‫‪ 5‬הזרמים האומנותיים העיקריים‬ ‫‪ 1‬ניאוקלסיציזם‬ ‫‪ 2‬רומנטיציזם‬ ‫‪ 3‬ריאליזם‬ ‫‪ 4‬אימפרסיוניזם‬ ‫‪1780-1900‬‬ ‫‪NEOCLASSICISM‬‬ ‫‪Romanticism‬‬ ‫‪Realism‬‬ ‫‪Impressionism‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬פוסט‪-‬אימפרסיוניזם ‪Post-Impressionism‬‬ ‫פייפר‪ ,‬דוד‪ ,‬ע‪ .‬כללי‪,‬‬ ‫אנציקלופדיה לאמנות הציור והפיסול‪.‬‬ ‫ירושלים‪ :‬כתר‪.‬‬ ‫(‪)1999, 1982‬‬ ‫כרך ‪ :4‬לקסיקון הציור והפיסול‪.‬‬ ‫אומנות ואומנים‪.‬‬ ‫קלרק‪ ,‬קנט‪,‬‬ ‫ציביליזציה‪ .‬מסדה‪.‬‬ ‫(‪)1978‬‬ ‫‪‬קריאה מלווה‬ ‫‪ ‬פרק ‪ :9‬החיפוש אחר האושר‪.‬‬ ‫פרק ‪ :10‬חיוך התבונה‪.‬‬ ‫‪ ‬האקדמיה לאומנויות ‪ -‬בי''ס לאומנות‬ ‫‪ ‬ז'אק לואי דוד כסטודנט לאומנות‬ ‫‪ ‬דוד כמייסד ומנהיג הניאוקלסיקה‪ :‬יצירות עיקריות‬ ‫‪ACADEMIE ROYALE DES BEAUX-ARTS‬‬ ‫האקדמיה המלכותית לאומנויות יפות‬ ‫ׁ)נוסדה על ידי המלך לואי ה‪)14-‬‬ Louis XIV (1638-1715) Portrait by Le Brun 1600-1715 ‫בארוק‬ 1715-1780 ‫רוקוקו‬ Versailles Le Roi Soleil "the king alone is sovereign in his kingdom … sovereignty is no more divisible than the point in geometry." Heliocentrism Absolutism Royal academies during the reign of Louis XIV were a primary mechanism by which to centralize the power of the king. The founding of the Academies Louis XIV Patron of the Arts and Sciences Jean-Baptiste Molière, Jean Racine, Thomas Corneille (dramatists), Charles Lebrun (artist), Louis Le Vau, Jules Mansart (architects) Andre Le Notre (landscape designer) Jean-Baptiste Lully (music and ballet). Blaise Pascal (mathematics) Academies for painting and sculpture (1663) Paris Observatory (1667), Academies of architecture (1671) and music (1672). Academie Française under royal control in 1671. Buildings: Louvre and Versailles (moved there in 1682). Le Brun as Academie master Perrault as Academie master The “academic” method of teaching the arts becomes universal… 18-‫במאה ה‬ ‫במאה ה‪19-‬‬ ‫במאה ה‪20-‬‬ ‫חמשת הג'אנרים באקדמיה‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬הדיוקן‪ :‬תיאור אמין ומדויק ביותר של אדם חי‬ ‫‪ .2‬הג'אנר ה"גדול"‪ :‬ציור היסטורי‪ ,‬דתי או מיתולוגי‬ ‫‪ .3‬ציורי "ג'אנר"‪ :‬ציור המתאר את חיי היום‪-‬יום‬ ‫‪ .4‬ציורי נוף‪ :‬הספוג של בוטיצ'לי‪...‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬טבע דומם‪ :‬אומנות נשים‬ Académie de France à Rome Pensionnaires de l'Académie ‫‪ 5‬הזרמים האומנותיים העיקריים‬ ‫‪ 1‬ניאוקלסיציזם‬ ‫‪ 2‬רומנטיציזם‬ ‫‪ 3‬ריאליזם‬ ‫‪ 4‬אימפרסיוניזם‬ ‫‪1780-1900‬‬ ‫‪Neoclassicism‬‬ ‫‪Romanticism‬‬ ‫‪Realism‬‬ ‫‪Impressionism‬‬ ‫‪ 5‬פוסט‪-‬אימפרסיוניזם ‪Post-Impressionism‬‬ Jacques-Louis David Self-Portrait (age 46) 1794 oil on canvas 81x64 cm Louvre, Paris ‫‪ ‬ז'אק לואי דוד כסטודנט לאומנות‬ ‫‪1715-1780‬‬ ‫רוקוקו‬ ‫‪1748-1825‬‬ ‫חיי דוד‬ ‫נאוקלאסיקה ‪1780-1840‬‬ Kings of France - Bourbon Dynasty (1589-1792) Henry IV 1589-1610 Louis XIII the Just 1610-1643 Louis XIV the Sun King 1643-1715 Louis XV 1715-1774 Louis XVI 1774-1792 ‫רוקוקו‬ 1715-1780 Antoine Watteau Francois Boucher J.-H. Fragonard (1684-1721) (1703-1770) (1732-1806) Joseph Marie Vien (1716-1809) ‫דוד‬ 1748-1825 1780-1840 ‫ניאוקלאסיקה‬ Jean-Honoré Fragonard (1732-1806) The Bathers 1765 65x81 cm Louvre Jacques-Louis DAVID Andromache Mourning Hector 1783 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris Gustav Lundberg François Boucher 1741 Francois BOUCHER Diana resting after her bath 1742 oil on canvas 56x73 cm Louvre, Paris Francois BOUCHER Zeus and Leda Francois BOUCHER Reclining Girl 1752 oil on canvas 59x73 cm Francois BOUCHER La Odalisque 53,5x64,5 cm Louvre, Paris Francois BOUCHER Madam Bergeret Francois BOUCHER Madame de Pompadour 1756 oil on canvas 201x157cm, Die Alte Pinakothek, München First Painter to the King 1765 Joseph Marie Vien )1716-1809( French painter known for his superficial neo-classical style Joseph-Marie VIEN Love Fleeing Slavery oil on paper mounted on canvas 20.2 x 25.3 cm. Joseph Marie VIEN Peace Conferences at the Senate 1795 Pen and ink, watercolour (brown-grey) on paper 20.8x12.9 cm Courtauld Institute of Art Gallery, London Joseph Marie VIEN Love makes the Muses dance 1796 1748--: POMPEII and HERCULANEUM 1748--: POMPEII and HERCULANEUM 1748--: POMPEII and HERCULANEUM 1748--: POMPEII and HERCULANEUM ‫‪ ‬ז'אק לואי דוד‪ :‬גיבורי יוון ורומא‬ ‫גיבורי יוון ורומא‬ ‫‪Plutarch and David‬‬ ‫‪ACADEMIE ROYALE‬‬ ‫‪DES BEAUX-ARTS‬‬ ‫האקדמיה המלכותית לאומנויות יפות‬ ‫ׁ)נוסדה על ידי המלך לואי ה‪)14-‬‬ The “academic” method of teaching the arts becomes universal… 18-‫במאה ה‬ ‫חמשת הג'אנרים באקדמיה‪:‬‬ ‫‪ .1‬הג'אנר ה"גדול"‪ :‬ציור היסטורי‪ ,‬דתי או מיתולוגי‬ ‫‪ .2‬הדיוקן‪ :‬תיאור אמין ומדויק ביותר של אדם חי‬ ‫‪ .3‬ציורי "ג'אנר"‪ :‬ציור המתאר את חיי היום‪-‬יום‬ ‫‪ .4‬ציורי נוף‪ :‬הספוג של בוטיצ'לי‪...‬‬ ‫‪ .5‬טבע דומם‪ :‬אומנות נשים‬ ‫‪ ‬ז'אק לואי דוד‪ :‬גיבורי יוון ורומא‬ ‫‪Homer's‬‬ ‫‪The Iliad‬‬ Jacques-Louis DAVID The Combat of Mars and Minerva 1771 oil on canvas. 146 x 181 cm. Louvre, Paris. Jacques-Louis DAVID Death of Seneca 1773 Antiochus and Stratonica are the heroes of a story from Plutarch (46 -c.122) Antiochus, son of the King Seleucus, fell in love with his stepmother, Stratonica. As his love was hopeless, he got sick and wanted to starve himself to death. Erasistratus, the court physician, soon found out the reason of the young man illness and reported it to the king. Seleucus abdicated the throne in favor of his son and also handed over to him his wife Stratonica. Jacques-Louis DAVID Erasistratus Discovering the Cause of Antiochus' Disease (Antiochus and Stratonice) 1774 oil on canvas 120x155 cm École Nationale Supériere des Beaux-Arts, Paris. David won the Prix de Rome in 1774 and travelled with his master Vien to Rome, where he spent six years. It was during this period (1775-81), that he abandoned the manner of his early work, with its Baroque use of lighting and composition for a stark, highly finished and morally didactic Neoclassic style. David was admitted to the Académie Royale in 1780. Jacques-Louis David Nude Study of Hector 1778 Jacques-Louis David Nude Study of Patroclus1780 Jacques-Louis David The Funeral of Patroclus 1778 oil on canvas 94x218 cm National Gallery of Ireland, Dublin ‫‪ :1784‬שבועת ההורטיים‬ ‫(הורטיו ובניו)‬ ‫‪ :1787‬מותו של סוקרטס‬ ‫‪ :1789‬ברוטוס‬ ‫(הליקטורים מחזירים לברוטוס את גוויות בניו)‬ ‫‪ :1799‬הסבינות‬ ‫(התערבות נשות סביניה)‬ David’s public reputation was made by the Salon of 1784, when he presented his first masterwork, The Oath of the Horatii, probably the most famous and certainly the most severe of a series of works which extolled the antique virtues of stoicism, masculinity and patriotism. ‫• תנועת ההשכלה וביטויה באומנות‪.‬‬ ‫• מה זה ניאו‪-‬קלאסי?‬ ‫• ז'אק לואי דוד‪ .‬גיבורי יוון ורומא‪.‬‬ ‫• סוגיית האומן המגויס‪ .‬דוד ונפוליאון‪.‬‬ Jacques-Louis David The Oath of Horatii 1784 oil on canvas 330x425 cm Louvre, Paris The Oath of Horatii. Detail. Jacques-Louis David The Death of Socrates 1787 oil on canvas 129.5x196 cm. The Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York Crito, when he heard this, made a sign to the servant, and the servant went in, and remained for some time, and then returned with the jailer carrying a cup of poison. Socrates said: “You, my good friend, who are experienced in these matters, shall give me directions how I am to proceed.” The man answered: “You have only to walk about until your legs are heavy, and then to lie down, and the poison will act.” At the same time he handed the cup to Socrates, who in the easiest and gentlest manner, without the least fear or change of colour or feature, looking at the man with all his eyes, “I understand,” he said: “yet I may and must pray to the gods to prosper my journey from this to that other world – may this, then, which is my prayer, be granted to me”. Then holding the cup to his lips, quite readily and cheerfully he drank off the poison (Plato, Phaedo). The Death of Socrates Detail The Death of Socrates Detail Jacques-Louis David The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons 1789 oil on canvas 323 x 422 cm. Louvre, Paris The Lictors Returning to Brutus the Bodies of His Sons Details ‫‪ ‬המהפכה הצרפתית‬ ‫וסוגיית האומן המגויס‬ ‫‪ ‬תנועת ההשכלה וביטויה באומנות‬ The 18th century was an age when almost every aspect of mankind's existence - philosophy, economics, art, law, politics, medicine, architecture, engineering - was studied and questioned. Jean-Antoine Houdon ...‫חיוך התבונה‬ Bust of Voltaire 1778 white marble An assembly of Philosophes: Voltaire, D’Alembert, Condorcet, and Diderot Sapere Aude! According to Emmanuel Kant, Enlightenment is man's emergence from his self-imposed nonage. )‫(קטינות‬ Nonage is the inability to use one's understanding without another's guidance. This nonage is self-imposed if its cause lies not in lack of understanding but in indecision and lack of courage to use one's mind without another's guidance. Sapere Aude! Dare to Know! Have the courage to use your own understanding is therefore the motto of Jean-Antoine Houdon Voltaire 1781 marble Hermitage Museum Horatio Greenough. George Washington, 1832-40. Philosophes: The Salons of the Enlightenment “To converse is human… to salon is divine” "Salons are informal gatherings where people talk big talk, talk Salons are incubators where ideas are conceived, gestated, and hatched… Salons are the frontiers of social and cultural change…They’ve been flourishing since ancient Greece ”. Jean-François Troy Reading from Molière c.1728 oil on canvas Collection Marchioness of Cholmondely ‫השכלה‬ ENLIGHTENMENT They believed that human reason could be used to combat ignorance, superstition, and tyranny and to build a better world. Their principal targets were religion (embodied in France in the Catholic Church) and the domination of society by a hereditary aristocracy. RELIGION POLITICS EDUCATION ‫עיון להבנת הבעיה‬ ‫שאלת שאלות‬ ‫הכנת ביקורת‬ ‫דרישה לרפורמות‬ !!!‫מלחמה‬ 1776 THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION !!!‫מהפכה‬ 1789 THE FRENCH REVOLUTION Liberté ou la Mort! Bourbon Dynasty – Kings of France 18th century: Louis XIV the Sun King 1643-1715 Louis XV 1715-1774 Louis XVI 1774-1792 French Revolution 1789 – 1804 Bonaparte Dynasty - First Empire Napoleon I, Emperor 1804- 1814 Bourbon Dynasty, Restored (1814-1830) Louis XVIII (1814-1824) Charles X (1824-1830) Louis-Philippe the Citizen King (1830-1848) [Bourbon-Orléans] ‫•‬ ‫המהפכה הצאפתית‪ :‬סוגיית האומן המגויס‬ ‫•‬ ‫דוד ונפוליאון‬ ‫•‬ ‫מה זה ניאו‪-‬קלאסי?‬ ‫•‬ ‫הסטודיו של דוד ו‪-‬אסכולת דוד‬ The Oath of the Tennis Court 1791 pen and brown ink, brown wash with white highlights. 66 x 101 cm. Musée National du Chateau de Versailles, Versailles Death of Marat oil on canvas 1793 Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts de Belgique, Brussels, Belgium The Intervention of the Sabine Women 1799 oil on canvas 385 x 522 cm. Louvre, Paris ‫‪ ‬דוד ונפוליאון‬ ‫‪Bonaparte 1799‬‬ Bonaparte Crossing the St. Bernard Pass 1800 oil on canvas 260 x 221 cm. Musée National de Malmaison, Rueil-Malmaison, France Consecration of the Emperor Napoleon I and Coronation of the Empress Josephine in the Cathedral of Notre-Dame de Paris on 2 December 1804 1808 oil on canvas 621 x 979 cm ]‫[הכתרת ג'וזפין‬ 385 cm 621 cm ‫הכתרת ג'וזפין‬ ‫‪Detail‬‬ ‫חלוקת הניסים דמויי הנשר ‪1804‬‬ Napoleon in His Study 1812. Oil on canvas. 204 x 125 cm. The National Gallery of Art, Washington, DC, USA. ‫‪ ‬שם הזרם ומהותו‬ ‫‪ ‬זמן ומקום‬ ‫תוך ציון הזרם שקדם לו‬ ‫וזה שיבוא אחריו‬ ‫"זרם באומנות המערב‪...‬‬ ‫‪ ‬מאפיינים עיקריים‬ ‫תיאורטיים‪ :‬הרעיונות המנחים‬ ‫אשר התפתח בצרפת במאה ה‪18-‬‬ ‫בין השנים‪...‬‬ ‫חזותיים‪ :‬מאפייני העיצוב‬ ‫‪ ‬אמנים בולטים‬ ‫‪ ‬יצירות מייצגות‬ ‫ס''ה – כ‪ 100-‬מילים (‪ 1/3‬דף)‬ ?‫קלאסי‬-‫ מה זה ניאו‬ ne`o`clas´sic Adj. 1 characteristic of a revival of an earlier classical style 2 designed with deliberate imitation of Greco-Roman models neoclassicist 1 an advocate of neoclassicism 2 a person who pleads for the neoclassic cause or propounds its ideas ne·o·clas·si·cism revival of a classical style in art or literature or architecture or music from a new perspective or with a new motivation a revival of classical aesthetics and forms, especially: a revival in the 18th and 19th centuries in architecture and art, characterized by order, symmetry, and simplicity of style. Neoclassicism is the name given to several movements in the visual arts, in literature, in theatre, in music, and in architecture, that were in effect at various times between the 18th and the 20th centuries. What do all these "neoclassicisms" have in common? what any neo-classicism depends on most fundamentally is a consensus about a body of work that has achieved canonic status. These are the "classics." Neoclassical Art is a severe and unemotional form of art that looks back to the grandeur of ancient Greece and Rome. It was a reaction to the Rococo style and to the art of the Baroque. The rise of Neoclassical Art was part of a general revival of interest in classical thought, brought about by the ENLIGHTENMENT Movement, which in turn influenced the American and French revolutions. ‫‪ ‬הסטודיו של דוד‪ :‬הוראה ודיוקנאות‬ ‫‪Self-Portrait 1794 Louvre‬‬ ‫צריכים‬ ‫!‪chiaroscuro‬‬ ‫מהר‪ ,‬ילדיי‪ ,‬דפדפו‬ ‫בפלוטרכוס!‬ Jacques-Louis David Self-Portrait 1791 (age 43) oil on canvas 64 x 53 cm. Galleria degli Uffizi, Florence Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Doctor Alphonse Leroy 1783 oil on canvas. 72 x 91 cm Musée Fabre, Montpellier Jacques-Louis David Madame Pastoret Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Madame de Verninac, née Henriette Delacroix, Sister of Eugene Delacroix 1799 oil on canvas 146 x 112 cm Louvre, Paris. Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Mme Récamier 1800 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris. Portrait of Mme Récamier. Detail. Antonio Canova Pauline Bonaparte Borghese as Venus 1801 Marble, length 185 cm Rene Magritte Madame Recamier by David 1950 Ken Reinhard Eve and David in the Louvre 2000 laminated colour photographs & mixed media, 104 x 100.5 cm Jacques-Louis David Portrait of Marguerite-Charlotte David 1813 oil on canvas 72 x 63 cm The National Gallery of Art, Washington ,‫נו‬ Dudi mon cherie ?‫מתי תצייר אותי‬ ‫ אסכולת דוד‬ :‫ התלמידים העיקריים‬- ‫אסכולת דוד‬ Gros Gerard Broc Girodet-Trioson Ingres ‫צריכים‬ ‫!‪chiaroscuro‬‬ ‫מהר‪ ,‬ילדיי‪ ,‬דפדפו‬ ‫בפלוטרכוס!‬ Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres (1780-1867) Self-Portrait at the Age of 24 1804 oil on canvas Musée Condé, Chantilly J.A.D. INGRES Portrait of Napoléon on the Imperial Throne 1806 oil on canvas Musée de l'Armée, Paris J.A.D. INGRES The Bather of Valpinçon 1808 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris J.A.D. INGRES Le Grande Odalisque 1814 oil on canvas Louvre, Paris Le Grande Odalisque detail Le Grande Odalisque detail J.A.D. INGRES The Turkish Bath 1862 oil on wood Louvre, Paris The Turkish Bath detail Bourbon Dynasty – Kings of France 18th and 19th c: Louis XIV the Sun King 1643-1715 Louis XV the Well-Beloved 1715-1774 Louis XVI the Beloved 1774-1792 (French Revolution 1789 – 1804) Bonaparte Dynasty - First Empire Napoleon I, Emperor 1804- 1814 ‫רוקוקו‬ ‫נאוקלסיקה‬ (Bourbon Dynasty, restored 1814-1830) Louis XVIII (1814-1824) Charles X (1824-1830) Louis-Philippe the Citizen King (1830-1848) ‫רומנטיקה‬ Around 1800, Romanticism emerged as a reaction against Neoclassicism. It did not really replace the Neoclassical style so much as act as a counterbalancing influence, and many artists were influenced by both styles. ROCOCO 1715-1780 NEOCLASSICISM 1780s-1840 ROMANTICISM 1800s-1850s Caspar David William John Friedrich (1774-1840) Turner (1775-1851)* Constable (1776-1837) Francisco Theodore Eugene GOYA (1746-1828) Gericault (1791-1824) Delacroix (1798-1863)* [Jacques-Louis David (1748-1825)] Raquel Rapaport © 2010