⮤⾠࡚࠵ࡾࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡሔྙࠉᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱᭩㝀ࡡ⮤⾠ࡡࡒࡴࡡ㌱ງࡡಕᣚࢅᅗ ㏻ࡢヾࡴ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡஹᡋࡢᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠊஹᡋ≟ឺ࡞ࡖࡒሔྙࠉᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࡢᢖ㜾ࡌࡾ࠾ࠉ㏝㑂 ࡊࡄࡿࡣ࠷ࡄ࠷ࠊᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮ୖ࡚ࡡᙁโ⾔ິ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ᨯᦹࡈࡿࡒሔྙࠉሒᚗᨯᦹヾࡴࡼࡿࡾࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡ UNPROFOR ࡡὩິࡢࠉ᪺▴ᗛᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื⾪ࡡୖ࡚ࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡᯗහ࡞ᢪࡈ࠻ࡼࡿ ࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹᥈⨠ᇮࡼࡿࡒࡡࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱Ὤ࡛ஹᡋ≟ឺ࡞㝏ࡽࠉኣᩐ ࡡṒഭ⩽ࢅฝࡊࡒ࠵ࡅࡂࠉᅗ㏻ࡡὩິ⮤మᩃ࡞⤂ࢂࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 104 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 79㸝㑝ゼࠉ98 㡣㸞 ࠊ 105 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p.80. 106 United Nations, The Blue Helmets, p. 524. 107 1993 ᖳ 5 ᭮ࠉࣥࣤࢪ㸲࢛࣭࢘ࣤ᱄ࡢࢬࣜࣄெ㆗ఌࡡኣᩐ࡚ᢼ⤧ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᖲ༝㆗ᬧ♃࡞ࡽ୕ࡅࡒࠊ7 ᭮ࠉ ICTY ࡞࠽࠷࡙࣍ࢪࢼࢅ 3 Ằ᪐ࡡᅗᐓ㏻ྙ࡛ࡌࡾ࢛࣭࢘ࣤ㸲ࢪࢹࣜࢷࣤ࣊ࣜࢠ᱄ᥞ㉫ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ⣦ணὬྜྷ᱄ࢅ ୯ᚨ࡞༝㆗ࢅ㐅ࡴࡒࠉ9 ᭮ 29 ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ㆗ఌᖲ᱄ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊ࡙ᖲ༝㆗ỷࡊࡒࠊ1993 ᖳࡡᖲ༝㆗ࡡレ⣵ ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ115-152 㡣ཤ↯ࠊ 108 1993 ᖳ 8 ᭮ࠉࢠࣞࢲெເງ々ᩐࡡࢠࣞࢲெ⮤༇ࢅ⣍ྙࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ㡷හ࡞ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢡ࣬࣍ࢪࢻ࣬ࢠࣞ 161 ࢲெභᅗࢅス❟ࡊ࡙ࠉࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງ࡛ࡡᡋ㜒⃥ࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ9 ᭮ࠉ࣍ ࢪࢼභᅗࡡᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࣄࣀࢲࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒࢵࢩࣤᆀ༇࡞࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெమࡡこ࣍ࢪࢼ⮤ᕗス❟ࡈ ࡿ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋහࡡහ⣦࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງࡡฦ᩷ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ143-146 㡣ࠊ 109 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 81-82㸝㑝ゼࠉ101-102 㡣㸞 ࠊ 110 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 82㸝㑝ゼࠉ102 㡣㸞 ࠊUNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 1993, p. 91㸝㑝ゼࠉ91 㡣㸞 ࠊ 111 S/RES/819 (1993), 16 April 1993. 112 S/RES/824 (1993), 6 May 1993; UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, pp. 222-223㸝㑝ゼࠉ222-223 㡣㸞ࠊ 113 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, p. 227㸝㑝ゼࠉ227㡣㸞ࠊ 114 ୯❟ᆀᇡ࡛ࡢࠉᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ᄿ᮪⣑㸞➠15᮪࡞⨠࠷࡙ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉ ࠔ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᅗࡢࠉḗࡡ⩽ࢅᕣืࡊ࠷࡚ᡋணࡡ༱㝜࠾ࡼ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾࡒࡴࡡ୯❟ᆀᖈࢅᡋ㜒⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᆀᇡහ࡞ス ᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅࠉ├࡞ཧࡢ୯❟ᅗⱕࡊࡂࡢெ㐠Ⓩᅆమࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᩓᅗ࡞ᥞ᱄ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠕ࡛࠵ࡽࠉḗࡡ⩽࡛ࡊ࡙ ࠔഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ⩽ࠕࠔᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ࡞ཤຊࡎࡍࠉࡗࠉࡐࡡᆀᇡ࡞ᑽపࡌࡾ㛣࠷࠾ࡾ㌱Ⓩᛮ㈻ࢅ᭯ࡌࡾ࡞ࡵᚉࡊ࡙ ࠷࠷ᩝẰࠕาᣪࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡ୯❟ᆀᇡ࡛࣍ࢪࢼ࡞࠽࠷࡙スᏽࡈࡿࡒᏭධᆀᇡ࡛ࡢᛮ㈻ࢅ␏࡞ࡌࡾࠊරమⓏ࡞ ࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤ୯❟ᆀᇡ࡞ಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢἪⓏ࡞ヾࡴࡼࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡᏭධᆀᇡࡡሔྙࠉࡐࡡⅤࡢ᪺ࡼ࠾࡚ ࡢ࠷ࠊཧࠉ୯❟ᆀᇡࢅスᏽࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢᩓᑊࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡᢆヾᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡᏭධᆀᇡࡢ࣍ࢪࢼࡡࢬࣜ ࣄெເງࡡྜྷណࡂスᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࡡᏭධᆀᇡࢅࠉᨳⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ࡞ฺ ⏕ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 115 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, p. 224㸝㑝ゼࠉ224㡣㸞ࠊ 116 Cutts, “The Humanitarian Operation in Bosnia, 1992-95,” paras 21-22. 117 S/RES/836 (1993), 4 June 1993. 118 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 95-96㸝㑝ゼࠉ116 㡣㸞 ࠊ 119 ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ155 㡣ࠊ 120 ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ PKO ᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ 700 ̾ᙔ⩽ࢅ┞ᡥ࡞࡚࢟ࣛ࢟ࣛᅂ㑂ࡊࡒ✭⇷Ửᏽࠕ ࠉ122-138 㡣ࠊ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ࢪ ࢼ PKO ᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ 700 ̾ᙔ⩽ᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡ㝀⏲ࠕࠉ298-311 㡣ࠊ 121 S/RES/913 (1993), 20 April 1994. 122 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 85. ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ157-160 㡣ࠊ 123 Médecins Sans Frontières/Holland, Report of a Household Survey in Sarajevo, Bosnia-Herzegovina, April 1993, Amsterdam; Médecins Sans Frontières, 1993, quoted in CDC, “Status of Public Health – Bosnia and Herzegovina, August-September, 1993,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 42, No. 50, 24 December 1993, pp. 973, 979-982. 124 CDC, “Status of Public Health – Bosnia and Herzegovina, August-September, 1993,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 42, No. 50, 24 December 1993, pp. 973, 979-982. 125 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees, 2000, pp. 218-219㸝㑝ゼࠉ218-219 㡣㸞 ࠊ 126 ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ173-180 㡣ࠊ 127 ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ186-189 㡣ࠊ 128 ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࡚ࡡኬ⹚ṽ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡㄢᰕ⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡐࡡሒ࿈᭡レࡊ࠷ࠊA/54/549, 15 November 1999. 129 ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋࠗ ࠉ197-200 㡣ࠊ 130 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 113-132㸝㑝ゼࠉ137-157㸞 ࠊ 131 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊPrunier, Gérard, The Rwanda Crisis: History of a Genocide, New York: Columbia University Press, 1995; Minear, Larry, Philippe Guillot, et al. Soldiers to the Rescue: Humanitarian Lessons from Rwanda, Paris: Development Centre Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, 1996; African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, rev. ed., London: African Rights, 1995; van der Meeren, Rachel, “Three 162 Decades in Exile: Rwandan Refugees 1960-1990,” Journal of Refugee Studies, 9(3), 1996, pp. 252-267; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 95-111; Wheeler, Saving Strangers, pp. 208-241; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 172-275㸝㑝ゼࠉ205-320㡣㸞ࠊ de Waal, Famine Crimes, pp. 191-212; UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees, 2000, pp. 245-247, 249-252, 254-255, 258-259, 262-265, 268-272 㸝㑝ゼࠉ245-247, 249-252, 254-255, 258-259, 262-265, 268-272㡣㸞ࠊUnited Nations Department of Public Information, The United Nations and Rwanda, 1993-1996, The United Nations Blue Books Series, v. 10, New York: Department of Public Information United Nations, 1996. ⸠ாᏄࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኣᅗ⡘Ὡິ࡛ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᶊ㝀ࠕࠖJournal of Economics and Managementࠗࠉ1996ᖳࠉ➠40ᕬࠉ➠2ྒࠉ31-45㡣ࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡὩິ࡛ࡐࡡၡ㢗Ⅴࠕ ࠖJournal of Economics and Managementࠗࠉ1997ᖳࠉ➠42ᕬࠉ➠1ྒࠉ53-76㡣ࠊ㤣ሔᙢࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ1994ᖳࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ Ѹࡐࡡ⤊⦃ࠉᵋ㏸ࠉᅗහⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷ⓏさᅄࠕࠖᚠᓞኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ➠19ᕬࠉ2006ᖳࠉ35-86㡣ࠊ㤣ሔᙢࠔெ㛣ࡡᏭ ධಕ㝸ㄵ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸯ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅౚ࡞᪁ἪㄵⓏふⅤ࠾ࡼࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ꮽධಕ㝸ࠗࠉ➠30ᕬ➠3ྒࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ42-68㡣ࠊ 132 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 97-98; UNDPI, The United Nations and Rwanda, 1993-1996, p. 10. 133 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 98; UNDPI, The United Nations and Rwanda, 1993-1996, p. 10. 134 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 98. 135 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 99. 136 African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, pp. 36-44, 53-56, 69-86; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 99. 137 S/RES/846 (1993), 22 June 1993. 138 S/RES/872 (1993), 5 October 1993. 139 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 99-100. 140 African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, pp. 100-176; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 100-101. ࣆ ࣛ࢜ࣤ࣬ࣚࢵࡡሒ࿈᭡ Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance ࡞ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋࡷ㌱㝪ࠉᆀ᪁ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ㤫ㅓ ⩽࡛さຊᢰ⩽ࡡୌのẮྞࠉᙲ⫃ࠉ⤊Ṍ➴ࢅྱࡴ࡙᥎㍍ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 141 African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, pp. 177-235, 240-245; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 100. 142 African Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, pp. 258-260. ࣆࣛ࢜ࣤ࣬ࣚࢵࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉレ⣵ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦ ࢺࡡᐁㄢᰕࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽཤ⩻࡛ࡾࠊࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗහࡡᆀᇡืࡡㄢᰕࠉᩅఌ࣬㝌࣬ࢪࢰࢩ࣑࡚ࡡṽᐐࠉዥᛮ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾᙁጩࠉᏄࡵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸງ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵレ⣵ㄢᰕ⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊAfrican Rights, Rwanda: Death, Despair, and Defiance, chapter. 7-13 (pp. 258-993). 143 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 100. 144 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, p. 245㸝㑝ゼࠉ245 㡣㸞ࠊ 145 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 101; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 178㸝㑝ゼࠉ212 㡣㸞 ࠊ 146 S/RES/912 (1994), 21 April 1994. 147 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 193. 148 S/RES/918 (1994), 17 May 1994. 149 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 179㸝㑝ゼࠉ213 㡣㸞 ࠊ 150 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 103. 151 S/RES/929 (1994), 22 June 1994. 152 Minear, Soldiers to the Rescue, p. 95. 153 Vaccaro, J. Mattew, “The Politics of Genocide: Peacekeeping and Disaster,” in William J. Durch ed., UN Peacekeeping, American Politics, and the Uncivil Wars of the 1990s, New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1996, p. 384; Joint Evaluation of Emergency Assistance to Rwanda, The International Response to Conflict and Genocide: Lessons from the Rwanda Experience, vol. 3, Humanitarian Aid and Effects, Copenhagen: Steering Committee of the Joint Evaluation, 1996, pp. 87-107. 154 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 104. 163 155 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 104. 156 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 180-181㸝㑝ゼࠉ214-215 㡣㸞ࠊ 157 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 2000, p. 250㸝㑝ゼࠉ250 㡣㸞ࠊ 158 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 195. 159 CDC, “Morbidity and Mortality Surveillance in Rwandan Refugees – Burundi and Zaire, 1994,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, Vol. 45, No. 5, 9 February 1996, pp. 104-107. 160 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 105-108; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 181-188㸝㑝ゼࠉ215-223 㡣㸞 ࠊ 161 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 203-204㸝㑝ゼࠉ240-241 㡣㸞ࠊMartin, Hard Choice after Genocide, p. 161. 162 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 204-207㸝㑝ゼࠉ241-243 㡣㸞 ࠊMartin, Hard Choice after Genocide, p. 161. 163 ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡵࡡࢅཤ⩻࡞ࡊࡒࠊWheeler, Saving Strangers, pp. 257-284; Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 139-146, 149-154; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 132-171㸝㑝ゼࠉ158-201㡣㸞ࠊUNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees, 2000, pp. 233-235, 238-239, 241-243㸝㑝ゼࠉ233-235, 238-239, 241-243㡣㸞ࠊᱭᮇᾀᚷ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ ິ1999㸯ࣁࣜ࢜ࣤࡡᆀ㫾ࡽࠗࠉ♣ఌフㄵ♣ࠉ1999ᖳࠊ⏣⏛ᖶᙢࠖࢤࢮ࣍⣦ண—෫ᡋᚃࡡᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ༱ᶭࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ 1999ᖳࠊ⸠ாᏄࠔࢤࢮ࣍ኣᅗ⡘㌱㸝KFOR㸞࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪⓏㅎၡ㢗ࠕࠖNUCM Journal of Economics and Information Science 㸝ྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗㸞ࠗ➠50ᕬ➠1ྒࠉ2005ᖳࠉ195-214㡣ࠊ℡ᒱ├ࠔᅗ㏻㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⛓ᗆ࡛ḿ⩇ࡡ┞ ගѸNATOࡡࢤࢮ࣍✭⇷ࢅ⣪ᮞ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠕࠖྜྷᚷ♣ἪᏕࠗ➠57ᕬ➠1ྒࠉ2005ᖳࠉ203-313㡣ࠊ㍧├ࠔࢤࢮ࣍࠾ࡼᚋࡒࠔெ 㐠Ⓩᖱῦࠕㄵ࡛ᅗ㏻ᨭ㠁ࠕࠖྞᇖἪᏕㄵ㞗ࠗ➠29ᕬࠉ2002ᖳࠉ75-84㡣ࠊᏽᙟ⾠ࠔࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡNATO✭⇷࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࠕ ࠖྞཿᒁኬᏕἪᨳㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ➠202ᕬࠉ2004ᖳࠉ353-386㡣ࠊ 164 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 139. 165 S/RES/1160 (1999), 31 March 1998. 166 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 135-136㸝㑝ゼࠉ160, 162 㡣㸞 ࠊ 167 Solana, Javier, “Javier Solana, Press Conference at NATO HQ in Brussels”, 13 October 1998 (http://www.nato.int/docu/speech/1998/s981013b.htm (1 January 2007)). 168 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, pp. 141-142. 169 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 139-140㸝㑝ゼࠉ166-167 㡣㸞 ࠊ 170 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 142㸝㑝ゼࠉ169 㡣㸞 ࠊ 171 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 142; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 142㸝㑝ゼࠉ169 㡣㸞 ࠊ 172 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 142㸝㑝ゼࠉ169 㡣㸞 ࠊ 173 Weiss, Military-Civilian Interactions, p. 142; Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 142-144㸝㑝ゼࠉ169-171 㡣㸞 ࠊ 174 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 144-148㸝㑝ゼࠉ171-175 㡣㸞 ࠊ 175 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 148-149㸝㑝ゼࠉ175-176 㡣㸞 ࠊ 176 ⏣⏛ᖶᙢࠖࢤࢮ࣍⣦ணࠗ ࠉ53 㡣ࠊ 177 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 153㸝㑝ゼࠉ181 㡣㸞 ࠊ 178 UNHCR, The State of the World’s Refugees 2000, p. 241㸝㑝ゼࠉ241 㡣㸞 ࠊOgata, The Turbulent Decade, p. 153㸝㑝ゼࠉ181 㡣㸞 ࠊ 179 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 162-166㸝㑝ゼࠉ190-195 㡣㸞 ࠊ 164 ➠ 5 ❮ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ 1 ᗆㄵ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࠕ࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ㌱Ὡິெ㐠 ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾさ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᣪࡅࡾᚪさࡵ ࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ๑⩽ࡡᇱ‵ࢅඖ㊂ࡊ࠷㌱ථࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼெ㐠Ⓩථ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᚃ⩽ࡡᇱ‵ࢅඖ㊂ࡊ࠷㌱ථࡢࠉ๑⩽ࡡᇱ‵ࢅ ㊂ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ㌱ථࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩຝᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡞㐛ࡁࡍࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌ ࡾ㌱ථ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱⾔ິ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦よࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ௧ୖ ࡡᄿࡗࡡㄵⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉ㌱⾔ິࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ㌱Ὡິࡡ ୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡢ㌱⾔ິࡡḿᙔࢅណࡌࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ㌱⾔ິࡡḿᙔ ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᡋண࡛ぞ⠂࡛ࡡ㛭౿࠾ࡼࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ❟ሔࢅᓠื࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡋணぞ⠂ ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾ⌟ᐁ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡋணぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾ ࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࠉࡐࡊ࡙ࠉぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀᡋணᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛࠷ ࠹ḿᡋㄵࡡ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᡋணࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠾ࡼ࠷ࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵࡡ❟ሔ࠾ࡼெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇ࡢᡋண ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅᅗ─ࡡ㏛ị࡞㝀ᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵ௧አ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒḿᙔࡡྊ⬗ᛮࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊᡋ㜒࡛ ぞ⠂࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ₳Ὦࢅ⌦よࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ⌦よ࡞ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ ᢍᥩᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾⅤࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ㌱⾔ິࢅḿᙔࡌࡾḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊḿᡋㄵࡢࠉ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞࡷ ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾཿཿ࠾ࡼ୯ୠࡡḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ⌟ᅗ㝷Ἢࡷ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ ࡡ⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞⤽ᢆࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾㅎ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡᇱ‵㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡛Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡᇱ‵㸝jus in bello㸞ࡡࡗࡡᇱ‵࡞ᓠืࡈࡿࠉ๑⩽ࡢḿᙔ⌦⏜ࡷḿᙔᶊ 165 ጸࡡㅎᇱ‵࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࠉᚃ⩽ࡢᕣืཋ์ࡷẒౚᛮࡡᇱ‵࠾ࡼᙟᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⌦よࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ‵ࡵㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡ㆗ㄵࡡ୯࡚ࠉ ᮇ✇ࡡ᭩ኬࡡㄵⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢḿᡋㄵ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈ ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾሔྙࡡྙἪᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊḿᡋㄵ ࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉ ⌟ᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵࡛ࠉྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅᏰࡌࡾḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵࡞༇ื࡚ࡀࡾࠊ ⌟ᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡛㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິࡡࡲྙἪᡋண࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࠉ෫ ᡋ࡛෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡡ᰷ᣈࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅスᏽࡊࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡ ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞࠽ࡄࡾྙἪᛮࡡ㐲ྫྷࡵ᳠ッࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ᄿࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾሔྙࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵ࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 5 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ⏕ྊ⬗࡛ࡽࠉࡻࡽཚ࡚ḿ☔ᇱ ‵ᚪさ࡛ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᭯ງ㆗ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾጟဤఌ㸝ICISS㸞ሒ࿈ ᭡ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴㸝Responsibility to Protection㸞ࠗࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡐࡡḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅㄕ㏑ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿ ᙔ⌦⏜࡛ḿᙔᶊጸࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ࡐࡡḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᮇ✇ࡡ᭩ኬ ࡡㄵⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇௧አࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ᰷ᣈࢅ⏕࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࠾࠹࠾ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵよ➽ࢅ᪺♟࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 2 ᡋண࡛ぞ⠂Ѹࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ₳ὮѸ (1) ⌟ᐁ⩇ ᡋண࡛ぞ⠂࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ❟ሔᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇㸝realism㸞 ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⌟ᐁ⩇ࡡ⌦ㄵ࡚ࡢࠉᡋணࡢᅗ─ࡡ㏛ịࡡᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᡋண࡞ᑊࡌࡾἪⓏ࣬㐠⩇Ⓩぞโࡢࠉᅗ ᐓࡡᏋ⤾࡛ᅗ─ࡡ㏛ị࡛࠷࠹┘Ⓩࢅ๑࡞ࡊ࡙↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࣀࣤࢪ࣬ ࣓࣭ࢣࣤࢮ࣭㸝Hans Morgenthau㸞ࠉE. H. ࣭࢜㸝E. H. Carr㸞ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾኣࡂࡡ⌟ᐁ⩇⩽ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡡ Ꮛ⤾ࡷᅗ─ࡡ㏛ịࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᡋணࡡⓆິࢅ↋โ㝀࡞ᐖヾࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉአஹ࡛࠷࠹ᖲⓏᡥṹࡡᚪさ 166 ᛮࢅᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇⩽ࡢࠉᡋணࡡᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵ↋โ㝀ࡡṽᡐࡷ◒ቪ⾔Ⅵࢅᐖ ヾࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐࡡ≓∽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᭩ኬ㝀࡞┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᡋ㜒ࡡ┘ᵾ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡌ ࡾࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉぞ⠂Ⓩึ᩷࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᡋணࡡᡥṹࠉぞᶅࠉ㛣ࢅỬᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡽࠉᡋண࡛ぞ⠂ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌟ᐁ⩇ࡡ⌦ㄵࡢㄕᚋᛮࢅḖࡂࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⌟ᐁࡡᅗ㝷♣ ఌ࡚ࡢࠉ➠ 2 ❮࡚㆗ㄵࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ᡋணⓆິࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ᡋண㐑⾔ࡡᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪⓏ࣬㐠⩇Ⓩぞโᅗᐓ࡞ ᑊࡊ࡙ㄚࡈࡿࠉࡐࡡぞโᙁࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇ࡡ⌦ㄵࡢ⌟ᐁࡡᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡິྡྷࢅᢍᥩࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᩃࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇⩽ࡢࠉᅗᐓᡋணࢅぞโࡌࡾぞ⠂ࢅ㐋⬲ࡊ࡙ᡋணࢅ⾔ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒᐁ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉᡋ ண࡛ぞ⠂࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡌࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉぞ⠂ࡢࡐࡡ㐺Ꮼࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࡐࡡ ណ⩇ࡷ┘Ⓩࢅ႕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠷ࠊᅗහ♣ఌ࡚ࡵṽெ⾔ࢂࡿࡒᐁ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ṽெࢅぞโࡌࡾἪࡷ㐠 ᚠ↋ណ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢ᩷ゕ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᡋணᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒᐁ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᡋணࢅぞโࡌࡾἪࡷ㐠ᚠ ↋࡞ᖉࡌࡾ࡛ࡢᘿ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡊ࠾࡞ࠉᡋணࢅぞโࡌࡾぞ⠂ࡡ㐋⬲ࡡ⛤ᗐቌኬࡌࡿࡣࠉ ᡋணࢅぞโࡌࡾぞ⠂ࡡຝᯕࡢ΅ࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠉᡋணࡢぞ⠂࡛↋㛭౿࡞㐑⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹⌟ᐁ⩇ ࡡᡋணふࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾᐁ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ (2) ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ ➠ࡢࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇㸝absolute pacifism㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡢࠉᵕࠍᏺᩅⓏ࣬㐠ᚠⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡋணᢼ⤧ࡈࡿࡾࡀ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡌࡾ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡ්ὑ♡Ὤࠉࣆ ࣝࣤࢺὬ㸝ࢠ࢙࣭࣭࢜ᩅ㸞ࠉ࣒ࢿࢻࢹὬࡢࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅࡡᠼᚂࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠔỚṽࡌࡆ࡛࠾ࡿࠕࢅ ཚ࡞㐺Ꮼࡊ࡙ᡋண⾔Ⅵࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࢅཱིࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࣆࣝࣤࢺὬࡢࠉᡋண࡞ᑊࡌࡾᚡ ඹᢼྫྷࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡵᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᩅࠉࣃࣤࢺ࣭ ᩅࠉࢩࣔࢻᩅࡡ᮶᪁ᏺᩅ࡞භ㏳ࡌࡾṽ⏍ࡡᩅ⌦ࡢࠉࣤࢺࡡ࣓࣭ࣀࣤࢱ࣭ࢪ࣑࣬࢜ࣚࢲࣔࣤࢺ࣬ ࣭࢝ࣤࢸ࣭㸝Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi㸞ࡡ㟸ᬸງᢤᢘ⩇ࡡ㐘ິ࡞ኣኬᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࡗࡡᢀึ⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉᅗᐓࡷெ༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡼࡿ 167 ࡒሔྙ࡚ࡈ࠻ࠉᬸງᡥṹࢅ⏕࠷ࡒᢤᢘࡢᐖヾࡈࡿ࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ᢀึ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇⩽ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼ ࡹࡾᬸງⓏᡥṹࢅᢼ⤧ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᅗᐓࡡᏋ⤾ࡷ⮤ᕤࡡ⏍Ꮛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ㟸ᬸງⓏᡥ ṹ࡚ᢤᢘࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡ⏍ࡵᗛࡵ႕ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗᐓࡵ⁓ஷࡊࡒ࡛ ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉୌࡗࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ❟ሔ࡛ࡊ࡙ୌ㈇ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ᅗᐓࡢᑊአⓏᶊࢅಕᣚࡊࠉ ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ␆࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⮤⾠ᶊࡡⓆິࢅᐖヾࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ ெࡵ⏍Ꮛᶊࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙ࠉ⩽࠾ࡼࡡ༱ᐐ࡞ᑊࡌࡾḿᙔ㜭⾠ヾᐖࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉἪ࡞ ᇱࡘࡂᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᶊฺࡡ⾔ࡢᅗᐓࡷெࡡ⮤⏜㔖࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ ࠻ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡷḿᙔ㜭⾠ࢅ⾔ࡊ࠷ᅗᐓࡷெࡡ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ❟ሔࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ࡒࡓࡊࠉ ⌟ᐁ⩇⩽ࡷᖉ⤎⩇⩽ᢀึࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᅗᐓࡡᣞᑙ⩽ࡆࡡࡻ࠹㐠⩇Ⓩ❟ሔࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙ࠉ ᅗᐓࢅᓻቪࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ⤎ᯕ㈈௴ࢅၡࢂࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉᅗࡷ⩽༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒሔྙࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹༱ᐐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᬸງᡥṹࢅ⏕࠷ࡒᢤᢘࡢᐖ ヾࡈࡿ࠷ࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ᢀึ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡞ᑊࡌࡾᢀึࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉᖲ⩇⩽ࡢᅗ ࡷெࡡ❋≟ࢅ๑࡞ࡊ࡙എふࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ㄏよ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᢀึࡵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡢࠉᬸງ ᡥṹ࡚ࡢ࠷ᡥṹࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗࡡ⏍Ꮛ࡛⩽ࡡ⏍ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᢤᢘࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇⩽ࠉ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾຊᐐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㟸ᬸງⓏᡥṹ࡚ᢤᢘࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⩽็⿍ᐐࢅ ུࡄࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉᬸງⓏᡥṹࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛㟸㞬ࡈࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (3) ḿᡋㄵ ➠ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵ㸝Just war theory㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵࡢࠉᏺᩅࠉ㐠ᚠࡷ⌦ࠉἪᚂ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐖヾࡈࡿࡾ ᡋண࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊḿᡋㄵࡢࠉᡋணࡡ⩇ຸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚ࡢࡂᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ ᡋணࡡ⩇ຸࢅᅗᐓ࡞ㄚࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ≁ᏽࡡ᮪௲ୖ࡚ࡡṂງ⾔ࢅᅗᐓࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐖヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡆ࡚ᡋண࡛ぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡ㛭౿ࢅẒ㍉ࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ⌟ᐁ⩇ࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡙ᡋணࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᅗᐓࡡᏋ⤾࡛ᅗ─ࡡ㏛ị࡛࠷࠹ᨳⓏ౮ೋ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᡋணࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾ⌦ ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁ࠉḿᡋㄵࡢࠉᅗᐓࡡᏋ⤾ࡷᅗ─ࡡ㏛ị࡛࠷ࡖࡒᨳⓏ౮ೋࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᡋணࢅᤴ㝎ࡊ࠷ 168 ࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᡋணࡡ┘Ⓩࡷᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞโ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ⫧ᏽⓏ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⤧ᑊ ᖲ⩇ࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ୌวࡡᡋணࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࠉḿᡋㄵࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬Ἢ Ⓩぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘࡀࡼࡵࠉୌᏽ㝀ᗐࡡᡋண⾔Ⅵࢅ⫧ᏽࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝⾪ 18 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉᡋண࡛ぞ⠂࡞㛭ࡌࡾୌ⯙Ⓩ⌦ㄵฦᯊࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ ḿᙔࡡ⌦ㄵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ✪ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭㏻ࡘࡄ࡙ࠉᡋண࡛ぞ⠂࡞㛭 ࡌࡾࡗࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ₳Ὦࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࡲࡻ࠹ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅណࡌ ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ⌦ㄵࡢࠉ㌱⾔ࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾᚪさ࠵ࡽࠉㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞᥆ㄵ ࡌࡿࡣ⌟ᐁ⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾ࡡ⌦ㄵ࡚࠵ࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⌟ᐁ⩇࡚ࡢࠉᡋணࡢᅗᐓࡡ⏍ Ꮛ࡛ᅗ─ࡡ㏛ịࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡈࡿࡾࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾᡋ ணࡢḿᙔࡈࡿ࠷ࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ⌦ㄵࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡻࡾ࠾ ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝⾪ 19 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ௧ୖࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ⣌ㆍࠉㅎᇱ‵ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᚺ⏕࡞㛭ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࢅ ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ⾪ 18 ᅗ㝷ぞ⠂⌦ㄵ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᡋணࡡḿᙔ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࡗࡡ❟ሔ ⌟ᐁ⩇ Realism ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉᅗ─࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ Absolute Pacifism ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ ḿᡋㄵ Just War Theory ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊ ⾪ 19 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࡗࡡ❟ሔ ⌟ᐁ⩇ ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥ Realism ᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ㸝ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞ࡢᐖヾࡈࡿ࠷ࠊ ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥ Absolute Pacifism ᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ㸝ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞ࡵᐖヾࡈࡿ࠷ࠊ ḿᡋㄵ ᡋணࡢࠉ⌦Ⓩ࣬ἪⓏぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀሔྙ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠 Just War Theory ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ㸝ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸞ᐖヾࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊ 3 ḿᡋㄵ (1) ḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ㄵⓏ⣌ㆍ ⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵࡢࠉཿཿ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᨳᐓ࣬ᛦᐓ࣏ࣜࢠࢪ㸲ࢹࣜࣛࢪ࣬࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞ㸝Marcus 169 Tullius Cicero㸞ࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㸝De Officiis㸞ࠗ1࡞⏜ᮮࡌࡾ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞࡡᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄࡒ࢞ ࣛࢪࢹᩅူᏕ⩽ࡡࣝࣛࢪ࣬ࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪ㸝Aurelius Augustinus㸞ࠖ♼ࡡᅗ㸝De Civitate Dei㸞ࠗ 2 ࠉࢪࢤࣚူᏕࡡࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪ㸝Thomas Aquinas㸞ࠖ♼Ꮥኬධ㸝Summa Thologica㸞ࠗ3࢞ࣛࢪࢹ ᩅ♼Ꮥ࡞ᇱࡘࡂḿᡋㄵࡡ⾪ష࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡐࡡᚃࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉࢪ࣋ࣤࡡࢪࢤࣚὬ♼Ꮥ⩽ࣆ ࣚࣤࢨࢪࢤ࣬ࢸ࣬ࣄࢹࣛ㸝Francisco de Vitoria㸞ࠖࣤࢸ࢛࡛ᡋணἪ㸝De Indis et De Jure Belli㸞ࠗ4ࠉ ࢪ࣋ࣤ♼Ꮥ⩽ࣆࣚࣤࢨࢤ࣬ࢪࣝࢪ㸝Francisco Suárez㸞ࠔᡋண࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㸝De Bello㸞ࠕ5࡞⤽ᢆࡈࡿࡒ ᚃࠉࢰࣛࡡἪᏕ⩽࣭ࣜ࣊ࣛࢤ࣬ࢣࣤࢷ࣭ࣛ㸝Alberico Gentilli㸞ࠖᡋணἪ㸝De Jure Belli㸞ࠗ6ࠉ࢛ ࣚࣤࢱࡡᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽࡚ࠔᅗ㝷Ἢࡡ∏ࠕ࡛ࡵࡣࡿࡾࣆ࣭ࢥ࣭࣬ࢡ࣭ࣞࢷࢪ㸝Hugo Grotius㸞ࠖᡋண࡛ ᖲࡡἪ㸝De Jure Belli ac Pacis㸞ࠗ7ࠉࢺࢵࡡ⮤↓ἪᏕ⩽ࢧ࣑࢙ࣜ࣬ࣆࣚࣉࣜ࣬ࣆ࢚ࣤ࣬ࣈ࣭ࣆ࢘ࣤ ࢺࣜࣆ㸝Samuel Freiherr von Pufendorf㸞ࠖ⮤↓Ἢ࡛ẰἪ㸝De Jure Naturae et Gentium㸞ࠗ8࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⮤↓ Ἢࡡิᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽࡛ࡐࡡⴥష࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ཿཿ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࡡᡋண࡞㛭 ࡌࡾᛦࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ♼Ꮥࢅ⤊࡙ࠉิ࣬⌟ᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉ1945 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ืⓏ࣬㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ᶊ࡛㌱Ⓩᙁโ ᥈⨠௧አࡡṂງ⾔㐢Ἢࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ୌࡗࡡ༇วࡽࢅ㎼࠻ࠉ1974 ᖳࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⥪ఌ࡚␆ࡡᏽ⩇࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾỬ㆗㸝A/3314 (XXIX)㸞ᢝࡈࡿ࡙9ࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡡⓆິࡡさ௲࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ␆ᏽ⩇ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒࠊ 1977 ᖳࠉᨳ⌦ㄵ◂✪ࡡ࣏ࢢ࢚ࣜ࣬ࣜࢵ࣭ࠉࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ᡋண࡞ᑊࡌࡾཬᡋࡡ❟ሔࢅ⌦ㄵⓏ࡞ ᰷ᣈࡘࡄࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࠖḿᙔᡋண࡛ᙔᡋண㸝Just and Unjust Wars㸞ࠗ10ࢅᇮ➱ࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ ḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵὩⓆ࡞ࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡢࠉ⌟ࡡᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡἪࡷ⛓ᗆ࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞ⠂࡛ ୌ⮬ࡌࡾࠉ␆࡞ᑊࡌࡾᡋணࢅḿᡋ࡛న⨠ࡘࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ↋โ㝀ᡋணࢅ⫧ᏽࡌࡾ⌟ᐁ⩇ࢅᢀึࡊࡒ11ࠊ ࡐࡡᚃࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡢࠉ⌟ᅹࡡḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠖḿᙔᡋண࡛ᙔᡋணࠗࢅᄿᗐᨭゖࡌࡾ ୌ᪁ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠖᡋண࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵண㸝Arguing about War㸞ࠗ12ࡡ୯࡚㆗ ㄵࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉḿᡋㄵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⾪Ⓩ⌦ㄵᐓࡡୌெ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉࣆ࣐࢘ࢼࢫ࣑ᨳ⌦ㄵ◂✪ࡡࢩࣔࣤ࣬ ࣊ࢪࢠ࢙࣬ࣜࢨࣖࢰࣤ㸝Jean Bethke Elshtain㸞ࡵࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ㔔さ◂✪⩽ࡡୌெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ෫ᡋୖࡡᰶඹ ჹ⏕ࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵᩝ㞗࡚࠵ࡾࠖḿᡋㄵ㸝Just War Theory㸞ࠗ13ࢅ⥽㞗ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 170 ⌟ᅹ࡚ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⌦ㄵ࡛ᚺ⏕࡞㛭ࡌࡾ◂✪ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉḚᕗࡡḿᡋㄵࡡᏺᩅⓏ࣬ἪⓏ㉫″࡞㛭ࡌࡾ ṌྍⓏ◂✪ࠉḚᕗ௧አࡡᆀᇡ࡚ࡡḿᡋㄵ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᆀᇡⓏ◂✪ᴗࡴ࡙レ⣵࠾ࡗኣᵕ◂✪ࡌ࡚࡞ᒈ 㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᨳ⌦ㄵ◂✪ࡡࢷ࣭ࣛ࣬ࢻ࣭ࢸࣤ㸝Terry Nardin㸞⥽㞗ࡊࡒࠖᡋண࡛ᖲࡡ⌦㸝The Ethics of War and Peace㸞ࠗ14ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵ࡛⌟ᐁ⩇ࡡᑊ❟ࠉࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅ࡛ࣗࢱࣕᩅࡡḿᡋㄵࠉḿᡋㄵ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡛ࣆ࣐࢘ࢼࢫ࣑ࡡᣦᡋ࡛࠷ࡖࡒࠉ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂࢅ₳Ὦ࡛ࡌࡾḿᡋㄵ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾᡋண ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᛦⓏ࣬⌦ㄵⓏ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ㔔さ◂✪᭡࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵࠉἪโྍࢅᑍ㛓࡛ࡌࡾᒜහ㐅 ⥽㞗ࡊࡒࠖࠔḿࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᛦࠗ15ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡṌྍࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ࡛ࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅࡡḿᡋࢅࡴ ࡃࡾᑊ❟ࠉ ᭩㎾ࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ḿᡋࡡၡ㢗ࢅཱིࡽථࡿࡒඁࡿࡒḿᡋㄵࡡ◂✪᭡࡛ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑࡛ḿᡋ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࢩࣔࣤ࣬࣊ࢪࢠ࢙࣬ࣜࢨࣖࢰࣤࡡᇮ➱ࡊࡒࠖࢷ ࣞࣛࢫ࣑࡞ᑊࡌࡾḿᡋ㸝Just War against Terror㸞ࠗ16⾪Ⓩㄵ⩻࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵࡢࠉኣᵕ࠾ࡗᗀ⠂⌦ㄵⓏᒈ㛜ࢅぜࡎ࡙࠷ࡾࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᡋணࡡḿ ᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࢂࡾᇱ‵ࢅᵋ⠇ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉḿᡋㄵ࡚ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡾᡋணࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ‵ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵ㏑ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ (2) ḿᡋㄵࡡㅎᇱ‵ ḿᡋㄵ࡚ࡢࠉᡋணࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾ㝷࡞ၡ㢗࡛ࡾṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡛ࠉᡋண㐑⾔୯ ࡞ၡ㢗࡛ࡾṂງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus in bello㸞ࡡࡗࡡḗඔ࡞ᓠืࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ 17 ࠊ௧ୖࠉḿᡋㄵࡡཋᆵ࡛ࡖࡒࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᴣふࡊࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ࡛Ṃງ ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮࡡࡗ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᇱ‵ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 1) ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪࠖ♼Ꮥኬධࠗ ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪࡢࠉࠖ♼Ꮥኬධࠗࡡ୯࡚ࠉ࢞ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇⩽࠾ࡼࡡᢀึࢅཬ㥅ࡌࡾᙟᘟ ࡚ࠉࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᘤ⏕ࡊࡼࠉḿᙔᡋண࡛ࡊ࡙ᐖヾࡈࡿࡾ᮪௲࡞ࡗ࠷࡙㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࢠࢻࢪࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮᇱ‵㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡ 3 ࡗࡡ᮪௲ࢅᣪࡅ ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉḿᙔᶊጸ㸝right authority㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋணࢅⓆິࡌࡾḿᙔᶊጸࡢᶊ⩽࡚࠵ࡖ࡙⚶ 171 ெ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᶊ⩽පභࡡᯮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉපභࡡᯮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾහአࡡᐐ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜭⾠࡛โᶊ⩽࡞ᐖヾࡈࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉḿᙔ⌦⏜㸝just cause㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋண ࢅⓆິࡌࡾḿᙔ⌦⏜ࡢࠉ㐛⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ㐛⾔Ⅵࢅᨭࡴࡍࠉ␆ཱི∸ࢅ㏁㑇ࡊ ࠷⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾโ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉḿᙔណᛦ㸝right intention㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋணࢅⓆິࡌࡾḿᙔណᛦࡢࠉ ၻࢅ๑㐅ࡈࡎ࡙ᝇࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾណᛦ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ␆⾔Ⅵࡷṟ⹚⾔Ⅵࢅິᶭ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᖲࡡ☔ಕ࡛ᝇ⩽ࡡโࢅິᶭ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࡗࡡ᮪௲ࡢࠉ ⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ♇ࢅࡌࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ18ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࢠࢻࢪࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮᇱ‵㸝jus in bello㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡ 2 ࡗࡡ᮪௲ࢅᣪࡅ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ↋㎗ࡡெࠍ㸝innocent㸞࡞ᑊࡌࡾṽᐐࡡ⚏Ḿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࡢࠉᮇ㈻Ⓩ࡞ࡢ⨝ࡀ ⩽࡚࠵ࡾࠉ♼ࡡ㏸∸࡚࠵ࡾࡹ࠻࡞យࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉභ㏳ၻ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ึ᩷ࡌࡿ ࡣࠉ⨝ࢅ≚ࡊࡒ⩽ࢅṽᐐࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢḿᙔ࡚࠵ࡽࠉභ㏳ၻ࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡾ↋㎗ࡡெࠍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾṽᐐࡢḿ࡚࠵ ࡾ19ࠊ➠ࡢࠉẒౚᛮ㸝proportionality㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤ᕤಕᏋ⮤↓⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾᨶ࡞ࠉ⮤ᕤ㜭⾠ࡡࡒࡴ ࡞⩽ࢅṽᐐࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡐࡡណᅒ⮤ᕤ㜭⾠࡞㝀ࡼࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ḿᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࠉណᅒⓏ࡞⩽ࢅṽᐐࡊ ࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢḿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᚪさ௧୕ࡡ༱ᐐࢅ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ḿ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉṒฬ ᇮ⾔ᏻභ㏳ၻࡡࡒࡴ࡞⩽ࢅណᅒⓏ࡞ṽᐐࡌࡾሔྙࢅ㝎ࡂ࡛ࡈࡿࡾ20ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࢠࢻࢪࡡḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࡢࠉิᅗ㝷ἪᏕ⩽ࡡ⮤↓Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㆗ㄵࢅ⤊࡙ࠉ⌟ᅗ㝷 ἪࡡᐁᏽἪ࡞⤽ᢆࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁ࠉ 㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵࡡ୯࡚㆗ㄵᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᇱ‵ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ ௧ୖࠉ ⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵ࡞࠽ࡄࡾḿᡋࡡᇱ‵࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡛Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹ ࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus in bello㸞ࡡࡗࡡḗඔ࠾ࡼࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 2) Ṃງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ Ṃງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ 6 ࡗࡡᇱ‵࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡḿᡋㄵᏽᘟࡊࡒ 3 ࡗࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠉḿᙔ⌦⏜㸝just cause㸞ࠉḿᙔ ណᛦ㸝right intention㸞ࠉḿᙔᶊጸ㸝right authority㸞࡛ࠉࡆࡿ࡞㏛ຊࡈࡿࡒ 3 ࡗࡡཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉẒౚᛮ 㸝proportionality㸞ࠉᠺຉࡡྙ⌦Ⓩᙽ㸝probability of success㸞ࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ㸝last resort㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 172 ḿᙔ⌦⏜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡཿⓏḿᡋㄵࠉ㐛࠵ࡾ⾔Ⅵ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾโࡡഁ㟻ࢅᙁ ㄢࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓᶊࡷ㡷ᇡⓏ⤣ྙ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᐐࡡ㜭⾠ࡡഁ㟻ᙁㄢࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࢚ࣜ ࢵ࣭࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࡐࡡᵋᠺᅗࡡᅗᐓᶊ࡛㡷ᇡⓏ⤣ྙࢅᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ぞᏽࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡᶊ ࡛㡷ᇡⓏ⤣ྙࢅ≚ࡌࡾ␆ࡡ⾔Ⅵࡢࠉᡋணࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜ࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ21ࠊ␆⾔Ⅵࡡ๑࡞โ ᨯᦹセᐖࡈࡿࡾࡡ࠾ࠉᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ␆࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⿍␆ᅗ࡞ࢂࡖ࡙ཬᦹࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢセᐖࡈࡿࡾ ࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ㝮Ⓩၡ㢗࠵ࡾࠉ␆ࡡᏋᅹᡋணࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡢࢂࡽ࠷ࠊ ᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉᅗᐓࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ṃງᨯᦹࢅຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉṂງ⾔⩇ຸࡡౚአ ࡛ࡊ࡙⮤⾠ᶊࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛セᐖࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉืⓏ࣬㞗ᅆⓏ⮤⾠ᶊࡵྜྷᵕ࡞ᶊฺ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾᐖ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢࠉโࡡഁ㟻ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡂࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᖲ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠉᖲࡡ◒ቪཧࡢ␆⾔ⅥࡡᏋᅹࢅỬᏽࡊ ࡙ࠉ㌱โࢅⓆິࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࡚ࡀࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉᡋணࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗᐓ␆࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᅗ ᐓᶊ࡛㡷ᇡⓏ⤣ྙࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞⮤⾠ᶊࢅ⾔ࡌࡾሔྙ࡛ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽ ධࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅⓆິࡌࡾሔྙࡡࡗ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ ḿᙔណᛦ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡḿᡋㄵ࠾ࡼ⌟ᅹࡡḿᡋㄵࡱ࡚භ㏳ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡࠉṽᡐ⾔Ⅵࡷ㡷 ᅰᣉᘿࡡ㔕ᚨࢅິᶭ࡛ࡊࡒᡋணࡢᐖヾ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᡋணࡢࠉᅗᐓᣞᑙ⩽ࡡᵕࠍິᶭ ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㐑⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ᑛࡂ࠷ࠉᑛࡂ࡛ࡵḿᙔ⌦⏜࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒណᛦ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ࠽ࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡᡋணࡡḿᙔណᛦ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᪺☔ぞᏽࡢ⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ ḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗᐓᡋணࡡḿᙔᶊጸ࡚࠵ࡾࡡཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉහᡋࡷአᅗࡡ᳔Ằᆀᨥ㒼 ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜒ண࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵṂງ⾔ࢅโᚒࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉᣞᥱ௦ࡡᶭ⬗ᩒങࡈࡿࡒ⤄⧂࡚࠵ ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡡḿᙔᶊጸࡡమ࡛ࡽ࠹ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ཬᅆమࠉஹᡋ ᅆమ㸝belligerency㸞ࠉẰ᪐よᨲᅆమ㸝national liberation movements㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ࠾ࡼᢆヾࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ᡋணࡡḿᙔᶊጸࡡᆀనࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉ ஹᡋᅆమࡢ 19 ୠ⣎௧๑ࡡโᗐ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ࡱࡒࠉẰ᪐よᨲᅆమࡢ 1970 ᖳ௧㜾ࡡโᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࠉẰ᪐よᨲᅆమࡡᢆヾࢅུࡄࡒᅆమࡢࡇࡂᑛᩐ࡞⏻ࡱ ࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᡋணࡡḿᙔమࡢཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸โᗐ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉḿᙔᶊጸࡢࠉᅗᐓ࡚ࡢࡂᅗ 173 ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 24 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᖲ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠉᖲࡡ◒ቪཧࡢ␆⾔ⅥࡡᏋᅹࢅỬᏽࡊ࡙ࠉຊ┍ᅗࡷᆀᇡⓏཱིᴗ࣬ᶭ㛭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㌱Ⓩ ᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛ࢅἪⓏ࡞⩇ຸࡘࡄࡾᶊ⬗ࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ Ẓౚᛮ࡛ᠺຉࡡྙ⌦Ⓩᙽ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ๑⩽ࠉṂງ⾔࡚☔ಕࡈࡿࡾฺ─࡛Ṃງ⾔ࡊ࠷ሔྙࡡ ᐐࢅẒ㍉⩻㔖ࡊ࡙ࠉ ฺ─ኣ࠷ሔྙ࡞ᡋண࡞ソ࠻ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩึ᩷࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡽࠉ ᚃ⩽ࡢࠉᡋணࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡṂງ⾔ࡡ᪁Ἢ࣬⛤ᗐ࣬㛣࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⩻㔖ࡊ࡙ࠉᠺຉࡡᙽ㧏 ࠷ሔྙ࡞ᡋண࡞ソ࠻ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩึ᩷࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵࠉᡋணࡢᅗᐓ ࡡฺ─ᣉኬࡌࡾྙ⌦ⓏᙽᏋᅹࡌࡾሔྙ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࠉࡆࡿ㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂࡛ࡾࡡ࠾ࡢၡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᙁᅗ࡛ᘽᑚᅗ࡛ࡡ㛣ࡡᡋண࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡᇱ‵࡞ᚉ࠻ࡣࠉᙁᅗࡢᡋண࡞ソ࠻ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ ࡽࠉᘽᑚᅗࡢᡋணࢅ᥅࠻ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹⤎ㄵ࡞㐡ࡌࡾࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᇱ‵ࡢᶊງ㛭౿ࢅ⫴ᬊ࡛ࡌࡾ ᨳⓏᇱ‵࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡿࡼࡡᇱ‵ࡢୌᅗᐓࡡᨳⓏึ᩷࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡢྜྷᵕࡡᇱ‵ࢅぞ ᏽࡊ࡙࠷࠷ࠊ Ṃງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮࡡ୯࡚᭩ࡵ㔔さᇱ‵ࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᖲⓏᡥṹᑸࡂࡈࡿ ࡒሔྙ࡞ࡡࡲࠉᡋண᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ࡞ᖲⓏᡥṹᑸ ࡂࡈࡿࡒ࡛᩷ᏽ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᪺☔ᇱ‵ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠉᖲⓏᡥṹࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽ㏛ịࡌࡾࡀ ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂ࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡぞᏽ࡞ࡵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠉᖲⓏよỬ⩇ຸ࡛⛘ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸࡷṂງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ㔔 さཋ์ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑➠ 12 ᮪➠ 1 㡧ࡢࠉᅗᐓࠉᅗஹ᩷⤧ࡡࡡ࠵ࡾ⣦ணⓆ⏍ࡊࡒሔ ྙ࡞ࠉ௯ึࡷྒྷἪึࡡึỬࢅ㏳ࡋࡒྒྷἪⓏよỬࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⌦ఌ࡞ᐼᰕࢅォࡊ࡙ᨳⓏよỬࢅ ᅒࡾ⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊࡒࠊึᡜࡡึỬ࡛⌦ఌࡡᐼᰕ࠾ࡼ 3 ࣧ᭮௧හࡢᡋண⚏Ḿࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉึ Ử࡛ᐼᰕࢅ㐺Ꮼࡌࡾᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵᡋணࡢ⚏Ḿࡈࡿࡒࠉࡆࡿ௧አࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᡋணࡢᅗᐓࡡᶊฺ࡛ࡊ ࡙⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑ࡡ࡞ࡢᅗ㝷 Ἢ୕ࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 33 ᮪➠ 1 㡧ࡢࠉᅗᐓࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⥌ᣚࢅ༱࠹ࡂࡌࡾࡡ࠵ࡾ ⣦ண࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉஹῦࠉᐼᰕࠉ௯ࠉㄢೳࠉ௯ึࠉྒྷἪⓏよỬࠉᆀᇡⓏᶭ㛭ཧࡢᆀᇡⓏཱིᴗࡡฺ⏕࡛ 174 ࠷ࡖࡒᖲⓏᡥṹࢅ➠ୌ⩇Ⓩ࡞ฺ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணࢅよỬࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷࡛ぞᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ 㝷㏻┍ぞ⣑࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 4 㡧ࡢࠉṂງࡡ⾔࡛ጸᄋࢅཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙⚏Ḿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ ࡚ࠉᅗᐓࡢᖲⓏよỬ⩇ຸࡡᩃࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ᡋணࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡗࡱࡽࠉᅗ㝷 ㏻ྙ❮ࡡ࡚ࡢࠉᖲⓏᡥṹᑸࡂࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡚ࡵᡋணࡢḿᙔ⾔Ⅵ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ ‵ࡢᅗ㝷Ἢࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᪁ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸โᗐࡡᯗහ࡚ࡢ༎ฦ࡞ᶭ⬗ࡌࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊᅗ㏻ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 33 ᮪➠ 2 㡧࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⥌ᣚࢅ༱࠹ࡂࡌࡾࡡ ࠵ࡾ⣦ண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗᐓ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᖲⓏよỬᡥṹࢅ࡛ࡾࡻ࠹࡞さㄫࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ ࡢࠉ ࡆࡡ⣦ணࢅᖲ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠉ ᖲࡡ◒ቪཧࡢ␆⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛➠ 39 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ửᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ⣦ணᙔᅗ࡞࿈ࢅ⾔࠷ࠉ➠ 41 ᮪࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒ㟸㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉᏭ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ➠ 42 ᮪ࡡぞᏽ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠔ➠ 41 ᮪࡞ᏽࡴࡾ᥈⨠࡚ࡢඖฦ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࡛ヾࡴࠉཧࡢ ඖฦࡆ࡛ึ᪺ࡊࡒ࡛ヾࡴࡾ࡛ࡀ࡞ࡢࠕࠉ㟸㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡞ຊ࠻࡙㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵྊ ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡢࠉᖲⓏよỬᡥṹ࡛㟸㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡ⾔ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗ 㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⥌ᣚࡊᅂᚗࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾሔྙ࡞ࡡࡲⓆິࡈࡿࡾ࡛よ㔐࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸โᗐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢ㐲⏕࡚ࡀࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 3) Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮ Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus in bello㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ 2 ࡗࡡᇱ‵࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉẒౚᛮ㸝proportionality㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡḿᡋㄵ࠾ࡼ⌟ࡡḿᡋㄵ࡞ࡵභ㏳ ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉᡋ㜒ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ༱ᐐࢅᩓ࡞࠻ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉᐐᩓ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾࣀ࣭ࢡἪࡆࡿ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾ22ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ↋㎗ࡡெࠍ㸝innocent㸞࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࡡ⚏Ḿ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤ࡛㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᑊᚺ ࢅ༇ืࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼᕣืཋ์㸝discrimination㸞࡛ࡵ⛘ࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࠉࢠࢻࢪࡡḿᡋㄵ࠾ࡼ⌟ࡡ ḿᡋㄵ࡞࠽࠷࡙භ㏳ࡌࡾཋ์࡚࠵ࡾ23ࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷Ἢ࡚ࡢࠉᡋண≓∽⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ ࡆࡿ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾཋ์࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹㸝⾪ 20 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ 175 ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ㸝jus ad bello㸞࡛Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔ ᛮ㸝jus in bello㸞ࡡࡗࡡḗඔ࡞༇ืࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ ‵࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉ⌟ࡡᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞᰷ᣈࢅ⨠ࡂぞᏽࡵᑛࡂࡂࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᇱ‵ࡢṂງ⾔ࡡ ྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅᵋᠺࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ⾪ 20 ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵㸝ྙἪᛮ࡛ḿᙔᛮ㸞 ᅗ㝷Ἢࡡᇱ‵㸝ྙἪᛮ㸞 ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵㸝ḿᙔᛮ㸞 ḿᙔ⌦⏜ ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪㸞 ␆࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗᐓࡡ㜭⾠㸝ᅗᐓᶊ࣬㡷 㸝just cause㸞 አᅗࡡ␆࡞ᑊࡌࡾืⓏ࣬㞗ᅆⓏ⮤ ᇡⓏ⤣ྙ࣬⮤Ửᶊࡡᐐ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑊᚺ㸞 ⾠ᶊࡡ⾔ ࣬ โᨯᦹ ࣬ ࡡᅗᐓࡷᅗẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ␆ࡡᑊ Jus ad bello㸤Ṃງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᛮ ᚺ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 42 ᮪㸞 ḿ⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾโ ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࡡ㞗ᅆ Ⓩ᥈⨠ ḿᙔណᛦ ≁ṹࡡぞᏽࡊ 㡷ᅰⓏᣉᘿࡷ⤊ῥⓏዞ࡛࠷ࡖࡒណᅒࢅ 㸝right intention㸞 ࡵࡖࡒᡋணࡡ⚏Ḿ ḿᙔᶊጸ ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔㸝➠ 51 ᮪㸞 ᅗᐓ࡞㝀ᏽ 㸝right authority㸞 ᅗᐓ࣬ᆀᇡᶭ㛭࣬Ằ᪐よᨲᅆమ࡞ヾᏽࡈ ᅗහమ࡚ḿᙔᶊጸ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾࡴࡼࡿࡾ ࡿࡒᅗහమ ࡡࡢࠉ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠㸝➠ 42 ᮪㸞 ࣬ አᅗࡡᨥ㒼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㜒ண ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ㸝Ửᏽమ㸞Ѝᅗᐓ࣬ ࣬ හᡋ㸝ஹᡋᅆమࡡᢆヾ㸞 ᆀᇡᶭ㛭㸝⾔Ⅵమ㸞 ࣬ Ṃງ⾔ࡡโᚒ࡛ᣞᥱ௦ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅ ಕᣚࡌࡾᅗᐓࡷ⤄⧂ Ẓౚᛮ ≁ṹࡡぞᏽࡊ ࣬ 㸝proportionality㸞 ᠺຉࡡྙ⌦Ⓩᙽ Ṃງ⾔࡚☔ಕࡈࡿࡾฺ─࡛Ṃງ⾔ ࡊ࠷ሔྙࡡᐐ࡛ࡡẒ㍉⩻㔖 ≁ṹࡡぞᏽࡊ ࣬ 㸝reasonable hope of success㸞 Ṃງ⾔ࡡ᪁Ἢ࣬⛤ᗐ࣬㛣࡞ࡻࡖ ࡙ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡ┘Ⓩࡡ㐡ᠺࡡ⛤ᗐࢅ ື᱄ࡌࡾ ᭩⤂ᡥṹ 㸝last resort㸞 ࣬ Ṃງ⾔ࡢࡡᖲⓏᡥṹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 42 ᮪㸞 ࡾ ⣦ணࡡᖲⓏよỬ㸝➠ 33 ᮪㸞Ѝ㟸㌱Ⓩ ᙁโ᥈⨠㸝➠ 41 ᮪㸞Ѝ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠㸝➠ 42 ᮪㸞 Jus in bellum㸤Ṃງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᛮ Ẓౚᛮ ࣀ࣭ࢡἪ ࣬ ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥἪ ࣬ 㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡛ᡋ㜒ဤࢅᓠืࡌࡾ ࣬ 㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ├࠾ࡗᨶណࡡ༱ 㸝proportionality㸞 㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࡡಕ㆜࡛ᨯᦹࡡඞ㝎 ᙔ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᚪさ༱ᐐࢅᅂ㑂ࡌ ࡾ㸝ᣕၡ➴ࡡᡥṹࡡ⚏Ḿ㸞 㸝noncombatant immunity㸞 ᐐࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾ㸝㔔ຝᯕࢺࢠࢹࣛࣤ㸞 ࣬ 176 㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ ➱⩽షᠺ (3) ெ㐠⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵ ࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡛ྙἪᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞ᮇⓏ࡞ථࡾ๑࡞ࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ḿᡋㄵ࡛ࡡ㛭 ౿ࢅよ᪺ࡊ࡙࠽ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛࠷࠹㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾぞ⠂Ⓩ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡽ ࠹ࡾࡡ࠾ࢅ᳠ッࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ᨳᏕ⩽࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾪Ⓩ◂✪⩽ࡡୌ ெ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࢱ࣑࣬ࣞࣁ࣭ࢵ㸝Adam Roberts㸞ࡢࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔெ㐠Ⓩ ථ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡢࠉ□┢⏕Ἢ㸝oxymoron㸞࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⌟ᐁࡡࡵࡡ࡛ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊᅗᐓࡷᅗ㝷㏻ྙ ࡢࠉ᭩㎾ࡡᐁ⾔ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇㸝humanitarianism㸞ࡡྞࡡୖ࡚ኬぞᶅṂງࡡ⾔ࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠕ 24 ࠊࣞࣁ࣭ࢵࡡゕ᪺ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡡ୯࡚ࠉ᭩ࡵ㔔さㄵⅤࡡୌࡗࢅ㗞ࡂᣞᦤࡌ ࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛㌱ථ࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡ□┢ࡌࡾ⌦ᛍ࡛⾔Ⅵ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾ⏕ ㄊ࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࠾ྫྷ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࡵᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉࣞࣁ࣭ࢵࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾኣࡂࡡ◂✪⩽ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡណࡷහᐖ࡞㛭ࡌࡾฦᯊࢅᅂ㑂ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡆࡡ□┢࡞よ➽ࢅ࠻࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ㏑࡞⤂ጙࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅណࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱ථ ࡛ࡱ࡚ࡢゕ᪺࡚ࡀ࠷࡛࠷࠹❟ሔࢅཱིࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛ ࠷࠹ㄵⅤࡢࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡡ᭩ࡵ㔔さㄵⅤࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉ➠ 3 ❮࡚ㄵ✪ࡊࡒெ㐠⩇ࡡᛦࡡ ㆗ㄵ࡛ࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻ࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡆࡡㄵⅤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾよ➽ࢅ♟ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡿࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡⅤࢅ✪᪺ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠⩇㸝➠ 3 ❮㸞࡛ᅗ㝷ெ 㐠Ἢ㸝➠ 2 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾሔྙࠉ ெ㐠⩇࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࠾ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛࠷࠹ἪⓏぞ⠂ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࠾ࢅᓠืࡊ࡙ ㆗ㄵࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢḿᡋㄵ࡛⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡ⣌ ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ㌱⾔ິࢅఔ࠹ࡡ࡚ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾᛦࡷぞ⠂ ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾᚪさ࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠⩇⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡢㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉࡆࡡⅤ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 177 ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᓠื࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉெ㛣ᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ យ㸝༡យ࣬㝼ெយ㸞ࢅណࡊࠉᕣืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂ⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾெࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡚࠵ࡖ ࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡἪⓏぞ⠂㸝ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㸞ࡢࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩᙽ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉഭ⩽࡞ ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡἪⓏ⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅࠉᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࠉᒓ⾔⩽ࠉ⩇ຸࡡᛮ㈻ࡡࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼẒ㍉ࡊ࡙ࡲࡒ࠷ࠊᨥ ᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ๑⩽ࡢࠉࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᚃ⩽ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணୖ࡞࠵ ࡾഭඹ࣬ᤍ࣬㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᨥᥴࡡᒓ⾔⩽࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ๑⩽ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ண࡛ ࡡ㛭ࢂࡽࡡ࠷➠⩽ࢅྱࡴࡒࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣ᨥᥴࡡ⩇ຸࢅㇿ࠹ୌ᪁࡚ࠉᚃ⩽ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡࡲᨥ ᥴࡡ⩇ຸࢅㇿ࠹ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ⩇ຸࡡᛮ㈻࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ẓ㍉ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ๑⩽ࡢࠉᏰධ⩇ຸ㸝㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸ㸞 ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⩇ຸࡡᒓ⾔࡞ᑊࡌࡾහⓏโ㸝හ┤㸞ࡡࡲᏋᅹࡌࡾࠉᚃ⩽ࡢࠉᏰධ⩇ຸ㸝ἪⓏ⩇ຸ㸞࡚࠵ ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⩇ຸࡡᒓ⾔࡞ᑊࡌࡾአⓏโ㸝ெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝㸞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ ᴗࡴ࡙ᗀ⠂ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㐠ᚠⓏ⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉࡐࡡᒓ⾔࡞ᑊࡌࡾโᏽ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᴗࡴ࡙㝀ᏽⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡἪⓏ⩇ຸࢅぞᏽࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝ᅒ 14 ཤ ↯㸞ࠊ 178 ᅒ 14 ெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ ெ㐠⩇㸝ᖲ࣬ᡋ㐲⏕㸞 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㸝ᡋ㐲⏕㸞 ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ெ㛣┞பࡡ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⩇ຸ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⩇ຸ ➠⩽ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ➠⩽ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ ➱⩽షᠺ ெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹࢅᐖヾࡌࡾ࠾ྫྷ࠾࡚᪺☔࡞ᑊᚺฦ࠾ࡿࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾយࢅណࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉយࡡᑊ㇗࠾ࡼᡋ㜒ဤࡵᤴ㝎ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉᡋ 㜒ဤយࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡾ㝀ࡽࠉᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࡢᐖヾࡈࡿ࠷ࠊᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡපᖲཋ์࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷࡙⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡡഭඹ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡡࡲᨥᥴᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡊ࠾ ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻࡙ࡻ࠷࡛࠷࠹ㄵ⌦Ⓩᖉ⤎ࡢᑙࡀฝࡎ ࠷ࠊୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡཬᑊよ㔐࠾ࡼ ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࢅᐖヾࡌࡾぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡒࡓࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ✒ᴗⓏ࡞⫧ᏽࡌࡾ࡛ࡱ࡚ࡢゕ᪺࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡆ࡚ࠉ➠ࡡㄵⅤ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢḿᡋㄵ࡛⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾࡡ ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵ✪ࡊ࡙ࡲࡻ࠹ࠊெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉ➠ୌࡡㄵⅤ࠾ࡼよ᪺ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࢅ⚏Ḿࡌ 179 ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ༱ᐐࢅᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡿᐖヾࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡆ࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇ࢅᇱ♇࡞ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹᭩ิࡡㄵⅤ࡞㆗ㄵࢅᡘࡊ࡙ࡲࡒ ࠷ࠊெ㐠⩇ࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙Ṃງ⾔ࢅఔ࠹ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ ࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࠵ࡼࡹࡾᙟឺࡡᡋணࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱ ࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡢࠉᡋ 㜒ᡥṹࢅぞโࡌࡾ jus in bello ࡡᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᡋணࡡⓆິࢅぞโࡌࡾ jus ad bellum ࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢ࠷࠾ࡼ ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪࡢṂງࡡⓆິࢅᐖヾࡌࡾぞᏽࢅໜྱࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࠾ࡼᡋணࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ ᰷ᣈࢅᑙฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࣅࢠࢷࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔᖲࡢࡌ ࡙ࡡெ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙㔔さ࡚ࡌࠉᖲࢅᐁ⌟ࡊࠉ⥌ᣚࡌࡾ᪁Ἢࡷࠉᖲࡡහᐖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ࡛ࢆណぜࡡୌ ⮬ぜࡼࡿࡱࡎࢆࠊ㸝୯␆㸞ࠊᖲࢅᏬࡽࠉࡻࡽⰃ࠷⛓ᗆࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡒࡴ࡞ス❟ࡈࡿࡒࡡᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ㉝ ༎Ꮚࡡࡻ࠹โ⣑ࢅᣚࡒࡍ࡞⮤⏜࡞⾔ິ࡚ࡀࡱࡌࠊᡋணࢅᗣ⤧ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ㐘ິ࡚ࡢࠉ⮤⮤ฦࡡᮇᮮ ࡡ≁ᛮ࡞↯ࡼࡊ࡙ࠉ⮤ฦࡡ࠻ࡾᡥṹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᡋ࠹ࡀࡡ࡚ࡌࠊᡋணࢅᗣ⤧ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㉝༎Ꮚ࠻ ࡾᡥṹࡢ㝀ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡱࡌࠊ㸝୯␆㸞ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉୌ⯙Ⓩᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡຑງ࡛࠷࠹Ⅴ࡚ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚࡢ㔔さ 㐠⩇Ⓩᶭ⬗ࢅᢰࡖ࡙࠷ࡱࡌࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉᡋ㜒ࡡ྅୯࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾᖲࡡࢨ࡛ࣤ࣍ࣜࡊ࡙ࡡさ⣪࡚ࡌࠊࡆࡡ ࡻ࠹㉝༎ᏊࡡㅎὩິᖲࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡὩິ࡛ࡾࡡ࡚ࡌࠊᩓᑊཫ᪁ࡡ௯ᙲ࡛ࡊ࡙Ὡິࡊࠉᅗ 㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ⼝࡛よࡡ㢴ᅰࢅషࡽฝࡊࡱࡌࠊⱖ࡞ႉࡃ⩽ࡡ㏻ᖈࢅソ࠻ࠉᙴࡼࢅᥴຐ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㉝༎Ꮚࡢெ㛣ࡡᖲ➴ࢅࡂࡊࠉᙴࡼࡡ᭻វ࡛៵ࡽࢅ⥾ࡌࡾࡡ࡞ᙲ❟ࡔࡱࡌࠕ25ࠊ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ✪ᴗⓏ࡞ࡢᡋணࢅᗣ⤧ࡊ࡙ᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾ┘ᵾࢅ᥎ࡅࠉࡐࡡₖ㐅ⓏὩິ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ㐺Ꮼࢅさịࡊࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࡒࡡࡢ㟸ᬸງⓏᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇Ṃງ⾔ࢅᢼ⤧ࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᖲࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡṂງ⾔ ࡡྊ⬗ᛮྫྷᏽࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠⩇࡚ࡢ࠷ἪⓏ࣬㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾㄵ⌦Ⓩྊ⬗ᛮṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 180 4 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ㸝ྙἪᛮ㸞 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇࡞⣌ㆍࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡷḿᡋㄵࡡୌᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ḿᙔ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅ㐲⏕ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ ࡌࡾ࠾࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᮇ⟿࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ㄵ✪ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ṃງ⾔ᐖヾࡈࡿࡾሔྙࠉࡌ࡚࡞ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡚㆗ㄵࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᅗᐓ⮤⾠ ᶊࢅ⾔ࡌࡾሔྙ࡛ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅⓆິࡌࡾሔྙࡡ ࡗ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝ᅒ 15 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᅒ 15 ᅗ㏻❮ࡡහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ࡛Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ ཋ์ හᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 7 㡧㸞 㸝ཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ㸞 ཋ์ Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 4 㡧㸞 㸝ཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ㸞 ḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜ ḿᙔᶊጸ ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮➠ 51 ᮪㸞 ᅗᐓ ḿᙔ⌦⏜ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮➠ 40࣬41 ᮪㸞 ḿᙔᶊጸ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ ➱⩽షᠺ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋ௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 4 㡧࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᅗ㝷⣦ணࢅよỬࡌ ࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡṂງࡡጸᄋࡷ⾔⚏Ḿࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ṃງ⾔ᐖヾࡈ ࡿࡾ⮤⾠ᶊࢅḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌ ࡿࡣࠉḿᙔ⌦⏜ࡢ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡚࠵ࡽࠉḿᙔᶊጸࡢᅗᐓ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗᐓ⮤⾠ᶊࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࣤࢺࡡ᮶ࣂ࢞ࢪࢰࣤ ࡡ㌱ᨯࠉࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ࡡ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ᨯ࡛࣎ࣜ࣬࣎ࢹ㸝Pol Pot㸞ᨳᶊࡡᡬࠉࢰࣤࢧࢼ ࡡ࢝ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱ᨯ࡛ࢸ࣐࣬ࣤ࣬ࢱࢱ㸝Idi Amin Dada㸞ᨳᶊࡡ㌹しࡆࡡౚ࡛ 181 ࡊ࡙ᣪࡅࡼࡿࡾ26ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᶊࡡ≺❟࡛㡷ᇡⓏ⤣ྙࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ⮤⾠ᶊࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩ ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡢṂງᨯᦹ࡞ᑊᢘࡊ࡙ Ⓠິࡈࡿࡾᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢㄕ ᚋᛮ࡞Ḗዯࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚࡡኣࡂࡢࠉ⮤⾠ᶊ࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡさ┘Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡆ ࡛ࡵࠉ෫ᡋࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ᑊ↯Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 39 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ ኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉ➠ 42 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⥌ᣚࡊᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ Ử㆗ࡡ୯࡚➠ 42 ᮪ࡡぞ⛤࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࡂࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさ᥈⨠㸝all necessary measures㸞ࡷ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹ㸝all necessary means㸞ࠕ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾪⌟࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㯪♟Ⓩ࡞ᢆヾࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ៈ⾔࡛ ࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ➠ 4 ❮࡚ࡡㄵ⩻ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉࢠࣜࢺ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ ࡡ㌱ථࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡ⤣ୌࢰࢪࢠࣆ࢚࣭ࢪࡡࠔᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋࠕࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞ ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡὩິࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡࠔࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࠉ ࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱Ὡິ࡛ᖲ⾔ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒᖲᇮ⾔Ὡິ࡚࠵ࡾ➠ 2 ḗᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩ ິ࡛ࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡞ࡻࡾ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ᳠ッࡡᚪさᛮࢅ ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒࠊࡌ࡚࡞➠ 4 ❮࡚レ⣵ᐁฦᯊࢅ⤂࠻࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡿࡼࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡡỬ㆗ᩝࡡࡲࢅฦᯊࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࢠࣜࢺ࡚ࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉỬ㆗ 688 ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡒࠉࢠࣜࢺெᑽపᆀᇡ࠾ࡼࡡ㝼ᅗ࡞ྡྷ ࡄࡒపẰࡡኬぞᶅ㑂㞬ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ヾᏽࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁ࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさ ᥈⨠࣬ᡥṹࠕ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ⾪⌟ࡢ⏕ࡈࡿࡍ27ࠉỬ㆗ 688 ࡡỬ㆗ࡡහᐖࡓࡄ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙Ⓠິࡈࡿࡒࡡ࠾ࡢၡṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉỬ㆗ 794 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡࠔᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈ 182 ࡿ28ࠉỬ㆗ 814 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈ ࡿࡒ29ࠊ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡฦ㒼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝸ᐐᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡊࡒெ㐠༱ᶭࠔᅗ 㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡈࡿࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡵ⏕ࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ᪺☔࡞㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙Ⓠິࡈࡿࡒࠊ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉỬ㆗ 770 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴ㍲㏞࡞ᑊࡌࡾጄᐐࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡊࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさ᥈⨠ࠕࡡ⾪⌟ ࢅ᪺オࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡒ30ࠊࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ 6 㒌ᕰࢅᏭධ ᆀ༇࡞ᣞᏽࡊࡒỬ㆗ 819 ࡛Ử㆗ 824 ࡷ31ࠉᏭධᆀ༇ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ࢅᐖヾ ࡊࡒỬ㆗ 836 ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ୕オࡡ⾪⌟࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙Ⓠິࡈࡿࡒ32ࠊ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉỬ㆗ 929 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡࠔࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈ ࡿࡒࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ⤄⧂Ⓩṽᐐࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋ ᠺࡊࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࢅὬ㐭ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹࠕࡡ⾔ࢅ ᐖヾࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒ33ࠊ ࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1199 ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝㌱࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥよᨲ㌱࡛ࡡᬸງ ⾔Ⅵࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛᪺オࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉࣞࢨ࡛୯ᅗ࣭ࣗࢥ ࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᢼྫྷᶊࢅⓆິࡌࡾ࡛♟ြࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさ ᥈⨠ࠕࡱࡒࡢࠔᡥṹࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟⏕ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒ34ࠊỬ㆗ 1199 ࡢࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅຊ┍ᅗࡷᆀ ᇡⓏᶭ㛭ཱི࣬ᴗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᶊࡊ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㏻㑝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ✭⇷ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮၡ㢗࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᢆヾࡊ࡚ืᅗᐓࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩึ᩷࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾ྫྷ࠾࡛࠷ ࠹ၡ㢗ࢅᥞ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ௧୕ࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉࢠࣜࢺ࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡౚ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡡ⩇ᥞ㉫ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡሔྙࡵḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸โᗐࡡೳ ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗Ử㆗ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᅗ㏻⥪ఌ࡚㞗ᅆⓏᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ࿈ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ෫ᡋ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹ┞ப 183 ࡡỬ㆗᱄࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᢼྫྷᶊࢅⓆິࡊ࡙ࠉ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡛ᅂᚗࡡᶭ⬗ࡢ㯖⑯ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ 1950 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 3 ࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡢࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗Ử㆗㸝Uniting for Peace㸞ࠕࢅᢝࡊ࡙ࠉᖲ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ⬛ጸࠉᖲࡡ◒ቪཧࡢ␆⾔ⅥᏋᅹࡌࡾ࡛ᛦࢂࡿࡾሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡ ᢼྫྷᶊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ➠ୌ⩇Ⓩ㈈௴ࢅ㐑⾔࡚ࡀ࠷࡛ࡀ࡞ࠉ㞗ᅆⓏ᥈⨠ࢅຊ ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙࿈ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᐼ㆗ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ヾࡊࡒࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡢࠉຊ┍ᅗࡌ࡙ࢅἪⓏ ࡞ᣂᮨࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉ⥪ఌࡡỬ㆗ࡢࡐࡡࡻ࠹ἪⓏᣂᮨງࡢ࠷ࠉຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㟸㌱Ⓩ࣬㌱Ⓩᙁโ ᥈⨠ࢅ࿈ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ෫ᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ⥪ఌࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗Ử㆗ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ Ṃງ⣦ணᆀᇡࡡᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࡡὬ㐭ࢅ࿈ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᢼྫྷᶊ Ⓠິࡡᮨࡱ࡚⤾ࡄࡼࡿࡒࠊࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡౚࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ ጸࡡᏋᅹࢅヾᏽࡊࡼࠉᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ⥪ఌࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗Ử㆗ࠕ࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷࡙ᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙࿈ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡౚ࡚ࡵࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ ᢼྫྷᶊࢅ๑࡞ࡊ࡙ᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅⓆິ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ⥪ఌ࡚ࡡຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࿈࡛࠷࠹ᙟᘟ ࡚ᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ࡻࡽࡵ็࡚࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉḿᙔ⌦⏜ࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡞㛭 ࢂࡾㅎၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 39 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛ Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࡡᏋᅹࢅỬᏽࡊࠉࡐࡡ⬛ጸࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙➠ 42 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ ࢅⓆິࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅᐁ⾔࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾἪⓏᡥ⤾ࡀ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡞ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡྜྷណ࡛⌦ ᅗࡡኣᩐࡡ㈰ᠺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⏕࡚ࡀࡾ࡛࠷࠹㔔ኬၡ㢗Ꮛᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽ ධࡡ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾெ㐠༱ᶭࡡぞᶅ࡛᛬㏍ᛮࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ⛤ᗐ࡚࠵ࡾࡀ࠾ࠊࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⬛ ጸࠕࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾᡥṹࡢࠉ㟸㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ㐲ᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࠉ࠷࠾ࡾሔྙ ࡞㐲ᙔ࡛ࡾࡡ࠾ࠊ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ཱིࡼࡿࡾሔྙࡡ㌱㝪ࡡ┘Ⓩࠉぞᶅࠉᵋᠺࠉ㝀ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࡀ࠾ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㔔さㄵⅤ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ ᅗ㏻❮ࡢ᪺☔ᣞ㔢ࢅ࠻࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉ Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ⌦ᅗࡡ㐠⩇Ⓩึ᩷࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ㐲⏕࡛㐘⏕࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵ࡢࠉ⌦ᅗࡡึ᩷࡞ጟࡠࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚Ἢ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ 184 ‵ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵࡡ㆗ㄵࢅᥴ⏕ࡊࡒࠖಕ㆜ࡌ ࡾ㈈௴ࠗሒ࿈᭡࡞ゕཀྵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ᪺☔࡚࠾ࡗཚᇱ‵ࢅㄵ✪ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ᅒ 16 ᅗ㏻❮➴࡛ெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ᅗ㏻❮୕ࡡぞᏽ ெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ ཋ์ හᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 7 㡧㸞 㸝ཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ㸞 ཋ์ Ṃງ⾔⩇ຸ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 2 ᮪➠ 4 㡧㸞 㸝ཪይ㛭౿ཋ์ᐃゕ㸞 ෫ᡋࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ ࣬ ࣤࢺࡡᑊ᮶ࣂ࢞ࢪࢰࣤ ࣬ ࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ࡡᑊ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ ࣬ ࢰࣤࢧࢼࡡᑊ࢝ࣤࢱ ౚአ ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮➠ 51 ᮪㸞 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ ౚአ 㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ 㸝ᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮➠ 40࣬41 ᮪㸞 ࣬ ࣍ࢪࢼ ࣬ ࢮ࣏ࣛ ࣬ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ ࣬ ࢠࣜࢺ ࣬ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ 㐢Ἢᛮࡡ⩇ ➱⩽షᠺ 5 ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ㸝ḿᙔᛮ㸞 (1) ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ḿᡋㄵ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾḿᙔᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢᵕࠍ㆗ㄵᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢪࢰ࣭ࣤࣛ࣬ ࣌ࣆ࣏ࣤ 㸝Stanley Hoffman 㸞ࠖ ெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡ ⌦࡛ᨳ 㸝The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention㸞ࠗ35ࠉJ. ࣌ࣜࢫࢡࣝࣆ࢘㸝J. L. Holzgrefe㸞࡛ࣞࣁ࣭ࢹ࣬ࢤࣉࣤ㸝Robert O. Keohane㸞⥽ 㞗ࡊࡒࠖெ㐠Ⓩථ㸝Humanitarian Intervention㸞ࠗ36ࠉࢸ࣭ࣤ࣬ࢲࣔࢰࢩ࣭㸝Deen K. Chatterjee㸞➴ 185 ⥽㞗ࡊࡒࠖ⌦࡛አᅗࡡථ㸝Ethics and Foreign Intervention㸞ࠗ37ࠉࣤࢹࢼ࣭࣬ࣚࣤࢡ㸝Anthony F. Lang Jr.㸞⥽㞗ࡊࡒࠖḿᙔථ㸝Just Intervention㸞ࠗ38⾪Ⓩㄵᩝ㞗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡷ ࡡ◂✪⩽ࡵெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵࡞ᚺ⏕ࡊࡒ◂✪ࡢࠉࢩ࣭ࣘࢩ࣭࣬ࣜ࢜ࢪ࣬ࢩࣖࢼ 㸝George R. Lucas, Jr.㸞ࠔjus ad bellum ࠾ࡼ jus ad pacem ࠕ⾪Ⓩㄵ⩻ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ39ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ⌟ᅹࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡚᭩ࡵᙫ㡢ງࡡ࠵ࡾ◂✪ሒ࿈ࡢࠉථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌ㸝ICISS㸞ሒ࿈᭡ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴㸝The Responsibility to Protect㸞ࠗ40࡚࠵ࡽࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉࡆࡡሒ࿈ ᭡࡞࠽ࡄࡾḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅ୯ᚨ࡞㆗ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ (2) ಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ 1) ථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ ࢤࣆ࣭࣬ࢻࣤ㸝Kofi Annan㸞ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࠉ1999 ᖳ࡛ 2000 ᖳࡡᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡡሔ࡚ࠉኬぞᶅெᶊ ᐐ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㐢ཬࡡᑊᚺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᩺ࡊ࠷ࢤࣤࢬࣤࢦࢪࢅᚋࡼࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᅗ㏻ຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ၡ㢗 ࢅᥞ㉫ࡊࠉࡆࡿ࡞ᚺࡌࡾᙟ࡚ࠉ2000 ᖳ 9 ᭮ࠉ࢜ࢻࢱࡡࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࢠࣝࢷࣤ㸝Jean Chrétien㸞㤫┞ ୯ᚨ࡛ࡖ࡙ථ࡛ᅗᐓᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢅス⨠ࡊࡒࠊࢠࣝࢷࣤ㤫┞ࡢࠉ࢛࣭ࢪࢹࣚࣛඔ አ┞࡚ࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡚࠵ࡾᅗ㝷≚⨝ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈ㸝International Crisis Group㸞ࡡ⾪ࢅຸࡴࡾ࢟ࣔࣝࢪ࢙࣬ࣥ ࣤࢫ㸝Gareth Evans㸞࡛ࠉᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏≁ื㢫ၡ࡚ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᢰᙔᅗ㏻ຸḗ㛏ࢅຸࡴࡒ࣓ࣀ࣒ࢺ࣬ࢦ ࢽ࣭ࣤ࡞භྜྷ㆗㛏ࢅさㄫࡊࠉ12 ெࡡጟဤ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾጟဤఌࢅス❟ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡጟဤ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ1987 ᖳ࠾ ࡼ 1999 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ⾪ࢅຸࡴࡒࢤࣜࢾ࢛ࣛ࣬ࢮ࣏ࣜ࢝㸝Cornelio Sommaruga㸞ࡷࠉ ெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵ⩻ࢅኣᩐษ⾔ࡊ࡙ࣀ࣭࣭ࣥࢺኬᏕᩅࢅຸࡴ࡙࠷ࡒ࣏ࢢࣜ࣬ࢡࢻࢷ࢙ࣆ ࡵཤຊࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࡌࡾ࡞┞ᚺࡊ࠷ᵋᠺဤࡵኣᩐཤຊࡊࡒ41ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉථ࡛ᅗ㝷ᶊ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡞ࡓࡖ࡙ࠉࠔ◂✪ࠉཤ⩻ᩝ⊡ୌのࠉ⫴ᬊ㸝Research, Bibliography, Background㸞ࠕ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏ◂✪㈠ᩩషᠺࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ42ࠊࡆࡿ ࡢጟဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡡᮞᩩࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞షᠺࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡᇮ➱⩽⾪ࡡୌெࠉெ㐠 Ⓩථ࡛ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⾪Ⓩ◂✪⩽࡚࠵ࡾࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬࣠ࢪ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡱࡒࠉᇮ➱⩽ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉࣀ࣭࣠ 186 ࢺ࣬ࢸ࣏ࣜࣤ㸝Howard Adelman㸞ࠉࢦ࣓ࣤ࣬ࢲ࢘ࢪࢰ࣭࣏ࣤࠉࢩ࢘ࣚࢴࢹ࣬ࢲࣘࣈࣚ㸝Jarat Chopra㸞ࠉ ࣛࢲ࣭ࣔࢺ࣬ࣆ࢚࣭ࢠ㸝Richard Falk㸞ࠉࢠࣛࢪࣆ࣭࣬ࢡ࣭ࣛࣤࢴࢺ㸝Christopher Greenwood㸞ࠉ ࢱ࣑࣬ࣞࣁ࣭ࢵࠉࢼࢤࣚࢪ࣭࡛࣬ࣚ࠷ࡖࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡷᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ⾪Ⓩㄵ⩽ྞࢅ㏻ࡠ࡙࠽ ࡽ43ࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡ᴗࡴ࡙㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠻ࡾࠊ 2) ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ୯ᚨⓏཋ์ ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ᶊጸ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉහᐖ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵ㔔さណ⩇ࢅ හᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡ࡡ⌦ㄵᵋᠺ࡛≁ᚡࢅᣪࡅ࡙ࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅ᪺ ☔࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㅎၡ㢗ࢅ㆗ㄵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡢ⏕ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉࠔථ㸝intervention㸞ࠕ࡛❻Ⓩ࡞⾪⌟ࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡻࡽḿ☔࡞ࡢࠔெ 㛣ࡡಕ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ㸝military intervention for human protection purposes㸞ࠕ࡛オ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ሒ࿈᭡࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ㌱ථ࡞ࠔெ㐠ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅᥴ⏕ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᙁࡂཬᑊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠔெ㐠Ⓩථࠕ࡛࠷࠹⏕ㄊࡢ⏕ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠹44ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡷ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡ㌱ථࡡ┘Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ ㌱ථࡡḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠⩇ࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡾࡀ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ཬⓆࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔெ 㐠Ⓩථࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ⏕ࡊࡼࡵࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱ථ࡚ࡢ࠷࡛ᘿࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㸝➠ 4 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔ ࡌࡾ᰷ᣈࡢࠉ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾெ㐠⩇࡚ࡢࡂࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞ᒌࡌࡾᏋࡡἪⓏ࣬㐠ᚠ Ⓩぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡵᘿࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡡࠔெ㐠Ⓩථࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡡన⨠ࡘࡄࡢࠉ ெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠⩇࡛࠷࠹⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡᛦ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ᮇ✇ࡡ❟ሔ࡛□┢ࡊ࠷ࡵ ࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡᇱ♇࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉࠔථࡡᶊฺ㸝right to intervention㸞ࠕ࠾ࡼࠔಕ ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴㸝responsibility to protect㸞ࠕࡡ⛛⾔࡛࠷࠹⌦ㄵⓏᙟᘟࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡚᪺ᛄ࡞よ➽ࢅฝࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾ45ࠊெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡷḿᙔᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ㧏ࡱࡾ୯࡚ࠉୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡷ 187 ெ㐠ⓏථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾἪⓏᇱ♇࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡථࡡᶊฺ㸝ெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊ㸞㆗ㄵࡈࡿ࡙ࡀࡒࠊሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉ ථࡡᶊฺ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗Ⅴࢅࡗᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉථࡡᶊฺࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᚪさࡻࡽࡵࠉථᅗ ࡡさịࠉᶊฺࠉ≁ᶊ࡞㛭ᚨࢅ㞗୯ࡈࡎࡾၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉථ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࠉථࡡ๑ᚃ࡞ᐁ⾔ࡌ ࡾᚪさࡡ࠵ࡾ㜭්࡛ᘋࢅྱࡴࡒໜᣋⓏ⾪⌟࡚ࡢ࠷࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉථ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ ⏕࠷ࡒ㆗ㄵࠉᶊࡻࡽࡵථ࡞Ẓ㔔ࢅ⨠࠷ࡒ㆗ㄵ࡛ࡽࡷࡌ࠷࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ ➠ୌࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡἪⓏᶊฺࡢࠉᶊฺ࡚࠵ࡾ௧୕ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ❋≟࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ᨥᥴ⩽ࡡ⮤ ⏜㔖࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࢅᣞᦤࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࡾ ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ᨥᥴ⩽࡛ࡡ㛣࡚ᶊ⬗Ѹ ㈈௴࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉࠔථࡡᶊฺࠕ࡞ࢂࡾᴣᛍ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᴣᛍࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡡḿᙔᛮࡡ᰷ᣈࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒࠊࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡢࠉ➠ୌ⩇Ⓩ࡞ࡢᅗᐓࡡ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡽࠉᶊ࡛ࡢโ ᚒ㸝control㸞࡛ࡊ࡙࡚ࡢࡂᑊහⓏᶭ⬗࡛ᑊአⓏ⩇ຸ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈈௴㸝responsibility㸞࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡណࢅ ᭯ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ㈈௴࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᶊ㸝sovereignty as responsibility㸞ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ➠ୌ࡞ࠉᕰẰࡡᏭධ࡛⏍ ࢅಕ㆜ࡊࠉᕰẰࡡ⚗♬ࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾᶭ⬗࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡽࠉ➠࡞ࠉᅗහࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡓࡄ࡚ ࡂᅗ㏻ࢅ㏳ࡋࡒᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㈈௴࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽࠉ➠࡞ࠉெᶊࡷெ㛣ࡡᏭධಕ㝸ࡡ⾔ິ࡞ᑊࡌࡾㄕ ᪺㈈௴ࡵណࡌࡾ46ࠊࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡᴣᛍࡢࠉᶊ࡛ථࢅᏰⓏ㛭౿࡛ࡊ࡙ᤂ࠻├ࡊࠉᕰẰࡡ Ꮽධ࡛⏍ࡡಕ㆜࡛࠷ࡖࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⩇ຸࢅ➠ୌ࡞ᅗᐓ࡞ㇿࢂࡎࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾ ῥࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡛⿍ⅇࡊࡒභྜྷమࡷ⿍ⅇᅗࡡ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࠾ࡼ㆗ㄵࢅᵋ⠇ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉሒ࿈᭡ࡡぜ よ࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊ ࡐࡊ࡙ࠉࡆࡡሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡᅗᐓಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾណᛦ࡛⬗ງ࡞Ḗዯࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ࠵ࡾ ࠷ࡢࠉࡐࡡࡆ࡛࡚ࡡᅗᐓࡡ⏍├Ⓩ࡞⬛ጸࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ⬛ጸ࡞ࡈࡿࡒெࠍ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ 㝷♣ఌࡡಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ᚪさ࡛ࡾ࡛ᘿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡢࠉ▯Ⓩ࣬୯㛏Ⓩ Ὡິࡷኣᵕᨥᥴࡷᑊᚺࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㜭ࡡ㈈௴ࠉᑊᚺࡡ㈈௴ࠉ්ᘋࡡ㈈௴࡛࠷࠹ࡗࡡ㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒ ࡌᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡛ㄵ㏑ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ47ࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇࡊࡒභྜྷమࡷ⿍ⅇᅗࡡ⬗ງ࡛ណᛦḖዯࡊ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥᥴ༎ฦ࡚ࡢ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴᚪさ࡛ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊࡒ㸝➠ 1 ❮➠ 2 ⟿࣬➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊ 188 ࡱࡒࠉᚃ㏑ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ༎ฦᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථᚪさ࡛ ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ㈈௴ࡡ㔔ᒒᛮ࡛ඁᛮ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ୌ⮬ࡊࡒ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ 㸝➠ 6 ❮㸞ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ୯ᚨ࡞㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍ࡷ ᗛ⥌ᣚ࡚ࡀ࠷⥥᛬ࡡឺ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⾔ࢂࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ୯㛏Ⓩᨥᥴࡷ㜭Ⓩᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢゕ ཀྵࡊ࡙ࡆ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ⾪ 21 ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ୯ᚨⓏཋ์ (1) ᇱᮇཋ์ A. ᅗᐓᶊࡢ㈈௴ࢅྱࡳࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗẰࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ➠ୌ⩇Ⓩ㈈௴ࡢᅗᐓ⮤మ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊ B. ெࠍࠉහᡋࠉཬࠉᙆᅸࠉᅗᐓࡡ◒⥚ࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙็༱ᐐࢅ⿍ࡽࠉᙔルᅗᐓࡆࡡࡻ࠹ၡ㢗ࢅೳḾࡊࠉ ⥾ࡌࡾណᛦࡷ⬗ງ࡞Ḗࡄ࡙࠷ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉථࡡཋ์ࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴࡞ఄࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (2) ᇱ♇ ᅗ㝷♣ఌᣞ㔢࡛ࡌࡾཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡡᇱ♇ࡢࠉ௧ୖ࡞Ꮛᅹࡌࡾࠊ A. ᶊᴣᛍ࡞හᅹࡌࡾ⩇ຸࠊ B. ᅗ㏻❮➠ 24 ᮪࡞ᇱࡘࡂᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ㈈௴ࠊ C. ெᶊࡷெ㛣ࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᐃゕࠉぞ⣑ࠉ᮪⣑ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡛ᅗහἪ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᅖ᭯ࡡἪⓏ⩇ຸࠊ D. ᅗᐓࠉᆀᇡᶭ㛭ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡⓆᒈ㏭୕ࡡᐁ⾔ࠊ (3) さ⣪ ಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡢࠉࡗࡡ᪺☔㈈௴ࢅහໜࡌࡾࠊ A. 㜭ࡡ㈈௴㸯ெࠍࢅ༱㝜࡞ᢪࡊࡷࡾහᡋࡷࡐࡡࡡெⅥⓏ༱ᶭࡡ᰷ᮇⓏ࣬├ⓏཋᅄࡡよỬࡡࡒࡴ࡞ຑງࡌ ࡾࠊ B. ᑊᚺࡡ㈈௴㸯ெࠍ࡞ⱖሾࢅᙁ࠷ࡾ≟Ἓ࡞㐲วᡥṹࢅ⏕࠷࡙ᑊᚺࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡᡥṹ࡞ࡢࠉโࡷᅗ㝷ึࠉ㟸ᖏ ࡡሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ㌱ථ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅྱࡳ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ C. ්ᘋࡡ㈈௴㸯ථೳḾࡊࠉ⥾ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ༱ᐐࡡཋᅄࢅよỬࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ㌱ථࡡᚃ࡞ࠉᚗ⮾ࠉ ්ᘋࠉよ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ༎ฦᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࠊ (4) ඁᛮ A. 㜭ࡢಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࡡ୯࡚༟≺࡚᭩ࡵ㔔さᑻ㟻࡚࠵ࡾࠊථណᅒࡈࡿࡾ๑࡞ࠉࡗࡠ࡞㜭Ⓩ᥈⨠ᑸࡂࡈ ࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉ㜭࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ኣࡂࡡ㛭࡛㈠″㈕ࡷࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ B. 㜭࡛ᑊᚺࡡ㈈௴ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉࡗࡠ࡞ࠉᐐⓏ࣬ᙁโⓏᡥṹࢅ㐲⏕ࡌࡾ๑࡞ࠉࡻࡽᐐⓏ࣬ᙁโⓏ ࡚ࡢ࠷ᡥṹࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, p. xi.48 3) ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉெࠍࡡಕ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ ‵ࢅ㯪♟Ⓩ࡞⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㸝⾪ 22 ཤ↯㸞ࠊሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡさ௲㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡞㛭ࡊ ࡙ࠉḿᙔ⌦⏜ࠉḿᙔᶊጸࡡࡗࡡཋ์࡛ࠉࡐࡿ௧አࡡᄿࡗࡡཋ์ࢅ㜭ཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙ࡗ࡞ᩒ⌦ࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉṂງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡさ௲㸝jus in bello㸞࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉẒౚᛮࡡཋ์࡛ᕣืཋ์ࡡࡗࡡཋ์ࢅ 189 ୌࡗ࡞⤣ྙࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞≁᭯ࡡ⾔ິぞ⠂࡞ࡵゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔ ࡞㛭ᚨ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉሒ࿈᭡㔔っࡊ࡙࠷ࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾḿᙔ⌦⏜࡛ḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡊ ࡙ㄵ✪ࡊࠉ᭩ᚃ࡞ࠉᮇ✇㔔さ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡾ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡさ௲࡞㛭ࡊ࡙㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 㸝ḿᙔ⌦⏜㸞 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ྊ⬗࡛ࡾࠉ࠷࠾ࡾெ㐠༱ᶭ㌱Ⓩ ᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ἢࡡぞᏽ࠾ࡼࡢ᪺☔࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ ࠻ࠉ ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⏕ࡌࡾ࠵ࡽࠉ᪺☔㐠⩇Ⓩᇱ‵ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ሒ࿈᭡ࡢࠉெࠍࡡಕ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩࡌࡾ㌱ථౚአⓏ᥈⨠࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉெ㛣࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ็࠾ࡗಞᚗ⬗༱ᐐᏋᅹࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᕣࡊ㏍ࡖ࡙⏍㉫ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾ༱ᐐᏋᅹࡊࡄࡿ ࡣࡼ࠷࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉ㌱ථḿᙔࡈࡿࡾࡡࡢ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡ≟Ἓ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ ᅗᐓࡡណᅒ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵࠉᅗᐓࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡᒓ⾔࡛↋⬗ງࠉᅗᐓࡡ◒⥚≟ឺࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆ ࡈࡿࠉᅗᐓࡡኬ㔖ṽᐐࡡណᛦ࡞㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᐳ▩ࡈࡿࡒኬぞᶅெࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ ࡢࠉṽᐐࠉᙁโ㏛ᨲࠉࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑⾔Ⅵࠉᙁጩࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࡞㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ࠵ࡾ࠷ ࡢᐳ▩ࡈࡿࡒኬぞᶅࠔẰ᪐Ὧࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ❻Ⓩ࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉཋᅄࡷ⾔Ⅵࡷណᛦ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉ ኬぞᶅெࡡ࡛Ằ᪐Ὧࡡ⤎ᯕ⌟ᐁ࡞㉫ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㉫ࡌࡾࡡ࠵ࡾឺࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ 49 ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⏍࡛ᗛ⬛࠾ࡈࡿࡾெ㐠༱ᶭࠉࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋ ᠺࡊࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹ឺ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱ථࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜ ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷࡛ゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉኬぞᶅṽᐐࡷẰ᪐Ὧ࡛ఔࢂ࠷ெᶊᐐ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ ⤄⧂Ⓩெ⛸ᕣืࡷᣂᮨࠉཬమโὬࡡᙆᅸࡡឺ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉᨳ࣬⤊ῥฦ㔕࡚ࡡโࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ Ṃჹ⚏㍲ࡡ㌱โࡡᑊ㇗࡞ࡵࡾࠉ㌱ථḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉẰ ⩇ࢅྫྷᏽࡌࡾ㌱ᨥ㒼࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉᨳⓏ࣬⤊ῥⓏโࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡾ㌱โࡡᑊ㇗࡛ ࡢࡼ࠷ࠊ➠ࡢࠉᾇአ࡞ᅹࡌࡾ⮤ᅗẰࡡಕ㆜࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ෫ᡋ௧๑ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞࠽࠷࡙ 190 ḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡛ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ ᅗ㏻❮➠ 51 ᮪ࡡ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡛ࡈࡿ ࡙࠷ࡾ50ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ḿᙔ⌦⏜ࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾさ௲ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࡡᏋ ᅹࢅỬᏽࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ୌᏽࡡโ⣑ࢅ⛁ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊ࡙フ౮࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡᏋᅹḿᙔ⌦⏜ࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹❟ሔ࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ྙἪᛮ ࢅ᳠ッࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉᮇ✇࡛ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡ࡡ❟ሔࡢᇱᮇⓏ࡞ୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝➠ 5 ❮➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊࡱࡒࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெᶊᐐࢅḿᙔࡡ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡌࡾ ࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ᮇ✇ࡡᘿࡵࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡぜよ࡛➚ྙࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ❮➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊ 㸝ḿᙔᶊጸ㸞 ḿᙔᶊጸ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࡢࠉᮇ✇ࡡெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ᇱᮇⓏ࡞ࡢୌ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔಕ㆜ࡌ ࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᶊጸ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞Ꮽධಕ㝸ၡ㢗ࢅฦᤰࡌࡾᏭධ ಕ㝸⌦ఌࢅ㔔さᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙న⨠ࡘࡄ࡙࠽ࡽࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡛ࡢ␏ࡾḿᙔᶊጸࢅ㏛ịࡌࡾࡡ࡚ ࡢࡂࠉḿᙔᶊጸ࡛ࡊ࡙Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌᶭ⬗ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏛ịࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ51ࠊ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡౚ࡚ၡ㢗࡛ࡖࡒࡡࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᖏ௴⌦ᅗ࡞ࡻࡾᢼྫྷᶊࡡⓆິࡡྊ⬗ᛮ࡛Ꮽ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᢆヾࢅ┤␆ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථࡡ⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡᢼྫྷᶊࡡⓆິ ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ 㔔ኬெ㐠༱ᶭࢅೳḾࡊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⥾ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞㎷㏷࠾ࡗ᩷ᅖࡒࡾ⾔ິᚪさ࡛ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ ᢼྫྷᶊࡢࠉᅗ㝷Ⓩ⾔ິࡡさ㝸ᐐ࡛ࡾ࡛ᠩᛍ⾪᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ጟဤఌࡢࠉᖏ௴⌦ᅗฺ ᐐࢅ᭯ࡊ࠷ၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ㔔ኬெ㐠༱ᶭࢅೳḾࡊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ⾔ິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉᢼ ྫྷᶊࡡ⾔ࢅ⮤⢌ࡌࡾ⾔ິぞ⠂࡞ྜྷណࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᥞ᱄ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ52ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᢆヾࢅ┤␆ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ゕཀྵࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡡᢼྫྷᶊࡡ⾔ࢅ๑࡞ࡊ࡙ಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒࡈ࠷ሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ ࡵࠉ⥪ఌࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗Ử㆗ࠕ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ࿈ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅ⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡛ ࡈࡿࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉሒ࿈᭡ࡢࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࡡよỬ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒ⥪ఌ࡚ࡡ࿈ࡷỬ㆗ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ㆗ ㄵ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡾྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵᣞᦤࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡᆀᇡⓏᶭ㛭ཱི࣬ᴗ 191 ᅗ㏻❮➠ 8 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅཱིࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ๑ࡡᢆヾᚪさ࡛ࡾ53ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࠉ⥪ఌࠉᆀᇡⓏᶭ㛭ཱི࣬ᴗெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞ᩃࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗᐓ ༟≺࡚ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⾔࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ṟࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉጟဤఌሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢᏭ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡᚃⓏᢆヾୌࡗࡡ㐽ᢝ⫝࡛ࡊ࡙♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡷ⥪ఌࡡᢆヾࡊ ࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡢᴗࡴ࡙ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾ࡛♟ြࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊጟဤఌࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡセྊࡊ ࡚㌱ථࢅᐁ⾔ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ๑࡞ࡊ࡙ಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒࡈ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ 㝷⛓ᗆ࡞ᑊࡌࡾḿ┷ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ54ࠊ 㸝᭩⤂ᡥṹ㸞 ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼࠉኬぞᶅெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㉫ࡌࡾ࠵ࡾሔྙࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂỬ㆗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭᏋᅹࡌࡾ ሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ᨾῥ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱ Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ㐛ᑊᚺ࡛ࡽḿᙔᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡ୯ᚨⓏཋ์ࡡ୯࡚ࠉථࢅ⾔ࡌࡾሔྙ ࡞㜭Ⓩ᥈⨠༎ฦ࡞ཱིࡼࡿࡾᚪさᛮᙁㄢࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࡻࡽᐐⓏ࣬ᙁโⓏ࡚ࡢ࠷ᡥṹࢅ⩻៎ࡌࡾᚪさ ᛮࡵゕ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡡᑊᚺࡡ㈈௴࡞࠽ࡄࡾ᭩⤂ᡥṹࡡᇱ‵࡚ࡢࠉ㜭ࡡ㈈௴༎ฦ ࡞ᑸࡂࡈࡿࡒሔྙ࡞ࡡࡲࠉᑊᚺࡡ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ࡛ᘿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡻ ࡽᐐⓏ࣬ᙁโⓏ࡚ࡢ࠷ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡷ㌱┐っᅆࡡὬ㐭࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠉ㟸 ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ࡢୌวりࡿࡼࡿ࡙࠷࠷55ࠊ ኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㉫ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡆࡡឺ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡྙ Ἢᛮ࡛ḿᙔᛮࡡ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙ጂᙔ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡷ㌱┐っᅆࡡὩິᩃࡊࠉ አஹஹῦࡵㄢ࡞⤂ࢂࡖࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾᥴ࡞ᠺຉࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㝀ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ 192 㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔᛮࢅ☔ಕ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡢࡍ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ༎ ฦ࡞ᨾῥ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ㐛ᑊᚺ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬ 㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࠾ࡼெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹₳Ὦࢅᢍᥩࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴೳࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡂࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔ ࡈࡿࡾ㐛⛤ࡢࠉオ㏑ࢅ┤␆࡚ࡀࡾ࡞៎አࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ⾪ 22 ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱ථ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᇱ‵ (1) ḿᙔ⌦⏜ࡡᇱ‵ ெࠍࡡಕ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࡢࠉౚአ࠾ࡗ␏ౚࡡ᥈⨠࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉெ 㛣࡞ᑊࡌࡾ็࠾ࡗಞᚗ⬗༱ᐐᏋᅹࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᕣࡊ㏍ࡖ࡙⏍㉫ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡡ࠵ࡾ༱ᐐᏋᅹࡊࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠊ A. ᅗᐓࡡណᅒ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔Ⅵࠉᅗᐓࡡ⾔Ⅵࡡᒓ⾔࡛↋⬗ງࠉᅗᐓࡡ◒⥚≟ឺࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡈࡿࠉ ᅗᐓࡡኬ㔖ṽᐐࡡណᛦ࡞㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᐳ▩ࡈࡿࡒኬぞᶅெࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ B. ṽᐐࠉᙁโ㏛ᨲࠉࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑⾔Ⅵࠉᙁጩࡡ࠷ࡍࡿ࠾࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࡞㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᐳ▩ࡈࡿ ࡒኬぞᶅࠔẰ᪐Ὧࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (2) 㜭ཋ์ A. ḿᙔណᛦࠊථࡡさ┘Ⓩࡢࠉථᅗ࠷࠾ࡾࡡິᶭࢅᣚࡗࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࠉெ㛣ࡡ⿍ⅇࢅೳḾࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ ࡢࠉᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊḿᙔណᛦࡢࠉᆀᇡࡡណぜ࡛㛭㏻ࡌࡾ≓∽⩽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙᪺☔࡞ᨥᣚࡈࡿࡾࠉ ኣᅗ⡘Ὡິ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡻࡽ㐲ว࡞ಕ㝸ࡈࡿࡾࠊ B. ᭩⤂ᡥṹࠊ㌱ථࡢࠉ༱ᶭࡡᅂ㑂ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ༱ᶭࡡᖲⓏよỬࡡࡒࡴࡡ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ㟸㌱Ⓩ㐽ᢝᑸࡂࡈࡿ ࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉࡻࡽᙁโⓏ࡚ࡢ࠷᥈⨠࡚ࡢᠺຉࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ಘࡍࡾ࡞㊂ࡾጂᙔ᰷ᣈᏋᅹࡌࡾࡼࡣࠉࡐࡡሔྙ ࡞㝀ࡽḿᙔࡈࡿ࠹ࡾࠊ C. ẒౚⓏ᥈⨠ࠊゝ⏤ࡈࡿࡒ㌱ථࡡぞᶅࠉ㛣ࠉᙁᗐࡢࠉெࠍࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡒ┘ᵾࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡡ࡞ᚪさ ᭩ᑚ㝀ᗐ࡚ࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ D. ጂᙔぜ㏳ࡊࠊ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡊࡒ⿍ⅇࢅೳḾࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡗࡀࠉ⾔ິࡡ⤎ᯕࠉ⾔ິࡡ ᒓ⾔ࡡ⤎ᯕࡻࡽࡵឺࢅᝇࡈࡎࡐ࠹࡞ࡂࠉጂᙔᠺຉࡡぜ㎲ࡲᏋᅹࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ (3) ḿᙔᶊጸ A. ெࠍࡡಕ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡻࡽࡵ㐲ว⤄⧂ࡢᏋᅹࡊ࠷ࠊ ㄚ㢗ࡢࠉᶊጸࡡ″ἠ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᭨ࢅ᥀ࡊฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡢࡂࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࢅ㐲ว࡞ᶭ ⬗ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ B. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ࡻࡾᢆヾࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾሔྙ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾ࠷࠾ࡾ㌱ථ࡞❟ࡖ࡙㏛ịࡈࡿࡄ ࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊථࡡさịࡢࠉථࡡᢆヾࢅපᘟ࡞さㄫࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞⮤ࡼࡡⓆ㆗࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ ၡ㢗ࢅᥞ㉫ࡈࡎࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉຸ⥪㛏࡞ᅗ㏻❮➠ 99 ᮪ࡡୖ࡚ၡ㢗ࢅᥞ㉫ࡈࡎࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ C. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉெࡡኬぞᶅࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉẰ᪐Ὧ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⏞ࡊ❟࡙ࡈࡿࡒᆀᇡࡡථࢅᢆ ヾࡌࡾ࠷࠾ࡾさㄫ࡞ࡵ㎷㏷࡞ᑊᚺࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭㏻ࡊ࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ㌱ථࢅᨥᣚ ࡌࡾ⌦⏜࡞㛭ࡌࡾᐁࡷ≟Ἓ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ༎ฦ᳠ッࢅ㏛ịࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊ D. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡࡗࡡᖏ௴⌦ᅗࡢࠉ㔔ኬᅗ─㛭㏻ࡊ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠊኬኣᩐࡡ⾪ࡡᨥᣚࡡ࠵ࡾࠉெಕ ㆜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾ㌱ථࢅᢆヾࡌࡾỬ㆗ࡡ㏳㐛ࢅጄᐐࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᢼྫྷᶊࢅ㐲⏕ࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛࡞ྜྷណࡌࡾࡀ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ E. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌᥞ᱄ࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢࠉ㐲ว࡞ᥞ᱄࡞ᑊᚺࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ᩃࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ ᭨ࡡ㐽ᢝ⫝ࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࠊ I. ࠔᖲࡡࡒࡴࡡ⤎㞗ࠕᡥ⤾ࡀ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉᅗ㏻⥪ఌࡡ⥥᛬≁ืఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙ၡ㢗ࢅ᳠ゞࡌࡾࠊ 193 II. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ⤽⤾Ⓩᢆヾࢅさㄫࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᮪௲࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 8 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᆀᇡⓏ࣬‵ᆀ ᇡⓏᶭ㛭ࡡ⟮㍾ᆀᇡහ࡚⾔ິࡌࡾࠊ F. Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉ⾔ິว࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾⰃᚨࢅࡾࡌ≟Ἓ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࢅᯕࡒࡌࡆ࡛࡞ᩃࡊ ࡒሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ㛭౿ᅗឺࡡ㔔ኬᛮ࡛⥥᛬ᛮ࡞ᚺࡋࡒࡡᡥṹࢅ㝎አࡊ࠷ྊ⬗ᛮ࡛ࠉࡐࡡࡻ࠹㛭౿ᅗࡡ⾔Ⅵ ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡛ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡಘ㢏ᛮࢂࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮ࡞ࡗࡀࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᐼ㆗࡞࠽࠷࡙⩻៎ࡊࡄࡿࡣ ࡼ࠷ࠊ (4) Ὡິ୕ࡡཋ์ A. ᪺☔┘Ⓩࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ࡚ࡡ᪺☔࠾ࡗୌ⩇Ⓩᶊ⬗ࠉឺ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ㈠″ B. 㛭㏻ࡌࡾᥞᦘ⩽㛣ࡡභ㏳ࡡ㌱ᣞ㔢ࠉᣞᥱࡡ⤣ୌࠉ᪺☔࠾ࡗୌ㈇ࡊࡒ㏳ಘ࡛ᣞᥱ⣌⤣ C. ㌱ງࡡ㐲⏕࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㝀⏲࡛ₖ㐅⩇ࡡུᐖࠉ┘Ⓩࡢெࡡಕ㆜࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᅗᐓࡡ㌹し࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊ D. Ὡິ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᵋ࡞㐲ྙࡌࡾஹᡋぞ์ࡢࠉ᪺☔࡚࠵ࡽࠉẒౚᛮࡡཋ⌦ࢅཬ᫆ࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅධ㟻Ⓩ࡞㐺Ꮼࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྱࡳࠊ E. Ṃງ࡞ࡻࡾಕ㆜さ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷ࡆ࡛ࡡུᐖ F. ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ᭩ኬ㝀ᗐࡡྊ⬗㏻ᦘ The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, The Responsibility to Protect, pp. xii-xiii.56 6 ⤎ㄊ ெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ḿᙔᛮࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᮇ✇ࡡࡗࡡㄵⅤࡡ࠹ࡔࡡࡗࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀ ࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ㄵⅤ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡ㐠⩇ Ⓩぞ⠂㸝ெ㐠⩇㸞ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᙟឺࡡṂງࡡ⾔ࢅ⚏Ḿࡌࡾ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍࡡᒌࡌࡾᛦࡷ⌦ᛍ ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉெ 㐠⩇ࡡἪⓏぞ⠂㸝ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㸞ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡṂງ⾔ࡡᡥṹࡡḿᙔᇱ‵㸝jus in bello㸞ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠉṂງ⾔ࡡⓆິࡡḿᙔᇱ‵㸝jus ad bellum㸞࡚ࡢࡂࠉࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ἪṂງ⾔ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾぞ ᏽࢅ⨠࠷࡙࠷࠷ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࠉ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ㞬ࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠⩇௧አࡡぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ㄵⅤ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩ⩇ຸ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࡢࠉ➠ୌ⩇Ⓩ࡞ࡢᅗᐓࡡᕰẰࡡ⏍ࡷᗛࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴࡚࠵ࡾࠉᅗᐓࡐࡡ㈈ຸ ࢅᯕࡒࡌណᛦ࡛⬗ງ࡞Ḗዯࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙᅗᐓ࡞ࢂࡖ࡙ࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕࢅᯕࡒࡌ⩇ຸࢅ᭯ ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ⌦⏜ࡢࠉኬぞᶅṽᐐ࡛Ằ᪐Ὧ࡛࠷ࡖࡒኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ ᛬㏍ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࡡᏋᅹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᵋᠺࡈࡿࠉࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡡḿᙔᶊጸࡢࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞Ꮛࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡆࡡឺࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 194 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕሒ࿈᭡࡚ࡢ᪺☔࡞ㄵ✪ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷㔔さㄵⅤᏋᅹࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐ ࡿࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡞ᚉࡖࡒሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᑸࡂࡈࡿࡒሔྙࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉ࠷࠾ ࡾሔྙ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴೳࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡍ࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔ ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ㊰࡞㛭ࢂࡾၡ㢗ࢅ✪᪺ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡿࡢࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡၡ㢗࡛࠷࠹ࡓࡄࡂࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࡡၡ㢗࡚ࡵ ࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡス❟ࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙Ⓠᒈࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᑍ㛓࡛ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄ ⧂ࡷᅗ㝷ᶭᵋス❟ࡈࡿࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࡵ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ࠾ࡼධୠ⏲࡞ᆀ⌦Ⓩ࡞ᣉኬࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ ഭඹ࠾ࡼᤍࠉᩝẰ࣬㞬Ằࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằ࡛ெⓏ࡞ࡵᣉኬࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠⩇ࡡぞ⠂ࢅᙟᠺࡊࠉᅗᐓࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾᶭ⬗ࡵᯕࡒࡊ࡙ ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠ⓏථࡡⓇሔ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙㌹ᶭࢅ㎼࠻ࡗࡗ࠵ࡾ࡛ ゕ࠻ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹₳Ὦࢅ⌦よࡌࡾ୕࡚ࠉ⌟ࡡṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ ንᐖ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ ᮪௲࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾࡵࡡ࠾ࠊࡆࡿࠉᮇ✇࡚᭩ᚃ࡞ㄵ✪ࡌࡾㄵⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 1 ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉ㧏ᶣᏳᖶゼࠖ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞ㐽㞗 9㸯⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1999 ᖳࠉ132 㡣ࠊ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉἠຐゼ ࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗ ࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1961 ᖳࠉ12 㡣ࠊ 2 ࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪⴥࠉJ.W.C.࣠ࣤࢺ⥽ࠉฝᮟᙪゼࠖ♼ࡡᅗࠗࠉᮇᇱ╡ᩅᅆฝ∟ᑻࠉ1968 ᖳࠊࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪⴥࠉ㉝ ᮄၻක࣬ゼࠖ♼ࡡᅗࠗ ࠉࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪⴥష㞗➠ 11 ᕬѸ➠ 15 ᕬࠉᩅᩝ㤃ࠉ1980-1983 ᖳࠊSaint Augustine and George E. McCracke (trans.), The city of God against the pagans, Vol. 1-7, Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1957-1972.⪯ࣙ ࣀࢾಞ㐠ఌࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ㥵ኃಞ㐠ఌࠉࢡࢪࢷࢽࢪࡡಞ㐠ఌ์࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⮾࠷Ⅴ࡚ ࠵ࡾࠊ 3 ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉ㧏⏛㑳࣬ゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗ ࠉᩝ♣ࠉ➠ 1 ᕬ-➠ 20 ᕬࠉ➠ 22 ᕬ-➠ 28 ᕬࠉ➠ 41 ᕬ-➠ 44 ᕬ ษ⾔㸝ධ 44 ᕬ㸞 ࠉ1960 ᖳ-ࠊSt. Thomas Aquinas, Summa Theologiæ: Latin text and English translation, introductions, notes, appendices, and glossaries, Cambridge: Blackfriars, Vol. 1-61, 1964-1981. 4 de Victoria, Francisci, and Ernest Nys ed., De indis et de ivre belli relectiones, Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1917. 195 5 Suárez, Francisco, “De triplici virtute theologica,” in Francisco Suárez, and Gwladys L. Williams, Ammi Brown and John Waldron (trans.), Selections from three works of Francisco Suárez, Vol. 1-2, New York: Oceana, 1964. 6 7 Gentili, Alberico, and John C. Rolfe (trans.), De iure belli libri tres, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1933. Grotius, Hugo, De jure belli ac pacis libri tres, in quibus jus naturæ & gentium, item juris publici præcipua explicantur, Washington: Carnegie Institution of Washington, 1913. ࢡ࣭ࣞࢲࢪⴥࠉୌཧḿ㞕ゼࠖࢡ࣭ࣞࢲࢪᡋண࡛ᖲࡡἪࠗࠉ㒿 ᭡ᗉࠉ1989 ᖳࠊኬಕ⥽ࠖᡋண࡛ᖲࡡἪ : ࣆ࣭ࢥ࣭࣬ࢡࣞࢷࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᡋணࠉᖲࠉḿ⩇ࠗ ࠉ᮶ಘᇸࠉቌ∟ࠉ 1995 ᖳࠊ 8 Pufendorf, Samuel, and C.H. Oldfather and W.A. Oldfather (trans.), De jure naturae et gentium libri octo, Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934. 9 A/3314 (XXIX), 14 December 1974. 10 Walzer, Michael, Just and Unjust War: A Moral Argument with Historical Illustrations, 4th ed., New York: Basic Book, 2006. 11 Walzer, Just and Unjust War, p. 58-63. 12 Walzer, Michael, Arguing about War, New Haven: Yale University Press, 2004. 13 Elshtain, Jean Bethke ed., Just War Theory, New York: New York University Press, 1992. 14 Nardin, Terry ed., The Ethics of War and Peace, Princeton: N.J.: Princeton University Press, 1996. 15 ᒜහ㐅⥽ࠖࠔḿࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛࠷࠹ᛦࠗ ࠉⲙ᭡ᡛࠉ2006 ᖳࠊ 16 Elshtain, Jean Bethke, Just War against Terror: The Burden of American Power in a Violent World, New York: Basic Book, 2003. 17 ḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊRegan, Richard J., Just War: Principles and Cases, Washington D.C.: The Catholic University of America Press, 1996; Johnson, James Turner, Morality and Contemporary Warfare, New Haven: Harvard University Press, 1999; Lackey, Douglas P., The Ethics of War and Peace, Prentice-Hall. N.J.: Prentice Hall Press, 1989. 18 ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉኬ㮭ୌḿ࣬ゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗ ࠉ➠ 17 ᕬࠉᩝ♣ࠉ1997 ᖳࠉ80-81 㡣ࠊ 19 ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉ⛼ᇄⰃゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗ ࠉ➠ 18 ᕬࠉᩝ♣ࠉ1985 ᖳࠉ176-177 㡣ࠊ 20 ๑᥎ࠉ181-182 㡣ࠊ 21 Walzer, Just and Unjust War, p. 58-63. 22 ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ1925 ᖳ࡞⨣ྞࡈࡿࡒࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ࣬࢝ࢪ㆗ᏽ᭡ࡢࠉ✽ᛮ࢝ࢪࡷẐᛮ࢝ࢪࡡᡋண࡚ࡡ⏕ࢅ⚏Ḿࡊࠉࡱ ࡒࠉ1980 ᖳ࡞ᢝࡈࡿࡒ㏳ᖏඹჹ⏕⚏Ḿโ㝀᮪⣑ࡢࠉ㐛ᗐ࡞ഭᐐࢅ࠻ཧࡢ↋ᕣื࡞ຝᯕࢅཀྵࡌ㏳ᖏඹჹࡡ⏕ࢅ ⚏Ḿ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢโ㝀ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ1999 ᖳ࡞⨣ྞࡈࡿࡒᑊெᆀ㞶⚏Ḿ᮪⣑ࡵࡐࡡ⣌ㆍࡡぞᏽࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 23 ࢚ࣜࢵ࣭ࡢࠉᕣืཋ์࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉᨶណ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ↋㎗ࡡெࠍࡡᨯᦹࡢḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷࡛ゕཀྵࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᴗᗐࡡ ⥥᛬ᛮ㸝supreme emergency㸞Ꮛᅹࡌࡿࡣ↋㎗ࡡெࠍࡡណᅒⓏᨯᦹࡵセᐖࡈࡿࡾ࡛ᘿࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉ࢚ࣜࢵ ࣭ࡢࠉᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹ࡞㟸ᡋ㜒ဤᕬࡀ㎲ࡱࡿ࡙⿍ᐐࢅུࡄࡒሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨶណ࡞ᇱࡘࡂ ᨯᦹ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࡢᐖヾࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡵᘿࡊࡒ㸝㔔ຝᯕࡡࢺࢠࢹࣛࣤ㸝Doctrine of Double Effects㸞 㸞 ࠊ 24 Robert, Adam, “Humanitarian War: Military Intervention and Human Rights,” International Affairs, Vol. 69, No. 3, 1993, p. 429. 25 Pictet, Les Principes fondamentaux de la Croix-Rouge: commentaire, pp. 28-29㸝㑝ゼࠉ35-36 㡣㸞 㸝[…] si la paix est chère à tous ࠊ les peuples, ils ne s’accordent pas souvent sur la façon de la créer ou de la maintenir, ni même sur le caractère qu’elle doit avoir. […] d’autres institutions qui ont été créées pour défendre la paix et mieux organiser le monde ne connaissent pas les mêmes limites et peuvent agir plus librement. On le voit, dans la croisade contre la guerre, chacun doit combattre avec les moyens dont il dispose, selon son génie propre et une destinée à laquelle personne ne saurait échapper. Les moyens effectifs dont la Croix-Rouge dispose pour éliminer la guerre des rapports humains sont restreints. Mais, dans le cadre général de cet effort, la Croix-Rouge n’en constitue pas moins un facteur moral important. Elle est le symbole de la paix au cœur même des combats. Chacun de ses actes est alors un geste pacificateur. Agir comme intermédiaire entre les ennemis, promouvoir le droit humanitaire, c’est créer un climat 196 d’apaisement et de réconciliation. En affirmant leur solidarité devant la souffrance, en pratiquant l’entraide, la Croix-Rouge tend à niveler les inégalités entre les hommes et à atténuer leurs frustrations et leurs rancunes.㸞 26 ෫ᡋࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚ࡛ḿᙔࡡ⌦⏜࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊWheeler, Nicholas J., Saving Strangers: Humanitarian Intervention in International Society, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000; Chesterman, Simon, Just War or Just Peace?: Humanitarian Intervention and International Law, Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2001; Tesón, Fernando R., Humanitarian Intervention: An Inquiry into Law and Morality, Third Edition, Ardsley, NY: Transnational Publishers, 2005; ᭻᭮ ᗛᜠࠖெ㐠ⓏᖱῦࡡἪ⌦ㄵࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ2003 ᖳࠊ 27 S/RES/ 688 (1991), 5 April 1991. Ử㆗ 688 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ⥌ᣚࡡࡒࡴࡡᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂᏭධಕ㝸 ⌦ఌࡡ⩇ຸ࡛㈈௴࡞⏻ណࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔ᭩㎾ࡡࢠࣜࢺெᑽపᆀᇡࢅྱࡴࡒࣚࢠࡡኣࡂࡡ㡷ᇡ࡚ࡡࣚࢠᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᢒᅸࠉ ᅗሾ࡞ྡྷࡄࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒኬぞᶅ㞬ẰࡡὮฝ࡛ࠉᙔルᆀᇡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅ⬛࠾ࡌᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡾථࢅࡵ ࡒࡼࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅࡂᠩᛍࡊࠕࠉ ࠔெ㛣ࡡ⿍ⅇࡡ⏊ኬࡈࢅࡂ៎ࡊࠕ࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࣚࢠ㒂࡚ࡡࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡெ 㐠༱ᶭࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊỬ㆗ 688 ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさ᥈⨠ࠕ࠵ࡾ࠷ ࡢࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࡢ⏕ࡈࡿࡍࠉࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒ࡛ࡱ࡚ࡢゕ᪺࡚ࡀ࠷ࠊ 28 S/RES/794 (1992), 3 December 1992. Ử㆗ 794 ๑ᩝ࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔࢮ࣏ࣛࡡ⣦ண㉫ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡฦ㒼࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㝸ᐐୌ ᒒ็࡞ࡊࡒெⓏ⿍ᐐࡡぞᶅࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࠕ࡛᪺オࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮ࡡⓆິࡡさ௲࡚࠵ࡾࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡞ルᙔࡌࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚ ࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡱࡒࠉ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠Ⓩ≟Ἓࡡᝇࢅࡂ៎ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࢮ࣏ࣛධᅰ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ༳ ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾ⥥᛬ࡡᚪさᛮࢅᙁㄢࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔᅗ㝷♣ఌࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࢮ࣏ ࣛ࠾ࡼࡡ⥥᛬ࡡさㄫ࡞ᚺ➽ࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔපḿெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ྙἪⓏ࡞ཤຊࡌࡾさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸງࡷ⬛㏍ࠉ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࠉᨾᥴ ∸㈠࣬㐘ᦑ㌬୦࠽ࡻࡦ༈⒢ᨾᥴスങࡡណᅒⓏᨯᦹࠉᩝẰࡡ⏍Ꮛ࡞ྊḖ㣏⣂࡛༈⒢ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩ࡡ㜴Ḿࡡሒ࿈ࢅ ྱࡴ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᗀ⠂ᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢ㐢ཬ⤽⤾Ⓩ࡞ሒ࿈ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠷៎ࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔྊ⬗㝀ࡽ᪡ ᛬࡞ࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡࡒࡴࡡᏭධ⎌ሾࢅ☔❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘ᣞࡊࡒຊ┍ᅗࡡᥞ᱄࡞⏻ណࡊࠕ࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ Ử㆗ 794 ➠ 7 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡࡒࡴࡡᏭධ⎌ሾࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽ᪡᛬࡞☔❟ࡌࡾ࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㏻ ❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂ⾔ິ࡛ࡼࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡾ 1992 ᖳ 11 ᭮ 29 ຸ⥪㛏᭡⠾㸝S/24868㸞ࡡ࿈ࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾࠕ ࡛࠵ࡽࠉ➠ 8 㡧࡚ࠔ࠾࠾ࡾᏭධ⎌ሾࢅฝࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡὩິࡡス❟࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ୕オຸ⥪㛏᭡⠾࡞オ㏑ࡈࡿࡒຊ┍ᅗ࠾ ࡼࡡᥞ᱄ࢅḴ㎼ࡌࡾࠕ࡛ࡡゕཀྵ࠵ࡽࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜࡞ࡻࡾࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᥞ᱄ᐁ୕ᢆヾࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉ ➠ 10 㡧࡚ࠔᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ິࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡࡒࡴࡡᏭධ⎌ሾࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽ᪡᛬ ࡞☔❟ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉຸ⥪㛏࡛୕オ➠ 8 㡧࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡒᥞ᱄ࢅᒓ⾔ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞༝ງࡌࡾຊ┍ᅗࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹ ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅセྊࡌࡾࠕ࡛ࠔ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟᪺オࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ᢆヾࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 29 S/RES/814 (1993), 26 March 1993. Ử㆗ 814 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔᅗ㝷㏻ྙࠉᅗᐓࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢅ⾪ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡌࡾெࠍ ࡡᬸງ⾔Ⅵࢅ៎ࡊࠕࠉ ࠔᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᗀ⠂㐢ཬᘤࡀ⤾ࡀሒ࿈ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࠉ࠽ࡻࡦࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾἪࡡᨥ 㒼ୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞Ḗዯࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠷㐿᠅ࡡណ࡛㛭ᚨࢅࡵࡖ࡙⏻ណࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔහᡋᝇࡈࡎࡒࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡቪ⁓Ⓩ㣒㣱 ࡛᪥㨟ࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡ⏍⏐ᡥṹࡷኮ↓࠽ࡻࡦெⓏ㈠″ࡡኬぞᶅ◒ቪࢅ㉫ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᠩᛍࡊࠕ࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠༱ᶭ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙ࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾឺ࡛ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡐࡡୌ᪁࡚ࠉࠔ࠵ࡼ ࡹࡾᚪさᡥṹ࣬᥈⨠ࠕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡᨳⓏ࣬⤊ῥⓏᚗ⮾ࢅ⠂␢࡞ථࡿࡒໜᣋⓏὩິᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒࠊỬ㆗ 814 ๑ᩝ࡞ࡢࠉ ࠔࢮ࣏ࣛධᅰ࡚Ἢ࡛⛓ᗆࢅᅂᚗࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࠉよࠉᨳⓏよỬࡼࡦ࡞ࢮ ࣏ࣛࡡᨳⓏᶭᵋ࡛⤊ῥࡡᚗ⮾࡞㈁⊡ࡌࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ಘࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔࡱࡒࠉよࠉᬳᏽᨳᗋᶭ㛭ࡡス⨠࡞㛭ࡌࡾྜྷណࠉ ⾪Ằ⩇ᶭ㛭ࡡス❟ࢅಀࡌᇱᮇⓏཋ์࣬ṹ㝭࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢤࣤࢬࣤࢦࢪࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡໜᣋⓏ༝㆗࡛ᐼ㆗ࡡᚪさᛮ ࢅ☔ಘࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔᆀ᪁࡛ᆀᇡࡡ⾔ᨳᶭᵋࡡ්ᵋ⠇ᅗහࡡᖲ✔ᚗ⮾࡞ྊḖ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅヾㆉࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔຸ⥪㛏ຸ࡛⥪㛏 ≁ื⾪࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉධᅗࠉᆀᇡࠉᆀ᪁࡚ࣝ࣊ࣜࡡࢮ࣏ࣛ♣ఌࡡࡌ࡙ࡡ㒂㛓ࡡᗀ⠂ཤຊࢅໜᦜࡊ࠾ࡗಀ㐅ࡌࡾషᴏ 197 ࢅ⤽⤾ࡊ࠾ࡗᙁࡊࠉᨳⓏよỬ࡛ᅗẰࡡよࡡ㐛⛤ࢅಀ㐅ࡊࠉᨳⓏᶭ㛭࡛⤊ῥࢅ්ᘋࡌࡾࢮ࣏ࣛெẰࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅಀࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔᨳⓏよỬࡡ㐡ᠺ࡛ᒓ⾔ࢅっ㔕࡞ථࡿ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛெẰᚪさ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᆀ᪁ࠉᆀᇡࠉධᅗ࡚ࣝ࣊ࣜ⮤⏜ ࠾ࡗපḿ㐽ᣪ࡞ཤຊ࡚ࡀࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᨥᥴࡌࡾ⏕ណ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⾪᪺ࡊࠕ࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᨳⓏ よỬ࡛ᅗẰⓏよࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡ┘Ⓩ࡞ໜྱࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 30 S/RES/770 (1992), 13 August 1992. Ử㆗ 770 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࡡ≟Ἓࡢࠉᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ౩⤝ࠉᙔルᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾᏭ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡ⾔ິ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㔔ささ⣪࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅヾᏽࡊࠕ࡛ゕ᪺ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࢅิࡴ࡛ ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㍲㏞࡞ᑊࡌࡾጄᐐࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘࡂᙁโ᥈⨠ࢅⓆິࡌࡾさ௲࡚࠵ࡾࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾឺ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛よ㔐ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡱࡒࠉỬ㆗ 770 ๑ᩝࡢࠉ ࠔᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࠉ ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࡡࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡷࡐࡡࡡᆀᇡ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨾᥴὩິࢅᨥᥴࡊ࡙ࠉ⤽⤾Ⓩ࡞Ὡິࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅ᥆ዜࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡᏭධ࡛ᶭ⬗ࢅ☔ಕࡊࠉࢦ࢚࡛ࣚ࢘ࣥ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࡡࡡᆀᇡ࡞࠽ ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㍲㏞ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ௴ຸࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾຑງࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡌࡾࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ࡞ᗀࡾ≟Ἓ࡞ ࡂᅏᝠࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ࡞ྡྷࡄࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ጄᐐࡈࡿࡾ≟Ἓ⤽⤾ࡊࠉࡐࡡࡆ࡛ࠉ࣍ࢪ ࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻᅗẰࡡ⿍ⅇࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛࡞᭻ࡊࠕࠉ ࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࡡ ࡌ࡙ࡡᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉỬ㆗ 764㸝1992㸞࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㍲㏞ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ≟Ἓࢅྊ⬗㝀ࡽ㎷㏷࡞☔❟ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ ࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ⥾ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾᚪさᛮࢅᙁㄢࡊࡒ࡛⌦よ࡚ࡀࡻ ࠹ࠊỬ㆗ 770 ➠ 2 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔᅗᐓࠉ༟≺ࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢᆀᇡⓏᶭ㛭ཱི࣬ᴗࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡷࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻࡡࡌ࡙ࡡᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᥴຐࢅ㍲ ㏞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙ࡛㏻ᦘࡊ࡙ಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさㄫࡊࠕ࡛࠵ࡽࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡢࠉࠔᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ᥈⨠ࠕ࡛࠷࠹⾪⌟ࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁ โ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 31 S/RES/819 (1993), 16 April 1993; S/RES/824 (1993), 6 May 1993. Ử㆗ 819 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ᮶㒂࣍ࢪࢼࡡ⏣ᮟ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣍ࢪ ࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெ‵㌱㒂㝪࡞ࡻࡾᩓᑊ⾔ⅥࡡലྡྷࢅᠩᛍࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡⅤ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉࠖẰ᪐Ὧࠗࡡᐁ⾔ࢅྱࡳṂງ ࡞ࡻࡾጸᄋࡱࡒࡢṂງࡡ⾔࡞ࡻࡾ㡷ᅰࡡዞཱིཧࡢ⋋ᚋࡢࠉ㐢Ἢ࠾ࡗᐖヾ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅ්☔ヾࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜ ࣄெ‵㌱㒂㝪࡞ࡻࡾ↋㎗ࡡᕰẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾゝ⏤ⓏṂງᨯᦹཀྵࡦ◑ᦹࡡ㢎Ⓠࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠽ࡻࡦ ࡐࡡ࿔㎰ᆀ༇࡞࠽ࡄࡾ≟Ἓ᛬⃥࡞ᝇࡊࡒࡆ࡛࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࠉ1993 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 16 ࡞ຸ⥪㛏࠾ࡼᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡞ఎ㐡ࡈ ࡿࡒሒ࡞ࡂ៎ࡊࠕࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெ‵㌱㒂㝪࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㆜⾠࡞ᑊࡌࡾゝ⏤Ⓩ㜴Ḿࢅᙁࡂ㟸㞬ࡊࠕࠉ ࠔᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ⫃ຸᶊ㝀࡞㛭ࡌࡾỬ㆗ 815㸝1993㸞ࡡぞᏽࢅ㉫ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡ㛭㏻࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱ ࡘ࠷࡙⾔ິࡊࠕ࡛ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂࡚ࡡẰ᪐Ὧࢅ㜴Ḿࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ㥌⏻ࢅᙁࡌࡾᚪさᛮ ᙁㄢࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉỬ㆗ 819 ➠ 1 㡧࡚ࠉ ࠔࡌ࡙ࡡᙔ⩽࠽ࡻࡦࡐࡡࡡ㛭౿⩽ࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠽ࡻࡦࡐࡡ࿔㎰ࢅࠉ ࠷࠾ࡾṂງᨯᦹཧࡢࡐࡡࡡᩓᑊ⾔ⅥࡵᏋᅹࡊ࠷Ꮽධᆀ༇࡛ࡊ࡙ฌ㐕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡊࠕ ࠉ➠ 2 㡧࡚ࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ ࢬࣜࣄெ‵㌱㒂㝪࡞ࡻࡾࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾṂງᨯᦹࡡ༳ೳḾཀྵࡦࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࿔㎰ᆀ༇࠾ࡼࡡ༳ ㏝ࢅさịࡌࡾࠕ࡛ᘿࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணᆀᇡࡡ├୯࡞࠵ࡾࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࡛ࡐࡡ࿔㎰ᆀ ༇ࢅᏭධᆀ༇࡛ࡊ࡙スᏽࡊࡒ୕࡚ࠉࡆࡡᆀ༇ࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ༳㏝ࢅさịࡊ ࡒࠊ5 ᭮ 6 ࠉỬ㆗ 824 ᢝࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᏭධᆀ༇ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࠉࢵࢫࣚࠉࢩ࢘ࣂࠉࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࠉ ࣄࣀࢲࡡ 6 㒌ᕰ࡛ࡐࡡ࿔㎰ᆀ༇࡞ᣉኬࡈࡿࡒࠊ 32 S/RES/836 (1993), 4 June 1993. Ử㆗ 836 ➠ 5 㡧࡚ࠔỬ㆗ 824㸝1993 ᖳ㸞࡞ゕཀྵࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᏭධᆀ༇࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ1992 ᖳ 9 ᭮ 14 Ử㆗ 776㸝1992 ᖳ㸞࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾᕰẰࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᥞ౩࡞ཤຊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉᏭධᆀ༇࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ᨯᦹࢅᢒḾࡊࠉೳᡋࢅ┐っࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻභᅗᨳᗋ௧አࡡ㌱㝪ཧࡢ‵㌱㒂㝪ࡡ㏝ࢅಀ㐅ࡊࠉཀྵ ࡦࠉ⌟ᆀࡡさᆀⅤࢅ༥ᣈࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྊ⬗࡛ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡ⫃ຸᶊ㝀ࢅᘇ㛏ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࠕ ࠉ➠ 9 㡧࡚ࠔᅗ ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ1992 ᖳ 8 ᭮ 13 Ử㆗ 770㸝1992 ᖳ㸞ཀྵࡦ 776㸝1992 ᖳ㸞࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⫃ຸᶊ㝀࡞ຊ࠻࡙ࠉ 198 ⮤⾠ࡡࡒࡴ࡞๑᥎➠ 5 㡧࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⫃ຸᶊ㝀ࢅᐁ⾔ࡌࡾ㝷ࠉᚪさ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅセྊࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿ ࡡᙔ⩽࠾ࢅၡࢂࡍࠉᏭධᆀ༇࡞ᑊࡌࡾ◑ᦹⱕࡊࡂࡢᏭධᆀ༇ࡡṂぉᦹࡡᚺᡋࠉཧࡢࠉྜྷᆀ༇හⱕࡊࡂࡢ࿔㎰࡚ ࡡᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ⱕࡊࡂࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴ㍲㏞ࡡ⮤⏜࡞ᑊࡌࡾゝ⏤Ⓩጄᐐࡡሔྙ࡞࠽ࡄࡾṂງ⾔ࢅྱࡳࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࠉᏭධᆀ༇࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙⮤⾠ࡡࡒࡴ࡞ᚺᡋࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡊࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ✒ᴗⓏ࡞Ṃ㞗 ᅆࢅᏭධᆀᇡ࠾ࡼᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណᅒࡊࡒỬ㆗࡚ࡢ࠷Ⅴ࡞ࡵ⏻ណࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡱࡒࠉ ➠ 10 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔỬ㆗ 816㸝1993 ᖳ㸞➠ 1 㡧࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉᅗᐓ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉཧࡢࠉᆀᇡᶭ㛭ⱕࡊࡂࡢཱིᴗ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⾔ິࡊ࡙࠷ࡾຊ┍ᅗࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ ఌࡡᶊ㝀࡞ᇱࡘࡀࠉཀྵࡦࠉຸ⥪㛏ཀྵࡦᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡛ࡡᐠㄢᩒ࡞᭱ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻභᅗࡡᏭ ධᆀ༇ཀྵࡦࡐࡡ࿔㎰ᆀ༇࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ୕オ➠ 5 㡧ཀྵࡦ➠ 9 㡧࡞♟ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ⫃ຸᶊ㝀ࡡ㐑⾔࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࢅᨥᥴࡌ ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ✭㌱ງࡡ⏕࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡌ࡙ࡡᚪさ᥈⨠ࢅ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡌࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ ࡛ࡢื࡞ࠉᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹ࡞ᚺᡋࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞✭⇷ࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾᶊ㝀ࢅኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡞࠻ࡒࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 33 S/RES/929 (1993), 22 June 1994. Ử㆗ 929 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡᅗ㏻ࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉຸ⥪㛏࡛༝ງࡌࡾ ᪠ࡡຊ┍ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡᥞ᱄㸝S/1994/734㸞࡞⏻ណࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡὩິᏰධ࡞ெ㐠Ⓩᛮࡡࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ୯❟Ⓩ᪁Ἢ࡚ ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉᙔ⩽㛣࡞ᅹࡌࡾ㌱㝪ࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅᙁㄢࡊࠕ ࠉ ࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽࠷࡙⤄⧂ Ⓩ࠾ࡗᗀ⠂ᕰẰࡡṽᐐ⤽⤾ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡂᠩᛍࡊࠕࠉ ࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠༱ᶭࡡぞᶅࡡ⏊ኬࡈࡢࠉᙔルᆀᇡࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾ࡛Ửᏽࡊࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡ⤄⧂Ⓩࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵெ㐠༱ ᶭࢅᵋᠺࡊࠉࡆࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິさ௲࡚࠵ࡾࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛᪺☔࡞ ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊỬ㆗ 929 ➠ 1 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔ1994 ᖳ 6 ᭮ 19 ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏᭡⠾㸝S/1994/728㸞ࢅḴ㎼ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴ ᅆᚪさぞᶅ࡞㐡ࡌࡾࡱ࡚ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾኣᅗ⡘㌱ࢅス❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ྙណࡌࡾࠕࠉࡱࡒࠉ ➠ 2 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽࠷࡙༱ᶭ࡞℔ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㑂㞬Ằࠉ㞬Ằ ཀྵࡦᕰẰࡡᏭධ࡛ಕ㆜࡞ࠉ୯❟Ⓩ᪁Ἢ࡚㈁⊡ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ௺ᅒࡌࡾࠉᅗᐓࡡᣞᥱ࡛⤣โࡡୖ࡞⨠࠾ࡿࡾᬳᏽⓏὩິࢅ ス❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉຸ⥪㛏࡛༝ງࡌࡾ᪠ࡡຊ┍ᅗ࠾ࡼࡡᥞ᱄㸝S/1994/734㸞ࢅḴ㎼ࡌࡾࠕ࡛࠵ࡽࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡᥞ ᱄ࢅᢆヾࡊ࡙ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡᒈ㛜ࢅᐖヾࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ➠ 3 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔᅗ㝷㏻ྙ❮➠ 7 ❮ ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⾔ິࡊࠉຸ⥪㛏࡛༝ງࡌࡾຊ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌỬ㆗ 925㸝1994 ᖳ㸞➠ 4 㡧㸝a㸞ཀྵࡦ㸝b㸞࡚ スᏽࡈࡿࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ┘Ⓩࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᚪさ࠵ࡼࡹࡾᡥṹࢅ⏕࠷࡙ࠉ୕オ➠ 2 㡧࡚ゕཀྵࡈࡿࡒὩິࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾᶊ 㝀ࢅ࠻ࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡢࠉᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉᅗ㏻❮ ➠ 7 ❮࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞㌱ථࡊࠉỬ㆗ 925 ➠ 4 㡧㸝a㸞 㸝b㸞 㸝Ử㆗ 918 ➠ 3 㡧࡛ྜྷࡋහᐖ㸞 ࡞ぞᏽࡈࡿࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㞬Ằࡷ㑂㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡಕ㆜࡛ᨥᥴࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒெ㐠Ⓩථ࡛ࡊ࡙ᢆ ヾࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 34 S/RES/1199 (1998), 23 September 1998.; S/PV. 3988, 24 March 1999. Ử㆗ 1199 ๑ᩝ࡚ࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1160 ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻ 㑝࡛ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥよᨲ㌱࡛ࡡᬸງ⾔Ⅵ㟸㞬ࡈࡿࡒ୕࡚ࠉࠔ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᆀ᪁࡚ࡡ≟Ἓࡡᝇࡢࠉᙔルᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᖲ ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ヾࡊࠕ࡛ࠉࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᆀ᪁࡚ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ ࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡆ࡛᪺☔࡞ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1199 ➠ 1 㡧࡚ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᩓᑊ⾔Ⅵ ࡡ୯Ḿ࡛ఆᡋࢅさịࡊࠉ➠ 2 㡧࡚ࠉ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝࡛ࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥࡡࣜࣁࢼ⣌ᣞᑙ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩ≟Ἓࡡᨭၻ࡛᛬㏍ ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡊࡒࠊࡐࡊ࡙ࠉ➠ 16 㡧࡚ࡢࠉ ࠔᙔルỬ㆗࡛Ử㆗ 1160㸝1998㸞࡚さịࡈࡿࡒරమⓏ᥈⨠ ࡛ࡼࡿ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉᙔルᆀᇡࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽᏽࢅ⥌ᣚࡊࠉᅂᚗࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡࡈࡼࡾ⾔ິ࡛㏛ຊⓏ᥈⨠ࢅ᳠ゞࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ Ửᏽࡌࡾࠕ࡛ぞᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾỬ㆗ࡡ㐺Ꮼ࠷ሔྙࡡ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡྊ⬗ᛮ♟ြࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ ࡒࠊ 35 Hoffman, Stanley, The Ethics and Politics of Humanitarian Intervention, Notre Dame: University of Notre Dame Press, 1996. 36 Holzgrefe, J. L. and Robert O. Keohane, Humanitarian Intervention: Ethical, Legal, and Political Dilemmas, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 37 Chatterjee, Deen K. and Don E. Scheid eds., Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003. 38 Lang, Anthony F. Jr. ed., Just Intervention, Washington D.C.: Georgetown University Press, 2003. 199 39 Lucas, George R., Jr., “From jus ad bellum to jus ad pacem: re-thinking just-war criteria for the use of military force for humanitarian ends,” in Deen K. Chatterjee and Don E. Scheid eds., Ethics and Foreign Intervention, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 72-96. 40 The International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty (ICISS), The Responsibility to Protect, Ottawa: the International Development Research Centre, 2001. 41 ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, pp. 2-3. 42 ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background: Supplementary Volume to the Report of the International Commission on Intervention and State Sovereignty, Ottawa: the International Development Research Centre, 2001. 43 ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect: Research, Bibliography, Background, pp. vii-ix. 44 ICISS, The Responsibility to Protect, p. 9. 45 Ibid., p. 11. 46 Ibid., p. 13. 47 Ibid., p. 17. 48 Ibid., p. xi. 49 Ibid., pp. 32-34 50 Ibid., p. 34. 51 Ibid., pp. 49-50 52 Ibid., p. 51. 53 Ibid., pp. 53-54 54 Ibid., pp. 54-55 55 Ibid., pp. 36-37. 56 Ibid., pp. xii-xiii. 200 ➠ 3 㒂 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ ➠ 6 ❮ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ 1 ᗆㄵ ➠ 2 㒂࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞࠵ࡾெ㐠⩇࡚ࡢࡂࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡘࡄࡼ ࡿࡾࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠗࡡᇱ‵ࢅ㐲⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌᅗ㝷Ἢ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸ࡡ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ ࡛ࡊ࡙ᢆヾࡌࡿࡣࠉᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡ㈈௴ࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉḿᡋㄵࡡさ௲࡚࠵ࡾࠔ᭩⤂ᡥṹ㸝last resort㸞ࠕࡡᇱ‵ࢅඖ㊂ࡌࡾᚪさ ࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ௧አࡡᡥṹ࡚ࡢ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥ࡚ࡀ࠷≟Ἓ࡞⮫ࡼࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐ ࡿࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ༎ฦ࡞ᨾῥ࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩ ථࡢ㐛ᑊᚺ࡛ࡽḿᙔᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ 3 㒂࡚ࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦಕ㆜ࡷᥴຐࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷≟Ἓࢅฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ᮪௲ࢅㄵ✪ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ ∸㈠࣬㈠㔘࣬ெဤࡡ㊂࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ೳࡌࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴೳࡌࡾኣࡂࡡሔྙࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ࡞ࡻࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡡさᅄࠉᐁࠉຝᯕ࡞ ࡗ࠷࡙ฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ᮪௲ࢅよ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞⩻ ᐳࢅ㐅ࡴ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᐁࡡ☔ヾ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 2 ⟿㸞ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡ ࡗࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡౚ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᖱῦࡊࡒ┘Ⓩ ࡷᡥṹࢅᐁ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙⩻ᐳࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡌ࡚࡞➠ 4 ❮࡞࠽࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡレ⣵ᐁฦᯊࢅ⤂࠻࡙࠷ࡾ ࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ࡞㝀ᏽࡊ࡙⩻ᐳࢅ㐅ࡴ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡞㛭ࡌࡾཋᅄࡡよ᪺࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 3 ⟿㸞ࠊࡆࡡཋᅄࡡよ᪺࡞ࡢࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ ࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᚡࡡንᐖ࡛࠷࠹ṌྍⓏさᅄ࡛ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡᵋ㏸Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅฦᯊࡌࡾᚪ さ࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡཋᅄࢅฦᯊࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔さᴣᛍࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ᨳᏕ⩽ࡡ࣒࣭ࣛ࣬ 201 ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭㸝Mary Kaldor㸞࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࡢࠉ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ㛣ࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅࡴࡃ ࡾࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞ንᐖࡊࠉᩓᑊࡌࡾࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅಕᣚࡌࡾ♣ఌ㞗ᅆ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅิ ࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ⇒ⅧᬸງࢅᕰẰ࡞⾔ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡚ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡಕ㆜ ࡛ᥴຐࢅࡴࡃࡖ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ᑊ❟ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᡋண㐑⾔ࡡᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ Ṃງ⣦ணࡡṌྍⓏንᐖெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞࠻ࡒྫྷᏽⓏຝᯕࢅฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡཋᅄࢅよ ᪺ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞≁᭯ࡡࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ࠕၡ㢗࡚ࡢࡂࠉୌ⯙Ⓩ࡞ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ண ୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᵋ㏸Ⓩၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡཋᅄࢅฦᯊࡌࡾ୕࡚㔔ささ⣪ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ ࡻࡾࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕ࠕ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉᡋணࡡົฺࢅ᭩ኬࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊ࡙᥎ࡅࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉᡋ㜒⬗ ງࡡྡྷ୕࡛ᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅฺ⏕ࡌࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ࠔெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕ࠕ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡ├Ⓩさᅄ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛࠷࠹ṌྍⓏさᅄࡆࡡലྡྷࢅຐ㛏ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛⩻ ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ṃງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡᵋ㏸Ⓩ㛭౿ࢅฦᯊࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡཋᅄࢅ ㄵ✪ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡡຝᯕ࡞㛭ࡌࡾฦᯊ࡚࠵ࡾ㸝➠ 4 ⟿㸞ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡཋ์ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᶭ㸝୯❟ᛮࡡၡ㢗㸞࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ㸝Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗㸞ࡡࡗࡡྫྷᏽⓏຝᯕࢅ ㉫ࡊࡒࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽ ୯❟ᛮࢂࡿ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິೳḾ࡞㏛࠷㎲ࡱࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥ ᥴࢅᡋண࡞㌹⏕ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞∸⌦Ⓩ༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅೳḾࡈࡎࡾ ࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡೳ࡛࠷࠹ឺ ࡵᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡೳࡢࠉࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜㸝protection for protectors㸞ࠕ࡛࠷࠹็ၡ㢗ࢅᥞ㉫ ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅಕ㆜ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࢅㄙಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗ࠉ ࡈࡼ࡞ゕ࠻ࡣࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࢅಕ㆜࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉㄙ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿࡆࡐࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨾῥࡌࡾ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ᮪௲࡞㛭ࢂࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ௧୕ࡡⅤࢅよ᪺ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ࢂࡖ࡙ࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩெ㐠Ⓩ 202 ථࢅ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ᮪௲ࢅ᥆ㄵࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹㸝ᅒ 17 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᅒ 17 Ṃງ⣦ணୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ṌྍⓏさᅄ Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᛮ㈻ࡡንᐖ ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ 㸝➠ 3 ⟿㸞 ᵋ㏸Ⓩさᅄ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕ 㸝➠ 3 ⟿㸞 ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ ᐁฦᯊ 㸝➠ 2 ⟿㸞 ຝᯕ ெ㐠⩇ࡡཋ์ࡡ༱ᶭ ࠔ୯❟ᛮࡡၡ㢗ࠕ 㸝➠ 4 ⟿㸞 ຝᯕ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ ࠔᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࠕ 㸝➠ 4 ⟿㸞 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡೳ㸲ࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡၡ㢗ࠕ ḿᙔ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ 㸝➠ 5 ⟿㸞 ➱⩽షᠺ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾ᮪௲ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ⓏよỬᡥṹ࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅッ᪺ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠 ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚⫧ᏽⓏຝᯕࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌୌ᪁ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ྫྷᏽⓏຝᯕࢅཀྵࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾሔྙࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡ ࡻ࠹ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡណᅒࡎࡉࡾ⤎ᯕࢅฦᯊࡊ࡙ࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᑊᚺࢅ⩻ᐳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ ࡆࡿ࠾ࡼࡡᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᒈ᭻ࢅ♟ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷㸝➠ 5 ⟿㸞 ࠊ 203 2 ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡౚ (1) ࢮ࣏ࣛ ࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡡ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯ᚨⓏᙲࢅᯕࡒࡊࡒࡡࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ㉝᩺᭮♣㸝Somalia Red Crescent Societies; SRCS㸞࡛㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1991 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1992 ᖳࡡ㣒㣱࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㒌ᕰ 㒂࡚ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾᨥᥴᒈ㛜ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ㎨ᮟ㒂࡚ࡢࢮ࣏ࣛ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡓࡄὩິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ㉝᩺᭮♣࡞㈠㔘ࡷ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ㉝᩺᭮♣⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ ࡡ㣏⣂౩⤝ࡷ㒼ฦࡡὩິ࡞ᙔࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ࢮ࣏ࣛ㉝᩺᭮♣ࡢࠉ2 ᖳ㛣࡞⣑ 20 ࢹࣤࡡ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉࡆࡿࡢࠉࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡᥞ౩ࡊࡒ⥪㔖ࢅ୕ᅂࡖࡒ1ࠊ1992 ᖳ 1 ᭮ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ 㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ୯༞㒂࡞ᑽపࡊ㑂㞬ࡌࡾࡌ࡙ࡡெ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㣏⣂ᨥᥴྊḖ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛⤎ㄵࡘࡄ ࡙ࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ㍲㏞ᡥṹࢅモࡲࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᏭເࡡᝇ࡚ᐞ࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵᮟ࡞∸㈠ ࢅⲬ༷ࡊࡒࡽࠉࣉࣛࢤࣈࢰ࣭ࢅ⏕ࡊࡒࡽࠉࢢࢼ࠾ࡼ㉲ሾᨥᥴࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࡽࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹2ࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉᅗ㝷㏻ྙഘୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ1990 ᖳ 12 ᭮࡞Ꮽເࡡᝇࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙⫃ဤࡡࡌ࡙ࢅ ㏝ࡈࡎࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ㣒㣱࡞ࡻࡾ≓∽⩽ኣⓆࡊࡒ 1991 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1992 ᖳࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥ ᥴὩິࢅೳḾࡈࡎࡒࠊ1991 ᖳิ㢄ࠉᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࡢᚗ⮾షᴏࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ 300 ࢺࣜࡡ㈠㔘ࢅ ࣒ࣛ࢜㛜Ⓠᥴຐᖿ㸝USAID㸞࠾ࡼᥞ౩ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡢࠉ≁ื⥥᛬ࣅ࣭ࣜࢅฝࡊ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ 6400 ࢺࣜࡡᨥᥴࢅᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡞さㄫࡊࡒ ࠉᐁ㝷࡞ࡢ㏭┘Ⓩゝ⏤ࡈࡿࡍࠉᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࡵ⫃ဤࡡὬ㐭ࢅᢼྫྷࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࡆࡡゝ⏤ࢅ❟᱄ࡊࡒ ࡡࡢ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡡࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺ࡚ࣝࣤ࠵ࡖࡒ3ࠊ 㸝Ꮽࡡᝇ࡛㆜⾠ࡡ⏕㸞 ᙔࡡࢮ࣏ࣛࡢࠉᅗᐓᶭᵋᓻቪࡊࠉḿ⤣ᨳᗋᏋᅹࡊ࠷≟Ἓ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᶭ㛭Ὡິࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾ࡞Ꮽເᝇࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࡆࡡឺ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷ㟸ᨳ ᗋ⤄⧂ࡢࠉ⫃ဤࡡᏭධࢅಕ㝸ࡊࠉᥴຐὩິࡡළ⁝ࡡࡒࡴ࡞⌟ᆀࡡẰඹࢅ㆜⾠࡛ࡊ࡙㞘⏕ࡊࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚ ᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ࠉ㆜⾠ࡡ㞘⏕ࡢ⤄⧂ࡡఎ⤣ࢅ◒ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉࡆࡿ ࡱ࡚⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡஹῦࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡚ࡢᡋἛὮິ 204 Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ๑⥲࡛ᚃ᪁ࡡ༇ื࡛ᫍࡽࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡྜྷណࢅᚋࡾࡆ࡛ࡵᐖ᪾࡚ࡢ ࡂࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾᏭ⥌ᣚࡡಕ㆜ࡡᜠࢅུࡄࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠾ࡖࡒ4ࠊ㆜⾠ࡡ࡞ᑯ࠷ࡒࡡࡢࠉ ᴏ୯ࡡࢮ࣏ࣛெ⏠ᛮ࡚࠵ࡽࠉᕰሔ࡚Ꮽ࠷Ṃჹࢅ∸ⰅࡊࠉࡐࡡṂჹࢅᦘ⾔ࡊ࡙㆜⾠ࡡ࡞ᑯ࠷࡙ࠉ ථࢅᚋ࡙࠷ࡒࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡୌ㒂ࢅ㆜⾠ᩩ࡛ࡊ࡙ᥞ౩ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ├Ⓩථ″ ࡡୌࡗ࡞ࡵࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ1992 ᖳୖ༖ࠉ࣌ࢺ࣭ࣜ㸝Xoddur㸞࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ᥴຐ㣏 ⣂ࡡ⣑ 3 ࢅ㆜⾠࡞ᨥᡮࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ5ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭㆜⾠ᩩࢅᨥᡮ࠹ࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉᡋண࡞ࡡࡻ࠹ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡒࡡࡓࢀ࠹࠾ࠊ➠ୌ࡞ࠉ හᡋ⃥ࡌࡿࡣࡌࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾ㆜⾠ࡡᩐࡢᣉኬࡊࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡢ㆜⾠ᩩථࢅቌࡷ ࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࠊࡐࡿࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉහᡋࡡ⃥࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡚ኣࡂࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡷࢩ࣭ࣔ ࢻࣛࢪࢹὩິࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡽࠉࡐࡿࡓࡄ㆜⾠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㞺さࡢቌࡊࠉ㆜⾠ᩩ⮤మೋ୕ࡽࡊࡒ6ࠊࡆࡡ ࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋ㜒ဤࡢᡋணࢅ⤽⤾ࡌࡾ㝀ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࠾ࡼฺ─ࢅᘤࡀฝࡌࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠࡞ࠉ㆜⾠ࡡ㞺さࢅ㧏ࡱࡽ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහࡡṂჹ㞺さࡡ㧏ࡱࡽࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒࠊᏭධಕ㝸 ⌦ఌࡡỬ㆗࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࢮ࣏ࣛࡡṂჹ㍲ฝ⚏Ḿࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒ࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅࡡṂჹၛெ ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᏭ౮Ṃჹࢅ౩⤝ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ7ࠊࡐࡿࢮ࣏ࣛࡡṂჹᕰሔ࡞Ὦ㏳ࡊࡒࡒࡴࠉᴏ୯ࡡⱕ⩽ ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࡵṂჹࢅ㉆ථࡊࠉ㆜⾠࡛ࡊ഼࡙ࡂࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊṂჹ⚏㍲᥈⨠ᚥᗇࡊ࡙Ꮼࡼࡿ࡙࠷ ࡒࡼࡣࠉࢮ࣏ࣛᅗහ࡞ṂჹࡢࡐࡿὮථࡎࡍࠉⱕ⩽Ṃჹࢅ㉆ථࡊࠉ㆜⾠࡛ࡊ഼࡙ࡂࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ࡀ ࠾ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 㸝ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᡋணࡡ⏕㸞 ᮇᮮࡼࡣࠉ㑂㞬Ằࡡඔ㏞ࡼࡿࡾࡀ∸㈠ࠉ㆜⾠ᩩࡡᨥᡮ࠷࡞Ὦ⏕ࡈࡿࡒࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ㢎⦶࡞ᙁ ┈ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᶋὮࡊࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭㍲ථࡊࡒ㣏⣂ࢅങࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ㣏⣂ᗔ┈㈣࡞Ⲡ ࡼࡈࡿࠉᙁ┈㍲㏞୯ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ≲࠷ࠉᆀ᪁ࡡ㌱㛰᳠ၡᡜ࡞࠽࠷࡙㏳⾔ᩩࡡྞ┘࡚∸㈠ࢅࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ᙁዞࡈࡿࡒᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡḿ☔ぞᶅࡢࢂ࠾ࡖ࡙࠷࠷8ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ ࣓ࣀ࣒ࢺ࣬ࢦࢽ࣭ࣤ㸝Mohammed Sahnoun㸞ᘤ⏕ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀ࡚ࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ 10 ᭮ࡡⅤ࡚ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 ጟဤఌࡢᥴຐ㣏⣂ࡡ࠹ࡔ 10 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹᶋὮࡊࡈࡿࡒ࡛᥆ῼࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡢ 15 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ 205 ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛㏑࡙࠷ࡾ9ࠊࣝࢠࢪ࣬ࢺ࢛࣭࣬ࣜ㸝Alex de Waal㸞ᘤ⏕ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀ࡞ࡻࡾ࡛ࠉ㉝༎ Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢ 15 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ࠾ࡼ 20 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࠉࢢࡢࠉ20 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ௧ୖ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛᥆ῼࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ10ࠊ ࡆࡿࡼࡡᩐೋ࡞ࡢ࠾ࡽࡡ㛜ࡀ࠵ࡾࠉ ᑛࡂ࡛ࡵ 10 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹ௧୕ࡡ㣏⣂ᮇᮮᒀࡄࡼࡿࡾࡀᡋ ணࡡ≓∽⩽ᒀ࠾࠾ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠻ࡾࡓࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹┈㞬ࡢࠉၛெ࡛㌱ெ࡛ࡡ࠵࠷ࡓ࡚⤄⧂Ⓩ࡞⾔ࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࡡၛெࡢࠉᆀඔࡡ㌱ெ ࡷ┈㈣࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡻࡽኣࡂࡡ㣏⣂ࢅᙁዞࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞౪㢏ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᙴࡼࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉᆀඔࡡ㌱㛰࡛ᐠ㏳ࡊ࡙ ࠷ࡾ⩽ࡵ࠽ࡽࠉኬ㔖ࡡ㣏⣂ങࢅ࠷ࠉ㣏⣂౮ࢅ᧧షࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊၛெࡢࠉ㣏⣂౮ࢅ࠾ࡽࡡ㧏ೋ࡞ ㄇᑙࡊࠉ┈ࡱࡿࡒ㣏⣂ࢅᕰሔ࡚ࡽࠉኣ㢘ࡡฺ─ࢅ୕ࡅ࡙࠷ࡒ11ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉၛெ࡛㌱ெ࡛ᑊ❟ࡌࡾሔ ྙࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ1991 ᖳࠉࣀࣕẮ᪐ࡡ࣑ࣞࢦࢸ㸝Murosade㸞ࡡၛெࡢࠉࢸ࣭ࢺὬ࡞ᨯᦹࡈࡿࡾࡱ ࡚ࠉ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ࡡ∸Ὦࢅโᚒࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࢸ࣭ࢺὬࡆࡡၛெࢅᤴ㝎ࡊࡒᚃࠉၛெࡢ㣏⣂౮ࢅ 㧏ࡂㄇᑙࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛࡞ᐞࡌࡾ⯢ࢅᨯᦹࡊࠉࢸ࣭ࢺὬ࡞ሒᚗࢅ⾔࠹ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ࣓ ࢝ࢸࢨ࢛࠾ࡼࢸ࣭ࢺὬࡡᣈⅤ࡚࠵ࡾࣁࢺࡡ㣏⣂㍲㏞ࢅጄᐐࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹12ࠊ ࣒ࣛ࢜㛜Ⓠᥴຐᖿ㸝USAID㸞ࡡୖనᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜ᾇአⅇᐐᥴຐຸᡜ㸝Office of the United States of Foreign Disaster Assistance; OFDA㸞ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾᶋὮࡊ࡞ᑊᢘࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ↋ᩩ࡚ᥞ౩ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㣏⣂ࢅᕰሔ࡞࠽࠷࡙᭯ᩩ࡚౩⤝ࡊࠉ㣏⣂౮ࢅୖࡅࡾゝ⏤ࢅ❟࡙ࡒࠊࡆࡡゝ⏤ࡢࠉ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡒᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡୌ㒂ࢅᕰሔ࡚㈅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᕰሔ࡞Ὦ㏳ࡌࡾ㣏⣂ࢅቌຊࡈ ࡎ࡙ࠉၛெ࡛㌱ெ☔ಕࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㣏⣂ࡡ౮ೋࢅୖࡅࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ┘ᵾ࡛ࡊࡒࠊୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࠉࢢࠉᅗ㝷ᨾ ຐጟဤఌ㸝International Rescue Committee㸞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉࡆࡡゝ⏤ࢅᐁ᪃ ࡊ࡙㣏⣂౮ࢅୖࡈࡎࡾୌᅄ࡛ࡖࡒ13ࠊ (2) ࣍ࢪࢼ 1991 ᖳ 10 ᭮ 25 ࠉࢸࢠ࢙ࣕࣜᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ࡞ ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさㄫࡊࠉ1992 ᖳ 5 ᭮ 12 ࠉ࢝ࣛᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑙᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ྜྷຸᡜ ࢅᣞྞࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉᅗሾࢅ㉲࠻ࡒ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࡡᥞ౩ࢅᮇᮮࡡᴏຸ ࡛ࡌࡾࠉᑙᶭ㛭ࡡᣞྞࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࢅ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ㡷ᇡහࡡ㑂㞬Ằࡷ 206 ࡐࡡࡡ≓∽⩽࡛ᣉኬࡈࡎࡒࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛≺⮤࡞ஹῦࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡚ࡡᨥᥴࢅᐁ㊰ࡌࡾࡡୌ⯙Ⓩ࡚࠵ࡾ ࠉ ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡢᑙᶭ㛭࡚࠵ࡾᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢅⓇ㘋ࡊࠉ ࡐࡡὩິࢅ⟮⌦ࡊࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡஹῦࢅୌඔⓏ࡞ᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡᨥᥴὩິࢅᕵ᭻ ࡌࡾ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂࡞ᑊࡌࡾὩິࢅセྊࡊࠉ㌗ฦッ᪺᭡ࢅⓆ⾔ࡊࠉྜྷຸᡜࡡᵾ❮ࡡオ㍍ࡈࡿࡒ㌬୦ࢅ⏕ ࡈࡎ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚Ὡິࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ 250 ௧୕ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ྜྷຸᡜࡡഘୖ࡚Ὡິࡊࠉ3,000 ெ௧୕ ྜྷຸᡜࡡ㌗ฦッ᪺᭡ࢅಕᣚࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ14ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ ຸᡜ࡛ࡡ༝ງ㛭౿ࢅᵋ⠇ࡊࡼࡵࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛≺⮤࡞ஹῦࡊ࡙Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࡒ15ࠊ 㸝ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᨳணⅤ㸞 ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡚᭩ࡵ็ၡ㢗ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᨳⓏ࣬ᡋ␆ⓏணⅤ࡛ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉᩓᑊເງࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᥴຐ∸㈠ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅጄᐐࡊࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡහᐖࢅโ㝀ࡊࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢠࢬࢪࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾࡊ࡙ࠉᡋணࢅฺ᭯࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅಀ 㐅ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᖱῦࡊࡒࠊ 㸝ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ✭㍲࡛ᖱῦ㸞 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉ1992 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 3 ࠾ࡼ 1996 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 9 ࡱ࡚ࡡ㛣࡞ࠉ࢜ࢻࢱࠉࣆࣚࣤ ࢪࠉࢺࢵࡡ㍲㏞ᶭࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭࡞✭㍲ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ✭㍲࡚ࡢࠉ㣏⣂ࡷ ༈ⷾဗࡡᥴຐ∸㈠⣑ 16 ࢹࣤࡵ㍲㏞ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㍲㏞ࡡᅂᩐࡵ 12,000 ᅂࡵ㉲࠻ࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⥥᛬ ࡡ༈⒢᥈⨠ᚪさㇿഭ⩽ࡵ 1,100 ெ௧୕ᦑ㏞ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ✭㍲ࡢࠉ࣊ࣜ ࣛࣤ✭㍲࡞༆ᩓࡌࡾぞᶅ࡛ࡖࡒ16ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ✭㍲ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㒼ฦ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ⣦ணὬࡡᨳⓏஹῦࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ ᗐ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ࠉẰ᪐ืࡡெཾᵋᠺࢅཬ᫆ࡊࡒ㒼ฦ࡛ࡖࡒࠊࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼධᅰࡡ 23 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡡெཾࢅࢬࣜࣄெ༥᭯ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭࡞㍲㏞ࡈࡿࡾᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ 23 ࣂ࣭ ࢬࣤࢹࢅࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞さịࡊࡒࠊࢬࣜࣄெ⿍ⅇ⩽ 207 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀ࠷ࠉᡋᑻࡢࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ฺ࡚᭯࠵ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ ኣࡂࡢࢬࣜࣄெṂເງ࡞ໜᅑࡈࡿࡒ㒌ᕰ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெཾẒ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ࡒᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㒼ฦࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ฺ᭯࡞഼ࡂྊ⬗ᛮኬࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻ ຸᡜࡢࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ✭㍲ࡡᚪさᛮ࠾ࡼࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡさịࢅᐖヾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭࡞ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ᳠ᰕᏻࡵ㒼⨠ࡈࡿࡒࡆ࡛ ࠾ࡼࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡහᐖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ཚࡊࡂⅤ᳠ࡊࠉୌ㒂ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑථࢅᢼ⤧ࡊࠉࢠࣞࢲ ࠉࢺࢵࠉࢰࣛ࡞ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ㏁㏞ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ኣኬ㍲㏞㈕↋㥇࡛ࡖࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࢬࣜࣄெ ເງࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥᕰහࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ㣏⣂ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠✭࡞㔕ࡊࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭࡚ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉㇿഭ⩽ࡡᦑ ㏞ࡵโᚒࡊ࡙ࠉୌ㒂ࡡㇿഭ⩽ࡡ⛛㏞ࢅᢼྫྷࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ኣᩐࡡㇿഭ⩽Ṓஷࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹17ࠊ ࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ✭ࡡ✭㍲ࡢࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᖱῦࡓࡄ࡚ࡂᨯᦹࡵຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡖࡒࠊ1992 ᖳ 9 ᭮ 3 ࠉࢰࣛࡡ G222 ㍲㏞ᶭᆀᑊ✭࣐ࢦ࡚ࣜᦹቍࡈࡿ࡙ 4 ྞࡡဤṒஷࡊ ࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹㍲㏞ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᏭධ୕ࡡၡ㢗ࠉ270 ௲௧୕Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢᏭධ ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾᚪさ࠾ࡼ✭㍲ࢅୌⓏ࡞ೳḾࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡೳ㢎Ⓠࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ✭㍲ཤຊᅗ ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᏭධ୕ࡡಕッ᭡㟻࡚☔ヾࡈࡿ࠷㝀ࡽࠉ✭㍲ࢅᐁ᪃ࡎࡍࠉ1995 ᖳ࡞ࡢ 5 ࣧ᭮㛣 ࡵ✭㍲୯᩷ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡖࡒ18ࠊ 㸝㝛୕ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞࡛ጄᐐ㸞 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞㌬୦࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨯᦹࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ ࡞㛭ࡌࡾሒࢅᆀඔᙔᑻ࡞๑࡞㏳▩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡྜྷណࢅ☔ಕࡊ࡙ᥴຐὩິࢅᐁ᪃ࡊ࡙࠷ ࡒࠊᆀඔᙔᑻࡢࠉ㍲㏞㌬୦ࡡ㏳㐛༱㝜ሔྙ࡞ྜྷຸᡜ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙㏳㐛ࡡ༱㝜ᛮࢅ㏳▩ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㏳▩โᗐࡢࠉ㏳㛭โᗐ࡞Ⓠᒈࡊࡒ19ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ᆀඔᙔᑻࡢᏭධ୕ࡡ⌦⏜࠾ࡼࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᩓᑊເງࡡᥴຐࡡぞᶅࡷහᐖ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵ㟸㞬ࡊࠉ ᨳⓏ࣬ᡋ␆Ⓩ⌦⏜࠾ࡼ㏳㛭ࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊ࡛ࡂ࡞ࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉᨯ␆ࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ ࡖࡒ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெᨥ㒼ᆀᇡࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑ㏞ࢅᢼྫྷࡌࡾࡆ࡛ኣ࠾ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡ 208 ጄᐐ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉྜྷຸᡜࡢࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡࡌ࡙ࡡ∸ဗ࡞㛭ࡌࡾレ⣵ሒࢅ⣦ணὬ࡞ሒ࿈ࡊ࡙ࠉᥴຐ Ὡິࡡ㏩᪺ᛮࢅྡྷ୕ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡಘ㢏ࢅ☔ಕࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡහᐖࢅࡴࡃ ࡾ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᩓᑊᚨࢅ↵ࡾ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾ20ࠊ ࣍ࢪࢼὬ࡞㒼ฦࡈࡿࡒ㝛୕㍲㏞ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࡵࠉ✭㍲∸㈠࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉ㑂㞬Ằࡷࡐࡡࡡᡋண⿍ ᐐ⩽࡞࡛ࡖ࡙ᚪさ∸㈠㔖࡞ᇱࡘࡂࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉẰ᪐ເງࡡெཾẒ࡞ᚺࡋࡒ㔖࡛ࡖ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࢬࣜࣄ ெເງ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெເງࢅໜᅑࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᦑථࢅโ㝀ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼ ࢴࢵࡡᆀ᪁࡚ࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெࡻࡽࡵ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࡡ᪁ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢬࣜ ࣄெເງࡢࠉᡋ๑ࡡ࣍ࢪࢼࡡெཾࡡ⣑ 3 ࢅࢬࣜࣄெ༥᭯ࡊࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ⣑ 3 ࢅ ࢬࣜࣄெເງഁ࡞ᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞さịࡊࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡฦ㒼ゝ⏤࡚ࡢࠉெ ཾࢅᇱ♇࡛ࡌࡾ㒼ฦ⏕ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ༞㒂࡚ࡢࠉᡋணࡡ⿍ᐐ᚜⣵࡞ࡵ࠾࠾ࢂࡼࡍࠉࡆࡡ ᆀᇡࡡࢠࣞࢲெ࡞ࡵᥴຐ∸㈠ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊ࣍ࢪࢼ༞㒂࡚ࡢࠉࢠࣞࢲெெཾࡡ ⣑ 47 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅ༥᭯ࡊࠉࡆࡡᆀᇡࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ 49 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࢅུࡊࡒ21ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᥞ౩࡚ࡢࡂࠉெཾẒ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㒼ฦ⾔ࢂࡿ ࡒ⫴ᬊ࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᨳⓏᡋ␆Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ1994 ᖳࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࠉࢦࣚ࢘ࣥ ࢚ࢅໜᅑࡊ࡙㞹Ẵ࡛࢝ࢪࡡ౩⤝ࢅೳḾࡊࠉ ࢬࣜࣄெഁ࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾ࡛ⷼ▴⅛ࡡᙔࢅ 50 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡱ ࡚୕ࡅࡄࡿࡣࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெᑽప༇ࡡ∸㈠㍲㏞ࢅጄᐐࡌࡾ࡛ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞㏍ࡖࡒࠊࢬ ࣜࣄெࡡெཾࡢ࣍ࢪࢼධᅰࡡ 23 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡊ࠾༥ࡴࡍࠉ ࢬࣜࣄெࡡኣࡂࡢⷼࢅ☔ಕ࡚ࡀࡒ࡞ࡵ㛭 ࢂࡼࡍࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࡢࡆࡡࡻ࠹さịࢅࡊࡒࠊྜྷຸᡜࡢࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡᥞ᱄ࢅᢼྫྷࡊࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ ᨳᗋ㡷ᇡ࡛ࢬࣜࣄெເງ㡷ᇡ࡚ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᥞ౩ࢅೳḾࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ1994 ᖳࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࢦ ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾ⇖ᩩࡡ 5 ࢅࢬࣜࣄெ࡞౩⤝ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅさịࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸ ᡜࡢᙔิᢼ⤧ࡊࡒࠉ8 ࣧ᭮㛣ࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡡ㝌⏕ࡡ⥥᛬⇖ᩩࠉỀ㐠࣎ࣤࣈࠉࣂࣤࡡ౩⤝ࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ᭩⤂Ⓩ࡞ࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெࡡᙔࢅ 38 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡱ࡚ቌຊࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᐖヾࡊࡒ22ࠊ 㸝ᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࡡ㑂㞬㸞 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡛㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉኬ㔖ṽᡐᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾ๑࡞ࠉெࠍࢅࡻࡽᏭධᆀ 209 ᇡ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾὩິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼྜྷណࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡡஹῦࡢ㞬⯗ࡊࠉ⣦ ணᙔ⩽ࡢ㑂㞬Ằࡡஹᥦࢅᘿࡊࡒ23ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥ࡞పࡳ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࢅ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾሔྙࠉ ࢬࣜࣄெࡢྜྷᵕ࡞༱㝜≟Ἓ࡞⨠࠾ࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࢬࣜࣄெࢅ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ᘿࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࡆࡡさịࢅᢼྫྷࡊࠉஹῦ࡞ᩐࣧ᭮࠾࠾ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ 㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡆࡿࢅᢼྫྷࡊࡒ⌦⏜ࡢࠉஹᥦࢅᐖヾࡌࡿࡣࠉẰ᪐Ίపᆀᇡࢅ΅ࡼࡊࠉẰ᪐Ὧࢅ┘ ᣞࡊ࡙࠷ࡾẰ᪐⩇⩽࡞ງࢅ㈒ࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ 1993 ᖳิ㢄ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂ࡡ㒌ᕰࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࠉࢩ࢘ࣂࠉࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ࡞ࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ࡻ ࡾᡋ㜒࠾ࡼ㏠ࡿࡒ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெኣᩐ㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊᡋ๑ࡡࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡெཾࡢ 6,000 ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ ࠉ㑂㞬ẰࡡὮථ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 5 ெ௧୕࡞᛬ቌࡊࡒࠊ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂ࡡ㒌ᕰࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ㌱㜭⾠ࡌࡾ ୌ᪁ࠉࢬࣜࣄெṂເງໜᅑࡌࡾ≟Ἓ⤾࠷ࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 19 ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ ㆜㌱ࡡ㆜⾠ࢅఔࡖ࡙ 3 ࣧ᭮ࡩࡽ࡞ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࡞ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᦑ㏞ࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ㑂㞬Ằ ㍲㏞㌬୦࡞ṽࡊ࡙ࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㑂㞬ࢅịࡴࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸ ᡜࡢࠉ618 ெࡡᏄࡵࠉዥᛮࠉㇿഭ⩽ࢅ㍲㏞㌬୦࡞ࡎ࡙ࠉࡻࡽᏭධ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெᨥ㒼ᆀᇡࡡࢵ ࢫࣚ࡞㍲㏞ࡊࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 24 ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࣉࣛࢤࣈࢰ࣭࡞ࡻࡾᨾฝࢅモࡲࡒࠉࢬࣜࣄ ெṂເງ࡞ࡻࡾ◑ᦹ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ ࢜ࢻࢱெඹኃ 2 ெࢅྱࡴࡒㇿഭ⩽ 14 ெࢅฝࡊࡒࡡ࡚ᨾฝὩິࢅ୯Ḿ ࡊࡒࠊ3 ᭮ 28 ࠉ㍲㏞㝪ࡢ 1,600 ெ௧୕ࡡெࠍࢅ㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡒࠉ㍲㏞ࢹࣚࢴࢠ࡞ࡻࡋⓇࢀ࠹࡛ࡊࡒெࠍ ࡡΊ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 6 ெṒஷࡊࠉΊ㞟ࡊࡒࢹࣚࢴࢠࡡ୯࡚ࡢ 7 ெࢅⴘ࡛ࡊࡒࠊ㏠ࡅࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾ࣑ࢪࣛ ࣑ெࡡࣂࢼࢴࢠ࡛ࠉࢹࣚࢴࢠࡡ୯࡚ࡡᐨࡈ࡛ࡌࡊラࡴ࡞ࡻࡾṒ⩽ࢅฝࡊࡼࡵࠉ㑂㞬Ὡິ⤾ࡄࡼࡿ ࡒࠊ࡛ࡆࢀࠉ⌟ᆀࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெᣞᑙ⩽ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㑂㞬Ằࡡᦑ㏞ࡢࢬࣜࣄெࡡẰ᪐Ὧ ࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡊࠉࢹࣚࢴࢠࡡ㐅⾔ࢅ㜴Ḿࡊࡒࠊ4 ᭮ 1 ࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡ࣑ࢪࣛ ࣑ெເງࡢࠉୌวࡡ㑂㞬Ὡິࢅヾࡴ࠷࡛Ⓠ⾪ࡊࡒ24ࠊ ⥬᪁㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻࡢࠉࡆࡡ㑂㞬Ὡິ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙௧ୖࡡࡻ࠹࡞㏑࡙࠷ࡾࠊࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜࢵ࢘ࢥࣥ ࢻ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ㞬Ằࡷ㑂㞬Ằࡡಕ㆜ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉࡱࡓ⛛ິࡊ࡙࠷࠷ெࠍࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࠉᅗ ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡಕ㆜Ὡິࡡୌࡗࡡ≁ᚡ࡚ࡊࡒࠊṂງ⣦ணࡡ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡢࠉࡱࡈ࡞ெࠍࢅᙁโ⛛ິ ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡽࠉኬࡀࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ࡞ྜྷຸᡜࡢ├㟻ࡊࡒࡡ࡚ࡌࠊࡿࡡெࠍ࡞⏻ࡱࡾࡻ࠹࡞ㄕ 210 ᚋࡊࠉ࠷ࡗ࡞ࡖࡒࡼ⏍ࡷ⮤⏜࡞༱㝜ཀྵࢆࡓࡡ࡚ࠉ㑂㞬ࡌࡀ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚ࡊࡺ࠹࠾ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ᙴࡼࡡ⛛ິࢅྜྷຸᡜຐࡄࡒࡼࠖẰ᪐Ὧࠗࡡභ≚⩽࡛ࡢࡼ࠷࡚ࡊࡺ࠹࠾ࠕ25ࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒ ຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉẰ᪐Ὧࢅຐ㛏ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡈࡿ࠷ࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࣝࣈࠉᐓ᪐ࡡṽᐐࠉపᏩࡡ◑ᦹࠉ❟ ࡔ㏝ࡀࡡᙁโ࡛࠷ࡖࡒ├Ⓩ⿍ᐐ⩽ࢅඁⓏ࡞㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ26ࠊ (3) ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ 㸝ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗහ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ㸞 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 7 ࠉࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ⤣㡷ࡡᬧṽࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࣤࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘ࡷࣤࣈࢧࣤ࢝ࣤࣄ ࡡẰඹ㞗ᅆࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾࣆࢵ᪐ࡡᨳᗋᨥᣚ⩽ࡢࠉཬమโເງ࡛ࢵࢲ᪐పẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅ 㛜ጙࡊࡒࠊᙔࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗහ࡞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㉝༎Ꮚ♣㸝Rwandan Red Cross㸞ࠉᅗ ሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭Ὡິࢅࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉᏭࡡᝇ࡞ఔࡖ࡙Ὡິࡢᴗࡴ࡙โ㝀ࡈ ࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡛༝ງࡊ࡙ࠉᏕᰧࢅ㔕ᡋ㝌࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࠉ 㕮࡞ࡻࡾᛱᠻࢅㇿࡖࡒ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅ㑂㞬ࡈࡎ࡙⒢ࢅᐁ᪃ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉඹኃ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡᨾ᛬㌬୦ࢅ โḾࡊ࡙ࠉᝀ⩽ࢅᙁโⓏ࡞ୖ㌬ࡈࡎ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ⫃ဤࡡ┘๑࡚ṽᐐࡌࡾࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅጄᐐࡊ ࡒࠊ༐ࡡୢ⮤⏜ࣚࢩ࢛㸝Radio Télévision Libre des Milles Collines㸞ࡢࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌභᅗࡡᩓࢅ ഭ⩽࡛അࡖ࡙⛛㏞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢこഁ࣒ࢸࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ཚ㔔࡞ᢘ㆗ࡊࠉ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ഭ⩽ࡡ⒢ࡡᶊฺ࡛㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡᙲ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙☔ヾࡈࡎࡒ27ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢࠉ࢞࢝ࣛࡡᆀ᪁㝌㛚㙈ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ 1 ࡞ 100 ெ௧୕ࡡᝀ⩽ࢅ㉝༎Ꮚࡡ㝌࡞ ུࡄථࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠉἶ㓁ࡊࡒඹኃ༈⒢⾔ⅥࢅጄᐐࡊࠉẰඹࡵ㝌࡞◑ᦹࢅຊ࠻ࡾࡊ࡙ Ꮽࡢୌྡྷ࡞ᨭၻࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ࢞࢝ࣛࡡ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ㝌ᡥ≻࡛ࡽࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ࡛༝ງࡊ࡙ࠉRPF ᨥ㒼ᆀᇡࡡ࢞ࣤࢡ࣬ࣆࢦࣜ㝌࡞ᅂᚗࡊࡒᝀ⩽ࢅ⛛㏞ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊᨳᗋ㌱ᨥ㒼ᆀᇡ࠾ࡼ RPF ᨥ㒼ᆀᇡࡡᝀ⩽ࡡ⛛㏞࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉẰඹ࡞ࡻࡾጄᐐࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࣆࢵ᪐࡛ࢵࢲ᪐ࡡᝀ⩽ࢅྜྷࡈࡎ ࡾࡊࡒࠉࢵࢲ᪐ᝀ⩽ࡓࡄࡡ⛛㏞࡞㝷ࡊ࡙Ằඹጄᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡒ28ࠊୌ᪁ࠉ1994 ᖳ 5 ᭮ࠉ࢞࢝ࣛ࠾ࡼ ࢟ࢰ࣏ࣚ㸝Gitamara㸞ࡡ㣏⣂⛛㏞࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉRPF ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ㍲㏞㌬୦ࢅᨯᦹࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣ࡡ⫃ဤ◒ࡊࡒ◑ᙆࢅུࡄ࡙ᛱᠻࢅㇿ࠹ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉᨳᗋ㌱࡛ RPF ࡡ 211 ᡋ㜒ࡷࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᖱῦࢅུࡄ࡙࠷ࡒ29ࠊ 㸝ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗአ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ㸞 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᮇᅗ࡚ࡡ RPF ࡡᨯເ࡞ఔࡖ࡙ࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ຊᢰࡊࡒࣤࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘ࡷࣤࣈࢧࣤ࢝ࣤ ࣄࡡẰඹࠉඹࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࡷᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࣆࢵ᪐పẰࢅᡢິࡊ࡙ࠉ4 ᭮ࠉ⣑ 25 ெࢅࢰࣤࢧࢼ ࡡࣤ࢝ࣚ࡞㑂㞬ࡈࡎࠉ7 ᭮ࠉ100 ெ௧୕ࢅࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࢥ࣏࡛ࣇࢰࣝᆀ᪁㑂㞬ࡈࡎࡒࠊࢰࣤࢧࢼࡷࢧ ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࠉᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘ࠉୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤ࡡᅗ㝷ᶭ㛭 ࡷࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࢅิࡴ࡛ࡌࡾ 50 ௧୕ࡡ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡊࡒࠊ 1994 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 29 ࠉ࢞ࣇࣤࢥᕗࡡࣆࢵ᪐㎨Ằࢰࣤࢧࢼ㒂ࡡࣤ࢝ࣚᆀ᪁࡞㑂㞬ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉࡐࡡᩐ ࡢ⣑ 25 ெ࡞୕ࡖࡒࠊ࢞ࣇࣤࢥࡡࣆࢵ᪐పẰ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ࠾ࡗ࡙ࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᮶㒂࡚ࡡࢵࢲ᪐⹚ṽ࡞㛭 ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉRPF ࠾ࡼࡡሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙ࢰࣤࢧࢼ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊࡐࡡ⹚ṽ࡞㛭ࡊࡒ࣑ࣚࣤࣄᕰ 㛏ࢩࣔࣤ࣬ࣁࣈࢷࢪࢹ࣬࢝ࢷࢷ㸝Jean Baptiste Gatete㸞ࡵ₧ථࡊࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࣤ࢝ࣚ ᆀ᪁ࡡ࣊ࢻࢤ㸝Benako㸞㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࠾ࡼ࢝ࢷࢷࢅࢰࣤࢧࢼ㆑ᐳࡡᣂ⨠ᡜ࡞⛛㏞ࡊࡒࠉṂࡊࡒ㞬 Ằ 5,000 ெᣂ⨠ᡜࢅໜᅑࡊ࡙㔐ᨲࢅさịࡌࡾឺ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢰࣤࢧࢼᨳᗋẆ↓࡛ࡊࡒᑊ ᚺࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉឺࡢᮨࡊࡒ30ࠊࢰࣤࢧࢼᨳᗋࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ㞬Ằུථᅗ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭࢅ⥌ ᣚࡊ࡙⟮⌦ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ㞬Ằࡡུථ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙็Ꮽ୕ࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡊ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ ࡾࠉୌ᪁ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜᨳᗋࡢࠉ㤫㒌࠾ࡼ㐪᪁࡞࠵ࡾ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾ⬗ງࢅಕᣚࡊ࡙࠷ ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 1994 ᖳ 7 ᭮ 14 ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࢥ࣏ᆀ᪁࡞㞬ẰὮථࡊጙࡴ࡙ࠉ17 ࡱ࡚࡞⣑ 80 ெ࠾ࡼ⣑ 100 ெ ࡡ㞬Ằ㑂㞬ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㌱ඹᩐ༐ெࡵྱࡱࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉࢧ࣭ࣜ㌱ᅗሾ࡚ඹኃࡡ Ṃࢅよ㝎ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉさ㐠㊪࡚ࡢࡂࢅ㉲࠻࡙ࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒඹኃࡢṂよ㝎ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖ ࡒࠊ 1994 ᖳኚ௧ᚃࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᏭ็ၡ㢗࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ヾㆉࡈࡿ ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࠊࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࠾ࡼࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞Ὦථࡊࡒඹኃ࡛Ằඹࡢࠉ⥪ເ 5 ெ࡛᥆ᏽࡈࡿࠉ⣑ 1 ெࡡ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ㌱ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂ࡡெ㐠ಕ㆜༇࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉ༞࢞ࣥᆀ᪁࡞ᣈⅤࢅ⛛ິࡊࡒࠊ 212 ࡱࡒࠉ࢞ࣥᆀ᪁࡞ࡢ⣑ 1 5,000 ெࡡᨳᗋ㌱ඹኃὮථࡊࡒࠊࣤࢹࣚࣀ࣑࢘ࡷࣤࣈࢧࣤ࢝ࣤ ࣄࡡẰඹ㞗ᅆࡢࠉ1 5,000 ெ࠾ࡼ 2 5,000 ெࢧ࣭ࣜ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࠊࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㌱ඹኃࡢࠉࢥ࣏ ᆀ᪁࡚ࡢࢥ࣏࠾ࡼこ᪁ 25 ࣒࣭࢞ࣞࢹࣜࡡᆀⅤ࡞࠵ࡾࣥࣜࣤ࢝ᅗ❟පᅧ࡞ᣈⅤࢅ⨠ࡀࠉ ࣇ࢜ࣥᆀ᪁࡚ࡢ ࣂࣤࢩ㸝Panzi㸞ࠉࣇࣞࣤࢣ㸝Bulonge㸞ࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞ᏽ╌ࡊࡒ31ࠊ ᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᮇᅗ࡚ࡡ⤣โᗐࢅᑙථࡊ࡙ࠉ㞬Ằࢅ⟮⌦ ࡊࡒࠊࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᅗහࡡ⾔ᨳ༟న㸝┬ࠉࢤ࣐࣭ࣖࣤࠉࢬࢠࢰ࣭ࠉࢬ࣭ࣛࣖࣜ㸝prefectures, communes, secteurs and cellules㸞㸞⏕ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᨳᗋࡡ┬࡛ࢤ࣐࣭ࣖࣤࡡ㛭౿⩽㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡឺເࢅᩒങࡊ࡙ࠉ㞬 Ằࢅ⤣ᣋࡊ࡙ࠉ㣏⣂㒼⤝࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤣โࢅ☔ಕࡊࡒࠊᙔิࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾ㣏⣂ᨥᥴࡢࠉࢤ࣐࣭ࣖࣤ ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࠉᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࡡᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒ32ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉኬ㔖ࡡ㞬ẰὮථࡊࡒ├ᚃ࡞࠽࠷࡙㞬Ằࡡḿ☔ᩐࢅᢍᥩ࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࠉࢤ࣐ ࣭ࣖࣤࡡᣞᑙ⩽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙⏞࿈ࡈࡿࡒ㞬Ằᩐ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㔖ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢤ࣐࣭ࣖࣤࡡ ᣞᑙ⩽ࡢࠉᐁ㝷ࡡ㞬Ằࡡᩐࡻࡽࡵኣࡂ⏞࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚ᚪさ௧୕ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡒ࡛ ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊࢥ࣏ᆀ᪁ࡡ࢜ࢰࣝ㸝Katale㸞㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ22 ฦࡡ㣏⣂ᥞ౩ࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠉᅗሾ ࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢ 12 ெ࡞࡛࠷ࡒ᥆ῼࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ ᐁ㝷࡞ࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡ┬ࡡ㞬Ằ㒼⤝ࢅఴฦ࡞ུࡄࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ ࡐࡿ௧አࡡ┬ࡡ㞬Ằ࡞ࡢ༎ฦᥴຐ౩⤝ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷≟Ἓ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ24 ࣂ࣭ࢬࣤࢹࡡ㞬Ằ 1 ᙔࡒࡽ 2,000 ࣭࢞ࣞ࢜ࣞࣛ௧ୖࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡊ࠾ུࡊ࡙࠽ࡼࡍ33ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡฦ㒼ࢅᢰᙔࡊࡒᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ ᖲ➴㒼ฦࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ୌ㒂ࢅུࡊࡒ࡛᥆ῼ࡚ࡀࡻ࠹ࠊ 㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ⟮⌦ࡡ୯࡚ࠉ࡛ࡂ࡞็ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉమโഁࡡ㈠㔘ㄢ㐡โᗐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ㞬 Ằࡢୠᖈࡇ࡛࡞Ẏ᭮ࠉᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⊡㔘ࢅᙁさࡈࡿ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࢅ༴ࡊ࡙࡚ࡵ⊡㔘ࢅᤤ ฝࡌࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᅸງຊ࠻ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉమโເງ㞬Ằ࠾ࡼࡡ⊡㔘ࢅ㌱㈠㔘࡛ࡊฺ࡙⏕ࡊࠉ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᮇᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᑑᮮࡡ㌱ᨯࡡ‵ങࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ34ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ᕰሔ࡚ᥦ㔘 ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ㌱㈠㔘࡛ࡊ࡙Ὦ⏕ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢᨳᶊ࡛᩺ᨳᶊ࡛ࡡ㌱⥥ᘿࢅຐ㛏 ࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࡢࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ⟮⌦ࡌࡾ᪁Ἢ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉୌ㒂ࡡ㞬Ằࢅ RPF ࡡࢪࣂࡷ༝ງ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ ࡊ࡙∸⌦Ⓩᬸງࢅຊ࠻࡙༳Ử࡚ฌฬࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᬸງࡷฌฬࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᕵ᭻ࡌࡾ㞬 213 Ằ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࠉ㞬Ằ࠾ࡼ∸㈠ࡷ㈠㔘ࢅㄢ㐡ࡊ࡙ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᮇᅗ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾཬᦹࢅ‵ങࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡽࠉ㞬Ằࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᖉ㑇 ࡢࡐࡡᨳⓏ┘ᵾࢅ㡳ᣰࡈࡎࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 8 ᭮ 22 ࠉࣤ࢝ࣚࡡ࣊ࢻࢤ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉ ᖉ㑇ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ㞬Ằ 19 ெṽᐐࡈࡿࡾ௲Ⓠ⏍ࡊࠉ8 ᭮ 23 ࠉࢥ࣏ࡡ࢞ࣇࣤࣁ㸝Kibumba㸞ᆀ᪁࠾ ࡼࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᖉ㑇ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ 200 ெ࠾ࡼ 300 ெ⛤ᗐࡡ㞬ẰࡡୌᅆṂເງ࡞ぉᦹࡈࡿ࡙ࠉኣᩐㇿ ഭࡌࡾ௲ࡵ㉫ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉࡆࡡ௲ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉ㞬Ằࡡ⮤ⓆⓏᖉ㑇ࢅೳḾࡎ ࡉࡾࢅᚋ࠾ࡖࡒ35ࠊṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ᖉ㑇ࢅᕵ᭻ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉࡐࡿࢅ᭩ኬ㝀ᗐ࡞ᑕ㔔ࡌࡾᚪさ ࠵ࡾࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᨳⓏ࣬ᡋ␆Ⓩ┘ᵾ࡛ୌ⮬ࡊ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᖱῦࡈࡿࡾ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ1994 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ㤫ㅓ⩽ࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤ ࣈࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᖱῦࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅೳḾࡊ࡙ࠉ⫃ဤࢅࢧ࣭ࣜ࠾ࡼ㏝ ࡈࡎࡒࠊ 㸝ࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋ௧ᚃࡡ㑂㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ㸞 ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱࡞ࡻࡾࢹࣜࢤ▴షᡋ⤂ࡊࡒᚃࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞ࡢ 33 ࠾ᡜࡡ㑂㞬Ằ࢞ ࣔࣤࣈᏋᅹࡊࠉ⣑ 39 ெࡡᅗහ㑂㞬Ằᅹࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ1994 ᖳ⚽ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᗋࡢᚪさ࠵ࡾ ࡼࡣṂງࢅ⏕࠷࡙ࠉ12 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ㛚㙈ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢ㑂 㞬ẰࡡᙁโⓏᖉ㑇࡚ࡢࡂ⮤ⓆⓏᖉ㑇ࢅ᭻ࢆ࡚࠷ࡒࠊ12 ᭮ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࠔᖉ 㑇ゝ⏤㸝Opération Retour㸞ࠕࢅᐁ᪃ࡌࡾᏽ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ㑂㞬Ằᖉ㑇ࡎࡍࠉࡆࡡゝ⏤ࡢ 1995 ᖳ 2 ᭮ࡱ ࡚ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ1995 ᖳ 2 ᭮ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨳᗋ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ㛚㙈ࣈࣞࢬࢪࢅ┐っࡌ ࡾࡒࡴࡡ⤣ྙὩິࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸝Integrated Operation Centre㸞ࢅス⨠ࡊࠉࡱࡒࠉࡆࡡ㡥࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢ 㣏⣂ᨥᥴࢅᚆࠍ࡞΅ᑛࡈࡎ࡙ࠉᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࢅ⮤ⓆⓏ࡞ᖉ㑇ࡈࡎࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒ36ࠊ ⤣ྙὩິࢬࣤࢰ࣭ࡢࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂ࡡ࢞࣊࣌㸝Kibeho㸞࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞㑂㞬Ằࡡ༖ᩐ౪↓࡛ࡊ࡙ᅹ ࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉᨳᗋ㌱ᅗහ㑂㞬Ằࢅඹኃ࡛ࡊ࡙ᚡ⏕ࡊ࡙ゥ⦆ࡊࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᩓᑊ⾔ⅥࡡᣈⅤ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂 㞬ᡜࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ࡛⤎ㄵࡘࡄࡒࠊ1995 ᖳ 4 ᭮ 18 ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᗋ㌱ࡢࠉ࢞࣊࣌࣬࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡞ኬ 㝪ࢅὬ㐭ࡊࠉ࢞࣊࣌࣬࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ∸㈠౩⤝ࢅೳḾࡊࡒࠊ⣑ 8 ெࡡ㑂㞬Ằ 5 ࡗࡡୢ࠾ࡼ 1 ࡗࡡୢ 214 ࡛ᢪࡊ㎲ࡴࡼࡿࠉᩐெࡡᏄࡵΊࡡ᭩୯࡚ṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࠊ19 ࠉ20 ࠉ㑂㞬Ằᢖ▴ࡊࠉṂჹࢅᙁዞ ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ᩺ᨳᗋ㌱ᚺᡋࡊࠉᩐ༎ெࡡ㑂㞬Ằṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࠊ20 ௧㜾ࠉ᩺ᨳᗋ㌱࡛ᨳᗋ ㌱࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿ㧏ࡱࡾ୯ࠉ ୦⩽ࡡ㛣࡚ᡋ㜒⾔ࢂࡿ࡙ࠉ༎ฦ࡞ゥ⦆ࡈࡿ࡙࠷࠷ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᗋ㌱ඹኃࠉ 㞬Ằࡡ⩄⾏࡞Ⓠ◑ࡌࡾࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࣞࢢࢴࢹ᥆㐅ᘟᡥᴼᙆࡵ⏕ࡊࡒࠊ ࡱࡒࠉṂࡊࡒᨳᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹࡢࠉ 㖘ࡷ㕮࡚ᢤᢘࡊᨳᗋ㌱ඹኃࢅᨯᦹࡊࡒ37ࠊ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡ≺❟ㄢᰕጟဤఌࡢࠉࡆࡡᡋ㜒࡚ 800 ெ࠾ࡼ 1200 ெࡡ≓∽⩽ࢅฝࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ☔ヾࡊࠉ㕮 ࡚ṽഭࡈࡿࡒ⿍ᐐ⩽ኣ࠾ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᨳᗋ㌱࡞ࡻࡾ≚⨝⾔Ⅵ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙㟸㞬ࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ≺❟ ㄢᰕጟဤఌࡢࠉⓆ◑ࡡ≓∽⩽ࡵᑛ࠾ࡼࡍᏋᅹࡊࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ⾔ࡀ㐛ࡁࡒṂჹ⏕ ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ㟸㞬ࡊࡒ38ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞こ㒂࡞࠵ࡖࡒ㑂㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡢᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ㌱ᇱᆀ࡛ ࡽࠉ᩺ᨳᗋ࡛ᨳᗋࡡṂງ⾢✲ࢅᣅ࠷࡙ࡊࡱࡖࡒࠊᨳᗋ㛭౿⩽ࢅ㑂㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࠾ࡼᤴ㝎࡚ࡀࡿࡣࠉ ࡚࢞࣊࣌ࡡ㌱⾢✲ࡢ㉫ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢ㟸ᙁโ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩ᪁Ἢ࡚ெ 㐠ᨥᥴࢅᒈ㛜ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞ຊᢰࡊࡒᨳᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹ㞗ᅆࢅ㞬Ằ࠾ࡼᘤࡀ㞫ࡌࡆ࡛ࡢ࡚ ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ 3 Ṃງ⣦ணࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡౚࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡡౚࡵࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅᖱῦࡊ࡙ࠉ ሔྙ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅೳࡈࡎࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᖱῦࡌࡾさᅄ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡふⅤ࠾ࡼฦᯊࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊୌࡗࡢࠉṂ ງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᚡࡡንᐖ࡛࠷࠹ṌྍⓏさᅄ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᖱῦࡌࡾさ ᅄࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾⅤ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊࡵ࠹ୌࡗࡢࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᵋ㏸Ⓩさᅄ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᡋ㜒⬗ງࡡቌᙁ࡛ᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡᖱῦࡡさᅄ࡚࠵ࡾⅤࢅㄵ✪ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 215 (1) ṌྍⓏさᅄ—᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண— 1) ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࠉᅗᐓ㛣ᡋணࡻࡽࡵᅗහᡋணቌຊࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌ ࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ㢎⦶࡞ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵࠉᅗහᡋணቌኬࡊࡒലྡྷࡢ☔࠾࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ㔔さ≁ᚡࡢࠉᅗහᡋணࡡቌຊ࡛࠷࠹Ṃງ⣦ணࡡᩐࡡን࡚ࡢࡂࠉ Ṃງ⣦ணࡡཋᅄࡡን࡞ịࡴࡼࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ෫ᡋ࡚ࡢࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹཪይᅗࡡᨳᗋ࡞ᑊ ࡊ࡙㌱ᥴຐࢅ౩ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉᩓᑊᅗࡡᨳᗋ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢࠉࡐࡡ㌹しࡡࡒࡴ࡞ཬᨳᗋເງࢅ⤄⧂ࡊ࡙ࠉ ㌱ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᅗහᡋணࢅㄇⓆࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞෫ᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵᅗහᡋணࡢᑛ࠾ࡼ ࡍᏋᅹࡊࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮ࢙ࣥࢹࡡࢸ࢛࣭ࣞ࢟ᑊ❟ࢅཬ᫆ࡊࡒṂງ⣦ண࡚ࡵ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢸ࢛ ࣭ࣞ࢟ᑊ❟ᮨࡊࡒ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡୠ⏲࡚ࡢࠉᅗහᡋணࡢࢸ࢛࣭࡚ࣞ࢟ࡢࡂࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅ さᑊ❟㍂࡛ࡌࡾࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡṂງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᚡࡡን࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠉ࣒࣭ࣛ࣬࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࠖ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண࡛ ࠷ᡋண㸝New and Old Wars㸞ࠗ39ࢅᇮ➱ࡊࠉ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡢࠉࡆࡡⴥ᭡ࡡ୯࡚ࠉᡋண࡞ ᑊࡌࡾᮮࡡヾㆉᯗ⤄ࡲ࠾ࡼࡢ༎ฦ࡞⌦よ࡚ࡀ࠷ᫎࡡṂງ⣦ணࢅࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ්࡛ᏽ⩇ࡊࠉࡐࡡ ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ≁ᚡࢅࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣛࢭ࣭ࢨ࡛ࣘࣤࡡ㛭౿࠾ࡼよ᪺ࡊࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞ᑊᢘࡌࡾࡒࡴࡡ ࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤ࣬ࣈ࣭ࣞࢲ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࣤἪࡡྊ⬗ᛮࢅ᥀✪ࡊࡒࠊ ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ≁ᚡࡢ௧ୖࡡࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡡ≁ᚡࡢࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ ࢸࣤࢷࢷ࡞ᇱࡘࡂᶊງ㜒ண㸝ࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ㸞࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿ ࡢࠉெࠍࠉ⮤ࡼࡡẰ᪐ࡷᏺᩅࡷゕㄊࡡ≁ᏽࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᶊງࢅ㏛ịࡊࠉࡡ ࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅಕᣚࡌࡾ㞗ᅆࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾឺᗐ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࢤࢪ࣓࣎ࣛࢰࢼࢫ࣑࡛ᑊ↯Ⓩ❟ሔ࡚࠵ࡾ40ࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࢪ࣭࣑ࣚᩅᚈమࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெࠉࢬࣜࣄெࠉࢠࣞࢲெࡡ⩽ 㛣ࡡᶊງ㜒ணࡷࠉࢬࣜࣄ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡ≺❟㜒ணࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱහᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾࣆࢵ᪐࡛ࢵࢲ ᪐ࡡᢘணࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛࠷࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ➠ࡡ≁ᚡࡢࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࠉ␏㈻ࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅಕᣚࡌࡾ㞗ᅆࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉᜅᛟ ࡛៦ᝇࢅᕟࡲ࡞ฺ⏕ࡌࡾᡋண⾔Ⅵࡡᵕᘟࢅ࡛ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉᡋணࡡ┘ᵾࡢࠉ㡷ᅰࡡᣉ 216 ᘿࡷ㈠″ࡡ☔ಕࡻࡽࡵࠉ␏㈻ࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅ᭯ࡌࡾெࠍࢅኬ㔖⹚ṽࡊࠉᙁโ⛛పࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ ࡋ࡙ࠉභྜྷమࢸࣤࢷࢷࡡ⣟ࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞࠵ࡾ41ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾເ ງ㛣ࡡᩝẰ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬ㔖ṽᐐࠉᙁโ⛛పࠉᙁโዲፈࢅ㏳ࡋࡒẰ᪐Ὧࡷࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࣆࢵ᪐Ằඹ ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡊࡒࢵࢲ᪐పẰࡡኬ㔖ṽᡐࡢࠉ࠷ࡍࡿࡵࠉ⣟ᨳ➿ࡡୌ⎌࡛ࡊ࡙ᐁ᪃ࡈࡿࡒ࡛⩻࠻࡙ࡻ࠷࡚࠵ ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࠽ࠉ෫ᡋࡡᡋணࡢࠉ⮤⏜⩇࡛㈠ᮇ⩇ࢅಘዅࡌࡾこഁㅎᅗ࡛ࠉ♣ఌ⩇࡛භ⏐⩇ࢅ㈳㈰ࡌ ࡾ᮶ഁㅎᅗ࡛ࡡ㛣ࡡୌ⛸ࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ࡚ࡢࠉࢸࣤࢷࢷࡡ″ἠࠉ♣ఌ⛓ᗆࡡぞ⠂ࡷ ♣ఌโᗐࡡスゝ࡚ࡢࡂࠉẰ᪐࣬ᏺᩅ࣬ゕㄊࡡெࡡᒌᛮ࡞ᖉࡎࡼࡿࡒࡆ࡛࡞ࡻࡽࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ ࡚ࡢṂჹࢅཱིࡼ࠷ெࠍ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡵ⇒Ⅷᬸງᣲࡾࢂࡿࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡡ≁ᚡࡢࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࠉᅗẰ⤊ῥࢅ⤊ῥᇱ┑࡛ࡌࡾࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉࣤࣆ࢚࣭࣏ࣜ⤊ῥὩ ິࡷአ㒂㈠″࡞౪Ꮛࡊࡒᡋண࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࣤࣆ࢚࣭࣏ࣜ⤊ῥὩິ࡛ࡢࠉᅗᐓ ⥪ິဤమโୖࡡᡋண⤊ῥ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉᅗහ⏐ᴏᏋᅹࡎࡍ࡞ᴏ⩽‼ࡿࡒ♣ఌ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉ⏍Ꮛࡌࡾ⣂ ࢅ␆ዞࡷ㜄ᕰሔࡡ㐘ႜࠉ㯖ⷾࡷṂჹࡡཱིᘤ࡞౪Ꮛࡌࡾ⤊ῥὩິࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⤊ῥὩິࢅ ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢᬸງⓏᡥṹࡷ⤄⧂ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡢࡆࡡ⤊ῥὩິࡡ⥌ᣚ࡞ྊḖ ⎌ሾ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡵ࠷࠻ࡻ࠹42ࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࣆ࢝ࢼࢪࢰ࡚ࣤࡢࠉࢰࣛࣁࣤᨳᶊࡷ㒂ྜྷ┍ࡡཬᨳᗋ ເງࠉහᡋࢅ㐑⾔ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ᅗ㝷Ⓩ㯖ཱིⷾᘤࢅ⤊ῥᇱ┑࡛ࡊฺ࡙⏕ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࡢࡻࡂ▩ࡼࡿ࡙࠷ࡾ43ࠊ ࡱࡒࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉṂ㞗ᅆ♣ఌࡡᗇ㎰࡞న⨠ࡌࡾపẰࢅṂჹ࡚⬛㏍ࡌࡾࡊ࡙⤊ῥ Ⓩ㈠″ࢅዞࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅᡋண㈠㔘࡞㌹⏕ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡼࡢࠉࣤࣆ࢚࣭࣏ࣜ⤊ῥὩິ࡛ᡋண⤎ྙࡊࡒ ᆵⓏౚࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 2) ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋண࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㛭౿ ࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠉ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡡᘿࡌࡾࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࡆ ࡿࡱ࡚ࡡࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡࡗࡡ≁ᚡࢅ㊻ࡱ࠻࡙ࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡ࢜ࣜ ࢺ࣭ࡡゕ᪺ࡷࠉ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡡ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼࡡྱណࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ࡲࡒ࠷ࠊ 217 ➠ୌࡢࠉࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ࡛ெ㐠⩇࡛ࡡ┞ග࡚࠵ࡾࠊࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷ ࢠࢪࡢࠉ≁ᏽࡡẰ᪐ࡷᏺᩅࡡࢸࣤࢷࢷࢅ㰐⯑ࡊ࡙ࠉ␏㈻ࢸࣤࢷࢷ㞗ᅆࢅᤴ㝎ࡌࡾཋ ⌦ࢅහᅹࡌࡾ44ࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡢࠉெ㐠࡛༡យࢅ୯ᚨⓏ౮ೋ࡛ࡊࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡᇱ┑࡚࠵ࡾ ࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪࡡᤴ㝎ࡡཋ⌦ࢅྫྷᏽࡊࠉኣᵕᛮࢅᑕ㔔ࡊࡼẰ᪐ࡷᏺᩅ࡛࠷࠹ሾ⏲ࢅ ㉰࠻࡙ࠉெࠍࡡ㛣ࡡ㊝㞫ࢅ⦨ᑚࡌࡾᛦ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉࢸࣤࢷࢷ࣬࣎ࣛࢷࢠࢪ࡛ெ㐠 ⩇࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡽࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᐁ᪃ మ࡚࠵ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࡵྊ㑂࡚࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋ␆┘ᵾ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ┘ᵾ࡛ࡡᑊ❟࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ୌࡡ┞ගࠉ୦⩽ࡡ⌦ ㄵⓏ┞ග࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡ➠ࡡᑊ❟ࡢࠉᐁ㊰୕ࡡᑊ❟࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ㌱┘ᵾࡢࠉ ␏㈻ࢸࣤࢷࢷ㞗ᅆࡡᨲ㏪࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉᩓᑊࡌࡾເງࡡᡋ㜒ဤࡓࡄ࡚ࡂ㟸ᡋ㜒ဤ㸝ᩝẰ㸞ࡵ ᨯᦹࡡᑊ㇗࡚࠵ࡾࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ┘Ⓩࡢࠉ⣦ண࡚⿍ⅇࡊࡒᩝẰࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋ␆┘ᵾ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ┘ᵾࡢ┞ཬࡌࡾ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࠽ࠉࡆࡿ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡡ├ࡡゕ᪺ࡢ࠷ࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡡᘿࡡྱណ࡛ࡊ࡙⌦よ࡚ ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງ࣍ࢪࢼ᮶㒂ࡡࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ㑂㞬Ằ ࢅ㏛ᨲࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࠉ㞹Ẵࡷ⇖ᩩࡡ౩⤝ࢅೳḾࡊ࡙ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞࡛㒼⤝ࡵ㜴Ḿࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ ࡞⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ㌱┘ᵾࠉ㑂㞬Ằࡡᙁโ⛛ິࡡಀ㐅࡚࠵ࡾୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິ┘ᵾࡢࠉ㑂㞬Ằ ࡡᏭධࡡ☔ಕ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ┘ᵾࡢ┞ཬࡌࡾ㛭౿࡞࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ሔྙ ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼᖱῦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ➠ࡢࠉᡋண⤊ῥࡡአ㒂㈠″࡛ࡊ࡙ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ⤊ῥⓏᇱ┑ࡢࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒࡻ ࠹࡞ࣤࣆ࢚࣭࣏ࣜ⤊ῥὩິ࡚࠵ࡽࠉአ㒂㈠″ࡡ౪Ꮛࡵࡐࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ࡷṂ㞗ᅆአ㒂㈠″࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᦚཱིࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵゕཀྵࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ45ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉ ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅዞࡊ࡙ᡋண㐑⾔ࡡ㈠㔘″ ࡛ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ౩⤝࣬㒼ฦ᪁Ἢࢅࡴࡃࡽᑊ❟ࡊࠉ 㛭౿ࢅᝇࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 218 ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡢࠉ㉰ኬᅗ࠾ࡼࡡ㌱ᨥᥴࢅ႕ࡊࡒࢮ࣏ࣛࡡṂເງࡷẰඹࠉᡋணࢅ⤽ ⤾ࡌࡾ㈠″ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㣏ᩩᗔࢅぉᦹࡊࠉ᳠ၡᡜ࡚∸㈠ࢅ㏳㐛ᩩ࡛ࡊ࡙ᚡࡊࠉ 㐘ᦑᩩࡷ㆜⾠ᩩ࡛ࡊ࡙ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅዞࡌࡾࡊࡒࠊୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ㒼⤝ࡡᮆ❻ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡵ ᚪさ∸㈠ࢅᥞ౩ࡊࡻ࠹࡛Ὡິࢅ⤽⤾ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᏭᏽⓏ౩⤝ࢅࡴࡃࡖ࡙⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ ᑊ❟ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ጄᐐࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡࡗࡡ≁ᚡ࡞༳ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅฦᯊࡊࠉ⣦ ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋ␆┘ᵾ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᅆమࡡὩິ┘ᵾ┞ཬࡌࡾ㛭౿࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ ࠹ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ୦⩽ࡡ┞ཬ㛭౿ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࢅಀ㐅ࡌࡾ⫴ᬊࢅ ᙟᠺࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡢࠉࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞≁᭯ࡡၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊゕ ࠷ᥦ࠻ࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ࠕၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹࠾ࠊࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ ࡞࠽ࡄࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉ๑㏑ࡊࡒౚ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡿࡣ็ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾ࡛フ౮࡚ࡀࡾࠉṂງ⣦ண ࡡ≁ᚡࡡንᐖࡓࡄࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡡཋᅄ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷ࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡢࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࢮࣥ ࢙ࢹ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋᚃࡡ࣭ࣙࣞࢴࣂ㞬Ằࡡฌ㐕ࢅࡴࡃࡖ࡙㞬Ằᶭ㛭ࡡᥴຐᨳ➿࡞ᖱῦࡊࡒࡻ࠹࡞ࠉ ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃ࡞≁᭯ࡡၡ㢗࡛ࡢゕ࠻࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ≁ᚡࡡንࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾྫྷᏽⓏຝᯕࢅཀྵࡊࡒࡡࡢ☔࠾࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ ᑊᚺ࡞├Ⓩ࡞㉫ᅄࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࢅ☔ヾࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ㛭౿࡞࠽ࡄ ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾᵋ㏸Ⓩᑊ❟ࢅฦᯊࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (2) ᵋ㏸Ⓩさᅄ—ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕— ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡṂງ⣦ண࡚ࡡ᭩ኬࡡ┘ᵾࡢࠉᡋணࡡົฺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ ࢅᑕ㔔ࡎࡍ࡞ࠉࡐࡡ┘ᵾࢅ㐡ᠺࡌࡾᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾྊ⬗ᛮᑛ࠾ࡼࡍᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊࡆࡡ ሔྙ࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥ㒼ࢅᙁࡊࠉᡋ㜒 ⬗ງࡡቌᙁ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅฺ⏕ࡊ࡙⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᑊ❟ࢅ⃥ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ௧ୖࠉࡆࡡ 219 ࡗࡡᨳⓏ㛭౿࡞Ἒࡖ࡙ࠉౚࢅᥴ⏕ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⏕࡞ࡗ࠷࡙よ᪺ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷㸝ᅒ 18 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᅒ 18 ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴࡃࡾᨳⓏ㛭౿ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ ⣦ ண ᙔ ⩽ Ṃງ⣦ண ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ࡴࡃࡾᑊ❟ ᥴຐࡡ ᦚཱི ⣦ணᙔ⩽ ᥴຐࡡ ᦚཱི ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ ⣦ ண ⿍ ⅇ ⩽ ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ ➱⩽షᠺ 1) ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᶊງ㛭౿ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ ౩ࡊ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅཋ์࡛ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ౩࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ᡋ㜒ဤ࡛㟸ᡋ㜒ဤࢅ༇ืࡌࡾ ᇱ‵࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᕣืཋ์࡛ࡣࡿࡾࡡ㏳ౚ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡᕣืཋ์ࡢࠉපᖲཋ์࠾ࡼㄵ⌦Ⓩ࡞ᑙฝ࡚ ࡀࡾཋ์࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉපᖲཋ์࡞ᇱࡘࡂெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾ ࡡ࡚ࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡀᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡽࠉഭඹࡷᤍ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᚪさ࡛ࡌࡾሔྙࢅ 㝎࠷࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡀᨥᥴ࡚ࡢ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾ46ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽⿍ⅇ⩽࠾ࡼᥴ ຐ∸㈠ࢅዞࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ᶊງᇱ┑ࢅቌᙁࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥ㒼ࢅᙁࡌࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ 220 ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡᖱῦࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢮ࣏࡚ࣛࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁ࡞ฺ⏕ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ∸㈠ࡡ㈋ⶮࡈࡿ ࡒ㣏⣂ᗔࢅぉᦹࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࢅ⬛㏍ࡊ࡙ᙁዞࡊࠉ᳠ၡᡜ࡚ࡡ㏳⾔ᩩࠉ㍲㏞ᩩࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ㆜⾠ᩩ ࡡྞ┘࡚ᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᦚཱིࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࢧ࣭ࣜࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡢࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹ㞗ᅆ ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࠉᶊງᇱ┑ࡡቌᙁࡡࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡᖉ㑇ࢅᕵ᭻ࡌࡾ㞬Ằࡡ⛛ິࢅ㜴Ḿࡊ࡙ࠉ㞬Ằ ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅណᅒⓏ࡞⥌ᣚࡊࠉ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㒼⤝ࢅ⟮⌦ࡊ࡙㞬Ằࡡ⾔ິࢅโᚒࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᶊງᇱ┑ࡡቌᙁ࡞ฺ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡢᖱῦࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ 2) ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᩓᑊ㛭౿ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᨳⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩ⣦ண࡞ᖱῦࡊ࠷࡛࠷࠹୯❟ཋ์࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙Ὡິࢅᒈ 㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ୯❟ཋ์ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡୌ᪁࡞Ⲭᢰࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ᪁ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼ ࡡಘ㢏ࢅ႕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾ┘Ⓩ࠾ࡼᙟᠺࡈࡿࡒཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉྊ⬗ 㝀ࡽࡌ࡙ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ᑊࡌࡾྜྷណ࡛ಘ㢏ࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡྜྷណ࡛ಘ㢏ࢅ☔ಕࡊࡼெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⣦ண ᙔ⩽ࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ㌱ᨥᥴ࡛ࡊ࡙⏕ࡊࠉᡋ㜒⬗ງࢅྡྷ୕ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ௺ᅒࡌࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ ࠹ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᖱῦࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡢࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡢࢦ࢚ࣚ࢘ࣥࡡᏭධᆀᇡ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᨥ㒼ࢅ⥌ᣚࡌࡾࡒࡴ ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞Ꮽධᆀᇡ࡚ࡡᥴຐὩິࢅಀࡌୌ᪁࡚ࠉᏭධᆀᇡ࡞࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛெ㑂㞬Ằࢅᘤࡀ⏻ࡴ࡙ࠉ Ꮽධᆀᇡ࠾ࡼࡡ㑂㞬ẰࡡᨾฝὩິࢅᢼྫྷࡊࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡢࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࡷẰඹ㞗ᅆࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ 㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡷ࢞࣊࣌ࡡ㑂㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࠾ࡼࡡ㞬Ằࡷ㑂㞬Ằࡡ⛛ິࢅโ㝀ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࠾ ࡼࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࢅᘤࡀฝࡊࠉ㞬Ằ࠾ࡼ⊡㔘ࢅዞࡊࠉ㞬Ằࢅᚡඹࡌࡾࡊ࡙ࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࢅ㌱ᇱᆀ ࡛ࡊฺ࡙⏕ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢᡋ㜒⬗ງࡡቌᙁࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ᖱῦࡊࡒ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 221 (3) ᑚᣋ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᡋணࡡົฺࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋ㜒⬗ງࡡቌᙁ࡛ᶊງ ᇱ┑ࡡᙁࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞㉫ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡ ࡚ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᡋண㈠″ࢅெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞౪Ꮛࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋணࡡ┘ᵾ࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠 ᨥᥴࡡ┘ᵾஊ㞫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡈࡼ࡞ຐ㛏ࡈࡿࡒ࡛⩻࠻ࡼࡿࡾࠊ 4 Ṃງ⣦ணୖࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡೳ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡೳ࡛࠷࠹᭩⤂Ⓩṹ㝭ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡌࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠 ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡓࡄ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷࡞ೳࡌ ࡾ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼ࠷ࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡឺ㐅⾔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢὩິࢅೳḾࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࠾ࡼ ⫃ဤࢅ㏝ࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡵࡾࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ୯❟ཋ ์ࢅẃࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡ⤽⤾Ṃງ⣦ணࡡ⃥࣬㛏ࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ➠ࡢࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⫃ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ∸⌦Ⓩ༱ᐐ࡞Ⓠᒈࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠 ᨥᥴὩິࡡ⤽⤾ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡさဤ⮤㌗ࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅቌኬࡈࡎࡾሔྙ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (1) ெ㐠⩇ཋ์࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᶭ 1) පᖲᛮࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ ெ㐠⩇ࡡཋ์࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᶭࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉெ㐠⩇ࡡ୯❟ཋ์ ࡡᏋ❟ࢅᅏ㞬࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡌࡾᮇⓏ㆗ㄵ࡞ථࡾ๑࡞ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᏋ ᅹࢅ⩻ᐳࡡᑊ㇗࠾ࡼୌአࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⩽㛭౿࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊࡐ ࡿࡹ࠻ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾ୯❟ཋ์࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡵ㆗ㄵࡡᑊ㇗࠾ࡼአࡊ࡙ࡲࡒ ࠷ࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⩽㛭౿ࢅぞᏽࡌࡾࡡࡢපᖲཋ์࡚࠵ࡾࠉපᖲཋ์ࡢࠉ࠵ࡼࡹࡾெ㛣ࢅᕣ ืࡂᨥᥴࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡌࡾ↋ᕣืཋ⌦㸝ᶭఌࡡᖲ➴㸞࡛ࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ᨥᥴࡌࡾẒౚཋ⌦㸝⤎ᯕࡡ ᖲ➴㸞ࡡࡗࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦ࡢࠉ┞ப࡞□┢ࡌࡾ 222 ⤎ᯕࢅ⏍㉫ࡌࡾሔྙᑛ࠾ࡼࡍᏋᅹࡌࡾࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᕣืࡡ࠷ᨥᥴ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡛ࡢ ↋㛭౿ᨥᥴ࡞ࡾሔྙࡷࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴᕣืⓏᨥᥴ࡛ࡾሔྙ࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉཉ⏍⤊ῥᏕࡡපභ㈀ࡡᴣᛍࢅᥴ⏕ࡌࡿࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐࡷಕ㆜ᥞ౩࡚ࡀ ࠷ሔྙ࡚ࡈ࠻ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞౮ࢅさịࡎࡍ࡞㟸ᤴ㝎ᛮࢅಕッࡌࡾୌ᪁ࠉࡌ࡙ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞༎ฦᨥᥴࢅ ᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉ㟸❿ྙᛮࡢ༎ฦ࡞ಕッ࡚ࡀ࠷‵පභ㈀࡛࠷࠻ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉࡌ ࡙ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࠉᨥᥴ࡞ࡢ㝀ᗐ࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ ୌ㒂ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞༎ฦᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ྜྷኃ㝀ࡽ࠵ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴ ࡃࡾ❿ྙ㛭౿࡞❟ࡗࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ᑊ❟ࡊࡒሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢ ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚᛮཋ⌦࡛ࡡ㛣ࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ࡞├㟻ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡපᖲ㒼ฦ࡞ 㛭ࡌࡾ㐠⩇Ⓩၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡၡ㢗࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡻ࠹㸝ᅒ 19 ཤ↯㸞ࠊ ᅒ 19 ெ㐠⩇࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡၡ㢗 ↋ᕣืཋ⌦ ཚ↋ᕣืཋ⌦ ㈠″ࡢࡌ࡙ࡡெ㛣࡞ᖲ➴࡞ 㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾ Ẓౚཋ⌦ 㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡ ၡ㢗 ཚẒౚཋ⌦ ㈠″ࡢ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ 㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾ ⿍ⅇࡡ㍇ᗐெࠍࡡ ᨥᥴ࠷ሔྙࡵ ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ㔔ᗐெࠍࡡ ᨥᥴࡢ༎ฦ࡞ ➱⩽షᠺ 2) ୯❟ᛮࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ ࡆࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡛ࡡᑊ❟ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᑊ❟ࡡணⅤ࡛ࡽࠉࡐࡡᑊ❟࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ᕬࡀ㎲ࡱࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࡐࡡὩ ິࡡ୯❟ᛮࢅ႕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 223 㸝⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᶊງ㛭౿㸞 ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ㛭౿࡞࠽ࡄࡾᨥ㒼࡛ᚉᒌࡡሔྙ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉཚ↋ᕣืᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥ ᥴ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨳⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏᆀన࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉཚẒౚᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉᨳⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏᆀనࡡ୕న࡚࠵ࡾṂງ⣦ணࡡᣞᑙ⩽ࡻࡽࡵࠉ⿍ⅇࡡᙫ㡢ࢅུࡄ ࡷࡌ࠷ᨳⓏ࣬♣ఌⓏᆀనࡂ⤊ῥⓏ࡞❋இࡊ࡙࠷ࡾெࠍ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡄࡿࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡡ ࡆ࡛ࡢࠉᡋண㐑⾔ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊࡒዞࡷᦚ⃥ཱིࡊ࠷♣ఌ࡚࠵ࡿࡣ࠵ࡾࠉ↋ᕣืᛮ࡛Ẓౚᛮࡡཋ⌦㛣 ࡡ⥥ᘿ㧏ࡱࡾࡆ࡛ࢅណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ Ẓౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞㐲ྙⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼぜ࡙ࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ♣ఌⓏᆀనࡡࡂ⤊ῥⓏ࡞㈃ࡊ࠷⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⚗♬ࢅྡྷ୕ࡈࡎࡾୌ᪁࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨥ㒼ࡊࠉṂ ງ⣦ணࢅ᥆㐅ࡌࡾ㝭ᒒࡷ㞗ᅆࡡཬⓆࢅᣅࡂࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࠉࢬࣜ ࣄெເງ࡞ໜᅑࡈࡿࡒࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼୌ㒂ࡡ㑂㞬Ằࢅࢹࣚࢴࢠ࡚ᨾฝࡊࡒ࡛ࡆࢀࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳ ᗋࡢࠉࡆࡡᨾฝὩິࢅࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ࡻࡾࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞Ⲭᢰࡌࡾ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛㟸㞬ࡊࠉᨾฝὩິࢅ ೳḾ࡞㏛࠷㎲ࢆࡓ47ࠊࡆࡡᨾฝὩິࡢࠉẒౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ⾔Ⅵ࡚࠵ࡽ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡฺ─࡞㐲࠹ࡵࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡖࡒࠉᡋணࢅᣞᑙࡌࡾᨥ㒼ᒒࡡཬⓆࢅᘤࡀ㉫ࡆࡌࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞㐲ྙⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ Ẓౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡊ࡙ࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࢅ⏍㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ♣ఌⓏᆀనࡷ⤊ῥⓏ᮪௲࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠉ⣦ண♣ఌࡡᨥ㒼 ࡛ᚉᒌࡡ㛭౿ࡡᙫ㡢࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ࠉ♣ఌⓏᆀనࡡࡂ⤊ῥⓏ࡞ᅏ❋≟ឺ࡞࠵ࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᨾῥ࡞ࡢ༎ฦᨥᥴ ࡛ࡢࡼ࠷ሔྙ࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞࠽࠷࡙Ắ᪐ࡡ ฝ⮤ࡷ♣ఌⓏ㌗ฦ࡛ࡢ㛭ࢂࡽࡂᥴຐࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡ㆜⾠ࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ᴏ⩽ࠉ ఎ⤣Ⓩᨥ㒼ᒒࡷṂ㞗ᅆࡡᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡᥞ౩ࢅఴൢࡂࡈࡿࡒࡡ࡚ࠉᮇᮮࡡུ─⩽࡚࠵ࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡢ ༎ฦᥴຐ∸㈠ࡊ࠾ᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠾ࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊẒౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞ᚉ࠻ࡣࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩ ኬࡡུ─⩽࡛ࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶊງ⩽ࡷṂჹᦘ⾔⩽࡞ฺ─ࢅࡵࡒࡼࡊࡒ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊ 㸝⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᩓᑊ㛭౿㸞 224 ⣦ணເງ㛣ࡡᑊ❟࡛⥥ᘿࡡሔྙ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉཚ↋ᕣืᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉṂງ⣦ண ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㅎເງ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᨥᥴࡊࡄࡿࡣࡼࡍࠉཚẒౚᛮ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚࠵ ࡿࡣࠉṂງ⣦ண࡚ເ࡚࠵ࡽࠉኣࡂࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᢢ࠻࡙࠷ࡾເງ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࡻࡽཉ࠷ᨥᥴᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡄࡿ ࡣࡼ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾເງ㛣࡞⿍ⅇࡡᆍ⾦࠵ࡿࡣ࠵ࡾࠉ↋ᕣืᛮ࡛Ẓ ౚᛮ࡛ࡡࢸ࣏ࣝࣤ็࡞ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅྱណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ Ẓౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞㐲ྙⓏெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼぜ࡙ࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࢅ⏍㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠵ࡾࠊࡒ ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡚ࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡࡒࡾུ─⩽ࡢࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ⏍Ꮛ⩽࡚࠵ ࡾࢵࢲ᪐࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࡐࡡᚃࠉࡐࡡᑊ㇗⩽ࡢࠉࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ⾔Ⅵ࡞ᑊࡌࡾሒᚗࢅᜅࡿ࡙ࢰࣤࢧࢼࡷࢧ ࣭ࣜ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࣆࢵ᪐㞬Ằ࡞⛛⾔ࡊࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉẒౚᛮࡡཋ⌦ ࡞㐲ྙⓏᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࢵࢲ᪐మࡡࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᶊᶖ❟ᚃࠉྜྷᨳᶊࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ ⿍ᐐ⩽ࡻࡽࡵຊᐐ⩽࡞㞗୯ࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ㟸㞬ࡊࡒࠊ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢẰ᪐ࡡ♣ ఌ㞗ᅆ࡛ࡢ↋㛭౿࡞ᥞ౩ࡈࡿࡾࡀ࡚࠵ࡾࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࡢ⿍ⅇເງ㛣࡞࠽࠷࡙೩ࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼぜࡿࡣᕣืⓏᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ୌ᪁ࠉ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࠉẒౚᛮࡡཋ⌦࠾ࡼࡲ࡙ࢸ࣏ࣝࣤࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࠵ ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ࠉ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࠉࢠࣞ ࢲெເງࡡ㛣࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡぞᶅࢅࡴࡃࡾᡋ␆Ⓩ㥉ࡄᘤࡀᒈ㛜ࡈࡿࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ ເງ㛣ࡡெཾẒ࡞ᚺࡋࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ∸㈠ぞᶅࢅỬᏽࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹ឺ࡞⮫ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉẰ᪐ࢅᕣื ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡂᐁ㊰ࡈࡿࡒᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ↋ᕣืᛮࡡཋ⌦࡞㐲ྙⓏᨥᥴ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ࠷పẰ ࡞ࡱ࡚ᥴຐ∸㈠㒼⤝ࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ⿍ⅇ࡞ᚺࡋࡒᨥᥴ࡛࠷࠹Ẓౚᛮࡡཋ⌦ࢅ㐋⬲ࡌࡾ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡖ ࡒࠊ ⾪ 23 ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡛Ẓౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛Ṃງ⣦ண࡛ࡡ㛭౿ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᶊງ㛭౿ ཚ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡽฺ᭯ᨥᥴ ཚ↋ᕣื⩇࡞ᇱࡘࡂெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡌ ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡙࡞ᆍ➴࡞㈀ࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᡋண࡞ࡻ ࡖฺ࡙─ࢅᚋࡼࡿࡾࣆ࣭ࣛ࣬ࣚࢱ࣭ኣᩐ⏍ࡋ࡙ࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋண㐑⾔ࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾெࠍቌຊࡌࡾࠊ ཚẒౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ࡻࡽฺ᭯ᨥᥴ ཚẒౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘࡂெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇࡡ⛤ᗐ࡞ ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᚺࡋ࡙㈀ࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉᡋண࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ 225 ฺ─ࢅᚋࡼࡿࡾࡡࡢ⿍ⅇࡡ็ெࠍ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᡋண㐑⾔ࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾெࠍࡢቌຊࡊ࠷ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㒼ฦࢅᐖ ヾࡌࡾ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼ࠷ࠊ ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᩓᑊ㛭౿ ཚ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ ᡋணࡡඁເഁ࡞ฺ᭯ᨥᥴ ཚ↋ᕣืཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡌ ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡙࡞ᆍ➴࡞㈀ࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡡኣ࠷ເງ࡞ࡻࡽฺ࡞ࡾࠊ ཚẒౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ ᡋணࡡເഁ࡞ฺ᭯ᨥᥴ ཚẒౚཋ⌦࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ⛤ ࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᗐ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙㈀ࡷࢦ࣭ࣄࢪ㒼ฦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡ ኣ࠷ເງ࡞ࡻࡽฺ᭯࡞ࡾࠊ 㸝ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽㸞 ெ㐠⩇ࡡ㒼ฦⓏḿ⩇ࡡၡ㢗ࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽࠷࡙㉫ࡌࡾ็ၡ㢗ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭୯❟ᛮࢅ ႕ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿ࡙⣦ண࡞ᕬࡀ㎲ࡱࡿࡾឺ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵ࠾ࡼࡡ㑂㞬Ằࡡᨾฝࢅౚ࡛ࡊ්࡙⩻ࡌࡾ࡛ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌ ࡿࡣࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡞ࡻࡾᨾฝ⾔Ⅵࡢࢬࣜࣄெເງഁࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ࡛ྙ⮬ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ ࠵ࡽࠉᨳᗋ㌱ࡡᡋ␆ࢅẃࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࢬࣜࣄெເງഁ࠾ࡼึ᩷ࡌࡿࡣࠉࡆࡡᨾฝὩິࡢ≁ᏽ ᆀᇡ࠾ࡼࡡ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛࡡ㏛ᨲ࡛࠷࠹ᨳⓏ࣬ᡋ␆Ⓩ┘Ⓩ࡞ྙ⮬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊࡐࡿࡹ࠻ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡷࢬࣜ ࣄெເງ࠾ࡼぜࡿࡣࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡḿྫྷࢅỬᏽࡌ ࡾ㔔さ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹⌦⏜࠾ࡼࠉ࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋࡵࢬࣜࣄெເງࡵࠉᡋᑻࢅྊ⬗ 㝀ࡽฺ᭯࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᖱῦࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ୯❟ᛮ႕ࡊࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ୯❟ᛮࡡ⥌ᣚᅏ㞬࡛ࡾሔྙࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ⣦ணᙔ⩽㛣ࡡᑊ❟ࡡୌᅄࢅᵋᠺࡌࡾࡡ ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ⤽⤾ࡢṂງ⣦ணࡡ⃥࣬㛏ࢅຐ㛏ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡢ ೳࡵࡊࡂࡢೳḾࢅఴൢࡂࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ (2) ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࢅ㉫ࡌࡾၡ㢗࡞ࡵⓆᒈࡊࡒࠊெ 㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࡡᴣさࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⤣ゝ࠾ࡼໜᣋⓏᴣふࢅ♟ 226 ࡊࠉౚࢅ⏕࠷࡙රమⓏᐁࢅレ㏑ࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ 1) ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⤣ゝ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅᴣふࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗ࢅ❻Ⓩ࡞♟ࡌṒ⩽ᩐࢅฦᯊࡊ࡙ࡲࡻ࠹ࠊᅗ 㝷㏻ྙࡷᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࡡṒ⩽࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄢᰕ࡞Ẓ࡙48ࠉᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ࡷ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࢅྱࡴࡒ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡṒ⩽ᩐ࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏㄢᰕࡡᩐࡢኣࡂࡢ࠷49ࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢩ࣭ࣘࣤࢫ࣬࣌ࣈ࢞ࣤࢪኬ Ꮥ㞬Ằⅇᐐ◂✪ࢬࣤࢰ࣭㸝Johns Hopkins University Center for Refugee and Disaster Studies㸞ࡡㄢᰕ50ࡢࠉெ 㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾᅗ㏻ㅎᶭ㛭ࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ࠉ㟸ᨳ ᗋ⤄⧂ࢅᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ51ࠉ1985 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1998 ᖳࡱ࡚࡞ࠉ⌟ሔ࡚ࡡṒஷ⩽࡛⥥᛬࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⛛⾔࡚ࡡ⌟ሔ࡚ࡡ Ὡິࡡ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙Ṓஷࡊࡒ⩽ࢅㄢᰕࡡᑊ㇗࡛ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡌࡾໜᣋⓏ࡚ಘ㢏ᛮࡡ㧏࠷ㄢᰕࡡ ୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡㄢᰕࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ࡡ㔔ኬᛮࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊࡆࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ྜྷ㛣ࡡṒஷ⩽ࡢ 375 ெ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ⤄⧂ืࡡහゼࡢࠉᅗ㏻ㅎᶭ㛭 177 ெࠉᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ 88 ெࠉᅗ㝷 ㉝༎Ꮚ࣬ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 52 ெࠉ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 58 ெ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ㸝⾪ 24 ཤ↯㸞ࠊࡆࡡᩐᏊ࠾ࡼࡵ᪺☔࡚࠵ ࡾࠉᅗ㏻ㅎᶭ㛭ࡷᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⾢✲ࡌࡾ༱㝜ᛮࡡ㧏࠷ᅗ㏻ᖲ ⥌ᣚ㌱࡛Ẓ㍉ࡊ࡙ࡵ⏊ኬ≓∽ࢅᡮࡖ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ㟸ᖏ࡞༱㝜⎌ሾ࡚Ὡິ࡞ᚉࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 227 ᅒ 20 ெ㐠ᨥᥴᚉ⩽ࡡṒ⩽ᩐ㸝1985-1998㸞 100 90 80 70 60 50 40 30 20 10 0 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 Mani Sheik et al., ͆Death among Humanitarian Workers͇ ࡡᅒ 1 ࢅಞḿࡊࡒࠊ52 ⾪ 24 ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡṒஷ⩽ᩐ㸝1985-1998㸞 ⤄⧂ ᨶណࡡᬸງ 㐛ࡡᬸງ ⮤ິ㌬ᨶ ࡐࡡ ⥪ゝ 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 23 6 10 19 58 ᅗ㏻ᶭ㛭 145 3 23 6 177 ᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚ㌱ 45 13 24 6 88 ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 40 5 7 NA 52 ⥪ゝ 253 27 64 31 375 Mani Sheik et al., ͆Death among Humanitarian Workers͇53 ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡻ࠹≓∽రࡼ࠾ࡡ༱ᐐࡡ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ึ᩷ࡌࡾࡡࡢ᪡ゝ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉៈࡿ ࠷ᅰᆀ࡚ࡡវࠉᡋணࢪࢹࣝࢪࢅཋᅄ࡛ࡌࡾẴࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞࡚ࡡᨶࡡྊ⬗ᛮࡵ⩻࠻ࡼ ࡿࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡㄢᰕࡢࠉᨶណࡡᬸງ࡚Ṓஷࡊࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ≓∽⩽ࡡ 7 ᘽࢅ༥ࡴࡾ ࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙࠽ࡽ㸝⾪ 24 ཤ↯㸞ࠉࡱࡒࠉ⌟ሔ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞⢥㏳ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡢࠉ≓ ∽⩽ࡡ 77㸚ࡡṒᅄᨶណ࡞ࡻࡾᬸງ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ሒ࿈ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾ54ࠊࡆࡡࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᚉࡊࡒ≓∽ ⩽ࡡኣࡂࠉெ࠾ࡼ༱ᐐࢅຊ࠻ࡼࡿࡒ⤎ᯕ࡛ࡊ࡙Ṓஷ࡞⮫ࡖࡒ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༱ᐐࡢࠉ1990 ᖳ࡞ࡖ࡙็ၡ㢗࡛ࡖ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡆࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻ 228 ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡṒ⩽ᩐࡢࠉ1980 ᖳᚃ༖࡞ⱕᖱྞ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉ1990 ᖳ࡞ࡖ࡙ቌຊࡡലྡྷࢅぜ ࡎࠉ1994 ᖳ࡞ࣅ࣭ࢠࢅ㎼࠻࡙ࠉࡐࡿ௧ᚃࡢࠉ෫ᡋࡻࡽࡵ㧏࠷Ề‵࡚ᏭᏽⓏ࡞⛛⾔ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒ㸝ᅒ 20 ཤ ↯㸞55ࠊࡱࡒࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡㄢᰕ࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ1990 ᖳ࠾ࡼ 1998 ᖳ࡞࠾ࡄ࡙ࠉ∸⌦Ⓩ⬛ጸࢅఔ࠹ᨶ࣬ ௲௲ᩐ 20 ௲⛤ᗐ࠾ࡼ 100 ௲௧୕࡞᛬ቌࡊࠉࡐࡡ୯࡚ࡵࠉᙁ┈ࡷ࠵ࡼࡹࡾ⛸㢦ࡡ⬛ጸ࡞㛭㏻ࡌࡾ௲ ࡢࠉ1990 ᖳ࡞ᨶ࣬௲௲ᩐࡡ 1 ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࡵࡡࠉ1996 ᖳ࡞᭩ኬ 5 ࡱ࡚᛬ቌࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹56ࠊࡆࡡࡆ ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࠉ1980 ᖳ࡞ᑛࡂ࡛ࡵᏋᅹࡊࠉ1990 ᖳ࡞็ࡊࡒലྡྷ ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡡさᅄࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅࡴ ࡃࡾᵋ㏸Ⓩさᅄ࡛ࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕࡡṌྍⓏさᅄࡡࡗ࠾ࡼᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࢅᨥᣚࡌࡾ ࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ 2) ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾౚ ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾౚࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉṂງ⣦ண࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡛ࡡ㛭౿ࡡᩝ⬞ࢅᢪࡈ࠻ࡒฦᯊྊ⬗࡛ࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࢮ࣏ࣛࠉ࣍ࢪࢼࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡ ౚ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡵኣᩐࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤṒഭࡊࡒࠉࡆࡆ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡṌྍࡡ୯࡚᭩ࡵ็ ឺ࡛ࡖࡒࢲ࢘ࢲ࡛࢘ࣤ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜࡡౚࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙࠷ࡀࡒ࠷ࠊ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡛ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉኣᩐࡡ⫃ဤ≓∽࡛ ࡖࡒ᭩ࡵ็௲࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤභᅗහࡡࢿࣥ࣬ࢰ࢟㸝Novy Atagi㸞㝌ࡡぉᦹ௲ ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊ1991 ᖳ 11 ᭮ࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤභᅗ㸝Нохчийн Республика Нохчийчоь㸞≺❟ࢅᐃゕࡊࠉࣞ ࢨ㏻㑝࡛ࡡᨳⓏ⣦ணࡡᚃ࡞ࠉ1994 ᖳ 12 ᭮ࠉࣞࢨ㌱ࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤභᅗ࡞ᨯࡊࡒࡡࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ ࢘ࣤ⣦ணࡡⓆ❻࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᡋணࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤࡡẰ㛣ெࡡᩐெṒஷࡊࠉࣞࢨ㌱ࡵⱕᡥ ㌱ெࡡኣࡂࢅࡖࡒᚃࠉ1996 ᖳ 8 ᭮ࠉཫ᪁ೳᡋ࡞ྙណࡊࡒࠊ1996 ᖳኚࡡᡋ㜒࡚ࠉ㝌᪃ス◒ቪࡈࡿ ࡙పẰࡡ༈⒢ࢦ࣭ࣄࢪⴥࡊࡂೳࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡽࠉ㝌ࡡ්ᘋࡢೳᡋᚃࡡ⥥᛬ࡡㄚ㢗ࡡୌࡗ࡛ࡖ ࡒࠊࡆࡡឺ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤഁ࡛ࣞࢨ㏻㑝ഁ࠾ࡼࡡྜྷណ࡛༝ງࢅཱིࡽࡄ ࡒ୕࡚ᗣᰧ࡞ス⨠ࡊࡒࡡࠉࢿࣥ࣬ࢰ࢟ࡡ㝌࡚࠵ࡖࡒ57ࠊ 1996 ᖳ 12 ᭮ 18 ᪡᭽ࠉし㟻ࡡṂ㞗ᅆࠉ㝌࡞ථࡊࠉࢪ࣋ࣤᅗ⡘ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ┫㆜ 229 ᖅࠉ࢜ࢻࢱࠉ࢛ࣚࣤࢱࠉࢼ࣭ࣖࢩ࣭ࣚࣤࢺࠉࢿ࣭ࣜ࢘ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡ┫㆜ᖅ 1 ெ࡛ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ⫃ဤ 1 ெࠉెࡎ࡙ 6 ெṽᐐࡈࡿࡒࠊ19 ࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤᨳᗋࡢᅗẰဖᝒࡡࢅᐃゕࡊࠉ20 ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟ ဤఌࡵဖᝒ㞗ఌࢅ㛜തࡊࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤᨳᗋᤒᰕ࡞㈈௴ࢅㇿࡖ࡙࠷ࡾࠉṂ㞗ᅆࡡᡜᒌࡷ ┘Ⓩࡢ᪺ࡡࡱࡱ࡚࠵ࡾ58ࠊ ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ≚⨝ࡡ୯࡞ࡢࠉ௲ࡡ⫴ᚃ㛭౿᪺☔࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭ ධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾၡ㢗ࢅㄵ✪ࡌࡾࡡ࡞༎ฦሒᏋᅹࡊ࠷ౚࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ ௧ୖ࡞ᣪࡅࡾౚ࡚ࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡ⫃ဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᬸງ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙༎ฦㄢᰕ࡛ฦᯊࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉࡆࡡၡ㢗ࡡཋᅄࢅㄵ✪ࡌ ࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࠉ༖ୠ⣎௧୕ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡ୯࡚⤊㥺ࡊࡒ᭩ࡵṟ㓖௲ࡡୌࡗࠉ 2000 ᖳ 9 ᭮ࡡこࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࣬ࢰࣤࣇ㸝Atambua㸞ຸᡜ࡞ᑊࡌࡾぉᦹ࡚࠵ࡾ59ࠊᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸ ᏻຸᡜࡢࠉ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ≺❟ᚃࡡΊ࠾ࡼこࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࡞㑂㞬ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒ㞬Ằࢅࠉ ᙴࡼࡡᕵ᭻࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉ ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࡞ᖉ㑇ࡈࡎࡾ࠾ࠉࣤࢺࢾࢨࡡ්ᏽపࢅᨥᥴࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜࡡᖉ㑇⩽ࡢࠉ 2000 ᖳ 9 ᭮ࡱ࡚࡞⣑ 16 5,000 ெ࡞㐡ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠉ こࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࡞ࡢ⣑ 12 ெࡡ㞬Ằṟ⏻ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒࠊ こࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࡞⏻ࡊࡒ㞬Ằࡢࠉ⮤ฦࡡណᛦ࡚ᖉ㑇ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࡡ࡚ࡢࡂࠉ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜࡡ≺❟㐽ᣪ├ ᚃ࡞Ⓠ⏍ࡊࡒᬸງ௲ࡡຊᐐ⩽࡚࠵ࡾẰඹ㞗ᅆ࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ᖉ㑇ጄᐐࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ60ࠊ㞬Ằࡡᕵ᭻ ࠵ࡿࡣᖉᅗࢅᨥᥴࡌࡾᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ᪁㔢ࡢࠉẰඹ㞗ᅆࡡᡋ␆࡛ྙ⮬ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ࡛Ằඹ⤄⧂࡛ࡡ⥥ᘿ≟ឺ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ⌟ᆀຸ ᡜぉᦹࡈࡿࡾ├ࡡዉᶭ࡛ࡖࡒࡡࡢࠉర⩽࠾࡞ࡻࡾẰඹ㞗ᅆࡡ࣭ࣛࢱ࣭ࡡṽᐐ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡆࡡṽᐐ࡞ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㛭ࡊࡒ࡛࠷࠹ფ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡᬧṽ௲ࡡ⩛ࡡ࡞ࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒ ຸᏻຸᡜࡡ⌟ᆀຸᡜࡢ⩄⾏ࢅ⋙࠷ࡒṂ㞗ᅆ࡞ぉᦹࡈࡿࡒࠊຸᡜࡢࠉẰඹ࡞ࡻࡾᩔᆀහࡡ㐅ථ ࡷᢖ▴࡞㐴࠷ࠉࡆࡿࢅḾࡴ࡞࠾࠾ࡖࡒ⫃ဤࡡ 1 ெร∸࡚⭙㒂ࢅ✲ࡀๆࡈࡿ࡙Ṓஷࡊࠉࡐࡡ࠾࡞ຸ ᡜහ࡞࠷ࡒ 2 ெࡵṽᐐࡈࡿ࡙ࠉ㐿మࡢຸᡜ࠾ࡼᒁአ࡞ᘤࡀࡍࡽฝࡈࡿ࡙⇖ࡷࡈࡿࡒࠊຸᡜ࠾ࡼ㏠㉦ ࡚ࡀࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵ༱㝜ࡢ⤂ࢂࡼ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ⫃ဤࡢຸᡜ࠾ࡼ㐪ࡂ㞫ࡿࡒẰᐓ࡞㑂㞬ࡊࡒࠉẰඹ㞗ᅆ ⫃ဤࢅᤒࡊฝࡌࡒࡴ࡞⏣ࢅᚌᚁࡊ࡙ࠉ࣌ࢷࣜࢅᤒ⣬ࡊࠉ⫃ဤࢅ༌࠻ࡣᨲℾࡌࡾ࡛Ằᐓࢅ⬛ࡊ࡙ᅂࡖࡒ 230 ࡛࠷࠹61ࠊ ࡆࡡこࢷ࣓࣭࡚ࣜࡡ௲࡞ྱណࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛ࡢࠉࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࡛ྜྷᵕ࡞ࠉ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࢅᡋண㐑⾔ࡡ㝸ᐐ࡛ぜࡊࠉୌ⛸ࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡊ࡙ᨯᦹࡌࡾྊ ⬗ᛮ࠵ࡾ࡛࠷࠹ࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢὩິࢅ⦨ᑚ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢೳḾࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 3) ࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡၡ㢗ࠕ ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡢࠉᡋணࡡົฺࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞ᖱῦࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮࡷெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධ ᛮࢅẃࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࢅೳࡈࡎࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡၡ㢗ࠕ࡛࠷࠹็ၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾ ࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡၡ㢗ࠕ࡛ࡢࠉ⣦ண⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐࡷಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅ࠷࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊᥦゕࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅಕ㆜࡚ ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉㄙࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࡊ࡙⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡀࡡ࠾࡛࠷࠹ၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡐࡿ࡚ࡢࠔಕ㆜⩽ ࡡಕ㆜ࠕࡡよỬ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࡗࡡ᪁Ἢ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ㄵ✪ࡊ࡙ࡲࡻ࠹ࠊ ➠ୌࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິ࡞ᑊࡌࡾྜྷណ࡛༝ງࢅཱིࡽࡄࡾࡒࡴࡡಘ㢏࡛ஹῦࢅ㔔っࡌ ࡾ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࡡᇱᮇⓏ❟ሔ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛ࡡಘ㢏㛭౿ࢅᵋ⠇ࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡚Ꮽධࢅ☔ಕࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᏭධࢅ☔ಕࡌࡾർ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ࠉ᩷ᅖࡒࡾ⾔ິࡷⓆゕࢅࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡞ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࠾ࡼࡡ༱ᐐࡷᨯᦹ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞Ꮽධᆀᇡࡱ࡚㏝ࡈ ࡎࡾ᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ⮤ᕤࡡᏭධࢅᨲᲘࡊ࡙ࡱ࡚⩽ࡡ⏍ࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ⩇ຸࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ㄚࡈࡿ࡙࠷ ࡾ࡛ࡢ࠷࠻࠷ࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜࡛࠷࠹ᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡ᭩ᚃࡡᡥṹࢅᨲᲘࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖ࡙ࡊࡱ࠹ࠊ ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡථ㌱ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡌࡾ࡛࠷࠹᪁Ἢ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ᶭ㛭ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡷᅗ㏻㌱ࢅ㆜⾠࡛ࡊฺ࡙⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᨯᦹࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡿࡱ࡚ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡౚࡡ⩻ᐳ࠾ࡼࠉୌ㒂ࡡౚአࢅ㝎࠷࡙ࠉථ㌱ Ṃງ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡞࠽࠷࡙ᏭධᆀᇡࡷᏭධᆀᖈࢅスᏽࡊࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ㍲㏞ࡷ㒼⤝ࢅ㆜⾠ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ ࡡළ⁝ᒈ㛜ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ථࡊࡒࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺ࡼ࠾࡞ࡊࡒࠊᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡷຊ┍ᅗࡡណᛦࡷ⬗ງ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉெ 231 㐠Ⓩථࢅ㏳ࡋࡒெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡຝᯕࡢᕞྎࡈࡿࡒࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࠔಕ㆜⩽ࡡಕ㆜ࡡၡ㢗ࠕࢅよỬࡌࡾ᭯ ຝᡥṹࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ㛣㐢࠷࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ (3) ᑚᣋ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐࡷಕ㆜ࢅ༎ฦ࡞ᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ㐛ᑊᚺ ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᖱῦࢅུࡄ࡙ೳ ࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴ༎ฦ࡞ᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 5 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ୌᅗහࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴ ຐ࡛ಕ㆜༎ฦ࡚࠷ሔྙ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ⓏよỬᡥṹࢅណࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ 㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮࡡၡ㢗࡛Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅよỬࡌࡾ᭯ຝᡥṹ࡛ࡾ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼ࠷࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ ࡾࠊ ெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ථ㌱ࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡊ࡙Ὡິࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ☔ಕࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚ࡢ ࠷ࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ⌟ᆀࡡ⣦ணᙔ⩽ථ㌱ࢅ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡୌࡗ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡌࡿࡣࠉථ㌱ࡡಕ㆜ୖ࡞࠵ ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡵ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡢࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ ᶭᵋ㌱ࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊࡌࡾኬぞᶅ࠾ࡗ᩷⤾Ⓩ✭⇷ࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉࢬࣜࣄெṂເງࡢᆀ ୕࡞ᒈ㛜ࡊ࡙࠷ࡒᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡඹኃࢅᣂ⚏ࡊࡒࠉࡆࡿ௧ᚃࠉᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡵⴥࡊࡂὩິ โ⣑ࡈࡿࡒ࡛࠷࠹62ࠊࡆࡿࡢࠉࢬࣜࣄெເງࠉኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡛㏻ᦘࡌࡾᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࡛ᅗ㏻ 㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࢅᩓᑊເງ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡊࡒ⤎ᯕ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ࠻ࡻ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ථ㌱࡛ࡡ㏻ᦘ ࡵࡒࡼࡌ୯❟ᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅᅂ㑂ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡷୌ㒂ࡡ㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ࡢථ㌱࡛ࡡ㏻ᦘ࡞ ᾐᴗⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡢ࣍ࢪࢼ࡚ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡞㝷ࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱࠾ࡼࡡಕ㆜ࢅུࡄࡾࡆ࡛ ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒ63ࠊ 232 ࡱࡒࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ථ㌱࡛༝ງࡊ࡙Ὡິࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉථ㌱ࡡಕ㆜ࡡ⬗ງ࡛ណᛦḖዯࡊ࡙࠷ ࡾሔྙࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᖱῦࡷ༱ᐐࡢ⇒ⅧỀ‵࡛ࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡒ࡛࠻ࡣࠉ࣍ࢪࢼ࡞࠽࠷ ࡙ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡಕ㆜࡞ࡵ㛭ࢂࡼࡍࠉᖼᗐ࡛ࡂ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡᖱῦࡷ༱ᐐ ࢅ⿍ࡖࡒࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙✒ᴗⓏ࡞Ṃງ⾔ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉࡐࡡ ಕ㆜ୖ࡞࠵ࡾᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡢ୯❟ᛮࢅ႕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅග᭱ࡌࡾᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ࡢᠺࡽᚋ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 6 ⤎ㄊ ࡆࡿࡱ࡚ெ㐠Ⓩථெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ᮪௲ࢅ⩻ᐳࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅ༎ฦ࡞ᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉᙁโⓏ࣬㌱Ⓩᡥṹࢅ⏕ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථ ࡢḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᡋணࡡົฺࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉᡋ㜒⬗ງࡡቌᙁ࡛ᶊ ງᇱ┑ࡡᙁࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᖱῦࡈࡿࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠 ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅ㉫ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࡡ⤽⤾ᅏ㞬 ࡛ࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔெ 㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅ᪺☔࡞ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡථ㌱ࡢࠉ⣦ணᆀᇡ࡚Ὡິࡌࡾெ㐠 ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡさㄫ࡞ᚺࡋ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡṂງ⾔ᶊࡡỬ㆗ࢅ⤊࡙ࠉᒈ㛜ࢅ㛜ጙࡌࡾᚪさ࠵ ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉೳᡋࡷᖲྙណࢅུࡄ࡙Ꮽເᅂᚗࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊ ࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾ≟Ἓ࡞ࡖ࡙ࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡථ㌱ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᶭ⬗ࢅெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ 㛭࡞⤽ᢆࡊ࡙㏝༴ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢḿᙔெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ゕ᪺࡚ࡀࡾ࡚࠵ࢀ ࠹ࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅよỬࡌࡾ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡚ࡢ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊெ 㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡථ㌱࡞ಕ㆜ࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉථ㌱⣦ணᙔ⩽࡚࠵ࡾ࡛ヾㆉࡈࡿࡾ࡛ࡌࡿ ࡣࠉථ㌱ࡡಕ㆜ୖ࡞࠵ࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢ୯❟ᛮࡡၡ㢗࡞├㟻ࡊࠉୌ᪁ࠉථ㌱ࡡಕ㆜ࡌࡾ⬗ງ࡛ណᛦ Ḗዯࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡢᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࢅᅂ㑂࡚ࡀ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛ Ꮽධᛮࡡၡ㢗ࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᑕ㔔ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚よỬ࡚ࡀࡾၡ㢗࡚࠵ࡽࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡᬉཀྵ࡛ 233 ᏽ╌ࠉ㐢ཬ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷ฬἪ࡞ᇱࡘࡂฌ⨡ᚪさ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊ 1 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 168. 2 Ibid., pp. 168-172. 3 Ibid., pp. 172-176. 4 Delorenzi, Simone, ICRC Policy since the End of the Cold War: Contending with the Impasse in International Humanitarian Action, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1999, p. 45; Natsios, “Humanitarian Relief Intervention in Somalia,” p. 84. 5 Prendergast, “Preventing Future Famine in Somalia,” in Adam Hussein Mohamed and Richard B. Ford, ed., Mending Rips in the Sky: Options for Somali Communities in the 21st Century, Lawrenceville, NJ: Red Sea Press, 1997, p. 623. 6 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 170. 7 Natsios, “Humanitarian Relief Intervention in Somalia,” p. 84. 8 ࡆࡡࡻ࠹࡞ࠉᩐೋ࡞ᖕ࠵ࡾࡡࡢࠉࡡ⛤ᗐࡡ∸㈠⿍ᐐ⩽ࡡඔᒀ࠷ࡒࡡ࠾ࢅフ౮ࡌࡾࢨࢪࢷ࣑ࢅࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭 ཱིࡽථࡿ࡙࠷࠾ࡖࡒࡆ࡛ࢅᬧ࡞ណࡊ࡙࠷ࡾࠊ 9 Sahnoun, Somalia: the Missed Opportunities, p. 38. 10 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p.183. 11 Natsios, “Humanitarian Relief Intervention in Somalia,” p. 83. 12 Prendergast, “Preventing Future Famine in Somalia,” pp. 621-622. 13 Natsios, “Humanitarian Relief Intervention in Somalia,” pp. 89-91. 14 Cutts, Mark, “The Humanitarian Operation in Bosnia, 1992-95: Dilemmas of Negotiating Humanitarian Access,” New Issues in Refugee Research, Working Paper no. 8, Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, May 1999, pp. 6-8. 15 ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ 1991 ࠾ࡼ 1992 ᖳࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡὩິ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ Mércier, Michéle. Crimes without Punishment: Humanitarian Action in Former Yugoslavia, London; East Haven, Conn.: Pluto Press, 1996. 16 Cutts, “The Humanitarian Operation in Bosnia, 1992-95,” p. 18. 17 Ibid., pp. 20-21. 18 Ibid., p. 18. 19 Ibid., p. 13. 20 Ibid., p. 13. 21 Ibid., p. 15. 22 Ibid., pp. 15-16. 23 Girod, Christophe and Angelo Gnaedinger, Politics, Military Operations and Humanitarian Action: an Uneasy Alliance, Geneva: International Committee of the Red Cross, 1998, p. 14. 24 25 UNHCR, The State of the World's Refugees, 1993, p. 91. Ogata, Sadako, “Refugees: A Humanitarian Strategy”, Statement by Mrs. Sadako Ogata, United Nations Commissioner for Refugees at the Royal Institute for International Relations, Brussels, 25 November 1992. 26 Cutts, “The Humanitarian Operation in Bosnia, 1992-95,” p. 18. 27 Gaillard, Philippe, “Rwanda 1994: “La vraie vie est absente”,” 18 October 1994, at the International Museum of the Red Cross and Red Crescent, Geneva (http://www.icrc.org/web/eng/siteeng0.nsf/html/5XKCA5 (accessed in 1 January 2007)). 28 Ibid. 29 Ibid. 234 30 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 178-179㸝㑝ゼࠉ212-213 㡣㸞 ࠊJaspars, Susanne, The Rwandan Refugee Crisis: Initial Successes and Failures in Food Assistance, London: Relief and Rehabilitation Network (Overseas Development Institute), Network Paper 6, p. 20. ࣤ࢝ࣚࡡ㞬Ằᨥᥴ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉࢰࣤࢧࢼᨳᗋ࡛㉝༎Ꮚ♣࡞ࡻࡖ࡙షᠺࡈࡿࡒሒ࿈᭡࠵ࡽཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊ Republic of Tanzania Ministry of Health, Health Care in Disasters: The Ngara Refugee Experience: Report of a Workshop held in Ngara, Kagera Region, Dar es Salaam: Ministry of Health, Republic of Tanzania. 31 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 196-197㸝㑝ゼࠉ232-233 㡣㸞 ࠊ 32 Jaspars, Susanne, The Rwandan Refugee Crisis, p. 1, 3; Adelman and Suhrke, Early Warning and Conflict Management, paras 1-2; S/1994/1308, 18 November 1994, para 6. 33 Médecins sans Frontières, Breaking the Cycle, Ch V. 34 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 200-201㸝㑝ゼࠉ236 㡣㸞 ࠊ 35 Médecins sans Frontières, Breaking the Cycle: MSF calls for action in the Rwandese refugee camps in Tanzania and Zaire, November 1994, Ch III and IV. 36 Adelman and Suhrke, Early Warning and Conflict Management, Ch. 6.3. 37 de Waal, Famine Crimes, p. 200. 38 S/1995/411 (1995), 23 May 1995. 39 Kaldor, Mary, The New and Old Wars: Organized Violence in a Global Era, Cambridge: Polity Press, 1999㸝࣒࣭ࣛ࣬࢜ࣜࢺ ࣭ⴥࠉᒜᮇṂᙢ࣬ῳ㒂ḿᶖゼࠖ᩺ᡋணㄵ㸯ࢡ࣭ࣞࣁࣜࡡ⤄⧂Ⓩᬸງࠗ ࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2003 ᖳ㸞 ࠊ 40 Ibid., pp. 6-7, 76-86㸝㑝ゼ 9-10ࠉ126-142 㡣㸞 ࠊ 41 Ibid., pp. 7-8㸝㑝ゼ 11-12 㡣㸞 ࠊ 42 Ibid., p. 9㸝㑝ゼ 12-13 㡣㸞 ࠊ 43 ࣆ࢝ࢼࢪࢰ࡚ࣤࡡ㯖ⷾ⏍⏐࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡᩝ⊡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊBlanchard, Christopher M., “Afghanistan: Narcotics and U.S. Policy”, CRS (U.S. Congressional Research Service) Report for Congress, 7 December 2004. 44 Kaldor, The New and Old Wars, pp. 86-89㸝㑝ゼ 142-147 㡣㸞 ࠊ 45 Ibid., pp. 101-107㸝㑝ゼ 169-176 㡣㸞 ࠊ 46 ࢜ࣜࢺ࣭ᥞ㉫ࡊࡒࠔ᩺ࡊ࠷ᡋணࠕ࡞࠽࠷࡙ࡢࠉᑚᆵṂჹᏭ౮࡞ཱིᘤࡈࡿ࡙ⶕᘇࡊࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡚ࡵ⠾༟࡞ථᡥ࡚ࡀࡾ ࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽࡛ࡡᓠืࡢᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉṂࡊࡒெ㛣Ṃჹࢅ⏕࠷࡙Ṃࡊ࡙࠷࠷ெ㛣ࢅᨥ 㒼ࡊ⟮⌦ࡌࡾᵋ㏸⮤మ࡞ንࡢ⏍ࡋ࡙࠽ࡼࡍࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡛⿍ⅇ⩽ࢅᓠืࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࡢ⌦ㄵⓏ࡞ࡢណ࠵ࡾࡆ࡛࡚࠵ࡾࠊ 47 UN Document, A/54/549, paras 48-50, 15 November 1999. 48 ᅗ㝷㏻ྙ⫃ဤࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡሒ࿈᭡ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊUN Document, A/57/300, 15 August 2002; UN Document, A/55/637, 21 November 2000. ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡᏭධᛮࡡၡ㢗࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡㄵ⩻ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ࠊSeet, Benjamin, and Gilbert M. Burnham, “Fatality Trends in United Nations Peacekeeping Operations, 1948-1998”, JAMA, vol. 284, 2000, pp. 598-603. 49 ெ㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡᏭධᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ⤣ゝⓏㄢᰕ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉ௧ୖࡡࡵࡡ୕ࡅࡼࡿࡾࠊEuropean Commission Humanitarian Office (ECHO), Report on Security of Humanitarian Personnel: Standards and Practices for the Security of Humanitarian Personnel and Advocacy for Humanitarian Space, January 2004; King, Dennis, Paying the Ultimate Price: Analysis of the Deaths of Humanitarian Aid Workers (1997 - 2001), 15 January 2002, at http://www.reliefweb.int/symposium/PayingUltimatePrice97-01.html (30 November 2005). 50 51 Sheik, Mani, et al., “Deaths among Humanitarian Workers,” British Medical Journal, vol. 321, 2000, pp. 166-168. ㄢᰕᑊ㇗ᶭ㛭࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡ࣭࣑࣭࣌࣋ࢩ࡞࠵ࡾ◂✪༝ງᶭ㛭ࡡㅨ㎙ࢅཤ⩻ࡡࡆ࡛ 㸝http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/321/7254/166/DC1 (1 January 2007)㸞 ࠊ 52 Sheik, “Deaths among Humanitarian Workers,” p. 167. 53 Ibid., p. 167. 235 54 Ibid., p. 166. 55 Ibid.,p. 167. 56 Grossrieder, op.cit., para 3. 57 United Nations Department of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations Consolidated Inter-Agency Appeal for the Return and Integration of Displaced Persons from Chechnya, Russian-Federation, January - December 1997; Annex II, The International Committee of the Red Cross, 31 January 1997. 58 Ibid.; The Statement by Mr. Cornelio Sommaruga, President of the ICRC, at the meeting of Permanent Representatives, ICRC Headquarters, Geneva, 18 December 1996, at http://www.icrc.org/Web/Eng/siteeng0.nsf/htmlall/57JNBF?OpenDocument (30 November 2005). 59 こࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ࣬ࢰࣤࣇຸᡜࡡぉᦹ௲࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡሒ࿈᭡࡞࠽࠷࡙௲ࡡ⫴ᬊ࠾ࡼレ⣵ᐁㄢᰕࡈ ࡿ࡙࠽ࡽཤ⩻࡛ࡾࠊThe United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, Summary Report of the Inquiry into the Deaths of Three UNHCR Staff Members in Atambua, Indonesia, on 6 September 2000, 8 December 2000, at http://www.unhcr.ch/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/research/opendoc.pdf?tbl=RESEARCH&id=3f5ddf712 (30 November 2005). 60 Ibid., paras 6-14. 61 Ibid., paras 51-68. 62 Ogata, The Turbulent Decade, pp. 96-98㸝㑝ゼࠉ118-119 㡣㸞 ࠊ 63 Delorenzi, ICRC Policy since the End of the Cold War, p. 53. 236 ⤎ㄵ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡ㆗ㄵࢅ୯ᚨ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ㄵ✪ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථ ࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾㄵⅤࡢ௧ୖࡡⅤ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡡ࠾ࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠⩇௧አࡡぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ ࡾࡡ࠾ࠊ➠ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢḿᡋㄵ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔࡈࡿࡾሔྙ࡞ࠉ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙⾔ࡈࡿࡾࡀ ࡚࠵ࡾࠉࡐࡡ᮪௲࡛ࡢ࠷࠾ࡾࡵࡡ࠾ࠉ࡛࠷࠹ㄵⅤ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊ ➠ୌࡡㄵⅤ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠⩇࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀ࠷ࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉெ㐠 ⩇ࠉḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡚ࡢࡂ⤧ᑊᖲ⩇ࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࡵࡡ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅྱࡴࡒ࠵ ࡼࡹࡾᙟឺࡡᡋண⾔Ⅵ࡞ཬᑊࡌࡾᛦࡷ⌦ᛍ࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠⩇ࡡ┘ⓏࡢࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽ ࡡᨾ㆜ࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽ࡡெ㐠Ⓩฌ㐕ࢅ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞さịࡊࠉṂງ⣦ணࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵࢅぞโࡌࡾᅗ 㝷ெ㐠ἪࡡⓆᒈࢅₖ㐅Ⓩ࡞ಀ㐅ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚ࠉ✪ᴗⓏ࡞ࡢᖲࡡ㐡ᠺ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊࡒࡊ࠾࡞ࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ ぞᏽࡢࠉୌᏽࡡᡋ㜒⾔Ⅵࢅᐖヾࡌࡾḿᡋㄵࡡ⣌ㆍ࡞న⨠ࡘࡄࡼࡿࡾࠉᅗᐓࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ ฌ㐕ࢅぞโࡌࡾἪⓏぞ⠂࡚࠵ࡽࠉṂງ⾔ࢅᐖヾࡌࡾぞᏽࢅໜྱࡌࡾࡵࡡ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ➠ࡡㄵⅤ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠ⓏථࡢࠉṂງ⾔ࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾḿᡋㄵࡡᇱ‵ࢅ᰷ᣈ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞ࡢࠉ௧ୖࡡࡗࡡᇱ‵Ꮛᅹࡊࡒࠊ➠ୌࡢࠉᅗ 㝷ἪࡡṂງ⾔࡞㛭ࡌࡾぞᏽ࡚࠵ࡾࠊᅗ㝷ἪࡡぞᏽᐖヾࡌࡾṂງ⾔ࡢࠉ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡛㌱Ⓩᙁโ ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢᚃ⩽࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿࡾࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථࢅḿᙔࡌࡾࡆ࡛ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡊ࠾ࡊࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌ ྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅඖ㊂ࡊࡒ࡛ࡊ࡙ࡵࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࢅ⏕ࡌࡾ࠵ࡽࠉࡻࡽ᪺☔࡚ཚᇱ‵ᚪさ࡚ࡵ ࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡐࡆ࡚ࠉྙἪᛮࡡᇱ‵ࢅᏰࡌࡾḿᙔᛮࡡᇱ‵࡛ࡊ࡙ࠖಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠗࡡ㆗ㄵ࡛ḿᙔࡡㅎᇱ ‵ࢅཱིࡽ୕ࡅ࡙ࠉࠔಕ㆜ࡌࡾ㈈௴ࠕ࡛࠷࠹㐠⩇Ⓩぞ⠂࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ெ㐠Ⓩථḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࡵ᪺☔ ࡞ࡊࡒࠊ ➠ࡡㄵⅤ࡚ࡢࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾ༎ฦᥴຐ࡛ಕ㆜ࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀ࠷ሔྙ࡞ࠉ ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࡆ࡛ࢅよ᪺ࡊࡒࠊࡐࡿࡢࠉ㟸ᙁโⓏ࣬㟸㌱Ⓩெ㐠ᨥᥴྊ ⬗࡚࠵ࡾࡼࡣࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢ㐛ᑊᚺ࡚࠵ࡽḿᙔᅏ㞬࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡼ࡚࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡೳࡢࠉ 237 ⣦ணᙔ⩽ᶊງᇱ┑ࡡᙁ࡛ᡋ㜒⬗ງࡡቌᙁࡡࡒࡴ࡞ெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅ⏕ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධ ᛮࡡ⥌ᣚࢅᅏ㞬࡞ࡌࡾሔྙ࡞㉫ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊࡆࡡሔྙࠉெ㐠Ⓩථࡢெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ᭩⤂ᡥṹ࡛ࡊ࡙ ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ୯❟ᛮ࡛Ꮽධᛮ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᭩⤂ⓏよỬᡥṹ࡚ࡢ࠾ࡖࡒࠊ ௧୕ࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵ࠾ࡼࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡንᐖ࡛ྊ⬗ᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾྱណࢅᑙฝࡌࡾࡆ࡛ ࡞ࡊࡒ࠷ࠊ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡṌྍ࠾ࡼ⌦よࡌࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱ࢅណ ࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡚㝌ࡡᶭ⬗ࢅᯕࡒࡊࠉெ 㐠ᨥᥴᶭ㛭ࡡὩິࢅಕ㆜ࡊ࡙ࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ᑊࡊ࡙Ṃງࢅ⾔ࡌࡾ㥵ኃࡡᶭ⬗ࡵᯕࡒࡌࠉ⌟࡞࠽ࡄࡾ 㝌㥵ኃᅆ࡛ࡵẒ႔࡚ࡀࡾᏋᅹ࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡊ࠾ࡊࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡛࠷࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡንᐖࠉࡆࡿ࠾ࡼࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㛏Ⓩലྡྷࢅ♟ြࡌࡾ ࡵࡡ࡛ࡢᛦࢂࡿ࠷ࠊ⌟ࡡᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡚ࡢࠉ⪯ࣙࣀࢾಞ㐠㝌༎Ꮚ㌱࡞㥵ኃࢅὬ㐭ࡊ࡙ࠉࡐࡡ⿍ᐐ⩽ࢅ 㝌࡚ᨾ㆜ࡊࡒ࡛ࡢ␏ࡽࠉṂງ⾔ḿᙔ࡚ࡀࡾሔྙࡢ⮤⾠ᶊࡡ⾔࡛㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິ ࡞㝀ᏽࡈࡿ࡙࠽ࡽࠉ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠ࡡⓆິࡵᖲⓏᡥṹ௧አ࡞よỬᡥṹᏋᅹࡊ࠷ሔྙ࡞ヾᐖࡈࡿࡾ ࡡ࡚࠵ࡖ࡙ࠉᴗࡴ࡙ౚአⓏ᥈⨠࡚ࡵ࠵ࡾࠊெ㐠Ⓩථࡡḿᙔࡡさ௲ࢅཚ࡞㐺Ꮼࡌࡾࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉ ெ㐠Ⓩථᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡾྊ⬗ᛮࡢᴗࡴ࡙㝀ᏽⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱㛏Ⓩലྡྷ࡛ࡊ࡙⤽⤾ࡌ ࡾ࡛ࡢ㝀ࡼࡿ࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ ᮇ✇࡚ࡢெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᐁຝᛮ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㆗ㄵࢅᒈ㛜ࡊ࠾ࡖࡒࠉࡆࡿ࡞㛭ࡊ࡙ゕཀྵࡌࡾ࡛ࠉࢮ࣏ࣛ ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱మࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡢࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ࡡࣇࢴࢨࣖኬ⤣㡷ኬ⤣㡷㐽ᣪ࡞ᩃࡊ࡙௴วࡿ ├๑࡞ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒ㌱⾔ິ࡚࠵ࡽࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴ࡛࠷࠹ຉ⦴࠵ࡾ⾔Ⅵࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉྞኇࢅᚃୠ࡞ṟࡐ࠹࡛ࡌࡾ ᨳᐓࡡᜓណ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷ࡒ㌱ථ࡚࠵ࡖࡒ࡛フ౮࡚ࡀࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡱࡒࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࣆࣚࣤ ࢪ㌱మࡡெ㐠Ⓩථࡵࠉࣆࣚࣤࢪࡡࣆࣚࣤࢮ࣐࣠࣬ࢴࢷࣚࣤ㸝François Mitterrand㸞ኬ⤣㡷௴ 2 14 ᖳࡡ௴ഷ࠾࡞ࡊ࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࡒࡵࡡ࡚ࡵ࠵ࡽࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡵྜྷᵕࡡぜ᪁ࢅཱིࡾࡆ࡛ ྊ⬗࡚࠵ࡾ࠾ࡵࡊࡿ࠷ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ᨳᐓெࡡណᛦࡓࡄ࡚ࡂࠉᅗᐓࡡᑊአᨳ➿ࡷ㌱ᡋ␆ ࡡᅗහさᅄெ㐠ⓏථࡡⓆິ࡞ᙫ㡢ࢅ࠻ࡾࡡࡢྫྷᏽ࡚ࡀࡍࠉ෫ᡋ⤂⤎௧ᚃࡡெ㐠Ⓩථ 21 ୠ⣎ࡡ ᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࢅᙟᠺࡌࡾୌさ⣪࡛ࡾࡡ࠾ࡢ㏩᪺࡚࠵ࡾࠊ ࡆࡡࡆ࡛ࡢࠉ2001 ᖳ 9 ᭮ 11 ࡡࢼ࣭࣭ࣖࣙࢠᕰࡡᅗ㝷㈘᪾ࢬࣤࢰ࣭ࣄࣜ࡞ᑊࡌࡾࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑ᨯᦹࢅ 238 ዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅさ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථࡢᙫࢅ₧ࡴ࡙ࠉᅗ㝷ࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑࡞ᑊࡌࡾᡋணᅗ 㝷♣ఌࡡ㌱⾔ິࡡ୯ᚨࢅ༥ࡴࡾࡻ࠹࡞ࡖࡒࡆ࡛࠾ࡼࡵୌᒒ᪺Ⓣ࡛ࡖࡒࠊ2001 ᖳ 10 ᭮ࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜ ࡛ࡐࡡ㏻ྙ㌱ࣆ࢝ࢼࢪࢰࣤ࣬ࢰࣛࣁ࣭ࣤ㸝Taliban㸞ᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉࣆ࢝ࢼࢪࢰࣤᑛ ᩐẰ᪐࡚ᵋᠺࡈࡿࡾ㒂ྜྷ┍ࢰࣛࣁ࣭ࣤᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡊ࡙ཬᦹࡊ࡙ࠉ12 ᭮ࠉ㒂ྜྷ┍ࢅ୯ᚨ࡛ࡌࡾᬳᏽᨳ ᶊᶖ❟ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉ2003 ᖳ 3 ᭮ࠉ࣒࡛ࣛ࢜ࡐࡡ㏻ྙ㌱ࡢࠉኬ㔖◒ቪඹჹࡡಕᣚࢅ⌦⏜࡛ࡊ࡙ࣚ ࢠ࣬ࣆࢬࣤᨳᶊ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ㌱⾔ິࢅ㛜ጙࡊࠉ5 ᭮ࠉࢩ࣭ࣘࢩ W. ࣇࢴࢨࣖ㸝George Walker Bush㸞ኬ⤣ 㡷ࡡᡋண⤂⤎ᐃゕᚃ࡞ࠉ㏻ྙᅗᬳᏽᙔᑻ㸝Coalition Provisional Authority; CPA㸞࡞ᶊ㝀ጟ㆙ࡈࡿࡒࠊࡆ ࡡࡻ࠹ᅗ㝷ࢷࣞࣛࢫ࣑࡞ᑊࡌࡾᡋண✒ᴗⓏ࡞㐑⾔ࡈࡿࡾୌ᪁ࠉெ㐠༱ᶭࢅ㉫ࡈࡎࡾṂງ⣦ணࡡ ெ㐠Ⓩථࡢᢒโࡈࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࡻ࠹࡞ᛦࢂࡿࡾࠊ 2003 ᖳ 2 ᭮ࠉࢪ࣭ࢱࣤこ㒂ࡡࣆ࣭ࣜெᑽపᆀᇡࢱࣜࣆ࣭ࣜ㸝Darfur㸞࡚ࠉ㟸ࣚࣇ⣌మࡡཬᨳᗋເ ງ࡚࠵ࡾḿ⩇࡛ᖲ➴㐘ິ㸝Justice and Equality Movement; JEM㸞࡛ࢪ࣭ࢱࣤよᨲ㐘㌱㸝Sudan Liberation Movement; SLA㸞ᨳᗋ㌱᪃スࢅᨯᦹࡊࠉࡆࡿࢅዉᶭ࡛ࡊ࡙ࢱࣜࣆ࣭ࣜ⣦ண㛜ጙࡊࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿࡾࠊࢪ ࣭ࢱࣤᨳᗋࡢࠉẰඹࢩࣔࣤࢩ࣭ࣔࢺ㸝Janjaweed㸞ࢅᨥᥴࡊ࡙ࢪ࣭ࢱࣤこ㒂࡚ࡡ㌱Ὡິࢅᒈ㛜ࡈࡎ ࡒࠊࢩࣔࣤࢩ࣭ࣔࢺࡢࠉ㟸ࣚࣇ⣌పẰࡡᮟࢅぉᦹࡊ࡙ࠉᚥᗇⓏ࡞◒ቪࡊࠉపẰࢅṽᡐࡊ࡙ࠉኣࡂ ࡡ㟸ࣚࣇ⣌పẰࢲࣔࢺࡡ㝼ᅗ࡞㞬Ằ࡛ࡊ࡙㑂㞬ࡌࡾࡆ࡛࡞ࡖࡒࠊ ᅗ㏻ຸ⥪㛏ሒ࿈࡞ࡻࡿࡣࠉ ⣑ 200 ெࡡపẰṒஷࡊࠉ⣑ 80 ெ㞬Ằ࡛ࡖࡒ࡛ゕࢂࡿ࡙࠷ࡾࠊᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 1706 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࢱࣜࣆ࣭ࣜࡡெ㐠༱ᶭࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻❮➠ 7 ❮࡞ ᇱࡘࡂ㌱Ⓩᙁโ᥈⨠࡛ࡊ࡙ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏࣐ࣛࢴࢨࣘࣤࢅቌὬࡌࡾࡆ࡛ࢅỬᏽࡊࡒࠉ⣦ண࠾ࡼ 4 ᖳ㎾ࡂ ⤊㐛ࡊࡒ 2007 ᖳ 1 ᭮⌟ᅹࠉࢱࣜࣆ࣭ࣜࡡெ㐠༱ᶭ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ᩷ᅖࡒࡾ᥈⨠ࡢཱིࡼࡿ࡙࠷࠷1ࠊ ெ㐠Ⓩථᴗࡴ࡙ཚḿᙔࡡさ௲࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᐁ⾔ࡈࡿࠉᅗᐓࡡណᛦࡷ⬗ງ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ᜓណⓏ࡞ ⾔ࡈࡿࠉ࠵ࡾ࠷ࡢ⾔ࡈࡿ࠷ࡡ࡚࠵ࡿࡣࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡྊ⬗ᛮࡢࠉெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ㌱࡚ࡢࡂఎ⤣Ⓩ ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᣉኬ࡛ᙁ࡞ịࡴࡾ࠾࠷࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ1863 ᖳࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ ⏍௧ᮮࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ス❟ࡈࡿ࡙ࠉୠ⏲ᆀ࡞ᨥ㒂ࢅス⨠ࡊ࡙ࠉ⿍ⅇᆀ࡞ຸᡜࢅ㛜スࡊ࡙ࠉධୠ ⏲ࡡ⿍ⅇ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࢅᥞ౩࡚ࡀࡾឺເࢅᵋ⠇ࡊࡻ࠹࡛ࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊࡱࡒࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡢࠉᅗ㝷 ெ㐠Ἢࡡெ㐠ぞ⠂ࡡᙟᠺ࡞ຐງࡊࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࡡ㐲⏕ࢅ㏳ࡋ࡙ࠉᅗᐓࡷ⣦ணᙔ⩽ࡡ㟸ெ㐠Ⓩ⾔Ⅵ 239 ࢅ┐っࡊ࡙ࡀࡒࠊᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴࡢࠉහᨳᖱῦ⩇ຸࡷṂງ⾔⩇ຸ࡛࠷ࡖࡒᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡཋ ์࡞㐲ྙⓏ࡚࠵ࡽࠉࡐࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᣉኬࡡലྡྷࡢን࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊࡆࡡࡻ࠹ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡⓆᒈ࡛ᣉኬ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ᭩ኬࡡ㝸ᐐࡢࠉ⣦ணᙔ⩽࡞ࡻࡾெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖱῦ࡛༱ᐐ࡚࠵ࡖࡒࠉࡆࡿࢅよỬࡌࡾᡥṹࡢࠉᅗ㝷ெ㐠 Ἢࡡᏽ╌࡛ᬉཀྵࡡಀ㐅࡛ࠔெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ࠕࢅ≚ࡊࡒ⩽࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷ฬึࢅ㏳ࡋࡒฌ⨡࡚࠵ࢀ࠹ࠊ 1993 ᖳ 5 ᭮ 25 ࠉᏭධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡢࠉỬ㆗ 827 ࡞ᇱࡘ࠷࡙ࠉ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡚ࡡெ㐠࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⨝ ࢅ≚ࡊࡒ⩽ࢅฌ⨡ࡌࡾ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥᅗ㝷ฬึᡜ㸝International Criminal Tribunal for the Former Yugoslavia; 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9㸯⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1999 ᖳࠉ132 㡣ࠊ ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉ㧏ᶣᏳᖶゼࠖ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞ㐽㞗 9㸯⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1999 ᖳࠉ132 㡣ࠊ 246 ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉἠຐゼࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1961 ᖳࠉ12 㡣ࠊ ࢞ࢢ࣭ࣞⴥࠉἠຐゼࠖ⩇ຸ࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1961 ᖳࠉ12 㡣ࠊ ࢡ࣭ࣞࢲࢪⴥࠉୌཧḿ㞕ゼࠖࢡ࣭ࣞࢲࢪᡋண࡛ᖲࡡἪࠗࠉ㒿᭡ᗉࠉ1989 ᖳࠊኬಕ⥽ࠖᡋண࡛ᖲࡡἪ : ࣆ ࣭ࢥ࣭࣬ࢡࣞࢷࢪ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᡋணࠉᖲࠉḿ⩇ࠗࠉ᮶ಘᇸࠉቌ∟ࠉ1995 ᖳࠊ ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉ⛼ᇄⰃゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗࠉ➠ 18 ᕬࠉᩝ♣ࠉ1985 ᖳࠉ176-177 㡣ࠊ ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉ㧏⏛㑳࣬ゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗࠉᩝ♣ࠉ➠ 1 ᕬ-➠ 20 ᕬࠉ➠ 22 ᕬ-➠ 28 ᕬࠉ➠ 41 ᕬ-➠ 44 ᕬ ษ⾔㸝ධ 44 ᕬ㸞ࠉ1960 ᖳ-ࠊ ࢹ࣏ࢪ࣬ࢠࢻࢪⴥࠉኬ㮭ୌḿ࣬ゼࠖ♼Ꮯኬධࠗࠉ➠ 17 ᕬࠉᩝ♣ࠉ1997 ᖳࠉ80-81 㡣ࠊ ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 19 ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 22 ࣏ࢰ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡࣬5ࠉ43-44ࠊ ࣏ࣜࢤ࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡ 12 ࣙࣀࢾࡡᡥ⣤࣬4ࠉ7-8ࠊ ࣜ࢜࡞ࡻࡾ⚗㡚᭡࣬10ࠉ25-37ࠊ 㤣ሔᙢࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ 1994 ᖳࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺѸࡐࡡ⤊⦃ࠉᵋ㏸ࠉᅗහⓏ࣬ᅗ㝷ⓏさᅄࠕࠖᚠᓞኬᏕ♣ఌ⛁Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ ➠ 19 ᕬࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ35-86 㡣ࠊ 㤣ሔᙢࠔெ㛣ࡡᏭධಕ㝸ㄵ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථ㸯ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱࡡࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࢅౚ࡞᪁ἪㄵⓏふⅤ࠾ࡼࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ꮽධಕ㝸ࠗࠉ ➠ 30 ᕬ➠ 3 ྒࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ42-68 㡣ࠊ 㤣ሔᙢࠔெ㐠ⓏථࡡっⅤ࠾ࡼぜࡒ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣄ⣦ண㸯࣍ࢪࢼ UNPROFOR ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࠖḿᙔᛮࠗࠖᐁຝᛮࠗࡡふ Ⅴ࠾ࡼࡡ᳠ッࠕࠖᅗ㝷පභᨳ➿◂✪ࠗࠉ➠ 2 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ1998 ᖳࠉ111-134 㡣ࠊ ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ࠽ࡻࡦ࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ434 ྒࠉ1996 ᖳࠉ5-22 㡣ࠊ ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ PKO ᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ 700 ̾ᙔ⩽ࢅ┞ᡥ࡞࡚࢟ࣛ࢟ࣛᅂ㑂ࡊࡒ✭⇷Ửᏽࠕࠖᩝ⸜᫋⚽ࠗࠉ➠ 74 ᕬ➠ 4 ྒࠉ 1996 ᖳࠉ122-138 㡣ࠊ ᪺▴ᗛࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ PKO ᭡࠾ࡿࡉࡾ 700 ̾ᙔ⩽ᅗ㏻ᖲ⥌ᣚὩິࡡ㝀⏲ࠕ ࠖᩝ⸜᫋⚽ࠗࠉ➠ 74 ᕬ➠ 6 ྒࠉ1996 ᖳࠉ298-311 㡣ࠊ ୕ᐁࠔᅗ㏻࡞ࡻࡾᅗහ⣦ணよỬ࡛ࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ㸯ࠖெ㐠ⓏᖱῦࠗࠉPKOࠉᅗ㏻ࡡᑊᚺ࡞࠽ࡄࡾὩິࡡ┞ப㛭㏻ᛮࠕ ࠖᅗ㝷㛭౿Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ➠ 29 ᕬࠉ2003 ᖳࠉ37-54 㡣ࠊ ➼ಆᙢゼࠖࢤ࣭ࣚࣤ㸝୕㸞ࠗࠉᨭ∟ࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1964 ᖳࠉ260 㡣ࠊ Ꮻ㒌ᐋⰶ᪺ゼࠖ㐠ᚠᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ௧ᩝ♣ࠉ2004 ᖳࠊ ᱭᮇᾀᚷ࣭ࠖࣗࢥິ 1999㸯ࣁࣜ࢜ࣤࡡᆀ㫾ࡽࠗࠉ♣ఌフㄵ♣ࠉ1999 ᖳࠊ ኬἠᩏᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᅗ㏻Ὡິࡡࠖெ㐠Ⓩᖱῦᛮ࡛ࠗᅗᐓᶊ࡛ࡡ࠾࠾ࢂࡽ㸯ࠖெ㛣ࡡᏭධಕ㝸ᆵᖲὩິࠗࡡ 㐠ࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ἢአஹ㞟ヽࠗࠉ➠ 99 ᕬ➠ 5 ྒࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ495-534 㡣ࠊ ኬἠᩏᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ࡞ᑊࡌࡾᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡථ㸯ఎ⤣Ⓩ NGO ࡛ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࠕࠖᅗ㝷㛭౿Ꮥ◂✪ࠗࠉ➠ 24 ᕬࠉ1997 ᖳࠉ 75-91 㡣ࠊ ᑚಲᚷ⚀ࠖ࢜ࣤࢹࡡ⌦ᛦࠗࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ1972 ᖳࠉ398-404 㡣ࠊ ኬሪኰ⥽ࠖᒷἴࢪ࣭࣑ࣚ㎙ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ395-396ࠉ398-399 㡣ࠊ አຸ┤⥪ྙአஹᨳ➿ᑻᅗ㝷♣ఌ༝ງ㒂⥽ࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ⥪の㸝2002 ᖳ∟㸞ࠗࠉᮇᅗ㝷ၡ㢗◂✪ᡜࠉ2002 ᖳࠊ ᭮ᮟኯ㑳ࠔẰ᪐⣦ணࡡࠖᅗ㝷ࠗ࡞㛭ࡌࡾᗆㄵⓏ⩻ᐳ㸯࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥẰ᪐⣦ணࢅ㢗ᮞ࡞ࠕࠖᅗ㝷Ἢአஹ㞟ヽࠗࠉ➠ 93 ᕬ➠ 5 ྒࠉ1994 ᖳࠉ611-634 㡣ࠊ ᭮ᮟኯ㑳࣭ࠖࣗࢥහᡋ㸯ᨳ࣭ࣛࢱ࣭࡛Ằ᪐⩇ࠗࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ2006 ᖳࠊ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࠖᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡢぜࡒ㸯ᅗ㝷⣦ணࡡහᐁࠗࠉᮇ⤊ῥ᩺⪲♣ࠉ1994 ᖳࠉ177-178 㡣ࠊ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ⥽ࠖ⥥᛬ᑊᚺࣀࣤࢺࣇࢴࢠࠗࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉUNHCR ᮇ࣬㡉ᅗᆀᇡຸᡜࠉ2000 ᖳࠉ35 㡣ࠊ ᩢ⸠ᝬᙢࠔெ㐠Ⓩ⥥᛬ᨾᥴᶊ࡛ᅗᐓᶊࠕࠖἪᏕࢬ࣐ࢻ࣭ࠗࠉ448 ྒࠉ1992 ᖳࠉ20-24 㡣ࠊ 247 ᆊ㒂ᜠ࣬ཿ⏛⌦࣬ᖲ⏛ಆ༡ゼࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗 7㸯ᐁ㊰⌦ᛮᢀึ࣬ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2000 ᖳࠊ ᏽᙟ⾠ࠔࢤࢮ࢚ࣥࡡ NATO ✭⇷࡛ெ㐠ⓏථࠕࠖྞཿᒁኬᏕἪᨳㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ➠ 202 ᕬࠉ2004 ᖳࠉ353-386 㡣ࠊ ⠓⏛ⱝ⏠ゼࠖ㐠ᚠⓏᙟ⪃୕Ꮥཋㄵࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1992 ᖳࠊ ᰐᘧࠔ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ࡛ᅗ㝷♣ఌࡡᑊᚺ㸯࣭ࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥよమ࠾ࡼᖲ༝ᏽㄢ༰ࡱ࡚ࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠ 434 ྒࠉ1996 ᖳࠉ2-14 㡣ࠊ ᰐᘧ࣭ࠖࣗࢥࢪࣚࣥ⌟ྍࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1996 ᖳࠊ ᰐ⏛ྍࠖࢮ࣏࡚ࣛర㸴ࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1993 ᖳࠊ Ⓣᠺඒ࣬ᑚಲㇾ⚵ゼࠖ㐠ᚠူᏕࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1954 ᖳࠊ ℡ᒱ├ࠔᅗ㏻㞗ᅆᏭධಕ㝸మโ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ⛓ᗆ࡛ḿ⩇ࡡ┞ගѸNATO ࡡࢤࢮ࣍✭⇷ࢅ⣪ᮞ࡛ࡊ࡙ࠕࠖྜྷᚷ♣ἪᏕࠗ➠ 57 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ2005 ᖳࠉ203-313 㡣ࠊ ༐⏛ၻ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ⣦ண㸯ኣẰ᪐࣓࣬ࢧࢠᅗᐓࡡᝊࠗࠉㅦㄧ♣ࠉ1993 ᖳࠊ ༐⏛ၻ࣭ࠖࣗࢥ⣦ணࡢࡏ㛏ࡊࡒࡡ࠾㸯ᝊࢅኬࡀࡂࡈࡎࡒḚ⡷ㅎᅗࡡ㈈௴ࠗࠉⲙ᭡ᡛࠉ1999 ᖳࠊ こᾇ┷ᶖࠔࠖெ㐠ⓏᨾᥴᶊࠗㄵࠕࠖἪᏕ᩺ሒࠗࠉ➠ 102 ᕬࠉ➠ 3࣬4 ྒࠉ187-221 㡣ࠊ こᾇ┷ᶖࠔெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࠕࠖᅗ㝷ெᶊࠗࠉ➠ 12 ᕬࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ29-34 㡣ࠊ こᾇ┷ᶖࠔெ㐠Ⓩᨾᥴᶊࡡᥞ၌ࠕࠖ↻ᮇἪᏕࠗࠉ➠ 81 ᕬࠉ1-52 㡣ࠊ こᾇ┷ᶖࠔெ㐠ⓏᨾᥴᶊࡡἪⓏᵋᠺࡡモࡲ㸯ࣆࣚࣤࢪㄊᅥࡡㅎᏕㄕࢅᡥ࠾ࡽ࡞ࡊ࡙ࠕࠖἪᏕ᩺ሒࠗࠉ➠ 102 ᕬࠉ➠ 5࣬6 ྒࠉ1-54 㡣ࠊ ᮇ⪯᭡ᩅఌࠖ⪯᭡᩺භྜྷゼࠗࠉᮇ⪯᭡ᩅఌࠉ1987 ᖳࠊ ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣⥽ࠖெ㐠̾ࡐࡡṄࡲ㸯ᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣Ⓤᖳྍࠗࠉᮇ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ࠉ1979 ᖳࠊ ⃕⨶ఫᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠ⓏථࡡྙἪᛮ࡛ᐁຝᛮࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠ 493 ྒࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ48-62 㡣ࠊ ⏛୯ᚽࠔெ㐠ふᛍࡡㅎ┞ࠕࠉᑈἉୌ➴⥽ࠖᅗ㝷ἪᏕࡡ්ᵋ⠇ࠗ୕ᕬᡜࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ1977 ᖳࠉ95-148 㡣ࠊ ᶙḿ⩇࣬ờᑹୌゼࠉࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗 11㸯ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ2002 ᖳࠊ ᅰᒪ㑝ኰࠉふᒜ㞯㝟࣬㔕⏛ཧኰゼࠉࠖࣈࣞࣝࢥ࣭࣒ࢻ ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ୯ኳපㄵ᩺♣ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊ ྻᚽḿࠖ㉝༎Ꮚ࡛ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸯ᡋண࡛ࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢷࡡ┞๏ࠗࠉ1991 ᖳࠉ୯ኳපㄵ♣ࠊ షᏬᩝゼࠉࠖ࢜ࣤࢹධ㞗࣬➠ 7 ᕬ㸯ெࡡᙟ⪃୕Ꮥࡡᇱ♇ࡘࡄࠗࠉ⌦♣ࠉ1965 ᖳࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࢠࣜࢺ㞬ẰᨾᥴὩິ࡛ெ㐠Ⓩථㄵࠕࠖྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ➠ 37 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ1992 ᖳࠉ169-181 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࢤࢮ࣍ኣᅗ⡘㌱㸝KFOR㸞࡞㛭ࡌࡾἪⓏㅎၡ㢗ࠕࠖNUCM Journal of Economics and Information Science㸝ྞཿᒁ ၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗㸞ࠗ➠ 50 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ2005 ᖳࠉ195-214 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛၡ㢗࡛ᅗ㏻ࡡᙁโ᥈⨠ࠕࠖྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕㄵ㞗ࠗࠉ➠ 38 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ1993 ᖳࠉ211-253 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࢮ࣏ࣛၡ㢗࡛ᅗ㏻ຊ┍ᅗࡡ㌱Ⓩ᥈⨠ࠕࠖJournal of Economics and Management㸝ྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕ㸞ࠗࠉ➠ 42 ᕬ➠ 2 ྒࠉ1998 ᖳࠉ161-175 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኣᅗ⡘Ὡິ࡛ᅗ㏻Ꮽධಕ㝸⌦ఌࡡᶊ㝀ࠕࠖJournal of Economics and Managementࠗࠉ1996 ᖳࠉ➠ 40 ᕬࠉ➠ 2 ྒࠉ31-45 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔࣜ࣠ࣤࢱኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡὩິ࡛ࡐࡡၡ㢗ⅤࠕࠖJournal of Economics and Managementࠗࠉ1997 ᖳࠉ➠ 42 ᕬࠉ➠ 1 ྒࠉ 53-76 㡣ࠊ ⸠ாᏄࠔ➠ 2 ḗࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ㸝UNOSOMII㸞ࡡṂງ⾔ࠕࠖJournal of Economics and Management㸝ྞཿᒁၛ⛁ኬᏕ㸞ࠗࠉ ➠ 39 ᕬ➠ 1 ྒࠉ1994 ᖳࠉ71-98 㡣ࠊ ᯐ㐡ኰ࣬┐ಞࠖူᏕࠗࠉᨭゖ᩺∟ࠉᖲฉ♣ࠉ1971 ᖳࠊ ⸠⏛ୌࠖᅗ㝷ெ㐠Ἢࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ1993 ᖳࠉ127-128 㡣ࠊ ⏣⏛ᖶᙢࠖࢤࢮ࣍⣦ண—෫ᡋᚃࡡᅗ㝷⛓ᗆࡡ༱ᶭࠗࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1999 ᖳࠊ Ἢ௦⏕ㄊ◂✪ఌ⥽ࠖ᭯ᩣ㛮Ἢᚂ⏕ㄊࠗࠉ➠ 3 ∟ࠉ᭯ᩣ㛮ࠉ2006 ᖳࠉ810 㡣ࠊ ᮿⰶ㑳ࠔNATO ࡞ࡻࡾ࣭ࣗࢥ✭⇷࡛ᅗ㝷Ἢࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠ 493 ྒࠉ2001 ᖳࠉ33-47 㡣ࠊᶣᮇᩏᕰࠔ࣍ࢪࢼ࣬ࣉࣜ ࢵ࢘ࢥࣥࢻ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᖲࣈࣞࢬࢪѸᅗ㝷♣ఌ࡞ࡻࡾᙁᶊⓏථࠕࠖᅗ㝷ၡ㢗ࠗࠉ➠ 520 ྒࠉ2003 ᖳࠉ21-40 㡣ࠊ 248 ᮿ㝨₮ࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ࡛Ἢࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊఫ⸠ူኰࠖᅗ㝷⤄⧂Ἢࠗࠉ᭯ᩣ㛮ࠉ2005 ᖳࠊ ⏛ୌゼࠖ⪯ࢠ࣭ࣜࣤ㸯லᑊゼἸよࠗࠉ➠ 2 ∟ࠉᮇ࣑ࢪ࣑ࣛ༝ఌࠉ1983 ᖳࠉ232 㡣ࠊ ᓞୌࠔࣃ࣭࣏ࣖࢼࢫ࣑ࠕࠉᗽᮿῦ⥽ࠖᒷἴူᏕ࣬ᛦ㎙ࠗᡜࠉᒷἴ᭡ᗉࠉ1998 ᖳࠉ1332-1334 㡣ࠊ ㍧├ࠔࢤࢮ࣍࠾ࡼᚋࡒࠔெ㐠Ⓩᖱῦࠕㄵ࡛ᅗ㏻ᨭ㠁ࠕࠖྞᇖἪᏕㄵ㞗ࠗ➠ 29 ᕬࠉ2002 ᖳࠉ75-84 㡣ࠊ ᭩୕ᨼᶖࠖᅗ㝷ᶭᵋㄵࠗࠉ᩺∟ࠉ᮶ாኬᏕฝ∟ఌࠉ2006 ᖳࠊ ᭻᭮ᗛᜠࠖெ㐠ⓏᖱῦࡡἪ⌦ㄵࠗࠉᅗ㝷᭡㝌ࠉ2003 ᖳࠊ 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S/RES/1706 (2006), 31 August 2006. 252 㜻ᒌ㈠ᩩ 1 ᅗ㝷ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡᖳ⾪㸝1850-2005㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 1850 1848-49, 59, 66 1859 ᖳ ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸯ࢮࣜࣆ࢘ ࢰ࢛ࣛ࣬ ࣭ࣛࢿࡡᡋ࠷㸝ࢰ࢛ࣛ࣬ ࣭ࢪࢹࣛᡋ ࣭ࢪࢹࣛᡋண㸞࡞㐴㐕 ᅗ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ ண 1860 1866 1863 1864 ᬉᡋண ഭඹᨾᥴᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡス❟ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝࣭࣊ࣜ࢟࣬࣬ 㸝㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡ๑㌗ᅆ ࣬こ㸞 మ㸞 1865 1864 ㉝༎ Ꮚ♣ ス❟ 㸝ࢪ ࢘ ࣭ࢸ ࠔᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡㇿഭ ࣤ࣬ࢿ࣭ࣜ࢘࣬ⴭ㸞 ㌱ெࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖ 1866 ࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ࠕࡡᢝ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ࢪࢪ㸞 1864 1867 ࣈࣞࢨ㸲ࢸ࣏࣭ࣤࢠᡋண ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝⹊࣬࣬㟚㸞 ࡡᑊᚺ㸯ㇿഭඹ࡛ᤍࡡሒ 1868 㞗ࠉᤍࡡ∸㈠ᥞ౩ ㉝᩺᭮♣ス❟㸝ࢹࣜࢤ㸞㸯 1866 ࢩ࡚ิࡡ㉝᩺᭮♣ ᬉᡋணࡡᑊᚺ 1867 ➠ 1 ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ఌ㆗ࡡ㛜ത 1870 1870-71 1870-71 1870 1870 ᬉᡋண ᬉᡋணࡡᑊᚺ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ⱝ㸞 ⱝᅗ ࣆࣝ ࣤࢺ Ὤᾇ አᕱ ᩅᅆ 1876 1877 మ࣬ᡋண≓∽⩽ᨾῥጟဤఌࡡ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ࡞ྞ⛘ን᭞ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝㸞 ス⨠㸯ᬉᡋண࡞ᑊᚺ㸝ࣆࣝ 1877 1879 ࣤࢺὬᕱᩅ⤄⧂ࡢ 1647 ᖳ࡞ ሒ ㏛㊟ ᴏຸ ຸ ᡜࡡ ス⨠ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 22 ࢜ᅗ 㐫ࡾ㸞 㸝㟚ᅰᡋண㸞 1880 1885 1881 ሒ㏛㊟ᴏຸຸᡜ㸝ࢬࣜࣄ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝⡷㸞 㸲ࣇࣜ࢝ࣛᡋண㸞 1890 1893 1897 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ࢰ㸞 ࢺࢵ࡚ิࡴ࡙ࡡ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ⤄ 1899 ⧂⏍ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 31 ࢜ᅗ 1900 1910 1904-5 1901 1904 㟚ᡋண ࣤࣛ࣬ࢸࣖࢻࣤ㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝୯㸞 ᖲ㈳ 1905 1906 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝㡉㸞 ഭ⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪ 1909 ⣑㸝➠ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪⣑㸞 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ຊ㸞 1912-13 1910 1914-18 253 1917 ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬ ሒ㏛㊟ᴏຸຸᡜ㸝ࣁࣜ࢜ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ቕ㸞 ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢺὬዅጟဤఌス ᡋ ࣤᡋண㸞 1914 ❟㸝ࢠ࣭࢘࢜ᩅ㸞㸯➠ୌḗୠ 1917 1917 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝㇞㸞 ⏲ኬᡋࡡ≓∽⩽࣬㞬Ằᨥᥴ ࣞࢨ㠁 ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜ 1918 ᖲ㈳ུ㈳ ⱝᅗࣆࣝࣤࢺὬᅗ㝷ᨾῥ༝㆗ 1914-18 ఌ㸝ࣆࣝࣤࢫዅ༝㆗ఌࡡ๑ ➠ୌḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᑊᚺ ㌗㸞 ഭඹࠉᤍࡡሒ㏛㊟ 1919- ᤍ∸㈠ᥞ౩ ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢺὬዅጟဤఌ㸯 ᤍࡡᖉ㑇ᨥᥴ ࣞࢨ㞬Ằᨥᥴ 1919 1919 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣㏻┍ࡡス❟ ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤࡡス 1919 ❟㸝ⱝᅗ㸞㸯ྜྷ┍ᅗ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 50 ࢜ᅗ ⤊ῥᑌ㙈࡞ఔ࠹㣒㣱ᨾῥ 1920 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ᅗ㝷㏻┍࣬ᅗ㝷ᶭᵋ 㟸ᨳᗋ⤄⧂ 1920 1920 1924 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝༰㸞 ᅗ㝷㏻┍ࡡス❟㸝1946 ᖳよ ࢜ࣛࢰࢪධୠ⏲ኬఌ 1923 ᩋ㸞 1927 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ス❟㸝ࣚࣤ㸞 1921 ࣆࣝ ࣤࢺ Ὤዅ ༝ ㆗ఌ ス❟ 1929 㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻࡡス⨠㸝ࣆࣛ 㸝ⱝᅗ㸞 ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ 2 ᮪⣑ ࢲࣘࣆ࣬ࢻࣤࢬࣤิᘒຸ ᡋሔ࡞࠽ࡄࡾ㌱㝪୯ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵ ᏻ㸞㸯ࣞࢨ㠁ࠉ࢟ࣛࢨ࣬ ࡦ⩽ࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩ ࢹࣜࢤᡋண࡞ᑊᚺ ࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ 1922 ᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖ ࢻࣤࢬࣤࠉࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ུ ࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑㸝➠ᅂ㉝༎Ꮚ᮪ ㈳ ⣑㸞 1930 1931-45 1935-36 1930 1933 ୯ᡋண ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅᡋணࡡᑊᚺ ࢻࣤࢬࣤᅗ㝷㞬Ằຸᡜス⨠ ᅗ㝷ᨾῥ㏻┍㸝ࣤࢨࣖࢰ 1935-36 ࣬ ༈⒢ᨥᥴࡡᐁ᪃ 㸝ࢻࣤࢬࣤἈᚃ㸞 ࣤ⾪㸞ࡡࡦ࠾ࡄ࡚ࠉ ࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅᡋ 1937-39 1938 ⡷ᅗᨥ㒂⏍㸝ᅗ㝷ᨾῥጟဤ ண ୯ᡋணࡡᑊᚺ ࢻࣤࢬࣤᅗ㝷㞬Ằຸᡜ㸯ࢿ ఌࡡ๑㌗㸞㸯ࣗࢱࣕெᨥᥴ 1936-39 ୯❟ᆀᇡࡡスᏽ ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ུ㈳ 1936- ࢪ࣋ࣤහ ᨾᥴ∸㈠ࡡᥞ౩ ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢺὬዅጟဤఌス 1939-45 1936-39 ❟㸝ࢠ࣭࢘࢜㸞㸯ࢪ࣋ࣤහ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬ ࢪ࣋ࣤහᡋࡡᑊᚺ ᡋࡡ≓∽⩽࣬㞬Ằᨥᥴࠉࣗࢱ ᡋ ༈⒢ᨥᥴ ࣕெᨥᥴࠉ༥㡷ୖࣆࣚࣤࢪ࠾ ࢺࢵ࡚ࡡ࣌ ᤍࡡᥴຐಕ㆜ ࡼࡡ㞬Ằᨥᥴ ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹ ᤍஹᥦ 1936 ᤍ㏛㊟ ࢬ࣭ࣇ࣬ࢧ࣬ࢲࣜࢺࣝࣤ㸯 㞬Ằࡡᥴຐ ࣆ࢙ࣛ࢜࣬ࢲ࢛ࣅ࡞├ᨥ 1939 ᥴ㛜ጙ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 70 ࢜ᅗ 1940 1945 1939-45 1943 1940 ᗀᓞ࣬㛏ᓧཋ ➠ḗୠ⏲ኬᡋࡡᑊᚺ ㏻ ྙ ᅗ ᨾ ῥ ᚗ ⮾ ᶭ 㛭 ⥥᛬ᨾῥጟဤఌࡡス❟㸝ᅗ㝷 ⇷ᢖୖ ᡋ㜒ဤ࣬ഭ⩽ࠉᤍࠉ⾔᪁ 㸝UNRRA㸞ࡡス⨠㸯Ḛᕗ࡚ࡡ ᨾῥጟဤఌࡡ๑㌗㸞㸯ࣆࣚࣤ 254 1948-49 ᪺⩽ࡡ㏛㊟ㄢᰕ 㞬Ằၡ㢗࡞ᑊᚺ ࢪ༥㡷ୖࡡ㑂㞬Ằᨥᥴ ࣊ࣜࣛࣤᑌ㙈 ᤍࡡᥴຐಕ㆜ 1945 1942 ᤍࡡஹᥦ ᅗ㝷㏻ྙࡡス❟ ࢛ࢠࢪࣆ࣑㣒㤙ᨾῥጟဤఌ ᤍࡡ༈⒢ 1946 ࡡス❟㸝ⱝᅗ㸞 ᤍࡡᖉ㑇 ᅗ㏻⥥᛬ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸝UNICEF㸞 1943 ᩝẰࡡ∸㈠ᥞ౩ ࡡス⨠㸯UNRRA ࡡᏄࡵ࡞ ᅗ㝷ᨾῥጟဤఌࡡス❟㸝⤄ ᩝẰࡡಕ㆜ 㛭ࡌࡾὩິࢅ⤽ᢆ ⧂ࡡྙྜྷ㸞 ᙁโᐖᡜザၡ 1947 1945 ࣌ࣞࢤ࣭ࢪࢹࡡ༎ฦᑊ ᅗ㝷㞬Ằᶭ㛭㸝IRO㸞ࡡス❟㸯 ࢢ㸝⡷ᅗ㸞ࡡス❟㸯ᡋᚃࡡ ᚺࡡᢀึ࠵ࡽ UNRRA ࡡ㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾὩິ 㞬Ằ࣬㑂㞬Ằᨥᥴ 1944 ࢅ⤽ᢆ 1945- ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ 1949 ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢫዅጟဤఌ㸯 ㈳ ᅗ㏻ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằᨾῥ ࣤࢺࠉ୯ᅗࠉᮇ࡚ࡡᚗ⮾ᨥ 1945 ᴏᶭ㛭ࡡス❟㸝UNRWA㸞㸯 ᥴὩິ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉᮇ㉝༎ ࣂࣝࢪࢷࢻ㞬Ằ࡞≁࡞ᑊᚺ 1947 Ꮚ♣㸯ᗀᓞ࣬㛏ᓧ⿍⇷⩽ᨥᥴ ࡌࡾࡒࡴ࡞ス⨠ ⡷ᅗࣆࣝࣤࢫዅጟဤఌࠉࣆ 1949 ࣝࣤࢫዅ༝㆗ఌ㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜ ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ 4 ᮪⣑ ᖲ㈳ུ㈳ ᡋᆀ࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ཀྵࡦ 1948 ⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖ ୠ⏲ᩅఌフ㆗ఌࡡス❟ ࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ᾇ୕࡞࠵ࡾ㌱㝪ࡡഭ⩽ࠉ⩽ ཀྵࡦ㞬⯢⩽ࡡ≟ឺࡡᨭၻ࡞㛭 ࡌࡾࢩࣖࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ᤍࡡ≟ឺᨭၻ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢩࣖ ࢾ᮪࣭ࣥ⣑ ᡋ࡞࠽ࡄࡾᩝẰࡡಕ㆜࡞㛭 ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ 1950 1954-63 1954-63 1951 1950 ࣜࢩ࢘ࣛ ࣜࢩ࢘ࣛᡋண㸯⌟ᆀ࡚࿔ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡ ࣭࣠ࣜࢺ࣬ࣥࢩࣘࣤス❟㸝࢞ ᡋண ㎰ᅗᨥᥴ࣬ᤍ┐っ㸝㟸Ḛㅎ ス❟㸝UNHCR㸞㸯IRO ࡡ㞬Ằ ࣛࢪࢹᩅ⣌㸞 1954-75 ᅗ࡚ࡡิࡴ࡙ࡡὩິ㸞 ಕ㆜ࡡὩິࢅ⤽ᢆ 1950 ࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ᡋ 1956-58 㞬Ằࡡᆀన࡞㛭ࡌࡾ᮪⣑ ࢜ࣛࢰࢪ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻ ண ࣀ࣭ࣤ࢝ࣛ௲㸯 1953 ࣜス❟㸝࢜ࢹࣛࢴࢠ⣌㸞 1956-58 1959 ᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘࡞ྞ⛘ን᭞㸝ᖏ ࣀ࣭ࣤ࢝ࣛ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 97 ࢜ᅗ ス㸞 ௲ 1954 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࣜࢩ࢘ࣛᡋண࡚ࡡ㞬Ằᨥ ᥴᒈ㛜 1954 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ུ㈳ 1956 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࣀ࣭ࣤ࢝ࣛ௲ࡡஷ⩽ࡡ➠ 255 ᅗᏽప࣬ᖉ㑇ᴏຸ࡞ᚉ 1960 1967-70 1963 1963 1968 ࣄࣆࣚᡋண ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࠉ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ ୠ⏲㣏⣂ゝ⏤㸝WFP㸞ࡡス⨠ ࢤࣤࢦ࣭ࣤ㸝ࣜࣚࣤࢺ㸞 ㏻┍㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ 1965 ࡡス❟㸯ࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡚࢞ࣛ 1967-70 ᅗ㏻ඡ❲ᇱ㔘㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ ࢪࢹᩅᩅࡡࡦ࠾ࡄ࡞ᚺࡋ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯ࣄࣆࣚ ㈳ ࡙ᨥᥴ ᡋண࡚⫃ဤὬ㐭ࠉ⌟ᆀ࡚ࡡὩ 1966 ິᮇ 㞬Ằ ࡡᆀ న࡞ 㛭ࡌ ࡾ㆗ ᏽ᭡ 㸝㞬Ằ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞㸯ಕ㆜ࡡᑊ㇗ ࢅᣉኬ㸝1951 ᖳ 1 ᭮ 1 ௧ᚃ ࡡ௲࡞ࡵ㐲⏕㸞 1969 OAU 㞬Ằ᮪⣑ᢝ 1970 1970-91 1970- 1970- 1971 ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩහ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯࣊ࣤ࢝ࣜ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆࡡス❟㸝㸞㸯 ᡋ ெ㞬Ằᨥᥴ ࣊ࣤ࢝ࣜெ㞬Ằᨥᥴ ࣄࣆࣚᡋண࡚ࡡ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷 1971 1977 1972 ጟဤఌ࡛ࡡ㊪⥲ᑊ❟࡞ࡻࡖ࡙ ➠ḗࣤ ࢩࣖࢾ࣭ࣥ 4 ᮪⣑㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡ ᅗ㏻ⅇᐐᨾῥᶭ㛭㸝UNDRO㸞 ⏍ ࢺ࣬ࣂ࢞ࢪࢰ ᅗ㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ࡡ ࡡス⨠㸯ᅗ㏻ㅎᶭ㛭ࡡெ㐠ᨥ 1972 ࣤᡋண ಕ㆜࡞㛭ࡌࡾ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸝➠ ᥴὩິࡡㄢᩒᶭ㛭࡛ࡊ࡙ ࢠࢨ࢙ࣘࣤࢺ㸝ⱝ㸞ス❟ 1979 ୌ㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 1979- 1977 ࣥ࢘ࢹࢻ࣑ࡡ 㟸ᅗ㝷ⓏṂງ⣦ணࡡ≓∽⩽ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࢠࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࢱ࣭ࢩࣔࣤࢪ࣬ ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ ࡡಕ ㆜࡞ 㛭ࡌ ࡾ㏛ ຊ㆗ ᏽ᭡ ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩහᡋ࡚ࡡὬ㞬 ࣤࢰࣤࢻࢨࣘࢻࣜス❟ ᨯ 㸝➠㏛ຊ㆗ᏽ᭡㸞 Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈᨥᥴ 1979 1979 1979 1979- ࣝࣆࣖࢩ࣭ࢫ࣬ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨ ࢮ㏻ࡡࣆ࢝ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣ 141 ࢜ᅗ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࣘࢻࣜス❟㸯࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ㞬Ằ ࣆ࢝ࢼࢪࢰࣤ࿔㎰ᅗ࡚ࡡ㞬 ᨥᥴࢅዉᶭ Ằᨥᥴ 1979 ࣤᨯ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸯࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ 㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ㌱ࢅ㟸㞬 1979 ࢠࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࢤࣤࢹ࣬ࣚ࣬ࣆ ࣑ࡡス❟ 1980 1980-88 1984 1981 1980 ࣚࣤ࣬ࣚ ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍࡞ྞ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ୠ⏲ࡡ༈⒢ᅆࡡ⤄⧂㸝ᅗሾ ࢠᡋண ⛘ን᭞ ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ㈳ུ㈳ ࡀ༈ᖅᅆ࠾ࡼࡡ≺❟㸞 1984 1984 1985 ࣆࣛ࢜㣒㣱 㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾ࢜ࣜࢰࣉࢻᐃゕ ࣤࢰ࣭ࢻࢨࣘࢻ࣭ࣜ࣬ࣚ 㸝࢙ࢲ࢛ࣅ ࢹス❟ 㸞 1990 1990 1991- 1991- 1992-95 ࣚࢠ࣬ࢠ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯ࢮ࣏ࣛ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࣍ࢪࢼᨥᥴ࡚ࡢࠉNGO ࡢࡌ ࣭࢘ࢹᨯ හᡋ࡚ࡡὩິࠉᥴຐ∸㈠ࡡ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằᨥᥴ㸝ࣚࢠ㡷හ㸞 ࡙ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸ 1991 ዞࡷᏭᠩᛍ 1992 ᡜࡡഘୖ࡚Ὡິ ᓃᡋண 1992 ᅗ㏻ெ㐠ၡ㢗ᑻ㸝DHA㸞ࡡス 1994 1991- ᅗ㝷㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣㏻┍ ⨠ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸯ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ༞ 256 ࢮ࣏ࣛහᡋ ࡞ྞ⛘ን᭞ A/RES/46/182 こ㒂ࡡᏭධᆀᖈ࡚ࠉ㌱࡛Ὡ 1992-95 1992- 㸝19 DECEMBER 1991㸞 ິ ࣍ࢪࢼහᡋ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯࣍ࢪࢼ 1992-93 1994 1994 ࡚ࡡぉᦹ௲ࢅུࡄ࡙ࠉᅗ㏻ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 The Code of Conduct㸯ெ㐠ᶭ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ࣬ࢩ ࡛㊝㞫ࢅ⨠࠷࡙Ὡິ ࢜ࣤ࣍ࢩ㞬Ằᖉ㑇ᨥᥴὩິ 㛭ࡡ⾔ິཋ์࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡᇱᮇ ࢘ࢿࢦࢺ 1994 1992-95 Ⓩᩝ᭡ࡡ➿ᏽ㸝㉝༎Ꮚ࡛㟸ᨳ 1994- ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌ㸯ࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ᗋ⤄⧂㸞 ࢲ࢘ࢲ࢘ࣤ≺ ࡚ࣤࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴ㸯㝌㛭౿⩽ ࣍ࢪࢼᨥᥴࡡᑙᶭ㛭ࠉㇿ 1999 ❟㜒ண ぉᦹࡈࡿࡾ ഭ⩽ኣᩐ ᅗሾࡀ༈ᖅᅆ㸯ࢿ࣭࣊ࣜᖲ 1997-2000 1994 1994- ㈳ུ㈳ ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ⣦ண The Code of Conduct㸯ெ㐠ᶭ ࣜ࣠ ࣤࢱ ࿔㎰ ᅗ࡚ ࡡ㞬 Ằᨥ 1999 㛭ࡡ⾔ິཋ์࡞ࡗ࠷࡙ࡡᇱᮇ ᥴࠉ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡ㌱ᠩ ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ Ⓩᩝ᭡ࡡ➿ᏽ㸝㉝༎Ꮚ࡛㟸ᨳ ᛍ ≺❟ ᗋ⤄⧂㸞 1994 㞬Ằ࣬㑂㞬Ằ࡞㛭ࡌࡾࢦࣤ࣌ ࢬᐃゕ 1997 ᅗ㏻ெ㐠ၡ㢗ㄢᩒຸᡜ 㸝OCHA㸞ࡡス⨠㸯ெ㐠ᨥᥴ Ὡິࡡㄢᩒᶭ⬗㸝DHA ࡡᚃ⤽ ᶭ㛭㸞 1997ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ㞬Ằᨥᥴ 1999 ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜ㸯 ᮶ࢷ࣓࣭ࣜ㞬Ằᨥᥴࠉຸ ᡜぉᦹ 3 ྞࡡ⫃ဤṒஷ 2000 2006 ㉝༎Ꮚ♣࣬㉝᩺᭮♣ 185 ࢜ᅗ ➱⩽షᠺ 257 㜻ᒌ㈠ᩩ 2 ெ㐠Ⓩථࡡᖳ⾪㸝1990-1999㸞 1990 ࢠࣜࢺ ࢮ࣏ࣛ ࣍ࢪࢼ 8/2㸝Ử㆗ 660㸞 6᭮ ࣚࢠࡡࢠ࣭࢘ࢹᨯࢅࠔᅗ㝷ࡡ ࣏ࢼࣆ࢘ࢪࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈࡡኇ᪺ ᖲ࡛Ꮽධࡡ◒ቪࠕ࡛ヾᏽࡊࠉ㟸㞬ࠉ ↋᮪௲㏝ࢅさị 8/6㸝Ử㆗ 661㸞 ࣚࢠ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥโࡡⓆິ 8/25㸝Ử㆗ 665㸞 ᾇᇡ࡚ࡡṂງ⾔ᐖヾ 9/25㸝Ử㆗ 670㸞 ✭ᇡ࡚ࡡṂງ⾔ࡡᐖヾ 11/29㸝Ử㆗ 678㸞 12 ᭮ Ṃງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗࣬ࣚࢠࡡ᭩ᚃ ཬᨳᗋເງࠉ㤫㒌࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᑌ㙈 ㏳‖ 1991 1/17 1/27 ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡࣚࢠ✭⇷㸝ᓃᡋண㸞 ࣁࣝᨳᶊࡡᓻቪ 2/24 1/29 ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡᆀ୕ᒈ㛜 ࣏ࣛ࣬ࣀࢸᬳᏽኬ⤣㡷࡞ᑯ௴ 2/27 ࢠ࣭࢘ࢹࡡよᨲ 3/3 ೳᡋ༝ᏽࡡ⥶⤎ 3/4 ࢠࣜࢺெࡡṂ⻇㉫ࡡ㛜ጙ 3/28 ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡኬ㔖Ὦฝ 4/3㸝Ử㆗ 687㸞 4᭮ ࣚࢠ↋᮪௲㏝ࠉ㌱โࡡೳḾ ࣁࣝᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ࡡ 4/5㸝Ử㆗ 688㸞 㐅ᦹ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằ࡞ᑊࡌࡾெ㐠Ⓩථᐖ 5᭮ ヾ ࢮ࣏ࣛࣚࣤࢺභᅗࡡ≺❟ 4/6 ࠔ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࣈࣞࣥࢺ࣬ ࢤࣤࣆ࢚࣭ࢹࠕ㛜ጙ 4/18 ࣚࢠ࡛ᅗ㏻ࡡெ㐠ᨥᥴὩິࡡᇡ හὩິࡡྙណ 4 ᭮௧ᚃ ࢠࣜࢺ㞬Ằࡡᖉ㑇㛜ጙ 6᭮ 㣍⾔⚏Ḿ༇ᇡࡡス⨠㸝㒂㸞 258 7᭮ 6/25 ࢩࣇࢲ࡚ࡡࢮ࣏ࣛᖲఌ㆗ ࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ࡛ࢠࣞࢲࡡ≺❟ 8᭮ ᐃゕ USC2 Ὤࡡྙណ ࢪࣞࣥ࢘ࢼ࡛ࢠࣞࢲ࡛࣭ࣗ ࢥ㏻㑝࡛ࡡᡋண 1992 9 ᭮-11 ᭮ 12 ᭮ ࣓࢝ࢸࢨ࢛ᕰහ࡚ࡡᡋ㜒 ࢠࣚࢻ࣬ࢬࣜࣄெභᅗࡡス❟ 1/23㸝Ử㆗ 751㸞 1/2 ⤊ῥโࡡⓆິ ࢠࣞࢲ࡛࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝ࡡೳᡋ 2/21㸝Ử㆗ 743㸞 ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡࢠࣞࢲࡡὬ㐭 Ửᏽ 3/3 ࣍ࢪࢼ≺❟ᐃゕ࣬හᡋ㛜ጙ 4/24㸝Ử㆗ 751㸞 5/12 ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິ㸝UNOSOM㸞ࡡ ᅗ㏻㞬Ằ㧏➴ᘒຸᏻຸᡜࡡᑙ ᒈ㛜Ửᏽ ᶭ㛭ࡡᣞᏽ 4᭮ 5/18 ࣁࣝᨳᗋ㌱ࡡཬᦹ ㉝༎Ꮚᅗ㝷ጟဤఌࡡὩິೳḾ 5᭮ 6/29㸝Ử㆗ 761㸞 USC ࡡᨳᗋ㌱ࡡ㏛ᨲ ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱㸝UNPROFOR㸞ࡡ࣍ࢪ ࢼᒈ㛜Ửᏽ 7᭮ 7/3 ೳᡋ┐っᅆὬ㐭 ெ㐠ᨥᥴࡡ✭㍲㛜ጙ 9᭮ 8/13㸝Ử㆗ 770㸞 ெ㐠ᥴຐ㒂㝪Ὤ㐭 ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡṂງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗ 9/3 ࢰࣛ㍲㏞ᶭᦹቍ௲ 9/14㸝Ử㆗ 776㸞 㔐ᨲᢒ⏻⩽ࡡ㆜㏞௴ຸ㏛ຊ 12/3㸝Ử㆗ 794㸞 ኣᅗ⡘㌱ࡡṂງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗ 12/4 ᕵ᭻ᅂᚗషᡋ㸝࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࣛ ࢪࢹ࣭࣬࣌ࣈ㸞ࡡ㛜ጙ 1993 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ ࢮ࣏ࣛ ࣍ࢪࢼ 3/7 3/26㸝Ử㆗ 814㸞 1/2 ఆᡋྙណ ኣᅗ⡘㌱࠾ࡼὩິࢅ⤽ᢆࠉᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ ࣥࣤࢪ㸲࢛࣭࢘ࣤ᱄ࡡᥞ♟ ࣛὩິ㸝UNOSOMII㸞ࡡᒈ㛜Ửᏽ 3/31㸝Ử㆗ 816㸞 3/27 㣍⾔ධ㟻⚏Ḿ ࢸࢪ࣊ࣁྙណ 259 6/22㸝Ử㆗ 846㸞 6/5 4/16㸝Ử㆗ 819㸞 ᅗ㏻࢝ࣤࢱ㸲ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ┐っᅆ ࣂ࢞ࢪࢰࣤඹぉᦹ௲ ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡᏭධᆀ༇ᣞᏽ 㸝UNOMUR㸞ࡡス⨠ 6/6㸝Ử㆗ 837㸞 5/6㸝Ử㆗ 824㸞 ࢸ࣭ࢺᑑ㌱ࡡ㐂ᤍࢅỬᏽ ඵ㒌ᕰ࡞Ꮽධᆀᇡᣉኬ 6/4㸝Ử㆗ 836㸞 ᅗ㏻ಕ㆜㌱ࡡᏭධᆀᇡ㥌⏻࡛⮤⾠ ࢅ┘Ⓩ࡛ࡌࡾṂງ⾔ࡡᐖヾ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭㌱ງ⏕ ࡡᶊ㝀㏛ຊ 8/4 ࣭ࣜࢨࣔᖲ༝ᏽࡡྙណ 10/5㸝Ử㆗ 872㸞 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆ㸝UNAMIR㸞ࡡス⨠ 10/3 ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ 18 ெṒஷࠉ࣒ࢸ㒼 ಘࠉ࣒ࣛ࢜㌱ࡡ㏝⾪᪺ 1994 2/4㸝Ử㆗ 897㸞 2/5 ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࢅఎ⤣Ⓩᖲ⥌ ࣏ࣜ࢜ࣝᕰሔ௲࣬ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭ ᣚὩິ࡞㌹ᥦ ᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷ᅂ㑂 3/24 2/23 ࢻࣞࣄᐃゕ ࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ ࡛ࡡఆᡋ 3/1 ࣠ࢨࣤࢹࣤྙណ ࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼເງ ࡛ࡡ࣍ࢪࢼ㏻㑝ࡡス⨠ྙណࠉࢠࣞ ࢲ࡛ࡡᅗᐓ㏻ྙࡡྙណ 4/6 4/10 ࣀࣄ࣏ࣔࣛࢻኬ⤣㡷ᬧṽ ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ✭⇷ 4/7 4/20㸝Ử㆗ 913㸞 ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ㛜ጙ ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ࡚ࡡࢬࣜࣄெເງࡡ 4/21㸝Ử㆗ 912㸞 ᡋ㜒㟸㞬 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡぞᶅ⦨ᑚ 4/22 4/29 ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸࡡࢬࣜࣄெເງ࡞ᑊ ࢰࣤࢧࢼ࣬ࣤ࢝ࣚᆀ᪁ࡡ㞬ẰὮ ࡌࡾ᭩ᚃ㏳‖ ථ 4/27 5/17㸝Ử㆗ 918㸞 ࢥࣚࢩࣖࢸ࡚ࡡ㔔ℾჹཡ ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡぞᶅ්ᗐᣉኬ 4᭮ 6/22㸝Ử㆗ 929㸞 ࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈス⨠ ࣆࣚࣤࢪ㌱మࡡኣᅗ⡘㌱Ὤ㐭࣬Ṃ ງ⾔ᐖヾỬ㆗ 260 4 ᭮-7 ᭮ 7/5 ࢩ࢘ࢿࢦࢺࡡ≓∽⩽ࠉ⣑ 80 ெ ࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈᖲ᱄ᥞ♟ 7/4 RPF ࡡ㤫㒌࢞࢝ࣛ༥㡷 7/7 ெ㐠ಕ㆜༇ࡡス⨠ 7/14 ࢧ࣭ࣜ࣬ࢥ࣏ࡡ㞬ẰὮථ㛜ጙ 7/17 RPFࠉࣜ࣠ࣤࢱධᅰࡡᤰᥩ 7/18 RPF ࡡୌ᪁Ⓩೳᡋ 7/19 ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱ᩺ᨳᗋᶖ❟ 7 ᭮-8 ᭮ ࣒ࣛ࢜ࠔ࢛࣭࣋ࣝࢨࣘࣤ࣬ࢦ࣭࣎ ࢹ࣭࣬࣌ࣈࠕࡡᐁ᪃ 7 ᭮ࢧ࣭ࣜࡡ㞬Ằ࢞ࣔࣤࣈ࡚ࡡᅗ ㌱ࡡὩິ 11/30㸝Ử㆗ 965㸞 11/4㸝Ử㆗ 954㸞 11 ᭮ ᅗ㏻ࣜ࣠ࣤࢱᨥᥴᅆࡡᶊ㝀ᙁ㸝ெ ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡ㏝㝀Ửᏽ ࢤࣤࢰࢠࢹ࣬ࢡ࣭ࣜࣈᖲಞḿ᱄ᥞ 㐠ᨥᥴさဤࡡಕ㆜㸞 ♟ 12 ᭮ ࣭࢜ࢰ࣭ඔ࣒ࣛ࢜ኬ⤣㡷ࡡ࿔ 1995 3᭮ 1/1 ᅗ㏻ࢮ࣏ࣛὩິࡡ㏝Ᏸ 4 ࣧ᭮㛣ࡡೳᡋⓆຝ 4/18-20 ࢞࣊࣌࣬࢞ࣔࣤࣈࡡᙁโⓏ㛚㙈 7/11 ࢪࣝࣇࣝࢼࢴࢵࡡ㝏ⴘ࡛ኬ⹚ṽ 7/25 ࢩ࢘ࣂࡡ㝏ⴘ 8/28 ࣏ࣜ࢜ࣝᕰሔ௲㸝➠ 2 ḗ㸞 8/30 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ᩷⤾Ⓩ✭⇷ 261 9/20 ࢬࣜࣄெເງ㔔ℾჹཡ࡞ྜྷណ 9 ᭮ࢠࣞࢲெເງ࡛࣍ࢪࢼᨳᗋ ࡡᨯເ 11/21 ࢸࢹࣤྙណ 12/15㸝Ử㆗ 1031㸞 ᖲᇮ⾔㒂㝪ࡡὬ㐭Ửᏽ㸝❮➠ 7 ❮㸞 ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ 1998 3/31 Ử㆗㸝1160㸞 ࣭ࣗࢥ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⤊ῥโ 9/23 Ử㆗㸝1199㸞 ᅗ㝷ࡡᖲ࡛Ꮽධ࡞ᑊࡌࡾ⬛ጸࢅ ヾᏽ 10/13 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱࡞ࡻࡾ✭⇷ゝ ⏤ࡡප⾪ 10/15࣬16 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࣬ḚᕗᏭධಕ㝸ᶭ ᵋ࡛ࡡྙណ 1999 1᭮ ࣚࢲࣔࢴࢠ࡚ࡡ⹚ṽ௲ 2 ᭮࣬3 ᭮ ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ࡛ࡡஹῦỬ 3/24 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡ✭⇷㛜ጙࠉᏭ ධಕ㝸⌦ఌ࡚ࡡ㆗ㄵ⣦⣍ 3/26 ࣜࣁࢼ⣌పẰࡡࣜࣁࢼ࡛ ࣏ࢢࢺࢼࡡὮථ㛜ጙ 5/5 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋࡡ✭⇷ೳḾ 5/10 Ử㆗㸝1244㸞 ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᒈ㛜㌱࡛ᅗ㏻ࢤࢮ࢚ࣥᬳ ᏽ⾔ᨳ࣐ࢴࢨࣘࣤࡡス⨠ 5/10 ࣭ࣗࢥ㏻㑝㌱ࡡࢤࢮ࢚ࣥ࠾ࡼࡡ ㏝ 5/12 ኬこὊ᮪⣑ᶭᵋ㌱ࡡࢤࢮ࢚࡚ࣥ ࡡ㥌⏻㛜ጙ 6᭮ 㞬Ằᖉ㑇ࡡ㛜ጙ 262 ➱⩽షᠺ 263
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