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Energihandel og Miljø 2020
- et forskningsprosjekt støttet av RENERGI
Arbeidsmøte om Opprinnelsesgarantier
Oslo, 17. februar 2012
Hanne Lerche Raadal, PhD-kandidat Østfoldforskning og UMB
Østfoldforskning
• Holder til i Fredrikstad
• Etablert 1. mars 1988 som privat FoUstiftelse -> forskningsselskap fra 1.7.07
• Ca 20 forskerårsverk, omsetning 28 mill.
Metodikk, produkter og bransjer
• Livsløpsanalyser av verdikjeder med fokus på miljø, funksjonalitet og økonomi
 Miljøanalyser og dokumentasjon av produkt og tjenester som grunnlag for
strategiutvikling, innovasjon og forbedring.
• Sentrale bransjer og samfunnssektorer:
• Emballasje og næringsmiddel
• Avfallshåndtering
• Energiproduksjon og energibruk
• Bygg og byggematerialer
• Tjenesteproduksjon
Prosjekteksempler
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Klimaregnskap og energiplanlegging
LCA og EPD (miljødeklarasjoner) av byggematerialer
LCA og hele byggekonstruksjoner
Klimaregnskap for avfall og gjødsel Netto klimanytte ved
ulik utnyttelse av gjødsel/avfall.
Energihandel & Miljø 2020 Miljødokumentasjon av
elektrisitet, systemer og effekter av handel med
miljøattributter
LCA av gasskraft med og uten CCS – Statoil
Sammenligne miljømessige effekter av gasskraft-scenarier
med/uten karbonfangst og lagring (CCS).
LCA av bioenergi – NVE Miljøbelastning ved kraftvarmeproduksjon – bioenergi fra ulike råstoffkilder og
anleggstyper/–størrelser.
Livsløpsanalyse av produkt fra bioraffineri – Borregaard
Miljøegenskaper ved produksjon av cellulose, etanol, lignin
og vanillin.
Electricity
to grid
Electricity
MEA
Exhaust.
CO2
Hazardous waste
Gas production Gas transport:
offshore
Haltenpipe
at Heidrun
Biofuel
production
Emissions of
NO 2, MEA,
NH3 and
CO 2
Steam (CCS-3)
Gas
terminal
Electricity
production at CCGT
Tjeldbergodden
Gas (CCS-1)
Biof uel (CCS-2)
Transport
Post-combustion
CO2 capture plant
Compression
Injection
and pipeline
and storage
transport of CO2
of CO2
Steam
Exhaust
Steam production
(boiler)
28/10-10
Energihandel & Miljø 2020
Key figures and project consortium:
• Time schedule 3.5 years, 2009-2012
• Total budget 20 MNOK (app. 2.3 MEUR)
– 7.2 MNOK (0.9 MEUR) from Norwegian
Research Council
– Project partners (cash and inkind)
• Fortum Markets project owner
• Ostfold Research project manager
• PhD as a part of the project:
– Environmental Documentation of Energy in
Trading Systems
Energihandel & Miljø 2020
• Systemer og effekter av eksisterende
regelverk for handel med miljøegenskapene
til elektrisitet.
• LCA elektrisitet
• Opprinnelsesgarantier og
varedeklarasjon
• Interaksjoner med
elsertifikater
Dokumentert
fornybar
Residualmiks
Produksjonsmiks
Forbruksmiks
Voluntary trading of the
”environmental value” of electricity
Principle of the system
GO = Guarantee of Origin
GO market
Cancellation
Guarantee of Origin
• Defined in the Renewable Energy Directive (2009/28/EC):
– Shall provide proof to a final customer that a given share or quantity
of energy was produced from renewable sources as required by Article
3(6) of Directive 2003/54/EC (repealed by Directive 2009/72/EC, The
Electricity Market Directive).
– Standard size of 1 MWh
– Specific information requirements
• Energy source and start and end dates of production
• Whether and to what extent the installation has benefited from
investment support
• Whether and to what extent the unit of energy has benefited in any other
way from a national support scheme, and the type of support scheme
• Etc.
Electricity Disclosure
• The Electricity Market Directive 2009/72/EC, Artikkel 3(9))
– All suppliers of electricity are required to disclose their electricity portfolio
with regards to:
• energy source
• environmental impacts, specifying
– the emissions of CO2
– the production of radioactive waste
Attributes = The disclosed
indicators, representing the
environmental information
associated with the
electricity generation
processes.
Norsk forankring
• Opprinnelsesgarantier
– Forskrift om opprinnelsesgarantier for produksjon av elektrisk
energi (hjemlet i Energilovens § 4-3 første og fjerde ledd og § 7-6.)
• El-markedsdirektivet
– Forskrift om måling og avregning
• § 7-5. Varedeklarasjon
– Kraftleverandøren skal informere sine sluttbrukere om
opprinnelsen til leveranser av elektrisk energi i foregående
år. Slik informasjon skal gis i salgsfremmende materiale og i
forbindelse med fakturering, i form av en henvisning til
internettsiden til NVE, som ansvarlig for den nasjonale
varedeklarasjonen.
Objectives of Electricity Disclosure:
• To provide consumers with relevant information about power generation and to
allow for informed consumer choice - not to be based on electricity prices alone
http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/electricity-disclosure/
• The Electricity Directive introduces the obligation on suppliers to specify the fuel
mix and its related environmental impact of the electricity they sell to final
consumers.
1. Increase market transparency by providing open and easy access to relevant information,
2. Comply with the consumers right to information regarding purchased products,
3. Enable consumers to make informed choices about suppliers based on the generation
characteristics of the electricity they supply,
4. Educate consumers and stimulate electricity generation that contributes to a secure and
sustainable electricity system.
European Comission, 2004: Note from DG Transport and Energy
(http://ec.europa.eu/energy/electricity/legislation/doc/notes_for_implementation_2004/labelling_en.pdf) and
Aasen et al., 2012
GOs til bruk i Disclosure
• For a proper disclosure of the electricity mix, suppliers can use
Guarantees of Origin to account for the share of green electricity
they sell (http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/electricity-disclosure/).
• The connection between the Renewable Energy Directive and the
Electricity Market Directive entails that the GOs are the carrier of
the information of environmental attributes related to the
electricity generation (Raadal et al., 2012).
– Analogous to RECs in the US
• Ursprungsgarantierna står för miljövärdet av elen, och kan köpas
och säljas på en öppen marknad (Energimyndigheten: Faktablad om
ursprungsgarantier
http://webbshop.cm.se/System/TemplateView.aspx?p=Energimyndigheten&view=default&cat=/Fa
ktablad&id=3a1e62e4131c48cd9f2125fe79be8e78)
Sammenheng GOs/Varedeklarasjon
Production Electricity Mix
(Country or Region)
Customers
Electricity Disclosure
“Green” customers
purchasing GOs
Attributes related to
the purchased GOs.
“Ordinary” customers,
purchasing electricity
without any specific
requirements
Attributes related to the
Production Electricity
Mix, corrected by
attributes which have
been allocated by other
tracking systems (e.g.
GOs)
= Residual Mix
Statistikk – EECS certificates
Cancelled EECS certificates
250
200
GO market
Ca 110 fra Norge,
hvorav ca 35 er
brukt i Norge
TWh
150
100
50
0
2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011
EECS = The European Energy Certification System
•
Kilde: AIB
A harmonised system for international trade of Guarantees of Origin (GOs); RECS
Certificates and EECS Disclosure certificates.
Norsk varedeklarasjon
• NVE publiserer den norske varedeklarasjonen på sine websider
– http://www.nve.no/no/Kraftmarked/Sluttbrukermarkedet/Varedeklarasjon1/
Norwegian Disclosure 2007
Unknown
11 %
Thermal
2%
Imports
5%
Norwegian Disclosure 2008
Unknown
25 %
Norwegian Disclosure 2009
Imports
6%
Imports
3%
Unknown
43 %
Renewable
82 %
Thermal
1%
Norwegian Disclosure 2010
Imports
13 %
Renewable
23 %
Renewable
47 %
Renewable
71 %
Unknown
59 %
Thermal
4%
Thermal
4%
Methodology for Residual Mix calculations
• Methodology for Residual Mix calculations for the
European countries developed through several
European projects:
– E-Track (A European Tracking System for Electricity)
• http://www.e-track-project.org/
– EPED (European Platform for Electricity Disclosure)
• http://www.eped.eu/portal/page/portal/EPED_HOME
– RE-DISS (Reliable Disclosure Systems for Europe)
• http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/
Best Practice Recommendations for the implementation of
Guarantees of Origin and other tracking systems for
disclosure in the electricity sector in Europe (Version 1.2,
2011)
Norwegian Disclosure 2008
Norwegian Disclosure 2007
Imports
5%
Unknown
11 %
Thermal
2%
Unknown
25 %
Norwegian Disclosure 2009
Imports
3%
Unknown
43 %
Renewable
82 %
Thermal
1%
Norwegian Disclosure 2010
Imports
6%
Imports
13 %
Renewable
23 %
Renewable
47 %
Renewable
71 %
Therma
4%
Unknown
59 %
Thermal
4%
Nordisk Residualmiks 2010
NVE’s versjons
RE-DISS Calculations (27 countries)
Renewable
25 %
According
to the EU
Directive
320 g CO2/kWh
Norwegian Residual Mix 2008
Norwegian Residual Mix 2009
Nuclear
12 %
Renewable
76 %
Fossil
12 %
Nuclear
17 %
Fossil
31 %
Norwegian Residual Mix 2010
Renewable
23 %
Nuclear
27 %
Renewable
51 %
Fossil
32 %
79 g CO2-equiv./kWh
Nuclear
44 %
Fossil
50 %
220 g CO2-equiv./kWh
Residual Mix calculations based on RE-DISS calculations 2008, 2009 and 2010
(http://www.reliable-disclosure.org/ )
380 g CO2-equiv./kWh
Relaterte internasjonale standarder/guidelines
• ISO 14 067 Carbon
footprint of products
• Greenhouse Gas
Protocol
– Product life Cycle
Accounting and
Reporting Standard
– Corporate Accounting
and Reporting Standard
(Scope 2)
• PAS 2050:2011
ISO/DIS 14 067 Carbon footprint of products
Januar 2012 – høringsfrist 6. juni 2012
Kap. 6.3.9.3 Treatment of electricity
• When a supplier of electricity can deliver a specific electricity
product and guarantee that the electricity sale and the
associated GHG emissions are not double counted, the data for
that electricity shall be used for the product studied.
• When the supplier of electricity does not provide specific GHG
data for the specific electricity product, the GHG emissions
associated with the national grid where the life cycle stage
occurs shall be used.
ISO/DIS 14 067 Carbon footprint of products
Januar 2012 – høringsfrist 6. juni 2012
Kap. 6.3.9.3 Treatment of electricity
Notes
• NOTE 1 Regarding double-counting, generator-specific emission factors for electricity
used in a process could be used when:
a) the process which used the electricity (or used an equivalent amount of electricity
of the same type to that generated), and another process did not claim the
generator-specific emission factors for that electricity; and
b) the generator-specific electricity production does not influence the emission
factors of any other process or organization.
• NOTE 2 In some countries parts of the electricity from renewable energy sources
might already be sold/exported as “green” electricity, and should thus be excluded
from the mix to avoid double counting.
• NOTE 3 Some "green certificates" are sold without coupling to the electricity, which
might lead to double counting.
GHG Protocol standards
• Product life Cycle Accounting and Reporting Standard (oktober 2011,
http://www.ghgprotocol.org/files/ghgp/Product%20Life%20Cycle%20Accounting%20and%20Repo
rting%20Standard.pdf ):
• When an electricity supplier can deliver a supplier-specific emission factor
and these emissions are excluded from the regional emission factor, the
supplier’s electricity data should be used. Otherwise, companies should use
a regional average emission factor for electricity to avoid double counting.
• Pågående arbeid om Power GHG Accounting Guidelines under
Corporate Accounting and Reporting Standard
(http://www.ghgprotocol.org/feature/ghg-protocol-power-accountingguidelines)
Oppsummering status relevante
standarder/guidelines
• Tilrettelegger for bruk av ”supplier-specific products” til
klimamerking, dersom dette ikke dobbelttelles.
• DIS 2012 for ny ISO-standard ISO 14067 Carbon Footprint of
Products.
• Product Life Cycle and Reporting Standard (under The Greenhouse
Gas Protocol), av oktober 2011.
• PAS 2050:2011
• I tråd med:
– El-markedsdirektivets krav om info relatert til forbrukernes
strømforbruk
– Bruke denne informasjonen i miljødokumentasjon.
Eksempler på bruk
• European Commission Environment: Green Public Procurement (GPP) – Electricity
(http://ec.europa.eu/environment/gpp/pdf/toolkit/electricity_GPP_product_sheet.pdf ):
– “Buy green electricity”
– Core GPP Criteria: 50% of supplied electricity must come from renewable energy
sources (verifisert med GOs)
• Svensk Energi, utarbeider Svensk Varedeklarasjon (ursprungsmärkning)
http://www.svenskenergi.se/upload/Vi%20arbetar%20med/Handel&F%C3%B6rs%C3%A4ljning/Filer/Ursprungsm%C3
%A4rkning/V%C3%A4gl%20ursprungsm%C3%A4rkning%20%202011_0829_inkl%20bilagor.pdf
– ”...användas som grund för miljö/klimatvärdering av elektrisitet. Systemet för
ursprungsmärkning bör användas i den mån enskilda företag och privatpersoner vill följa
upp miljö/klimateffekterna av sin elanvändning.”
• Miljøvurdering av elektrisitet til fjernvarme (Miljövärdering 2011. Guide för
allokering i kraftvärmeverk och fjärrvärmens elanvändning)
http://www.svenskenergi.se/upload/Nyheter%20och%20press/Filer/Guide%20f%C3%B6r%20allokering[1].pdf
–
–
I det fall fjärrvärmebolaget har ett avtal med elhandelsbolaget om produktionsspecifik el, till
exempel förnybart eller fossilt, ska miljövärdena för produktionsspecifik el användas.
I det fall ingen information finns om vilket elhandelsbolag som fjärrvärmebolaget har avtal med så
används den nordiska residualmixen som grund för miljövärdering.
Skepsis til systemet i Norge
• Har GOs/Disclosure effekt på fornybar produksjon?
– Currently Electricity Disclosure has very low, or no, impact
on the total production of electricity from renewable
sources (Gillenwater, 2008, Raadal et al., 2012)
– For tidlig å evaluere systemet (10 års perspektiv med lave
priser)
– Men: Hva er potensialet til systemet - finnes forskning som
viser at systemet ikke har potensial til å bidra til økt
produksjon?
Interaksjoner med TGC (El-cert)
Obligatorisk system
– påvirker
produksjonsmiks
Quota System/TGC:
Affect the production mix
in a country over time
(increased renewables)
Electricity generation
Electricity Disclosure:
Provide information about the
customer’s consumption mix
Customers
“Green”
customers
voluntarily
purchasing GOs
“Ordinary”
customers,
purchasing
electricity without
any specific
requirements
Frivillig system –
påvirker
forbruksmiks
Disclosure related to
the purchased GOs
Disclosure related to the
Production Electricity
Mix, corrected by
physical import/export
and amount of relevant
tracking systems (e.g.
GO) = Residual Mix
In the long-term, Electricity
Disclosure together with a
TGC system may implicit
impact the total production
of electricity from
renewable sources when
compared to a stand-alone
TGC system, by leading to
increased TGC targets
(Raadal et al., 2012).
Muligheter for å påvirke fornybar produksjon?
Akseptert ”generelt” og i klimaregnskap/dokumentasjon
Økt etterspørsel fra forbrukere ?
Økte priser ?
Økt produksjon?
 Gi mekanismene en mulighet til å “virke”?
Tidsperspektiv og felles virkemiddelbruk
• Viktig med et langsiktig tidsperspektiv
• GOs/Disclosure = én brikke i en stor virkemiddelpakke
– The increased use of electricity produced from renewable energy
sources constitutes an important part of the package of measures
needed to comply with the Kyoto Protocol (Renewable Energy
Directive, 2009/28/EC)
– There are a number of good arguments for using a mix of instruments
to address a specific environmental problem (OECD, 2007)
Kort oppsummering
• GOs/Electricity Disclosure
– allocates the environmental value of renewable
electricity generation to the customers who are willing
to pay for it
creates a mechanism for a customer driven demand for
renewable electricity
– Can supplement other measures (e.g. TGC)
– Fits well into the logic of a liberalised market where
communication between suppliers and customers
becomes a key element (Markard and Truffer, 2006)
Mer info om prosjektet
Energy Trading and Environment 2020:
http://ostfoldforskning.no/prosjektsider/49/Ene
rgy%20Trading%20and%20the%20Environmen
t%202020.aspx